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multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for simultaneous identification of bungarus multicinctus and its common adulterants in a single assay.bungarus multicinctus, an important traditional chinese medicine, possesses remarkable medicinal activities, while lots of adulterants from other species were misused as b. multicinctus for its large demand and resource starvation. in order to accurately identify b. multicinctus and its common adulterants such as sinonatrix annularis, xenochrophis flavipunctatus, deinagkistrodon acutus, and naja atra, a simultaneous identification method was designed with multiplex ligation-dependent probe ampli ...202032372964
an examination of the neutralization of in vitro toxicity of chinese cobra (naja atra) venom by different antivenoms.the chinese cobra (naja atra) is an elapid snake of major medical importance in southern china. we describe the in vitro neurotoxic, myotoxic, and cytotoxic effects of n. atra venom, as well as examining the efficacy of three chinese monovalent antivenoms (n. atra antivenom, gloydius brevicaudus antivenom and deinagkistrodon acutus antivenom) and an australian polyvalent snake antivenom. in the chick biventer cervicis nerve-muscle preparation, n. atra venom (1-10 µg/ml) abolished indirect twitch ...202032992934
varespladib inhibits the phospholipase a2 and coagulopathic activities of venom components from hemotoxic snakes.phospholipase a2 (pla2) enzymes are important toxins found in many snake venoms, and they can exhibit a variety of toxic activities including causing hemolysis and/or anticoagulation. in this study, the inhibiting effects of the small molecule pla2 inhibitor varespladib on snake venom pla2s was investigated by nanofractionation analytics, which combined chromatography, mass spectrometry (ms), and bioassays. the venoms of the medically important snake species bothrops asper, calloselasma rhodosto ...202032560391
antivenom neutralization of coagulopathic snake venom toxins assessed by bioactivity profiling using nanofractionation analytics.venomous snakebite is one of the world's most lethal neglected tropical diseases. animal-derived antivenoms are the only standardized specific therapies currently available for treating snakebite envenoming, but due to venom variation, often this treatment is not effective in counteracting all clinical symptoms caused by the multitude of injected toxins. in this study, the coagulopathic toxicities of venoms from the medically relevant snake species bothropsasper, calloselasmarhodostoma, deinagki ...202031963329
purification and characterization of protein c activator from agkistrodon acutus venom.protein c (pc) plays an important role in the balance of coagulation and anticoagulation. thus, the detection of pc activity is diagnostically significant for patients with cardiovascular diseases. presently, the key methods to detect pc activity are the chromogenic assay and activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt) test. protac used in the chromogenic assay is isolated from agkistrodon contortrix venom as protein c activator (pca). however, the use of the chromogenic assay is limited becaus ...202032478599
structure of the platelet glycoprotein ib receptor in complex with a novel antithrombotic agent agkisacucetin.agkisacucetin is a snake c-type lectin-like protein (snaclec) isolated from the venom of deinagkistrodon acutus (formerly agkistrodon acutus), which is a novel anti-thrombotic drug candidate currently in phase 2 clinical trials. agkisacucetin specifically recognizes the platelet receptor glycoprotein ib α chain (gpibα) to block gpib and von willebrand factor (vwf) interaction. in this study, we solved the crystal structure of gpibα n-terminal domain (residue 1-305) in complex with agkisacucetin ...202033181828
oxidative stress and antioxidant defense in detoxification systems of snake venom-induced toxicity.snakebites remain a major life-threatening event worldwide. it is still difficult to make a positive identification of snake species by clinicians in both western medicine and chinese medicine. the main reason for this is a shortage of diagnostic biomarkers and lack of knowledge about pathways of venom-induced toxicity. in traditional chinese medicine, snakebites are considered to be treated with wind, fire, and wind-fire toxin, but additional studies are required.202033117427
targeted identification of c-type lectins in snake venom by 2de and western blot.c-type lectins (ctl) and ctl-like proteins (snaclecs) are important toxins found in snake venom which can disrupt hemostasis by binding platelet membrane glycoproteins. traditional identification of these toxins usually relies on an "activity-directed fractionation" approach which is very arduous. here, we report a new method for rapid screening of these proteins in snake venom.202032598989
radial artery aneurysm formation and spontaneous rupture after snake bite to the right forearm.to report the outcome of a patient who developed aneurysm after a deinagkistrodon acutus snakebite.202032360670
neutralising effects of small molecule toxin inhibitors on nanofractionated coagulopathic crotalinae snake venoms.repurposing small molecule drugs and drug candidates is considered as a promising approach to revolutionise the treatment of snakebite envenoming. in this study, we investigated the inhibiting effects of the small molecules varespladib (nonspecific phospholipase a2 inhibitor), marimastat (broad spectrum matrix metalloprotease inhibitor) and dimercaprol (metal ion chelator) against coagulopathic toxins found in crotalinae (pit vipers) snake venoms. venoms from bothrops asper, bothrops jararaca, c ...202033163338
evolutionary interpretations of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor targeting venom effects by a clade of asian viperidae snakes.ecological variability among closely related species provides an opportunity for evolutionary comparative studies. therefore, to investigate the origin and evolution of neurotoxicity in asian viperid snakes, we tested the venoms of azemiops feae, calloselasma rhodostoma, deinagkistrodon acutus, tropidolaeums subannulatus, and t. wagleri for their relative specificity and potency upon the amphibian, lizard, bird, rodent, and human α-1 (neuromuscular) nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. we utilised ...202032394055
basal but divergent: clinical implications of differential coagulotoxicity in a clade of asian vipers.envenomations by asian pitvipers can induce multiple clinical complications resulting from coagulopathic and neuropathic effects. while intense research has been undertaken for some species, functional coagulopathic effects have been neglected. as these species' venoms affect the blood coagulation cascade we investigated their effects upon the human clotting cascade using venoms of species from the azemiops, calloselasma, deinagkistrodon and hypnale genera. calloselasma rhodostoma, deinagkistrod ...201930930232
agkistrodon ameliorates pain response and prevents cartilage degradation in monosodium iodoacetate-induced osteoarthritic rats by inhibiting chondrocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis.osteoarthritis (oa), characterized by joint pain and cartilage degradation, is the most common form of joint disease worldwide but with no satisfactory therapy available. the ethanol extract of agkistrodon acutus (eaa) has been widely used as a traditional chinese medicine (tcm) for the treatment of arthralgia and inflammatory diseases, but there is no report regarding its efficacy on oa to date. here, we determined the effects of eaa on the pain behavior and cartilage degradation in vivo and cl ...201930529425
snake venom proteome and immuno-profiling of the hundred-pace viper, deinagkistrodon acutus, in taiwan.deinagkistrodon acutus, also known as the hundred-pace viper or chinese moccasin, is a clinically significant venomous snake in taiwan. to address the lack of knowledge on the venom proteome of d. acutus, the venom composition was studied by a bottom-up proteomic approach combining reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography, sds-page, and lc-ms/ms analysis. the immunoreactivity and cross-reactivity of taiwanese freeze-dried d. acutus antivenom (da-av) and hemorrhagic antivenom (fh-av) ...201930268686
aavc-i promotes apoptosis of human oral squamous cell carcinoma through the mitochondrial pathway.this study aimed to explore the role and possible mechanism of component i from agkistrodon acutus venom (aavc-i) in promoting the apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (oscc). hn4 cells (a human oscc cell line) were randomly divided into four experimental groups: low aavc-i (2.5 μg/ml) group, medium aavc-i (5 μg/ml) group and high aavc-i (10 μg/ml) group, as well as control group (aavc-i, 0 μg/ml). avvc-i was dissolved in rpmi-1640 medium and added to the culture wells at different concentr ...201931933792
[transcriptome analysis of venom gland and identification of functional genes for snake venom protein in agkistrodon acutus].agkistrodon acutus is a traditional chinese herb medicine which has immunological regulation,anti-tumor,anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects,which is mainly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis,ankylosing spondylitis,sjogren's syndrome and tumors. in order to excavate more important functional genes from a. acutus,the transcriptome of the venom gland was sequenced by the illumina hi seq 4000,and 32 862 unigenes were assembled. among them,26 589 unigenes were mapped to least one publ ...201931872588
protective effects of carbon dots derived from phellodendri chinensis cortex carbonisata against deinagkistrodon acutus venom-induced acute kidney injury.as an emerging nanomaterial, carbon dots (cds) have been the focus of tremendous attention for biomedical applications. however, little information is available on their bioactivity of inhibiting acute kidney injury (aki) induced by snake venom.201931845094
isolation of a novel metalloproteinase from agkistrodon venom and its antithrombotic activity analysis.snake venom contains large amounts of active proteins and peptides. in this study, a novel snake protein, metalloproteinase sp, was successfully isolated from the venom of agkistrodonacutus by multi-gel chromatography. the isolated protein exhibits anti-platelet aggregation activity. animal experiments showed that it exhibited defibration, anticoagulation, and antithrombotic effects and contributes to improved blood rheology and antiplatelet aggregation. in vivo experiments demonstrated that it ...201931438579
ameliorative effects of snake (deinagkistrodon acutus) oil and its main fatty acids against uvb-induced skin photodamage in mice.the effects of topically administered snake (deinagkistrodon acutus) oil and its main fatty acid components on skin photodamage were explored. epidermal thickness, mice body weight, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase), inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-6), skin histology, collagen content, and metalloproteinase-1 indicators were analyzed. the results show that topical application of both snake oil and its main fatty acids ...201931247385
functional recombinant single-chain variable fragment antibody against agkistrodon acutus venom.agkistrodon acutus bites are conventionally treated with animal-derived antivenom, the use of which is limited due to allergic reactions and serum sickness. thus in the present study, the genes of humanized antibodies produced in response to a. acutus venom were extracted from lymphocytes from patients bitten by a. acutus. a single-chain variable fragment (scfv) library against venom was constructed using a t7 phage display system. scfv genes that exhibited high affinity to venom were selected b ...201930988762
hemostatic and hepatoprotective bioactivity of junci medulla carbonisata-derived carbon dots.to explore the hemostatic and hepatoprotective bioactivity of junci medulla carbonisata-derived carbon dots (jmc-cds).201930698498
comparative analysis and characterization of the gut microbiota of four farmed snakes from southern china.the gut microbiota plays an important role in host immunity and metabolic homeostasis. although analyses of gut microbiotas have been used to assess host health and foster disease prevention and treatment, no comparative comprehensive study, assessing gut microbiotas among several species of farmed snake, is yet available. in this study, we characterized and compared the gut microbiotas of four species of farmed snakes (naja atra, ptyas mucosa, elaphe carinata, and deinagkistrodon acutus) using ...201930956901
a fatal diarrhoea outbreak in farm-raised deinagkistrodon acutus in china is newly linked to potentially zoonotic aeromonas hydrophila.deinagkistrodon acutus is a venomous pit viper commonly used in traditional chinese medicine; farming these snakes has become a major industry. in 2017, an outbreak of fatal diarrhoea among farm-raised d. acutus in hunan province caused the deaths of 5,600 snakes within 3 weeks. we isolated a brand-new sequence type of aeromonas hydrophila (st516) from lesions and confirmed that this bacterium was the causal agent of the outbreak. snakes infected with the bacterium in the laboratory showed simil ...201930222905
proteomic characterization of six taiwanese snake venoms: identification of species-specific proteins and development of a siscapa-mrm assay for cobra venom factors.deinagkistrodon acutus, trimeresurus stejnegeri, protobothrops mucrosquamatus, daboia russelii siamensis, bungarus multicinctus and naja atra are the six medically important venomous snake species in taiwan. in this study, we characterized and compared their venom protein profiles using proteomic approaches. the major snake venom proteins were identified by gelc-ms/ms and the total venom proteome was characterized by in-solution digestion coupled with lc-ms/ms. a total of 27-52 proteins, categor ...201829929037
venom proteomics and antivenom neutralization for the chinese eastern russell's viper, daboia siamensis from guangxi and taiwan.the eastern russell's viper (daboia siamensis) causes primarily hemotoxic envenomation. applying shotgun proteomic approach, the present study unveiled the protein complexity and geographical variation of eastern d. siamensis venoms originated from guangxi and taiwan. the snake venoms from the two geographical locales shared comparable expression of major proteins notwithstanding variability in their toxin proteoforms. more than 90% of total venom proteins belong to the toxin families of kunitz- ...201829867131
differential heme-mediated modulation of deinagkistrodon, dispholidus, protobothrops and pseudonaja hemotoxic venom activity in human plasma.envenomation by vipers with hemotoxic enzymes continues to be a worldwide source of morbidity and mortality. the present work examined the effects of exposure of venom enzymes to carbon monoxide and o-phenylhydroxylamine, agents that modulate the biometal heme, by forming carboxyheme and metheme, respectively. four venoms obtained from medically important, diverse snake venom found in africa, asia and australia were analyzed. the species that had venom tested in human plasma with thrombelastogra ...201830132273
clinical and laboratory features distinguishing between deinagkistrodon acutus and daboia siamensis envenomation.there are 6 species of venomous snakes in taiwan. two of them, deinagkistrodon acutus (d. acutus) and daboia siamensis (d. siamensis), can cause significant coagulopathy. however, a significant proportion of patients with snakebites cannot identify the correct snake species after envenomation, which hampers the application of antivenom. hence, the differential diagnosis between the two snakebites by clinical presentations is important. this study aims to compare their clinical and laboratory fea ...201830607144
purification and characterization of a novel antiplatelet peptide from deinagkistrodon acutus venom.animal venoms are considered as one of the most important sources for drug development. deinagkistrodon acutus is famous for its toxicity to the human hematological system and envenomed patients develop a coagulation disorder with the symptoms of hemorrhage and microthrombi formation. the purpose of this study was to separate antiplatelet peptides from d. acutus venom using a combination of an ultrafiltration technique and reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (hplc), which was g ...201830115892
inactivation of venom pla₂ alleviates myonecrosis and facilitates muscle regeneration in envenomed mice: a time course observation.snake venom is a complex cocktail of toxins which induces a series of clinical and pathophysiological manifestations in victims, including severe local tissue damage and systemic alterations. deinagkistrodon acutus (d. acutus) ranks among the "big four" life-threatening venomous species in china, whose venom possesses strong myotoxicity and hematotoxicity that often lead to permanent disability or muscle atrophy. varespladib, an inhibitor of mammalian phospholipase a₂ (pla₂), has been recently r ...201830065214
anti-deinagkistrodon acutus venom properties of ethanolic root extract from cynanchum paniculatum (bunge) kitag and its gc-ms analysis.cynanchum paniculatum (bunge) kitag known as a popular chinese herbal medicine has been used for a long time to treat a wide variety of diseases including snakebites. however, there is scarce information on the antiophidian potential of this plant.201830033377
effects of hemocoagulase agkistrodon on the coagulation factors and its procoagulant activities.hemocoagulase agkistrodon (hca), a thrombin-like enzyme (tle) from the venom of the chinese moccasin snake (deinagkistrodon acutus), has been used in clinical practice as a hemostatic compound. the aim of this study was to further investigate the pharmacological properties of hca.201829872262
three-dimensional computed tomography reconstructive diagnosis of snakebite-induced cerebral infarction.despite common injury caused by snakebite, snakebite-induced ischemic stroke is rare. we reported on a patient who incurred a large cerebral infarction after being bitten by a deinagkistrodon acutus, one of the most poisonous snakes in the southwestern of china. applying 3d computed tomography (ct) of head combined with cerebral angiography examinations showed a large cerebral infarction, hernia in the right brain, developmental abnormalities of the right middle cerebral artery and cerebral arte ...201829480239
haemostatic bioactivity of novel schizonepetae spica carbonisata-derived carbon dots via platelet counts elevation.schizonepetae spica carbonisata (ssc) has pronounced haemostatic effects for hundreds of years and has been acknowledged in the 2015 pharmacopoeia of the people's republic of china (pprc) as a haemostatic charcoal drug. however, after years of efforts, the underlying mechanism and the material basis is still less defined. in this research, we developed a novel cds derived from ssc (ssc-cds) with an average diameter of 1.29-6.87 nm and a quantum yield of 6.31%. ssc was prepared using a modified p ...201830431371
increased efficacy of antivenom combined with hyperbaric oxygen ondeinagkistrodon acutusenvenomation in adult rats.snakebites are a neglected threat to global human health with a high morbidity rate. the present study explored the efficacy of antivenom with hyperbaric oxygen (hbo) intervention on snakebites, which could provide the experimental basis for clinical adjuvant therapy.201829363648
cloning, expression, purification and bioactivity evaluation of a thrombin-like enzyme from deinagkistrodon acutus venom gland library.to identify a new member of serine proteases from deinagkistrodon acutus via phage display technique and appraise its biocatalytic activities.201828936710
investigation of the inhibitory potential of phospholipase a2inhibitor gamma from sinonatrix annularis to snake envenomation.sapliγ is a novel gamma phospholipase a2inhibitor (pli) recently isolated from sinonatrix annularis, a chinese endemic non-venomous snake. to explore the neutralization effects of sapliγ in snakebite envenomation, a dose equivalent to ld50of deinagkistrodon acutus, agkistrodon halys and naja atra venom with/without sapliγ was inoculated into the gastrocnemius muscle of female kunming mice. the ability of sapliγ to inhibit myonecrosis and systemic toxicity were evaluated through investigations of ...201728746861
dacin, one metalloproteinase from deinagkistrodon acutus venom inhibiting contraction of mouse ileum muscle.mice were bitten by five-pace vipers (deinagkistrodon acutus), and then envenomed. it was well-known that the snake venom mainly disturbed the blood homeostasis of the envenomed victims. ocassionally, we found that the venom of d. acutus could inhibit the contraction tension of mouse ileum, so in this study we aimed to identify the active component inhibiting the contraction tension of mouse ileum in the snake venom.201728701157
[effect of agkistrodon acutus venom pca on huvec activity].to investigate the effects of agkistrodon acutus venom protein c activator(pca) on ultrastructure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells(huvec), and the levels of tissue factor(tf), vascular von willebrand factor (vwf) and endothelin-1 secreted by huvec and to clarify the anti-thrombotic mechanism of pca.201728446313
deinagkistrodon acutusenvenomation: a report of three cases.deinagkistrodon acutusenvenomation is associated with severe hematological and wound complications but is rarely described.201728344596
the impact of hemocoagulase for improvement of coagulation and reduction of bleeding in fracture-related hip hemiarthroplasty geriatric patients: a prospective, single-blinded, randomized, controlled study.uncontrolled bleeding is associated with poor outcomes and mortality in geriatric patients undergoing hemiarthroplasty. hemocoagulase agkistrodon is a hemocoagulative, anti-hemorrhagic enzyme complex from deinagkistrodon acutus snake venom. this study aimed to investigate the efficacy of hemocoagulase agkistrodon on coagulation and bleeding outcomes in fracture-related hemiarthroplasty.201728238301
ulnar artery pseudoaneurysm and compartment syndrome formation after snake bite to the left forearm.to report the outcome of a patient who developed pseudoaneurysms and compartment syndrome after a deinagkistrodon acutus snakebite.201729124975
preparation and neutralization efficacy of igy antibodies raised againstdeinagkistrodon acutusvenom.the five-paced pit viper (deinagkistrodon acutus), endemic to china and northern vietnam, is responsible for most snakebites in the chinese territory. antivenom produced from horses is the main treatment for snakebites, but it may cause numerous clinical side effects and have other disadvantages involved in their production such as the welfare of animals. the present study was conducted aiming to develop an alternative antibody (igy) from the egg yolk of leghorn chickens immunized with snake ven ...201728396683
isolation and biochemical characterization of a gamma-type phospholipase a2inhibitor from macropisthodon rudis snake serum.a novel phospholipasea2(pla2) inhibitory protein (pli) was purified from the serum of macropisthodon rudis, a non-venomous snake mainly found in southern china. the molecular mass of the purified pli was 160 kda as determined by superdex 200hr; however, the pli protein had only one subunit of 25.4 kda as determined by 12% sds-page, indicating an oligomeric protein. pli cdna obtained by pcr from the liver of macropisthodon rudis, revealed 549 bps coding for a mature protein of 183 amino acid resi ...201627641751
evolutionary trajectories of snake genes and genomes revealed by comparative analyses of five-pacer viper.snakes have numerous features distinctive from other tetrapods and a rich history of genome evolution that is still obscure. here, we report the high-quality genome of the five-pacer viper, deinagkistrodon acutus, and comparative analyses with other representative snake and lizard genomes. we map the evolutionary trajectories of transposable elements (tes), developmental genes and sex chromosomes onto the snake phylogeny. tes exhibit dynamic lineage-specific expansion, and many viper tes show br ...201627708285
agkistrodon acutus-purified protein c activator protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells against h2o2-induced apoptosis.recent studies show that the agkistrodon acutus (viperidae) (syn. deinagkistrodon acutus) protein c activator (pca) treats acute myocardial infarction and ischaemia-reperfusion animal models effectively, while the underlying mechanism remains unknown.201627572701
screening, tandem expression and immune activity appraisal of deinagkistrodon acutus (pit viper) venom mimotopes from a phage display 12-mer peptide library.to design a specific polyclonal antibody against deinagkistrodon acutus venom (da-pab) by immunizating new zealand white rabbits.201627421965
purification and immunoprotection evaluation of aahiv from complex venom metalloproteinases of deinagkistrodon acutus.the aim of this study was to investigate the immunoprotective effects of aahiv in mice. after purification, a 12% sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) was performed. bicinchoninic acid was used to determine the molecular weight and concentration of aahiv. aahiv, venom complex (vc), and phosphate buffered saline (pbs) were subsequently used to immunize the mice three times, and the blood was sampled 1 week after the third immunization to determine the serum immunog ...201627111246
bioinformatics-based design of novel antigenic b-cell linear epitopes of deinagkistrodon acutus venom.with the help of bioinformatics analysis, we wished to develop a novel antivenom against the deinagkistrodon (d.) acutus snake venom using b-cell linear epitopes of three primary toxins (serine protease, metalloprotease, and phospholipase a2).201626957285
[effect of aavc-i on the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells].to investigate the effect of component i from agkistrodon acutus venomon (aavc-i) the migration of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (huvecs), and to elucidate the possible anti-angiogenic mechanism of aavc-i.201526827530
homogeneous fluorescent specific pcr for the authentication of medicinal snakes using cationic conjugated polymers.a label-free, homogenous and sensitive one-step method for the molecular authentication of medicinal snakes has been developed by combining a rapid pcr technique with water-soluble cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (ccps). three medicinal snake materials (deinagkistrodon acutus, zaocys dhumnades and bungarus multicinctus; a total of 35 specimens) and 48 snake specimens with similar morphologies and textures were clearly distinguished by the naked eye by utilizing a ccp-based assay in a high-t ...201526537289
antiplatelet aggregation and antithrombosis efficiency of peptides in the snake venom of deinagkistrodon acutus: isolation, identification, and evaluation.two peptides of pt-a (glu-asn-trp 429 da) and pt-b (glu-gln-trp 443 da) were isolated from venom liquor of deinagkistrodon acutus. their antiplatelet aggregation effects were evaluated with platelet-rich human plasma in vitro; the respective ic50 of pt-a and pt-b was 66 μm and 203 μm. both peptides exhibited protection effects on adp-induced paralysis in mice. after adp administration, the paralysis time of different concentration of pt-a and pt-b lasted as the following: 80 mg/kg pt-b (152.8 ± ...201526483843
antibodies against venom of the snake deinagkistrodon acutus.snake venom protein from deinagkistrodon acutus (da protein), one of the major venomous species in taiwan, causes hemorrhagic symptoms that can lead to death. although horse-derived antivenin is a major treatment, relatively strong and detrimental side effects are seen occasionally. in our study, yolk immunoglobulin (igy) was purified from eggs, and da protein was recognized using western blotting and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa), similar to therapeutic horse antivenin. the elisa ...201526475102
a novel fibrinogenase from agkistrodon acutus venom protects against lps-induced endotoxemia via regulating nf-κb pathway.endotoxins including lipopolysaccharide (lps) could cause endotoxemia which often results in excessive inflammation, organ dysfunction, sepsis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) or even death. previously, a novel fibrinogenase (fii) showed protective effects on lps-induced dic via activating protein c and suppressing inflammatory cytokines.201526369367
design, synthesis of novel tryptophan derivatives for antiplatelet aggregation activity based on tripeptide penw (pglu-asn-trp).penw, a three mer peptide derived from agkistrodon acutus guenther venom, has been found to be an antagonist of the gpiib/iiia receptor and shows antiplatelet aggregation activity. based on penw and a gpiib/iiia inhibitor tirofiban, a series of tryptophan derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated for their antiplatelet aggregation activity induced by adp. the most potent compound 87 was also tested for the bleeding time and antithrombotic activity in vivo in comparison with tirofiban. ...201526298494
envenoming by crotalid snake chinese moccasin agkistrodon acutus bite - a case report.although the bites caused by snakes from former agkistrodon family in the areas of occurrence are not rare and even have certain epidemiologic importance, in case of envenoming by deinagkistrodon acutus the clinical studies and case reports are very sporadic. this case report describes the envenoming of a private snake breeder bitten by young chinese moccasin deinagkistrodon acutus to the thumb of his left hand. he sought for a medical help immediately after snakebite. patient presented with a l ...201526093669
a novel direct factor xa inhibitory peptide with anti-platelet aggregation activity from agkistrodon acutus venom hydrolysates.snake venom is a natural substance that contains numerous bioactive proteins and peptides, nearly all of which have been identified over the last several decades. in this study, we subjected snake venom to enzymatic hydrolysis to identify previously unreported bioactive peptides. the novel peptide ach-11 with the sequence ltfprivfvlg was identified with both fxa inhibition and anti-platelet aggregation activities. ach-11 inhibited the catalytic function of fxa towards its substrate s-2222 via a ...201526035670
balancing the expression and production of a heterodimeric protein: recombinant agkisacutacin as a novel antithrombotic drug candidate.agkisacucetin extracted from the venom of agkistrodon acutus has been demonstrated to be a promising antithrombotic drug candidate in clinical studies due to its function as a novel platelet membrane glycoprotein (gp) ib inhibitor. agkisacucetin is a heterodimeric protein composed of α- and β-subunits with seven disulphide bonds. both subunits form inactive homodimeric products, which cause difficulties for recombinant production. in this study, agkisacucetin α- and β-subunits were inserted sequ ...201526144864
effects of single n-glycosylation site knockout on folding and defibrinogenating activities of acutobin recombinants from hek293t.acutobin, the α-fibrinogenase from deinagkistrodon acutus venom, contains four n-glycosylation sites with disialylated complex-typed glycans. here, we explore the functional roles of each of the n-glycan by site-directed mutagenesis. the wild-type (atb-wt) and single glycan-knockout mutants of recombinant acutobin were prepared from hek293t, demonstrating that mutations at asn(77), asn(81) and asn(100) impaired the folding while the s79a mutant and various asn(229)-deglycosylated mutants were co ...201525533529
correlation between the glycan variations and defibrinogenating activities of acutobin and its recombinant glycoforms.acutobin isolated from deinagkistrodon acutus venom has been used to prevent or treat stroke in patients. this defibrinogenating serine protease is a 39 kda glycoprotein containing terminal disialyl-capped n-glycans. after sialidase treatment, the enzyme showed similar catalytic activities toward chromogenic substrate, and cleaved the aα chain of fibrinogen as efficiently as the native acutobin did. however, the level of fibrinogen degradation products in mice after i.p.-injection of desialylate ...201424945257
purification and partial characterization of a novel fibrinogenase from the venom of deinagkistrodon acutus: inhibition of platelet aggregation.a novel fibrinogenase, danase, was purified from the venom of deinagkistrodon acutus by a combination of anion and cation exchange chromatography. unlike other fibrinogenases which are usually single polypeptide chain proteins, the enzyme was a disulfide-linked dimer with an isoelectric point of 6.03 and an apparent molecular weight of 25kda on sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. danase showed α-fibrinogenase activity devoid of fibrinolytic activity. it hydrolyzed rapidly the aα-chain of fib ...201424755064
a critical role for the regulation of syk from agglutination to aggregation in human platelets.agglucetin, a tetrameric glycoprotein (gp) ibα agonist from formosan agkistrodon acutus venom, has been characterized as an agglutination inducer in human washed platelets (wps). in platelet-rich plasma (prp), agglucetin dramatically elicits a biphasic response of agglutination and subsequent aggregation. for clarifying the intracellular signaling events from agglutination to aggregation in human platelets, we examined the essential signaling molecules involved through the detection of protein t ...201424326074
[application of rapid pcr to authenticate medicinal snakes].to obtained an accurate, rapid and efficient method for authenticate medicinal snakes listed in chinese pharmacopoeia (zaocysd humnades, bungarus multicinctus, agkistrodon acutus), a rapid pcr method for authenticate snakes and its adulterants was established based on the classic molecular authentication methods. dna was extracted by alkaline lysis and the specific primers were amplified by two-steps pcr amplification method. the denatured and annealing temperature and cycle numbers were optimiz ...201425612419
[extraction, purification and identification of type ii collagen from agkistrodon acutus].the object of the research was to extract, purify and identify the type ii collagen of agkistrodon acutus. type ii collagen of a. acutus was extracted by enzyme decomposition method, and purified by ion exchange column chromatography. it was characterized by sds-page gel electrophoresis, ultraviolet spectrophotometry, infrared absorption spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. the results showed that the size of c ii was about 130 kda. it absorbed at 223 nm. ir spectrum obtained showed that the trip ...201324494552
a novel recombinant fibrinogenase of agkistrodon acutus venom protects against hyperacute rejection via degradation of complements.hyperacute rejection (har) is a main barrier in xenotransplantation, which is mediated by the combination of natural antibody to the xenograft and complement activation. current therapies have focus on the inhibition of complement by development of complement inhibitor and transgenic animal organ. here, we investigated the effects of rfii, a recombinant fibrinogenase from agkistrodon acutus venom, on complement and har. the degradation effect of rfii on complement was tested by sds-page, ch50 ex ...201323178656
[sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial dna of chinese moccasin for medicinal use].to sequence and analyze the complete mitochondrial dna of chinese moccasin.201324218958
[mitochondrial mechanisms of apoptosis of human leukemia k562 cells induced by avvc-1].this study was purpose to investigate apoptosis pathway of leukemia k562 cells induced by anticoagulant fraction from agkistrodon acutus venom (avvc-1). the mitochondrial transmembrane potential (δψm) of leukemia k562 cells was detected by flow cytometry with jc-1 single staining. the expression of cytochrome c in the mitochondrial of leukemia k562 cells was analyzed by western blot after avvc-1 treatment. the distribution of cytochrome c in leukemia k562 cells was measured by immuno-fluorescenc ...201323815904
[application of capillary zone electrophoresis in the interaction analysis of protein c with protein c activator from agkistrodon acutus venom].a new capillary zone electrophoresis method (cze) has been established for the interaction analysis of protein c (pc) with a protein c activator (pca) from agkistrodon acutus venom. the analysis was performed on an uncoated fused-silica capillary with 75 microm i.d. and a total length of 60.2 cm (50 cm to the detector) with a buffer solution of 50 mmol/l tris-hcl (ph 7.4) and 198 nm of wavelength. the factors which influence the separation of the pca, such as buffer solution and ion concentratio ...201323667991
purification, characterization and gene cloning of da-36, a novel serine protease from deinagkistrodon acutus venom.a serine protease termed da-36 was isolated from crude venom of deinagkistrodon acutus. the enzyme was a single chain protein with an apparent molecular weight of 36,000 on sds-page with an isoelectric point of 6.59. da-36 could clot human plasma by cleaving the aα, bβ and γ chains of fibrinogen and also exhibited arginine esterase activity. the proteolytic activity of da-36 toward tame was strongly inhibited by pmsf and moderately affected by benzamidine and aprotinin, indicating that it was a ...201323462378
biochemical properties and comparative pharmacology of a coagulant from deinagkistrodon acutus snake venom.a number of snake venom thrombin-like enzymes (tles) have already been characterized. some tles play significant roles in vessel injury hemostasis. a novel tle (agacutase) was purified from deinagkistrodon acutus snake venom by the means of sephadex g-75, deae-sepharose ff, and sephadex g-25 column chromatography. structural analysis indicated that agacutase is a single-chain glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 31,084 da, isoelectric point of 4.38, optimal activity at 37 °c and ph 6.6, sugar c ...201323429184
determination of hemocoagulase agkistrodon in a pharmaceutical preparation by high-performance liquid chromatography with pre-column derivatization and fluorescence detection.currently, there is no analytical method for the quantification of hemocoagulase agkistrodon (hca) in pharmaceutical preparations. this study presents a pre-column derivatization method for the quantification of hca, a compound extracted from the venom of agkistrodon acutus, in a pharmaceutical preparation (trade name suling). in the proposed method, 6-aminoquinolyl-n-hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate was used to tag the hca substrate, and the derivatives were analyzed by high-performance liquid chr ...201323357044
inhibition of integrins αv/α5-dependent functions in melanoma cells by an ecd-disintegrin acurhagin-c.acurhagin-c, a glu-cys-asp (ecd)-disintegrin from agkistrodon acutus venom, has been reported as an endothelial apoptosis inducer, previously. here we further evaluate its potential applications in cancer therapy. in vitro assays indicated that acurhagin-c not only may influence the cell viability at higher concentration, but also can potently and dose-dependently decrease cell proliferation in murine b16-f10 melanoma. otherwise, it also had a dose-dependent inhibition on b16-f10 cell adhesion t ...201323333557
immunoreactivity between venoms and commercial antiserums in four chinese snakes and venom identification by species-specific antibody.we studied the immunoreactivity between venoms and commercial antiserums in four chinese venomous snakes, bungarus multicinctus, naja atra, deinagkistrodon acutus and gloydius brevicaudus. venoms from the four snakes shared common antigenic components, and most venom components expressed antigenicity in the immunological reaction between venoms and antiserums. antiserums cross-reacted with heterologous venoms. homologous venom and antiserum expressed the highest reaction activity in all cross-re ...201323142457
cloning of cdnas and molecular characterisation of c-type lectin-like proteins from snake venoms.c-type lectin-like proteins (ctlps) isolated from snake venoms are the largest and most complex non-mammalian vertebrate c-type lectin-like domain family. in the present study, we simultaneously amplified four cdnas encoding different types of ctlp subunits from the venoms of two different species of snakes by rt-pcr with a single sense primer and a nested universal primer - two ctlp subunit-encoding cdnas were cloned from deinagkistrodon acutus venom and two from agkistrodon halys pallas venom. ...201223010162
ca(2+) -induced binding of anticoagulation factor ii from the venom of agkistrodon acutus with factor ix.anticoagulation factor ii (acf ii), a coagulation factor x- binding protein from the venom of agkistrodon acutus has both anticoagulant and hypotensive activities. previous studies show that acf ii binds specifically with activated factor x (fxa) in a ca(2+) -dependent manner and inhibits intrinsic coagulation pathway. in this study, the inhibition of extrinsic coagulation pathway by acf ii was measured in vivo by prothrombin time assay and the binding of acf ii to factor ix (fix) was investigat ...201222806501
an indirect sandwich elisa for the determination of agkisacutacin in human serum: application to pharmacokinetic study in chinese healthy volunteers.the platelet receptor glycoprotein ib-ix-v complex (gpib-ix-v) plays a dominant role in the first step of platelet adhesion and arterial thrombus formation. agkisacutacin, a c-type lectin-like protein (clp) from agkistrodon acutus venom, had been previously identified as an antagonist of platelet aggregation and a membrane glycoprotein ib-binding protein (gpib-bp). for the analysis of pharmacokinetics of agkisacutacin, an indirect sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was establishe ...201222738788
a novel fibrinogenase from agkistrodon acutus venom protects against dic via direct degradation of thrombosis and activation of protein c.the incidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic), which leads to multiple organ dysfunction and high mortality, has remained constant in recent years. at present, treatments of dic have focused on preventing cytokine induction, inhibiting coagulation processes and promoting fibrinolysis. recent clinical trials have supported the use of antithrombin and activated protein c supplementation in dic. to better understand the mechanism of treatment on dic, we here report a novel fibrinoge ...201222728069
[component i from agkistrodon acutus venom induces apoptosis of k562/a02 cells by promoting caspase 3 expression].to investigate the effects of component i from agkistrodon acutus venom (aavc-i) on the biological features of chronic myeloid leukemia cells, k562/a02 leukemia cells were cultured in the presence of aavc-i (6.25 - 100 µg/ml) and the proliferation status was assayed by cck-8 method. morphological changes were observed by inversed microscope after giemsa and hochest 33258 staining, and cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. caspase 3 activity was tested by using chromogenic activity assay ...201222541080
crystal structure of agkisacucetin, a gpib-binding snake c-type lectin that inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation.agkisacucetin is a snake c-type lectin isolated from the venom of agkistrodon acutus (a. acutus). it binds specifically to the platelet glycoprotein (gp) ib and prevents the von willebrand factor (vwf) accessing it. we determined the crystal structure of agkisacucetin to 1.9å resolution. the structure of agkisacucetin has an (αβ) fold similar to another gpib-binding protein, flavocetin-a, but lacks the c-terminal cysteine in the β-subunit, does not form (βα)(4) tetramers, and does not cluster gp ...201222447656
anticoagulation factor i, a snaclec (snake c-type lectin) from agkistrodon acutus venom binds to fix as well as fx: ca2+ induced binding data.anticoagulation factor i (acf i), a snake c-type lectin (snaclec) from the venom of agkistrodon acutus binds specifically with activated factor x (fxa) in a ca2+-dependent manner and prolongs the blood-clotting time in vitro. in this study, the inhibition of the coagulation pathway by acf i was measured in vivo by activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time assays and the binding of acf i to factor ix (fix) was investigated by native page and surface plasmon resonance. the results ...201222445822
cu(ii)- and disulfide bonds-induced stabilization during the guanidine hydrochloride- and thermal-induced denaturation of nad-glycohydrolase from the venom of agkistrodon acutus.nad-glycohydrolase (aa-nadase) from agkistrodon acutus venom is a unique multicatalytic enzyme with both nadase and at(d)pase-like activities. among all identified nadases, only aa-nadase is a disulfide-linked dimer and contains cu(2+). cu(2+) and disulfide bonds are essential for its multicatalytic activity. in this study, the effects of cu(2+) and disulfide-bonds on guanidine hydrochloride (gdnhcl)- and thermal-induced unfolding of aa-nadase have been investigated by fluorescence, circular dic ...201222045055
glomerular injury in mice induced by agkistrodon venom.glomerular injury was produced in mice after a single ld50 intravenous dose of purified 100-pace snake venom (agkistrodon acutus). characteristic features in glomeruli where the venom was demonstrated immunohistochemically included cystic lesions of the capillary tufts, thrombosis, subsequent proliferative and sclerotic changes, and crescent formation. venom was recognized immunohistochemically in the glomerular endothelium, visceral basement membrane, mesangium, epithelium, and bowman's capsule ...20123511722
the effect of the fibrinolytic enzyme fiia from agkistrodon acutus venom on acute pulmonary thromboembolism.to evaluate the effects of the fibrinolytic enzyme fii(a) from agkistrodon acutus venom on acute pulmonary thromboembolism (apt) in animal models.201121293476
within-clutch variation in venoms from hatchlings of deinagkistrodon acutus (viperidae).we used 17 hatchling five-paced pit-vipers snakes (deinagkistrodon acutus) to study within-clutch variation in snake venoms. we measured venom yield and total protein content, and examined the correlations between venom yield and hatchling size [snout-vent length (svl) and body mass]. we also analyzed the electrophoretic profiles and enzymatic activities of venoms from hatchlings. lyophilized venom mass was not correlated with svl, nor with body mass. liquid venom mass and total protein content ...201121459103
metal ion binding to anticoagulation factor ii from the venom of agkistrodon acutus: stabilization of the structure and regulation of the binding affinity to activated coagulation factor x.anticoagulation factor ii (acf ii) isolated from the venom of agkistrodon acutus is an activated coagulation factor x (fxa)-binding protein with both anticoagulant and hypotensive activities. the thermodynamics of the binding of alkaline earth metal ions to acf ii and their effects on the stability of acf ii and the binding of acf ii to fxa were investigated by isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence, differential scanning calorimetry, and surface plasmon resonance. the binding of acf ii ...201121197556
separation and identification of proteins obtained from agkistrodon acutus snake venom by capillary zone electrophoresis and laser desorption/ionization mass monitoring.fractions of seven protein principles with fibrinolytic or thrombin-like activities obtained from agkistrodon acutus snake venom purified by two steps of normal pressure chromatography were separated further by capillary zone electrophoresis (cze). mass determination for these fractions were achieved by performing laser desorption/ionization mass monitoring (ldim). the comparative study between cze and ldim on the separation of these fractions was made.20118075526
metal ions binding to nad-glycohydrolase from the venom of agkistrodon acutus: regulation of multicatalytic activity.aa-nadase from agkistrodon acutus venom is a unique multicatalytic enzyme with both nadase and at(d)pase activities. among all identified nadases, only aa-nadase contains cu(2+) ions that are essential for its multicatalytic activity. in this study, the interactions between divalent metal ions and aa-nadase and the effects of metal ions on its structure and activity have been investigated by equilibrium dialysis, isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence, circular dichroism, dynamic light s ...201021072348
small-molecule reductants inhibit multicatalytic activity of aa-nadase from agkistrodon acutus venom by reducing the disulfide-bonds and cu(ii) of enzyme.aa-nadase from agkistrodon acutus venom is a unique multicatalytic enzyme with both nadase and at(d)pase activities. among all identified nadases, only aa-nadase contains cu(ii) and has disulfide-bond linkages between two peptide chains. the effects of the reduction of the disulfide-bonds and cu(ii) in aa-nadase by small-molecule reductants on its nadase and adpase activities have been investigated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, high performance liquid chromatography, electron paramagnet ...201019780128
rosmarinic acid in argusia argentea inhibits snake venom-induced hemorrhage.a methanolic extract of argusia (or messerschmidia or tournefortia) argentea (boraginaceae) significantly inhibited hemorrhage induced by crude venom of trimeresurus flavoviridis. the extract was then separated according to antivenom activity by using silica gel column chromatography and hplc equipped with an octadecylsilanized silica gel (ods) column to afford rosmarinic acid (ra) (1) as an active principle. ra (1) significantly inhibited the hemorrhagic effect of crude venoms of t. flavoviridi ...201020512530
identification of a nitric oxide-dependent hypotensive effect of anticoagulation factor ii from the venom of agkistrodon acutus.anticoagulation factor ii (acf ii) isolated from the venom of agkistrodon acutus is a member of the coagulation factor ix/coagulation factor x-binding protein (ix/x-bp) family. acf ii forms a 1:1 complex with activated coagulation factor x in a ca(2+)-dependent fashion and thereby blocks the amplification of the coagulation cascade. in the present study, we have investigated the effect of acf ii on the mean arterial blood pressure (mabp) and heart rate (hr) in anaesthetized rats. the results ind ...201019723511
structural characterization of n-linked oligosaccharides of defibrase from agkistrodon acutus by sequential exoglycosidase digestion and maldi-tof mass spectrometry.detailed structures of n-linked oligosaccharides of defibrase, a highly active thrombin like enzyme (tle) purified from the venom of agkistrodon acutus, were successfully characterized using maldi-tof mass spectrometry in combination with sequential exoglycosidase digestion. monosaccharide composition analysis was performed by high performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (hpaec-pad). galactose(gal), mannose(man), fucose(fuc), n-acetylglucosamine (glcnac), and ...201019800908
characterization and molecular cloning of one novel c-type lectin from the venom of taiwan habu (trimeresurus mucrosquamatus).one novel snake venom factor (termed trimecetin) was isolated and purified from the venom of taiwan habu (trimeresurus mucrosquamatus). the purified venom factor was shown to consist of two subunit chains linked by one disulfide bond. this two-chain factor showed high sequence homology at their n-terminal segments to some previously reported venom proteins such as alboaggregin-b isolated from trimeresurus albolabris and agkicetin from agkistrodon acutus. the cdna clones corresponding to the two ...201019931300
effects of heating on the immunogenicity and biological toxicity of deinagkistrodon acutus venom and its fractions.to improve toxoid preparation, the effects of selective heat denaturation were assessed on deinagkistrodon acutus venom. the venom and its fractions (peak 1 and peak 2 separated by gel filtration chromatography) were heated to various temperatures (45-70 degrees c) for 30 min, after which protein concentration, immunoreactivity, lethality, myotoxicity and hemorrhagic and membrane lysis activities of the samples were determined. in addition, the synergistic effects of the venom fractions were eva ...201020331994
multi-host model-based identification of armillifer agkistrodontis (pentastomida), a new zoonotic parasite from china.pentastomiasis is a rare parasitic infection of humans. pentastomids are dioecious obligate parasites requiring multiple hosts to complete their lifecycle. despite their worm-like appearance, they are commonly placed into a separate sub-class of the subphylum crustacea, phylum arthropoda. however, their systematic position is not uncontested and historically, they have been considered as a separate phylum.201020386597
acurhagin-c, an ecd disintegrin, inhibits integrin alphavbeta3-mediated human endothelial cell functions by inducing apoptosis via caspase-3 activation.acurhagin, a member of versatile metalloproteinase disintegrins from agkistrodon acutus venom, has been identified as a platelet aggregation inhibitor, previously. here, acurhagin-c, the c-terminal glu-cys-asp (ecd)-containing fragment of acurhagin, was evaluated for its biological activities and potential applications in anti-angiogenic therapy.201020590625
a novel recombinant snake venom metalloproteinase from agkistrodon acutus protects against taurocholate-induced severe acute pancreatitis in rats.severe acute pancreatitis (sap) remains a challenging disease to manage, with high mortality, limited understanding of pathogenesis and lack of specific therapy. recombinant fibrinogenase ii (rfii) from agkistrodon acutus venom has been found to degrade tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α) which is vital in mortality of sap. here we investigate the in vivo effects of rfii in rat sap and confirm the degradation effect of rfii for tnf-αin vitro. the sap model was prepared by retrograde infusion of ...201020600562
terminal disialylated multiantennary complex-type n-glycans carried on acutobin define the glycosylation characteristics of the deinagkistrodon acutus venom.glycosylation analysis of nonmammalian sources often springs surprises and conjures up intriguing views of evolutionary adaptation. many of the constituents of snake venoms are known to be glycosylated and yet very few were fully characterized and accorded specific functions. in the process of glycomic screening through the venoms from asian pit vipers, a partially o-acetylated neuacα2-8neuacα2-3galβ1-4glcnacβ1-terminal epitope was found to be the predominant glycosylation characteristic of the ...201021106559
identification of an unusual at(d)pase-like activity in multifunctional nad glycohydrolase from the venom of agkistrodon acutus.nad-glycohydrolases (nadases) are ubiquitous enzymes that possess nad glycohydrolase, adpr cyclase or cadpr hydrolase activity. all these activities are attributed to the nadase-catalyzed cleavage of c-n glycosyl bond. aa-nadase purified from the venom of agkistrodon acutus is different from the known nadases, for it consists of two chains linked with disulfide-bond(s) and contains one cu(2+) ion. here, we show that aa-nadase is not only able to cleave the c-n glycosyl bond of nad to produce adp ...200918952139
novel recombinant fibrinogenase of agkistrodon acutus venom protects against lps-induced dic.disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) is an acquired syndrome characterized by the widespread activation of coagulation. this leads to failure of multiple organs in the body and finally death. because there is no effective therapy for dic, the clinical prognosis is poor and the mortality is high.200919070354
effect of metal ion substitutions in anticoagulation factor i from the venom of agkistrodon acutus on the binding of activated coagulation factor x and on structural stability.anticoagulation factor i (acf i) isolated from the venom of agkistrodon acutus is an activated coagulation factor x (fxa)-binding protein that binds in a ca(2+)-dependent fashion with marked anticoagulant activity. the thermodynamics of the binding of alkaline earth metal ions to acf i and the effects of alkaline earth metal ions on the guanidine hydrochloride (gdnhcl)-induced unfolding of acf i and the binding of acf i to fxa were studied by isothermal titration calorimetry, fluorescence, circu ...200919184130
a novel anti-platelet aggregation tripeptide from agkistrodon acutus venom: isolation and characterization.aap, a tripeptide that inhibited rabbit platelet aggregation, was isolated from agkistrodon acutus venom by ion-exchange, gel filtration and reverse-phase chromatography. amino acid sequences which determined mainly by amino acid analyses and nmr spectroscopy indicated it was a tripeptide including pyroglutamic acid, asparagine and tryptophane residues. the esms experiment assigned a molecular weight of 429 da. aap inhibited rabbit platelet aggregation induced by adp, paf-acether, collagen and t ...200919345702
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