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risk assessment in the plateau pika (ochotona curzoniae): intensity of behavioral response differs with predator species.the ability of a prey species to assess the risk that a predator poses can have important fitness advantages for the prey species. to better understand predator-prey interactions, more species need to be observed to determine how prey behavioral responses differ in intensity when approached by different types of predators. the plateau pika (ochotona curzoniae) is preyed upon by all predators occurring in its distribution area. therefore, it is an ideal species to study anti-predator behavior. in ...202032680498
characterization of myxovirus resistance protein in birds showing different susceptibilities to highly pathogenic influenza virus.we compared the mx expression and anti-viral function and the 3d structure of mx protein in four species: chicken (gallus gallus), whooper swan (cygnus cygnus), jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos), and rock dove (columba livia). we observed different mortalities associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) infection to understand the relationship between mx function as an immune response factor and hpaiv proliferation in bird cells. different levels of mx were observed among th ...202032173692
the whole is equal to the sum of its parts: pigeons (columba livia) and crows (corvus macrorhynchos) do not perceive emergent configurations.we previously demonstrated that chimpanzees, like humans, showed better accuracy and faster response time in discriminating visual patterns when the patterns were presented in redundant and uninformative contexts than when they were presented alone. in the present study, we examined the effect of redundant context on pattern discrimination in pigeons (columba livia) and large-billed crows (corvus macrorhynchos) using the same task and stimuli as those used in our previous study on chimpanzees. b ...202031993982
rapid adjustment of pecking trajectory to prism-induced visual shifts in crows as compared with pigeons.pecking in birds is analogous to reaching and grasping movements in primates. earlier studies on visuomotor control in birds, which were conducted mostly in pigeons, suggested that avian pecking is controlled feedforwardly, and is out of the control of visual guidance during movement. however, recent studies using crows suggested a role of vision in pecking control during movement. to unveil what visuomotor mechanisms underlie the flexibility of pecking in crows, we examined whether pigeons and ...201930683665
the aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 potentially mediates cytochrome p450 1a induction in the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).to understand the role of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) isoforms in avian species, we investigated the functional characteristics of two ahr isoforms (designated as jcahr1 and jcahr2) of the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos). two amino acid residues corresponding to ile324 and ser380 (high sensitive type) in chicken ahr1 that are known to determine dioxin sensitivity were ile325 and ala381 (moderate sensitive type) in jcahr1 and val306 and ala362 (low sensitive type) in jcahr2. the quantitati ...201930597322
allometry and integration do not strongly constrain beak shape evolution in large-billed (corvus macrorhynchos) and carrion crows (corvus corone).a recent geometric morphometric study on certain landbird lineages revealed that a major part of the variation in beak shape is accounted for by skull size and cranial shape. the study interpreted this result as evidence for the presence of strong evolutionary constraints that severely prevented beak shape from evolving substantially away from predictions of allometry and morphological integration. however, there is another overlooked but similarly plausible explanation for this result: the reas ...201830397447
late pleistocene songbirds of liang bua (flores, indonesia); the first fossil passerine fauna described from wallacea.passerines (aves: passeriformes) dominate modern terrestrial bird communities yet their fossil record is limited. liang bua is a large cave on the indonesian island of flores that preserves late pleistocene-holocene deposits (∼190 ka to present day). birds are the most diverse faunal group at liang bua and are present throughout the stratigraphic sequence.201728828271
first molecular detection of sarcocystis ovalis in the intestinal mucosa of a japanese jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos) in hokkaido, japan.although cysts of sarcocystis spp. have been detected in domestic and wild animals throughout japan, their natural definitive hosts have not been fully elucidated. additionally, in hokkaido, several sarcocystis spp. are highly prevalent among wild sika deer (cervus nippon yesoensis), one of which is s. ovalis. the life cycle of s. ovalis is maintained in corvid birds. to identify the definitive host for s. ovalis in hokkaido, we investigated its prevalence among corvid birds (corvus macrorhyncho ...201731014599
experimental infection of highly and low pathogenic avian influenza viruses to chickens, ducks, tree sparrows, jungle crows, and black rats for the evaluation of their roles in virus transmission.highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have spread in both poultry and wild birds. determining transmission routes of these viruses during an outbreak is essential for the control of avian influenza. it has been widely postulated that migratory ducks play crucial roles in the widespread dissemination of hpaivs in poultry by carrying viruses along with their migrations; however close contacts between wild migratory ducks and poultry are less likely in modern industrial poultry farming ...201626711036
an epizootic of emerging novel avian pox in carrion crows (corvus corone) and large-billed crows (corvus macrorhynchos) in japan.in 2006-10, an epizootic of emerging avian pox occurred in carrion crows ( corvus corone ) and large-billed crows ( corvus macrorhynchos ), leading to mortality of juvenile crows in hokkaido, the northernmost island of japan. we diagnosed 27 crows with proliferative skin lesions (19 carcasses and eight biopsied cases [one in zoo captivity]) as avian pox clinically, histopathologically by detection of avipoxvirus-specific 4b core protein (p4b) gene, and epidemiologically. the fatal cases demonstr ...201626967129
in vitro and in silico evaluation of transactivation potencies of avian ahr1 and ahr2 by endogenous ligands: implications for the physiological role of avian ahr2.aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr) is well conserved from invertebrates to vertebrates, and it mediates the toxic effects of exogenous ligands, including dioxins. recent studies reported that ahrs activated by endogenous ligands play critical roles in mammalian physiological homeostasis. avian species possess at least two ahr isoforms (ahr1 and ahr2), which exhibit species- and isoform-specific transactivation potencies to exogenous ligands, whereas mammals possess a single ahr. to delineate the pr ...201627060260
mitochondrial genomes of the jungle crow corvus macrorhynchos (passeriformes: corvidae) from shed feathers and a phylogenetic analysis of genus corvus using mitochondrial protein-coding genes.the complete mitochondrial genomes of two jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos) were sequenced. dna was extracted from tissue samples obtained from shed feathers collected in the field in sri lanka and sequenced using the illumina miseq personal sequencer. jungle crow mitogenomes have a structural organization typical of the genus corvus and are 16,927 bp and 17,066 bp in length, both comprising 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer rna genes, 2 ribosomal subunit genes, and a non-coding control reg ...201626075478
patterns of evolution of mhc class ii genes of crows (corvus) suggest trans-species polymorphism.a distinguishing characteristic of genes that code for the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) is that alleles often share more similarity between, rather than within species. there are two likely mechanisms that can explain this pattern: convergent evolution and trans-species polymorphism (tsp), in which ancient allelic lineages are maintained by balancing selection and retained by descendant species. distinguishing between these two mechanisms has major implications in how we view adaptatio ...201525802816
morphological and molecular genetic characterization of three capillaria spp. (capillaria anatis, capillaria pudendotecta, and capillaria madseni) and baruscapillaria obsignata (nematoda: trichuridae: capillariinae) in avians.morphological and genetic analyses were performed on four avian species of the subfamily capillariinae (nematoda: trichuridae), i.e., capillaria anatis from chickens (gallus gallus domesticus) in japan and the philippines, baruscapillaria obsignata from chickens and captive swans (cygnus olor and cygnus atratus) in japan, capillaria pudendotecta from captive swans in japan, and capillaria madseni from carrion and jungle crows (corvus corone and corvus macrorhynchos) in japan. although morphometr ...201526204803
analysis of the crow lung transcriptome in response to infection with highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus.the highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 virus, currently circulating in asia, causes severe disease in domestic poultry as well as wild birds like crow. however, the molecular pathogenesis of hpaiv infection in crows and other wild birds is not well known. thus, as a step to explore it, a comprehensive global gene expression analysis was performed on crow lungs, infected with hpai h5n1 crow isolate (a/crow/india/11ti11/2011) using high throughput next generation sequencing (ngs) (gs fl ...201525592823
preliminary study on avian fauna of the krishna river basin sangli district, western maharashtra, india.the present study on avifaunal diversity carried out for three years at the krishna river basin, sangli district revealed a total of 126 species of birds belonging to 30 families, of which 91 species were resident, 16 migratory, 12 resident and local migratory and 7 species were resident and migratory. among the migrant birds, rosy starling sturnus roseus was dominant in the study area. commonly recorded resident bird species were, red vented bulbul, jungle crow, house sparrow, common myna, brah ...201425522499
avian blood induced intranuclear translocation of stat3 via the chicken leptin receptor.leptin is a multi-functional adipokine in vertebrates. the leptin gene and protein are found in many vertebrates; however, the existence of leptin in birds remains controversial. here we detected leptin-like activity in avian blood using chicken leptin receptor (chlepr) and green fluorescent protein (gfp)-fused chicken signal transducer and activator of transcription (chstat3) co-expressed in cho-k1 cells (cho-chlepr/stat3). we validated that rat serum specifically induces intranuclear migration ...201424858374
de novo assembly and analysis of crow lungs transcriptome.the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos) belongs to the order passeriformes of bird species and is important for avian ecological and evolutionary genetics studies. however, there is limited information on the transcriptome data of this species. in the present study, we report the characterization of the lung transcriptome of the jungle crow using gs flx titanium xlr70. altogether, 1,510,303 high-quality sequence reads with 581,198,230 bases was de novo assembled into 22,169 isotigs (isotig repres ...201425633965
involvement of vision in tool use in crow.birds are capable of dexterous sensory-motor activities such as tool use. reaching is a crucial component of tool use and is a vision-guided behavior in primates, in which arm movement is monitored online in a stable visual frame. however, vision-guided reaching in primates is enabled by anatomical separation of the head and arm; neck reaching in birds accompanies head movement, which produces unstable vision because the eye necessarily moves with the bill. this anatomical difference raises the ...201425004080
rhinoceros beetles suffer male-biased predation by mammalian and avian predators.male sexually-selected traits often impose an increased risk of predation on their bearers, causing male-biased predation. we investigated whether males of the sap-feeding japanese rhinoceros beetle trypoxylus dichotomus were more susceptible to predation than females by comparing the morphology of beetles caught in bait traps with the remains of beetles found on the ground. the males of this species are larger than the females and have a horn on the head. we found that predation pressure was gr ...201424601771
the use of camera traps to identify the set of scavengers preying on the carcass of a golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana).there exists very limited information on the set of scavengers that feed on the carcasses of wild primates. here, we describe, based on information collected using a remote camera trap, carnivores consuming/scavenging the carcass of a wild golden snub-nosed monkey (rhinopithecus roxellana) in the laohegou nature reserve, sichuan, china. during a 3 month behavioral and ecology study of a band of golden snub-nosed monkeys (march through may 2013), we encountered the carcass of an adult male (male ...201424498311
shape discrimination and concept formation in the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).we investigated whether jungle crows can learn concepts by using printouts of shapes in a simultaneous two-alternative task. jungle crows were first trained with a red triangle and red square until they reached the discrimination criterion (80% of correct choices in two blocks of 10 trials each). then, we tested crows with successive transfer tests to investigate both the discrimination cues being used and concept formation ability, by using novel triangular and non-triangular stimuli. all of th ...201423728584
contamination status and accumulation characteristics of metals and a metalloid in birds on teuri island, hokkaido, japan.teuri island, hokkaido in japan is an important place for seabirds breeding. we measured the concentrations of heavy metals (hg, cd, cr, co, ni, cu, zn, and pb) and a metalloid (as) in rhinoceros auklet (cerorhinca monocerata) (n = 7), thick-billed murre (uria lomvia) (n = 2), spectacled guillemot (cepphus carbo) (n = 6), slaty-backed gull (larus schistisagus) (n = 15), jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos) (n = 3), japanese anchovy (engraulis japonica) (n = 6) and atka mackerel (pleurogrammus azon ...201425282956
perineuronal satellite neuroglia in the telencephalon of new caledonian crows and other passeriformes: evidence of satellite glial cells in the central nervous system of healthy birds?glia have been implicated in a variety of functions in the central nervous system, including the control of the neuronal extracellular space, synaptic plasticity and transmission, development and adult neurogenesis. perineuronal glia forming groups around neurons are associated with both normal and pathological nervous tissue. recent studies have linked reduction in the number of perineuronal oligodendrocytes in the prefrontal cortex with human schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. ther ...201323904989
population abundance of potentially pathogenic organisms in intestinal microbiome of jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos) shown with 16s rrna gene-based microbial community analysis.jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos) prefer human habitats because of their versatility in feeding accompanied with human food consumption. therefore, it is important from a public health viewpoint to characterize their intestinal microbiota. however, no studies have been involved in molecular characterization of the microbiota based on huge and reliable number of data acquisition. in this study, 16s rrna gene-based microbial community analysis coupled with the next-generation dna sequencing tech ...201324058905
apoptosis-mediated seasonal testicular regression in the japanese jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).the present study investigated effects of apoptosis observed during seasonal testicular regression in japanese jungle crows. the study was conducted during january to june 2008, 2009. testes from adults captured during non-breeding (january), prebreeding (february to mid-march), main-breeding (late march to early may), transition (mid-may to late may), and post-breeding (june) seasons were analyzed. apoptosis was assessed by in situ terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp nick end-la ...201222401836
crows cross-modally recognize group members but not non-group members.recognizing other individuals by integrating different sensory modalities is a crucial ability of social animals, including humans. although cross-modal individual recognition has been demonstrated in mammals, the extent of its use by birds remains unknown. herein, we report the first evidence of cross-modal recognition of group members by a highly social bird, the large-billed crow (corvus macrorhynchos). a cross-modal expectancy violation paradigm was used to test whether crows were sensitive ...201222217722
comparative phylogeography of two crow species: jungle crow corvus macrorhynchos and carrion crow corvus corone.the jungle crow corvus macrorhynchos wagler, 1827, and the carrion crow corvus corone l., 1758, are two closely related species with similar ecological requirements that occupy wide distribution ranges in the palearctic. we studied patterns of their genetic variation by using sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. corvus macrorhynchos demonstrates a low level of variation and differentiation throughout its range, except for a highly diverged population of cheju island (korea). the hap ...201222873805
long-term memory of color stimuli in the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).wild-caught jungle crows (n = 20) were trained to discriminate between color stimuli in a two-alternative discrimination task. next, crows were tested for long-term memory after 1-, 2-, 3-, 6-, and 10-month retention intervals. this preliminary study showed that jungle crows learn the task and reach a discrimination criterion (80% or more correct choices in two consecutive sessions of ten trials) in a few trials, and some even in a single session. most, if not all, crows successfully remembered ...201221792628
large-billed crows (corvus macrorhynchos) have retrospective but not prospective metamemory.evidence of metamemory, the ability to monitor one's own memory, has been obtained in some primates, but it appears to be weaker in other species. in this study, we examined whether crows flexibly modulate their behavior by monitoring the strength of memory trace in a delayed matching-to-sample task using two paradigms. first, crows performing a memory test were given an escape option to decline taking the test (prospective metamemory). second, crows were given the escape option as a "not confid ...201221681477
ultrastructural and histochemical properties of the olfactory system in the japanese jungle crow, corvus macrorhynchos.although it has been commonly believed that birds are more dependent on the vision and audition than the olfaction, recent studies indicate that the olfaction of birds is related to the reproductive, homing, and predatory behaviors. in an attempt to reveal the dependence on the olfactory system in crows, we examined the olfactory system of the japanese jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos) by histological, ultrastructural, and lectin histochemical methods. the olfactory epithelium (oe) of the crow ...201121478653
neural-activity mapping of memory-based dominance in the crow: neural networks integrating individual discrimination and social behaviour control.large-billed crows (corvus macrorhynchos), highly social birds, form stable dominance relationships based on the memory of win/loss outcomes of first encounters and on individual discrimination. this socio-cognitive behaviour predicts the existence of neural mechanisms for integration of social behaviour control and individual discrimination. this study aimed to elucidate the neural substrates of memory-based dominance in crows. first, the formation of dominance relationships was confirmed betwe ...201121939742
frequent development of inflammatory lesions and lymphoid foci in the kidneys of japanese wild crows (corvus macrorhynchos and corvus corone) as a result of the entry of causal agents via the renal portal blood.although the increase in the number of wild crows is causing social problems in urban areas, crows play an increasingly important role in monitoring serious infectious diseases, such as highly pathogenic avian influenza and west nile fever. to gain a better understanding of normal conditions and common disorders in crows, we conducted a retrospective study of wild crows captured in central japan in the 1990s and examined the necropsy findings from 166 jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos) and 74 c ...201019996559
light and electron microscopy study of the pecten oculi of the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).in this study, the pecten oculi of a diurnally active bird, the japanese jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos), was examined using light and electron microscopy. in this species, the pecten consisted of 24-25 highly vascularized pleats held together apically by a heavily pigmented 'bridge' and projected freely into the vitreous body in the ventral part of the eye cup. ascending and descending blood vessels of varying caliber, together with a profuse network of capillaries, essentially constituted t ...201021174936
duplicated growth hormone genes in a passerine bird, the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).molecular cloning, molecular phylogeny, gene structure and expression analyses of growth hormone (gh) were performed in a passerine bird, the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos). unexpectedly, duplicated gh cdna and genes were identified and designated as gh1a and gh1b. in silico analyses identified the zebra finch orthologs. both gh genes encode 217 amino acid residues and consist of five exons and four introns, spanning 5.2 kbp in gh1a and 4.2 kbp in gh1b. predicted gh proteins of the jungle cr ...201020595054
distribution of retinal cone photoreceptor oil droplets, and identification of associated carotenoids in crow (corvus macrorhynchos).the topography of cone oil droplets and their carotenoids were investigated in the retina of jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos). fresh retina was sampled for the study of retinal cone oil droplets, and extracted retinal carotenoids were saponified using methods adapted from a recent study, then identified with reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). to assess the effects of saponification conditions on carotenoid recovery from crow retina, we varied base concentration and to ...201020528159
seasonal morphological changes in the ovary of the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).morphometric and histological studies were conducted to examine the seasonal ovarian changes in the jungle crow of the kanto area, japan, from december to june. the ovary weights, largest diameters and atresias of the ovarian follicles and steroid-producing cells were examined. hematoxylin and eosin-stained ovary sections and imagej software were used. the most developed ovary weight increased 373-fold in april, compared to those in december, followed by a 29-fold decrease in june. the average l ...201020455102
feather microstructure of the black-billed magpie (pica pica sericea) and jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos) distribution stretches from eastern eurasia continent to southeastern asia. the distribution of the black-billed magpie (pica pica sericea) stretches from korea and china to the kyushu area in japan. they are both in the family, corvidae, and have iridescent feather colors, but the iridescent feather color of the black-billed magpie is more remarkable than that of the jungle crow. we observed the feather microstructure of these birds using electron microsco ...201020224241
histological and morphometric analyses of seasonal testicular variations in the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).a histological and morphometric study was conducted to examine the seasonal testicular variations in the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos) of the kanto area, japan, from january to july. the paired testes mass, diameter and number of germ cells of the seminiferous tubules, and proportion of seminiferous tubule area and interstitium were examined. hematoxylin and eosin-stained testis sections and imagej software were used. paired testes weight was found to increase by 55-fold from january to lat ...201019937424
isolation and molecular characterization of a h5n1 virus isolated from a jungle crow (corvus macrohynchos) in india.in 2008, india experienced widespread outbreaks of h5n1 virus in west bengal, tripura, and assam. the virus was detected in kamrup district of assam in november 2008 and subsequently spread to eight more districts. two jungle or large billed crows (corvus macrohynchos) were found dead in a hospital campus at about 8 km from the foci of initial detection of the virus in the same district. one of the crows was positive for h5n1 avian influenza virus by virus isolation, real time rt-pcr, and rt-pcr ...201020396941
microstructure characteristics of the cornea in birds and mammals.in this study, the microstructure of the cornea was compared among chickens (gallus gallus), jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos), rats (rattus norvegicus) and rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus). the density of keratocytes in the mammals was over 3 times that in the birds. the size of the keratocytes in the birds and rat were significantly lower than those in the rabbit. using scanning and transmission electron microscopy, the bundles of collagen fibers in the birds were found to be well arranged, w ...201020410677
categorical learning between 'male' and 'female' photographic human faces in jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos).we trained jungle crows to discriminate among photographs of human face according to their sex in a simultaneous two-alternative task to study their categorical learning ability. once the crows reached a discrimination criterion (greater than or equal to 80% correct choices in two consecutive sessions; binomial probability test, p<.05), they next received generalization and transfer tests (i.e., greyscale, contour, and 'full' occlusion) in experiment 1 followed by a 'partial' occlusion test in e ...201020971169
seasonal changes in the feeding pattern of culex pipiens pallens govern the transmission dynamics of multiple lineages of avian malaria parasites in japanese wild bird community.heterogeneity in the transmission of mosquito-borne pathogens is determined largely by distribution patterns of mosquito bites among wild animal populations. although mosquitoes are crucial for transmission of avian malaria parasites, little is known about the ecology of natural vectors. we examined bloodmeal and parasite incidence in culex pipiens pallens by a polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-based procedure to determine how the feeding pattern of mosquitoes govern transmission dynamics of avian ...201021044196
hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (oh-pcbs) in the blood of mammals and birds from japan: lower chlorinated oh-pcbs and profiles.an analytical method was developed to measure tri- to octa-chlorinated oh-pcbs and pentachlorophenol (pcp) in the whole blood. further, baseline data on the levels and profiles of these phenolic compounds in japanese mammals (human, cat, dog, raccoon dog, and northern fur seal) and birds (black-tailed gull, common cormorant, and jungle crow) were obtained. eighteen identifiable and fifty unknown peaks of oh-pcbs were detected and the major congeners identified were 4'oh-cb101/120, 4oh-cb107/4'oh ...200919054541
histological properties of the nasal cavity and olfactory bulb of the japanese jungle crow corvus macrorhynchos.the nasal cavity and olfactory bulb (ob) of the japanese jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos) were studied using computed tomography (ct) and histochemical staining. the nasal septum divided the nasal cavity in half. the anterior and maxillary conchae were present on both sides of the nasal cavity, but the posterior concha was indistinct. a small ob was present on the ventral surface of the periphery of the cerebrum. the ob-brain ratio--the ratio of the size of the ob to that of the cerebral hemis ...200919620387
mosquito blood-meal analysis for avian malaria study in wild bird communities: laboratory verification and application to culex sasai (diptera: culicidae) collected in tokyo, japan.we conducted laboratory experiments to verify molecular techniques of avian malaria parasite detection distinguishing between an infected mosquito (oocysts on midgut wall) and infective mosquito (sporozoites in salivary glands) in parallel with blood-meal identification from individual blood-fed mosquitoes prior to application to field survey for avian malaria. domestic fowl infected with plasmodium gallinaceum was exposed to a vector and non-vector mosquito species, aedes aegypti and culex pipi ...200919629522
crows break off live camphor twigs: an avian disturbance effect on plants.birds are usually considered beneficial partners for plants, acting as predators on herbivorous insects, pollinators and seed dispersal agents. however, in an urban area of central japan, birds break off large quantities of live camphor tree (cinnamomum camphora) twigs in winter. this loss of vegetative parts was examined quantitatively to estimate the impact on the trees. i also observed bird foraging behaviour to determine the species involved and the possible reasons underlying this destructi ...200919796368
bilateral innervation of syringeal muscles by the hypoglossal nucleus in the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).bird vocalizations are produced by contractions of syringeal muscles, which are controlled by the hypoglossal nucleus. in oscines, syringeal muscles are controlled by the hypoglossal nucleus ipsilaterally, whereas syringeal innervation is bilateral in non-oscines. we have determined the course of hypoglossal nerves in the jungle crow corvus macrorhynchos. our results indicate a cross-over of the hypoglossal nerve from the left side to the right side on the trachea 7 mm rostral to the musculus st ...200919490396
song control nuclei in male and female large-billed crows (corvus macrorhynchos).we show that the learned vocalizations of male and female large-billed crows (corvus macrorhynchos) are similar and that their functions and physical features show significant differences from those of other oscine species. we investigate whether the song control nuclei of crows show any sexual differences in size, reflecting differences in their singing behavior, and whether these nuclei are different from those of other songbirds in terms of neural connectivity size and relative to the forebra ...200919877837
melanin-based iridescent feather color in the jungle crow.sexual differences in japanese jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos) are not obvious because both sexes have black plumage. however, closer examination reveals that their plumage color is not only black; it is also iridescent color. furthermore, the iridescence is more pronounced in adult males than that in females. the iridescence seems to be related to the density and concentration of melanin granules. the density of melanin granule and the concentration of eumelanin in feathers were significant ...200919801912
microstructure of the feather in japanese jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos) with distinguishing gender differences.assessing gender difference in japanese jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos) is difficult by gross observation because both sexes have black plumage colors. careful observation of the plumage, however, reveals that it is actually iridescent glossy purple and dark-green in color, and that these colors are more marked in adult males than in females. in birds, such iridescent structural colors are generally produced in the feather barbules, where light is scattered constructively by laminar arrays c ...200919277832
structure of the syringeal muscles in jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).birds' vocalizations are produced by the syrinx, which is located between the trachea and the two primary bronchi. oscine birds have multiple pairs of syringeal muscles in the syrinx. to determine the detailed structure of the syringeal muscle in jungle crows, an oscine bird, a histological study and gross examination of the syrinx were performed. in the histological study, sections of the syrinxes from four jungle crows were stained with azan and observed. each syringeal muscle was classified b ...200818956787
formation of linear dominance relationship in captive jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos): implications for individual recognition.jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos) flexibly change their social forms depending on their age, time of the day, and the season. in the daytime, paired adults behave territorially and unpaired subadults form small flocks of ten birds, whereas at night hundreds of birds roost together. in the breeding season, pairings remain in their nest all day. this fission-fusion raises questions about the underlying social structure and the cognitive capability of jungle crows. in this study, dyadic encounter ...200818294782
experimental west nile virus infection in jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos).we experimentally infected jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos), which are representative corvids in east asia, with west nile virus (wnv) to study their susceptibility toward wnv infection. six jungle crows were subcutaneously inoculated with 1,000 plaque-forming units (pfu) of the wnv ny99 strain. within 7 days after inoculation, five of the six infected crows died, and peak viremias ranged from 10(6.5) to 10(10.9) pfu/ml serum. in addition, infected crows shed wnv in the oral cavity and cloaca ...200818458322
detection of protozoan and bacterial pathogens of public health importance in faeces of corvus spp. (large-billed crow).parasites and bacteria are reported in the faeces of birds in the current study. fresh faecal samples of the large-billed crow (corvus spp.) were collected from the study site at bangsar, an urban setting in kuala lumpur, malaysia. these samples were transported to laboratory and analysed for parasites and bacteria. pre-prepared xld agar plates were used for culturing the bacteria in the laboratory. using the api 20etm test strips, 9 different species of bacteria were identified belonging to the ...200818948884
phylogenetic comparison of leucocytozoon spp. from wild birds of japan.eight species of japanese birds were found to be infected with leucocytozoon species using microscopic analysis. we used pcr and sequence analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (cyt b) to compare the genetic background among these detected protozoa species. in 20 individuals of 22 samples, a single amplified band was detected from 6 of 8 bird species; 9 japanese rock ptarmigans (lagopus mutus japonicus), 4 large-billed crows (corvus macrorhynchos), 2 carrion crows (c. corone), 2 scops o ...200717283401
birds transport nutrients to fragmented forests in an urban landscape.the influence of urbanization on nutrient cycling is vaguely known. here we document that birds, especially those increasing in urban areas (such as crows, corvus macrorhynchos and c. corone), affect nutrient cycles. using fecal traps, we measured phosphorus (p) and nitrogen (n) input from the excrement of birds in fragmented forests in an urban landscape. sources of avian feces were examined on the basis of carbon (c), n, and p percentages and stable isotopes of delta15n and delta13c. nitrogen ...200717494385
perfluorinated compounds in river water, river sediment, market fish, and wildlife samples from japan.perfluorinated organic compounds (pfcs) such as pfos, pfoa, pfbs, pfhxs, pfosa and pfdoa were determined in river water, river sediment, liver of market fish and liver of wildlife samples from japan. concentrations of pfoa and pfos in water samples were 7.9-110 and <5.2-10 ng/l. only pfoa were detected in sediment from kyoto river at 1.3-3.9 ng/g dry wt. among fish, only jack mackerel showed pfoa and pfos at 10 and 1.6 ng/g wet wt. wildlife liver contained pfosa, pfos, pfdoa, pfoa and pfhxs in t ...200717634852
[differences in vocalization and morphology of the syrinx between carrion crows (corvus corone) and jungle crows (c. macrorhynchos)].the vocal characteristics and the morph of the syrinx in carrion crows (corvus corone) and those in jungle crows (c. macrorhynchos) were compared. the vocalizations of both species of crow were recorded into sonograms and analyzed. the appearance and inner configuration of the syrinx were observed using stereoscopic microscope. in addition, the inside diameter of the syrinx, the sizes of the labia and the attached position of the syringeal muscles were measured. the attached figures of syringeal ...200718095479
number, distribution and size of retinal ganglion cells in the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).a retinal ganglion cell density map was generated using nissl-stained retinal whole mounts from the jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos). the total number, distribution and size of these cells were determined in the area centralis, as well as in temporal, nasal, dorsal and ventral retinal regions. the mean total number of ganglion cells was estimated to be 3.6 x 10(6). the highest densities were found in the area centralis (25 600 /mm2) and the dorso-temporal part of the retina, suggesting the hig ...200617176961
pathology of fatal highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus infection in large-billed crows (corvus macrorhynchos) during the 2004 outbreak in japan.highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses were isolated in 9 large-billed crows that died in kyoto and osaka prefectures in japan from march to april in 2004. we studied 3 of the 9 crows using standard histologic methods, immunohistochemistry, and virus isolation. the most prominent lesions were gross patchy areas of reddish discoloration in the pancreas. the consistent histologic lesions included severe multifocal necrotizing pancreatitis, focal degeneration and necrosis of neuron and glia ...200616846992
[the genotyping of the west nile virus in birds in the far eastern region of russia in 2002-2004].samples from 20 species of trapped and dead birds were collected in the far eastern region in 2002-2004 and were analyzed by the anti-wnv mab-modified immunoenzyme assay for antigen detection and rt-pcr for viral rna detection. five positive samples from cinereous vultures (aegypius monachus) and two positive samples from cattle egret (bubulcus ibis) were found in both tests. the sequencing of the 322 bp fragments of protein e gene showed 99-99.67% homology with the strain wnv/leiv-vlgoo-27924 o ...200617094656
induction of cytochrome p450 1a5 mrna, protein and enzymatic activities by dioxin-like compounds, and congener-specific metabolism and sequestration in the liver of wild jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos) from tokyo, japan.this study presents concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (pcdds), dibenzofurans (pcdfs), and dioxin-like coplanar pcbs (co-pcbs) in the liver and breast muscle of jungle crows (jcs; corvus macrorhynchos) collected from tokyo, japan. 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin toxic equivalents (teqs) derived by who bird-tef were in the range of 23 to 280 pg/g (lipid) in the liver, which are lower or comparable to the lowest-observed-effect-level of cyp induction in chicken, and 5.6-78 pg/ ...200516177242
foot-use laterality in the japanese jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos).laterality of foot-use behaviour was examined in jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos). consistency of laterality was also verified in comparison with two different behaviours. one was beak-scratching, and another was food-holding. significant bias of foot-use laterality was found in 11 of 13 tested subjects for beak-scratching and in 10 of 12 tested subjects for food-holding. bias of foot-use laterality was not common among footed subjects, suggesting no population-level bias. however, a signific ...200515896533
thyroid lesions and dioxin accumulation in the livers of jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos) in urban and suburban tokyo.wild jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos) captured from three different areas of tokyo were examined to evaluate environmental contamination of dioxins. in addition to the pathologic examination of their whole body, accumulation of dioxins, mrna expression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (ahr), and pentoxyresorufin-o-depenthylase (prod) activity in the liver were determined. marked histopathologic changes were observed in the thyroid glands, especially in the crows from the urban downtown area. ...200515750778
fatal necrotic enteritis associated with clostridium perfringens in wild crows (corvus macrorhynchos).sporadic outbreaks of fatal enteritis occurred among free-living wild crows ('large billed' or 'wok' crow; corvus macrorhynchos) in an open-air park in japan in 2002. eight crows were found dead during february, followed by two more in september, and five of the eight were examined histopathologically. at necropsy, all cases showed a markedly dilated small intestine, especially the jejunum and ileum, with large amounts of gas, and dark red to greenish-brown soft content. the necrotic intestinal ...200414681064
polymorphism of dopamine receptor d4 exon i corresponding region in chicken.in stockbreeding, there are indications that behavioral traits of livestock have an effect on breeding and production. if the variation in individual behavior is related to that in neurotransmitter-related genes such as in humans, it would be possible to breed pedigrees composed of individuals having behavioral traits that are useful to production and breeding using selection based on genotypes. in this study, we investigated the exon i region of dopamine receptor d4 (drd4), in which variation i ...200415459452
intestinal microflora in 45 crows in ueno zoo and the in vitro susceptibilities of 29 escherichia coli isolates to 14 antimicrobial agents.microorganisms from 45 jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos) captured from july to december 2002 at ueno zoo, tokyo were identified as escherichia coli, proteus mirabilis, klebsiella pneumoniae, klebsiella oxytoca, enterobacter aerogenes, enterobacter cloacae, enterobacter agglomerans, pseudomonas maltophila, staphylococcus spp., micrococcus spp., and streptococcus spp. e. coli showed the highest rate of isolation (21.6%). in an in vitro susceptibility test for 29 isolates of e. coli to 14 antimic ...200415528866
[genetic diversity of carrion and jungle crows from rapd-pcr analysis data].rapd-pcr analysis of the genetic diversity of the carrion crow (corvus corone) and jungle crow (c. macrorhynchos) living in the continental parts of their species ranges and on some russian and japanese far eastern islands has been performed. taxon-specific molecular markers have been found for each species. the genetic diversity of the carrion crow is considerably less than that of the jungle crow at the same genetic distance (p95 = 68.2%, dn = 0.27 and p95 = 88.4%, dn = 0.24, respectively). in ...200314714466
prevalence of blood parasites in japanese wild birds.the prevalence of blood parasites was investigated in 701 japanese wild birds for 13 years from january, 1988 to march, 2001. most of the injured or sick birds were caught in the suburbs of kobe city, hyogo prefecture and brought to the zoo for clinical care. among all the birds examined, 10.6% were infected with hematozoa belonging to three genera as plasmodium (1.7% of the samples), haemoproteus (5.1% of the samples) and leucocytozoon (4.6% of the samples), and two birds (0.29% of the samples) ...200212399602
near-field visual acuity in japanese jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos).the near-field visual acuity of three japanese jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos) was determined by means of operant conditioning. the task was discrimination of grating stimuli, and the threshold was measured by up-and-down method between sessions. to keep observing distance constant, a photo sensor was used and the head position was behaviorally fixed. the average visual acuity was 8.4 cycles/degree. when compared with other birds, this result is better than that of pigeons, and worse than th ...200111240007
[karyological study of some corvine birds (corvidae, aves)].karyotypes were studied in the hooded and carrion crows, their naturally occurred hybrids, the jungle crow, the azure-winged magpie (2n = 80 in all aforementioned birds), and the magpie (2n = 82). corvine birds of primorskii krai were karyotyped for the first time. in addition to the similarity in the diploid chromosome sets, corvine birds were shown to have a similar structure of karyotype: in all studied birds, 14 macrochromosomes (mchs) classified into three groups according to their size wer ...200111558237
[phylogeographic carrion, hooded and jungle crows (aves, corvidae) from data on partial sequencing of the mitochondrial dna cytochrome b gene].distribution of mitochondrial dna cytochrome b gene haplotypes in two crow species was examined by means of sequencing of the 336-bp gene fragment. the topology of the nj and upgma trees showed that the carrion crow range was split into two parts due to the presence of significantly diverged ancestral lineage localized in the southeastern part of the range. the carrion crow populations, inhabiting a territory ranging from france to northern sakhalin, along with interspersed hooded crow populatio ...200011033783
[on the phylogenetic relationship of corvinae birds (aves, corvidae) from data of partial sequencing of cytochrome b gene mitochondrial dna].to establish phylogenetic relationships within the corvine birds at the interspecific and intergeneric levels, the sequence of the mitochondrial dna cytochrome b gene was analyzed. the nj, upgma, and mp trees showed similar clustering. relationships between the jungle crow, on the one hand, and the rook and australian raven, on the other hand, were closer than between the jungle crow and the hooded and carrion crows. mitochondrial genome of australian raven displayed the closest similarity to th ...200011042813
coxiellosis in domestic and wild birds from japan.serological evidence of infection with coxiella burnetii was found in 41 (2%) of 1,951 domestic birds and in 167 (19%) of 863 wild birds from 17 and 5 prefectures in japan, respectively, by microagglutination (ma) test. the bacteriological evidence of the infection was found in 17 (41%) of 41 domestic birds and 37 (22%) of 167 wild birds by the nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr). in addition, c. burnetii was isolated from five each of serum, spleen and fecal specimens from five jungle crows ...19989577778
isolation of yersinia pseudotuberculosis from city-living crows captured in a zoo.to study the distribution of pathogenic yersinia in city-living birds, 145 wild jungle crows were captured in a zoo between june, 1992 and april, 1993. although pathogenic yersinia enterocolitica was not isolated, y. pseudotuberculosis belonging to serovar 4b was independently isolated from 7 caecal contents, respectively. all 7 isolates were positive on temperature-dependent autoagglutination and had a 70 kb large plasmid. the plasmid dnas from the 7 strains had the same bamhi digestion pattern ...19947999913
[adrenergic neuromuscular junctions in the cerebral arteries of birds].by means of the histochemical and electron microscopical methods, adrenergic innervation of the middle cerebral artery and its branches have been investigated in three sparrows (passer montanus), blue rock pigeons (columba livia), hens (gallus domestica), hazel-grouses (tetrastes bonasia), large billed crows (corvus levaillantii), ducks (anas domestica) and slaty backed gulls (larus schistisagus). neuromuscular connections in all the birds investigated have similar organizational features. some ...19854091667
genetic properties of conjugative r plasmids in escherichia coli and salmonella isolated from feral and domestic pigeons, crows and kites.a total of 62 conjugative r plasmids detected in 48 escherichia coli and 19 conjugative r plasmids in 16 salmonella strains from domestic (carrier and emerald) and feral pigeons, crows (japanese jungle crows and carrion crows) and black kite, were examined for genetic properties. out of the 62 e. coli r plasmids examined for fertility inhibition (fi), 29 (46.8%) were fi+, and the remainder were fi-. among the 62 r plasmids, 16 (25.8%) were classified into incompatibility (inc) group fii, 15 (24. ...19836359777
[the sinuatrial node of the avian heart (author's transl)].comparative histologic observations were made of the sinuatrial nodes of avian hearts from a short-tailed shearwater (puffinus tenuirostris), a black-crowned night heron (nycticorax nycticorax), two ducks (anas platyrhycha domestica), eight japanese quails (coturnix coturnix japonica), a pigeon (columba livia domestica), a macaw (ara macao), three budgerigars (melopsittacus undulatus) and a jungle crow (corvus macrorhynchos). the node lies between the right atrial myocardium and epicardium at th ...19817318931
bone marrow chromosomes in corvus species (corvidae: passeriformes: aves).the diploid number of 80 +/- chromosomes has been established for two species of indian crows, viz. corvus splendens splendens viellot, and corvus macrorhynchus culminatus sykes. in addition to the usual macro- and microchromosomes, there exist certain elements in both cases, falling in between the two different size categories of chromosomes. the number of these medium-sized, and of the macrochromosomes, was found to be 6 and 14, respectively, in both species. all chromosomes included in these ...19807471815
detection of conjugative r plasmids conferring chloramphenicol resistance in escherichia coli isolated from domestic and feral pigeons and crows.a total of 87 domestic pigeons of 2 lots and 184 feral pigeons of 15 lots were examined from 1975 to 1977 for the presence of drug-resistant (especially chloramphenicol resistant) escherichia coli. 20 (23.0%) of the domestic pigeons of the 2 lots, and 39 (21.2%) of the feral pigeons of 5 lots (33,3%) showed resistant e. coli. usage of selective media containing chloramphenicol, streptomycin or tetracycline resulted in the increase in isolation frequency of resistant e. coli excepting one lot of ...1978366994
antigenic studies with chandlerella hawkingi, the filarial parasite of indian jungle crow, corvus macrorhynchos. 1978658994
leucocytes in chandlerella hawkingi infection in indian jungle crows corvus macrorhynchos wagler. 19724663606
chemotherapeutic reactions of chandlerella hawkingi, the filarial parasite of the indian jungle crow, corvus macrorhynchos (agler).1. a high percentage of indian jungle crows (corvus macrorhynchos wagler), found in and around lucknow, harbour a natural filarial infection chandlerella hawkingi. the microfilariae of this species are sheathed and show nocturnal periodicity.2. fourteen compounds active against other kinds of filariae, especially against litomosoides carinii, were tested against ch. hawkingi in jungle crows to find whether this infection would be suitable for routine filarial chemotherapy. this is apparently the ...19695774047
chandlerella hawkingi sp. nov., a filarial parasite of the indian jungle crow, corvus macrorhynchos wagler. 19655862611
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