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feline coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis in nondomestic felid species.feline coronavirus (fcov) is reported worldwide and known to cause disease in domestic and nondomestic felid species. although fcov often results in mild to inapparent disease, a small subset of cats succumb to the fatal, systemic disease feline infectious peritonitis (fip). an outbreak of fip in cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) in a zoological collection demonstrated the devastating effect of fcov introduction into a naïve group of animals. in addition to cheetahs, fip has been described in european ...202133827157
a cluster epidemic of influenza a(h1n1)pdm09 virus infection in four captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).in january 2019, four cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) kept at a japanese zoo intermittently showed respiratory signs following the incidence of seasonal influenza in animal caregivers. respiratory materials (saliva, sputum and food tray swabs) were non-invasively collected from the four cheetahs. although we were unable to isolate the virus, the np gene of influenza a virus was detected in three of the cheetahs but not in the fourth cheetah that had nearly recovered. from a food tray swab which test ...202133576190
cell survival after cryopreservation of dissociated testicular cells from feline species.testicular cell suspension (tcs) can be cryopreserved for male germ-line preservation and fertility restoration. we aimed to validate a cryopreservation protocol for tcs of domestic cat to be applied in endangered felids species. testis tissue from adult domestic cats was enzymatically dissociated and spermatogenic cells were enriched. the resulting tcs was diluted in 7.5% or 15% me2so based medium. slow and fast freezing methods were tested. we examined the effects of freezing approaches using ...202032194031
habitat complexity and lifetime predation risk influence mesopredator survival in a multi-predator system.variability in habitat selection can lead to differences in fitness; however limited research exists on how habitat selection of mid-ranking predators can influence population-level processes in multi-predator systems. for mid-ranking, or mesopredators, differences in habitat use might have strong demographic effects because mesopredators need to simultaneously avoid apex predators and acquire prey. we studied spatially-explicit survival of cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) in the mun-ya-wana conserva ...202033082386
rethinking trophic niches: speed and body mass colimit prey space of mammalian predators.realized trophic niches of predators are often characterized along a one-dimensional range in predator-prey body mass ratios. this prey range is constrained by an "energy limit" and a "subdue limit" toward small and large prey, respectively. besides these body mass ratios, maximum speed is an additional key component in most predator-prey interactions.here, we extend the concept of a one-dimensional prey range to a two-dimensional prey space by incorporating a hump-shaped speed-body mass relatio ...202032760514
context dependency of top-down, bottom-up and density-dependent influences on cheetah demography.research on drivers of demographic rates has mostly focused on top predators and their prey, and comparatively less research has considered the drivers of mesopredator demography. of those limited studies, most focused on top-down effects of apex predators on mesopredator population dynamics, whereas studies investigating alternative mechanisms are less common. in this study, we tested hypotheses related to top-down, bottom-up and density-dependent regulation of demographic rates in an imperille ...202031469173
habitat features and performance interact to determine the outcomes of terrestrial predator-prey pursuits.animals are responsive to predation risk, often seeking safer habitats at the cost of foraging rewards. although previous research has examined how habitat features affect detection by predators, little is known about how the interaction of habitat features, sensory cues and physical performance capabilities affect prey escape performance once detected. to investigate how specific habitat features affect predation risk, we developed an individual-based model of terrestrial predator-prey pursuits ...202032969495
an eye for a tooth: thylacosmilus was not a marsupial "saber-tooth predator".saber-toothed mammals, now all extinct, were cats or "cat-like" forms with enlarged, blade-like upper canines, proposed as specialists in taking large prey. during the last 66 ma, the saber-tooth ecomorph has evolved convergently at least in five different mammalian lineages across both marsupials and placentals. indeed, thylacosmilus atrox, the so-called "marsupial saber-tooth," is often considered as a classic example of convergence with placental saber-tooth cats such as smilodon fatalis. how ...202032617190
single port laparoscopic falciform ligament collection in a cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).a single incision laparoscopic system (sils) was used to remove the falciform ligament of an adult male cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) during routine diagnostic liver biopsy. adipose tissue isolated from the falciform ligament was used to establish a mesenchymal stem cell culture. the use of a sils port for liver biopsy and falciform ligament collection allowed for a large amount of fat to be collected from a small surgical incision and rapid postoperative recovery. this case expands the use of the ...202031926535
regional variation in the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) revisited: morphology of wild and captive populations.the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) is listed as a vulnerable species by the international union for the conservation of nature (iucn), including two critically endangered subspecies, the saharan cheetah, and the iranian cheetah, so it is imperative that we understand variation in cheetah morphology to make good decisions regarding the conservation of this species. here, we aim to determine whether northeastern african cheetahs have smaller body sizes than southern african cheetahs. this study also a ...202031724754
comparative neocortical neuromorphology in felids: african lion, african leopard, and cheetah.the present study examines cortical neuronal morphology in the african lion (panthera leo leo), african leopard (panthera pardus pardus), and cheetah (acinonyx jubatus jubatus). tissue samples were removed from prefrontal, primary motor, and primary visual cortices and investigated with a golgi stain and computer-assisted morphometry to provide somatodendritic measures of 652 neurons. although neurons in the african lion were insufficiently impregnated for accurate quantitative dendritic measure ...202031749162
multiple locus variable number tandem repeat analysis for the characterization of wild feline bartonella species and subspecies.bartonella genus includes an increasing number of species and subspecies, especially among wild felids, the positioning of which, with regards to the zoonotic species bartonella henselae, is important to determine. the aim of this study was to test the ability of a molecular typing technique to distinguish between various bartonella isolates obtained from four different species of free-ranging and captive wild felids and to identify key profiles or markers allowing differentiating them from each ...202032768232
species-specific differences in toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and besnoitia besnoiti seroprevalence in namibian wildlife.knowledge about parasitic infections is crucial information for animal health, particularly of free-ranging species that might come into contact with livestock and humans.202031915056
a multispecies assessment of wildlife impacts on local community livelihoods.conflicts between the interests of agriculture and wildlife conservation are a major threat to biodiversity and human well-being globally. addressing such conflicts requires a thorough understanding of the impacts associated with living alongside protected wildlife. despite this, most studies reporting on human-wildlife impacts and the strategies used to mitigate them focus on a single species, thus oversimplifying often complex systems of human-wildlife interactions. we sought to characterize t ...202032496643
hair cortisol analyses in different mammal species: choosing the wrong assay may lead to erroneous results.wild animals are faced with a broad range of environmental stressors and research is needed to better understand their effect on populations. hormone analysis based on enzyme immunoassays (eias) can provide valuable information on adrenocortical activity (stress), and assessment of cortisol in hair may allow the quantification of cortisol production. to validate hair hormone analysis, we compared two eias based on antibodies against cortisol-3-cmo-bsa and cortisol-21-hs-bsa for hair glucocortico ...202032153782
chemical structures of oligosaccharides in milks of the american black bear (ursus americanus americanus) and cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).the milk oligosaccharides were studied for two species of the carnivora: the american black bear (ursus americanus, family ursidae, caniformia), and the cheetah, (acinonyx jubatus, family felidae, feliformia). lactose was the most dominant saccharide in cheetah milk, while this was a minor saccharide and milk oligosaccharides predominated over lactose in american black bear milk. the structures of 8 neutral saccharides from american black bear milk were found to be gal(β1-4)glc (lactose), fuc(α1 ...202031828568
interspecies comparison of the residue levels and profiles of persistent organic pollutants in terrestrial top predators.serum samples from three species of living terrestrial top predators were analysed for six groups of persistent organic pollutants (pops), such as polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (ddts), chlordane compounds (chls), hexachlorocyclohexane isomers (hchs), hexachlorobenzene (hcb) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (pbdes). the study included three carnivore species: lion (panthera leo), hyena (hyena brunnea) and cheetah (acinonyx jubatus). all sa ...202032006764
an insight into the prey spectra and livestock predation by cheetahs in kenya using faecal dna metabarcoding.dietary composition is a fundamental part of animal ecology and an important component of population dynamics. therefore, obtaining accurate information on what an animal consumes is important for conservation planning, especially for wild large carnivores that exist in human-dominated landscapes where they are prone to direct conflicts with local people. we used faecal dna metabarcoding to identify the vertebrate taxa commonly predated on by cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) with an emphasis on domes ...202033157508
first birth of cheetah cubs from in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer.approximately 30% of the association of zoos and aquariums cheetah population (~350 total animals) is unlikely to breed naturally due to advanced age, health, or behavioral issues. aging cheetah females (≥9 y old) are unlikely to become pregnant via natural breeding if they are nulliparous. we previously demonstrated that oocytes recovered from aged females were of similar quality compared with those recovered from younger females (2-8 y old). we hypothesize that transfer of 4-8 cell embryos pro ...202033027972
why are the fastest runners of intermediate size? contrasting scaling of mechanical demands and muscle supply of work and power.the fastest land animals are of intermediate size. cheetah, antelope, greyhounds and racehorses have been measured running much faster than reported for elephants or elephant shrews. can this be attributed to scaling of physical demands and explicit physiological constraints to supply? here, we describe the scaling of mechanical work demand each stride, and the mechanical power demand each stance. unlike muscle stress, strain and strain rate, these mechanical demands cannot be circumvented by ch ...202033023380
molecular and serological investigation of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in cats.background: severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) is an emerging tick-borne zoonosis in china, the republic of korea (rok), and japan. the presence of the sfts virus (sftsv) in companion, livestock, and wild animals has been reported. recently, human sfts-like clinical symptoms in cats and cheetahs have been reported in japan. therefore, the prevalence of the sftsv gene or antibody in cats is important for public health as well as veterinary medicine. materials and methods: sera wer ...202032831006
environmental management of two of the world's most endangered marine and terrestrial predators: vaquita and cheetah.two of the world most endangered marine and terrestrial species are at the brink of extinction. the vaquita (phocoena sinus) is the smallest existing cetacean and the population has declined to barely 22 individuals now remaining in mexico's gulf of california. with the ongoing decline, it is likely to go extinct within few years. the primary threat to this species has been mortality as a result of by-catch from gillnet fishing as well as environmental toxic chemicals and disturbance. this has c ...202032829186
monitoring ovarian function and detecting pregnancy in felids: a review.reliable detection and monitoring of estrus and pregnancy is essential to the effective ex situ conservation of endangered felids. here, we review the current methods used to detect estrus and pregnancy in felids and describe the advantages and limitations of each. a total of 194 felid-focused publications were reviewed. the methods used included behavioral assessments (61 publications across 24 species), hormone monitoring (124 studies across 28 species), fecal protein monitoring (two studies i ...202032818882
distribution of uterine histological changes in aged captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).the histological effect on the felid uterus of sterilization, via ovariectomy or salpingectomy, is currently unknown. to investigate the association of ovariectomy or salpingectomy with uterine health, it is first necessary to establish if changes are distributed evenly throughout the uterus. both laparoscopic ovariectomy and salpingectomy with concurrent sampling of the tip of the uterine horn are possible in the cheetah. currently accepted practice for histopathological screening of the uterus ...202032730659
palaeodietary traits of large mammals from the middle miocene of gračanica (bugojno basin, bosnia-herzegovina).recent excavations at the gračanica coal mine (bugojno basin, bosnia-herzegovina) have unearthed numerous skeletal parts of fossil vertebrates, including a noteworthy collection of mammalian remains. previous palaeoecological investigations of the dinarides lake system were established using stratigraphical, palaeofloral, and malacological data. however, large mammal remains have so far not been used to reconstruct the terrestrial palaeoenvironment of this important fossil ecosystem. here, the p ...202032647552
leveraging elastic instabilities for amplified performance: spine-inspired high-speed and high-force soft robots.soft machines typically exhibit slow locomotion speed and low manipulation strength because of intrinsic limitations of soft materials. here, we present a generic design principle that harnesses mechanical instability for a variety of spine-inspired fast and strong soft machines. unlike most current soft robots that are designed as inherently and unimodally stable, our design leverages tunable snap-through bistability to fully explore the ability of soft robots to rapidly store and release energ ...202032494714
oviductal extracellular vesicles improve post-thaw sperm function in red wolves and cheetahs.artificial insemination (ai) is a valuable tool for ex situ wildlife conservation, allowing the re-infusion and dissemination of genetic material, even after death of the donor. however, the application of ai to species conservation is still limited, due mainly to the poor survival of cryopreserved sperm. recent work demonstrated that oviductal extracellular vesicles (oevs) improved cat sperm motility and reduced premature acrosomal exocytosis. here, we build on these findings by describing the ...202032466321
developmental changes in strategies for gathering evidence about biological kinds.how do people gather samples of evidence to learn about the world? adults often prefer to sample evidence from diverse sources-for example, choosing to test a robin and a turkey to find out if something is true of birds in general. children below age 9, however, often do not consider sample diversity, instead treating non-diverse samples (e.g., two robins) and diverse samples as equivalently informative. the current study (n = 247) found that this discontinuity stems from developmental changes i ...202032419146
a pilot study comparing aortic valve area estimates derived from fick cardiac output with estimates based on cheetah-nicom cardiac output.cardiac output during cardiac catheterization is often estimated using the modified fick method (cofick). in this proof-of-concept, prospective non-randomized study carried out in a single academic healthcare centre, we examined whether replacing cofick in the gorlin formula with cheetah-nicom monitor cardiac output (cocheetah) could produce an accurate and precise estimate of aortic valve area in patients with severe aortic stenosis. in twenty-six subjects, cofick and cocheetah were obtained co ...202032398730
glomerular filtration rate determined by measuring serum clearance of a single dose of inulin and serum symmetric dimethylarginine concentration in clinically normal cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).to establish a reference interval for glomerular filtration rate (gfr) determined by measuring serum clearance of a single iv dose of inulin in clinically normal cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) and compare serum symmetric dimethylarginine (sdma) concentration in cheetahs with gfr.202032228261
feline herpesvirus infection in four captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) postvaccination.cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) are particularly susceptible to feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv-1). recommendations for preventive health care in cheetahs include vaccination against fhv-1 using killed and modified live virus (mlv) vaccines. although mlv vaccines tend to induce a more robust immune response than killed vaccines, they can induce disease. this case series details an fhv-1 outbreak in four adult cheetahs following the use of mlv vaccine in one of them. all four cheetahs developed severe fhv- ...202032212565
ancient mtdna from the extinct indian cheetah supports unexpectedly deep divergence from african cheetahs.the indian cheetah was hunted to extinction by the mid-20th century. while analysis of 139 bp of mitochondrial dna (mtdna) has confirmed that the indian cheetah was part of the asiatic subspecies (acinonyx jubatus venaticus), the detailed relationships between cheetah populations remains unclear due to limited genetic data. we clarify these relationships by studying larger fragments of cheetah mtdna, both from an indian cheetah museum specimen and two african cheetah, one modern and one historic ...202032165662
metabolome-informed microbiome analysis refines metadata classifications and reveals unexpected medication transfer in captive cheetahs.even high-quality collection and reporting of study metadata in microbiome studies can lead to various forms of inadvertently missing or mischaracterized information that can alter the interpretation or outcome of the studies, especially with nonmodel organisms. metabolomic profiling of fecal microbiome samples can provide empirical insight into unanticipated confounding factors that are not possible to obtain even from detailed care records. we illustrate this point using data from cheetahs fro ...202032156796
novel techniques for detection of mycobacterium bovis infection in a cheetah.in south africa, bovine tuberculosis threatens some of africa's most iconic wildlife species, including the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus). the lack of antemortem diagnostic tests for this species strongly hinders conservation efforts. we report use of antemortem and postmortem diagnostic assays to detect mycobacterium bovis infection in a cheetah.202032091381
ultra-imaging in applied animal andrology: the power and the beauty.ultrastructural studies of the male gamete provide relevant complementary data of value for the clinical assessment of semen quality and assist in determining phylogenetic and structural/functional relationships. this is illustrated using semen samples and testicular material from vulnerable wild animals (cheetah and rhinoceros), commercially exploited exotic birds (ratites and tinamou) and poultry (chicken and duck). transmission electron microscopy (tem) was employed to record sperm and sperma ...202032085922
prosthetic shape, but not stiffness or height, affects the maximum speed of sprinters with bilateral transtibial amputations.running-specific prostheses (rsps) have facilitated an athlete with bilateral transtibial amputations to compete in the olympic games. however, the performance effects of using rsps compared to biological legs remains controversial. further, the use of different prosthetic configurations such as shape, stiffness, and height likely influence performance. we determined the effects of using 15 different rsp configurations on the maximum speed of five male athletes with bilateral transtibial amputat ...202032078639
immunoglobulin j chain as a non-invasive indicator of pregnancy in the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).the north american cheetah population serves as a reservoir for the species, and acts as a research population to help understand the unique biology of the species. little is known about the intrauterine physiology of the cheetah, including embryo differentiation, implantation, and the development of the placenta. after mating, cheetah females frequently experience (30-65% of matings) a non-pregnant luteal phase where progestogen metabolite levels match those found in pregnant females for the fi ...202032040477
jones-wilkins-lee unreacted and reaction product equations of state for overdriven detonations in octogen- and triaminotrinitrobenzene-based plastic-bonded explosives.the jones-wilkins-lee (jwl) equation of state (eos) is used to calculate expansion of detonation reaction products from the chemical equilibrium chapman-jouguet (c-j) state to large volumes. overdriven detonation waves with shock pressures higher than c-j are created by high-velocity impacts or converging detonation waves. reflection from high-impedance materials, multiple shock impacts, and mach stem wave interactions creates similar pressures. when overdriven states were first measured experim ...202031967469
evaluation of electrode setups by mri based human phantom with fem based quasi-static solver for bioimpedance measurement.transthoracic electrical bioimpedance (teb) measurement for acquiring of hemodynamic parameters e.g. stroke volume (sv) and cardiac output (co) becomes commonly used. for precise and reliable measurement, a good understanding of the measurement system is needed to provide robust electrode placement, reproducible results, and large signal amplitudes. we propose an evaluation by mri based human phantom with fem based quasi-static solver for electrode placement in bioimpedance measurement. placemen ...201931946743
synteny search identifies carnivore y chromosome for evolution of male specific genes.the explosive accumulation of mammalian genomes has provided a valuable resource to characterize the evolution of the y chromosome. unexpectedly, the y-chromosome sequence has been characterized in only a small handful of species, with the majority being model organisms. thus, identification of y-linked scaffolds from unordered genome sequences is becoming more important. here, we used a syntenic-based approach to generate the scaffolds of the male-specific region of the y chromosome (msy) from ...201930019860
a comparative survey of microsatellites among wild and domestic cat provides valuable resources for marker development.information on the level and distribution of genetic variation is important for conservation plan of captive population of an endangered species such as tiger and cheetah. we assayed the frequency of microsatellites in the genomic and genic sequences of wild cats (panthera tigris, acinonyx jubatus) and compared it with the domestic cat (felis catus). frequency, relative abundance and density of microsatellites were highest in the domestic cat when compared with wild cats. the frequency of micros ...201930864111
bridging the divide between scientists and decision-makers: how behavioural ecologists can increase the conservation impact of their research?effective conservation management is underpinned by science. yet, there are often barriers against the incorporation of up-to-date scientific research into decision-making and policy. here, we draw on experience from a multi-nation approach to conserve cheetah and african wild dogs across africa, using relationships between scientists and managers established over more than a decade, to better understand scientific information needs of managers. while our analysis focuses on africa, many of our ...201931352894
are the gut microbial systems of giant pandas unstable?animals have stable dominant gut microbiomes under similar diets. similar diets can also lead to similar gut microbial communities within host species levels. giant pandas (ailuropoda melanoleuca) and red pandas (ailurus fulgens) have had long-term and stable bamboo diets, and seem well adapted to this highly fibrous diet. when compared to the gut microbiomes of père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus), humans, cheetah (acinonyx jubatus), black-backed jackal (canis-mesomelas), and black bear (ur ...201931687574
patterns of livestock depredation and cost-effectiveness of fortified livestock enclosures in northern tanzania.human-carnivore conflicts and retaliatory killings contribute to carnivore populations' declines around the world. strategies to mitigate conflicts have been developed, but their efficacy is rarely assessed in a randomized case-control design. further, the economic costs prevent the adoption and wide use of conflict mitigation strategies by pastoralists in rural africa. we examined carnivore (african lion [panthera leo], leopard [panthera pardus], spotted hyena [crocuta crocuta], jackal [canis m ...201931641483
longitudinal radiographic study of cranial bone growth in young cheetah.focal palatitis (also known as focal palatine erosion) is thought to be a developmental disease, specifically of cheetah in captivity raised on a commercial diet. the lack of chewing is thought to cause the mandibular molar to change angulation, contacting the palate and causing the lesions. we followed the development of five captive cheetah cubs, born within 2 weeks of each other, at the same facility. this longitudinal study followed the cubs cephalometrically from 7-months-old to 25-months-o ...201931417919
phylogenetic analysis of ha and na genes of influenza h1n1 viruses from 1918 to 2017.the 1918 "spanish" pandemic is the earliest known influenza h1n1 virus. since then h1n1 viruses circulated between humans and animals continuously. with the increased amount of samples of h1n1 viruses and technology development, researchers have been studying how the viruses evolved. here, we analyzed ha and na genes of h1n1 viruses from three aspects: host distribution, geographical distribution and phylogenetic analysis. the data showed hosts were predominantly human, swine and poultry, and ot ...201931230448
i thought i saw a pussy cat: portrayal of wild cats in friendly interactions with humans distorts perceptions and encourages interactions with wild cat species.most people lack the opportunity to see non-domesticated animals in the wild. consequently, people's perception of wild animals is based on what they see on (social) media. the way in which (social) media portrays non-domesticated animals determines our perception of and behaviour to these animals. people like to interact with animals, which is why venues which offer the opportunity to interact with non-domesticated animals are popular wildlife tourist attractions (wtas). however, these wtas mor ...201931042719
an interferon gamma release assay for the detection of immune sensitization to mycobacterium bovis in african wild dogs (lycaon pictus).in south africa, the largest proportion of the african wild dog (lycaon pictus) population resides in regions where buffaloes have a high prevalence of mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (btb). recent reports of deaths of wild dogs associated with btb have raised concerns regarding the threat this disease might pose for this species. in order to understand the potential impact of the disease in wild dogs, diagnostic tools are required to identify infected individuals ...201930557121
dosimetry assessment of patient-specific 3d printable materials for hdr surface brachytherapy.3d printable material water equivalence was investigated within the range of iridium-192 source energies. the aim is to compare the dose calculated by our treatment planning system (tps) with the dose measured in the presence of printed materials. the purpose of this investigation is to assess the feasibility of using 3d materials for brachytherapy surface applicators.201931707143
ward-based goal-directed fluid therapy (gdft) in acute pancreatitis (gap) trial: study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial.acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of the pancreas with high risk of developing multiorgan failure and death. there are no effective pharmacological interventions used in current clinical practice. maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance is the mainstay of supportive management. goal-directed fluid therapy (gdft) has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality in surgical conditions with systemic inflammatory response. there is currently no randomised controlled trial (rct) inves ...201931601585
precision and consistency of the passive leg raising maneuver for determining fluid responsiveness with bioreactance non-invasive cardiac output monitoring in critically ill patients and healthy volunteers.the passive leg raising (plr) maneuver has become standard practice in fluid resuscitation. we aim to investigate the precision and consistency of the plr for determining fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients and healthy volunteers using bioreactance non-invasive cardiac output monitoring (nicom™, cheetah medical, inc., newton center, massachusetts, usa).201931560711
acute bradycardia associated with positional change in a hyperkalaemic cheetah (acinonyx jubatus). 201931521515
the effect of symbolic meaning of speed on time to contact.the effects of moving task-irrelevant objects on time-to-contact (ttc) judgments are examined in six experiments. in particular, we investigated the effects of the symbolic meaning of speed on ttc by presenting images of objects recalling the symbolic meaning of high speed (motorbike, rocket, formula one, rabbit, cheetah and flying superman) and low speed (bicycle, hot-air balloon, tank, turtle, elephant and static superman). in all experiments, participants judged the ttc of these moving object ...201931445425
a veterinary survey of factors associated with capture-related mortalities in cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).the objective of this study was to gain better insight into factors associated with the capture-related mortality rate in cheetahs. a link to an online questionnaire was sent to zoo and wildlife veterinarians through the species survival plan programme and european endangered species programme coordinators and via the 'wildlife vetnet' google group forum. the questionnaire consisted of 50 questions relating to the veterinarians' country of residence and experience, the medicine combinations used ...201931368316
test-retest reliability of non-invasive cardiac output measurement during exercise in healthy volunteers in daily clinical routine.thoracic bioreactance (tb), a noninvasive method for the measurement of cardiac output (co), shows good test-retest reliability in healthy adults examined under research and resting conditions.201931291418
responsiveness of the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) ovary to exogenous gonadotropins after preemptive oral progestin treatment.control of ovarian function in cheetahs is sub-optimal, which currently limits the integration of assisted reproductive techniques into the genetic management of that endangered species. the objective of this study was to determine the effect of preemptive progestin treatment on the quality of ovarian responses after exogenous gonadotropin stimulation in cheetahs. adult females received either 1) 200 iu equine chorionic gonadotropin (ecg) followed with 3,000 iu porcine luteinizing hormone (plh) ...201931284220
corrigendum to 'evaluation of butorphanol-azaperonemedetomidine in captive cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) immobilization' [vet anaesth analg 46 (2019) 90-95]. 201931201058
a contribution to age determination of cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) based on radiographic analysis of the skull and postcranial morphology.the aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to present comprehensive information about the age-dependent change of skeletal characteristics in captive cheetahs with known age and to assess the benefit of these variables for age estimation in this species. radiographs of 162 known-age captive and semi-captive cheetahs were retrospectively examined and age-related changes of skull, axial and appendicular skeletal systems were documented. metric and non-metric variables were used. these ...201931185038
morphology of the uterotubal junction of the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus).less than 7,000 cheetahs survive in the wild. captive breeding has proved notoriously difficult. the uterotubal junction acts as major barrier and regulator to the passage of sperm. this study describes the morphology of the uterotubal junction of the cheetah. reproductive tracts were obtained from seven cheetahs that succumbed from natural causes or were euthanized for humane reasons. the uterotubal junction was isolated and examined macroscopically and microscopically. the extramural isthmus m ...201930980461
using gps collars to investigate the frequency and behavioural outcomes of intraspecific interactions among carnivores: a case study of male cheetahs in the maasai mara, kenya.intraspecific interactions between individuals or groups of individuals of the same species are an important component of population dynamics. interactions can be static, such as spatial overlap, or dynamic based on the interactions of movements, and can be mediated through communication, such as the deployment of scent marks. interactions and their behavioural outcomes can be difficult to determine, especially for species that live at low densities. with the use of gps collars we quantify both ...201930943236
age-specific gastrointestinal parasite shedding in free-ranging cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) on namibian farmland.the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus brookes 1828) is classified as "vulnerable" by the international union for conservation of nature (iucn). threats to cheetah populations are a decrease of suitable habitats, an increase of conflicts with livestock farmers and potentially pathogens. while there is some information on the viral and bacterial pathogens circulating in cheetah populations, information on gastrointestinal parasites is scarce. here, we investigate the gastrointestinal parasites in 39 free- ...201930706167
is the most representative skunk the average or the stinkiest? developmental changes in representations of biological categories.people often think of categories in terms of their most representative examples (e.g., robin for bird). thus, determining which exemplars are most representative is a fundamental cognitive process that shapes how people use concepts to navigate the world. the present studies (n = 669; ages 5 years - adulthood) revealed developmental change in this important component of cognition. studies 1-2 found that young children view exemplars with extreme values of characteristic features (e.g., the very ...201930677631
food from faeces: evaluating the efficacy of scat dna metabarcoding in dietary analyses.scat dna metabarcoding is increasingly being used to track the feeding ecology of elusive wildlife species. this approach has greatly increased the resolution and detection success of prey items contained in scats when compared with other classical methods. however, there have been few studies that have systematically tested the applicability and reliability of this approach to study the diet of large felids species in the wild. here we assessed the effectiveness of this approach in the cheetah ...201931851671
sex and species differences of stress markers in sympatric cheetahs and leopards in namibia.physiological stress markers may provide valuable insight for our understanding of costs of given life-history strategies or of wildlife health condition, most importantly in case of threatened species. in the last decade, there has been growing interest in the ecological relevance of cellular oxidative stress, which would provide complimentary information to that obtained by the classic analyses of glucocorticoid hormones. in this study, we analysed the sex and species variation of five blood-b ...201930201541
comparative analysis of mitochondrial dna datasets indicates that toxascaris leonina represents a species complex.toxascaris leonina is one of the most common intestinal parasites of canids and felids. in this study, we characterised the entire mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence of t. leonina from the cheetah and compared it with that of t. leonina from the dog.201931046831
locomotor correlates of the scapholunar of living and extinct carnivorans.the relationship of carpal morphology to ecology and habitat is under studied in carnivorans and more generally in mammals. here, we use 3d-scanning techniques to assess the usefulness of a carpal bone, the scapholunar, in carnivorans to reflect ecology and habitat, and to reconstruct the ecology of five extinct carnivorans from two fossil sites: rancho la brea and natural trap cave. we 3d-scanned scapholunars and measured articular surface areas and angles between articular facets using geomagi ...201931188504
a retrospective study of reported disorders of the oral cavity in large felids in australian zoos.disorders of the oral cavity are conditions reported by veterinarians that impact the health and welfare of large felids in human care. there have been no studies documenting the prevalence of these conditions and species affected in australian zoos. a review of the medical records of lions (panthera leo), tigers (panthera tigris), cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus), jaguars (puma onca), snow leopards (panthera uncia), persian leopards (panthera pardus saxicolor), and cougars (puma concolor) from 10 au ...201931120658
analysis of metabolic flux in felid spermatozoa using metabolomics and 13c-based fluxomics†.spermatozoa from three feline species-the domestic cat (felis catus), the cheetah (acinonyx jubatus), and the clouded leopard (neofelis nebulosa)-were analyzed using metabolomic profiling and 13c-based fluxomics to address questions raised regarding their energy metabolism. metabolic profiles and utilization of 13c-labeled energy substrates were detected and quantified using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms). spermatozoa were collected by electroejaculation and incubated in media supp ...201930715249
evaluation of butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine in captive cheetah (acinonyx jubatus) immobilization.the butorphanol-azaperone-medetomidine fixed-dose combination (bam, respectively, 30-12-12 mg ml-1) with subsequent antagonism by naltrexone-atipamezole was evaluated for reversible immobilization of captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).201930554889
body temperature, activity patterns and hunting in free-living cheetah: biologging reveals new insights.as one of the few felids that is predominantly diurnal, cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) can be exposed to high heat loads in their natural habitat. little is known about long-term patterns of body temperature and activity (including hunting) in cheetahs because long-term concurrent measurements of body temperature and activity have never been reported for cheetahs, or, indeed, for any free-living felid. we report here body temperature and locomotor activity measured with implanted data loggers over ...201929851240
on the optimization of low-cost fdm 3d printers for accurate replication of patient-specific abdominal aortic aneurysm geometry.there is a potential for direct model manufacturing of abdominal aortic aneurysm (aaa) using 3d printing technique for generating flexible semi-transparent prototypes. a patient-specific aaa model was manufactured using fused deposition modelling (fdm) 3d printing technology. a flexible, semi-transparent thermoplastic polyurethane (tpu), called cheetah water (produced by ninjatek, usa), was used as the flexible, transparent material for model manufacture with a hydrophilic support structure 3d p ...201829782613
the reporting of a bacillus anthracis b-clade strain in south africa after more than 20 years.anthrax is a disease with an age old history in africa caused by the gram-positive endospore forming soil bacterium bacillus anthracis. epizootics of wild ungulates occur annually in the enzootic region of pafuri, kruger national park (knp) in the limpopo province of south africa. rigorous routine surveillance and diagnostics in knp, has not revealed these rare isolates since the 1990s, despite unabated annual outbreaks. in 2011 a cheetah was diagnosed as anthrax positive from a private game res ...201829716659
energy expenditure in people with transtibial amputation walking with crossover and energy storing prosthetic feet: a randomized within-subject study.energy storing feet are unable to reduce the energy required for normal locomotion among people with transtibial amputation. crossover feet, which incorporate aspects of energy storing and running specific feet, are designed to maximize energy return while providing stability for everyday activities.201829614468
material matters: analysis of density uncertainty in 3d printing and its consequences for radiation oncology.using 3d printing to fabricate patient-specific devices such as tissue compensators, boluses, and phantoms is inexpensive and relatively simple. however, most 3d printing materials have not been well characterized, including their radiologic tissue equivalence. the purposes of this study were to (a) determine the variance in hounsfield units (hu) for printed objects, (b) determine if hu varies over time, and (c) calculate the clinical dose uncertainty caused by these material variations.201829493803
one year daily changes in fecal sexual steroids of two captive female cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) in italy.the present study evaluated changes of fecal sexual steroids in two female cheetahs (geijsha and duchessa) in northern italy throughout one year. wet feces were collected daily from two sibling animals of the same age, housed with conspecific males and managed in the same conditions, and estrogens and progestogens concentrations were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (ria). evidence of ovarian activity based on regular fluctuation in estrogen excretion was demonstrated in both females. none of the an ...201829449038
oral, maxillofacial and dental diseases in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).descriptions of several oral, maxillofacial and dental conditions/diseases exist for a variety of captive large felids, but little is reported on the pathology of free roaming large felids. apart from focal palatine erosions (fpes) as initially described by fitch and fagan (1982) and some reference to absent incisor teeth, few data exist on diseases affecting the oral, maxillofacial and dental structures of cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus), regardless of their captivity status. this study reports 18 ...201829422320
recent inner ear specialization for high-speed hunting in cheetahs.the cheetah, acinonyx jubatus, is the fastest living land mammal. because of its specialized hunting strategy, this species evolved a series of specialized morphological and functional body features to increase its exceptional predatory performance during high-speed hunting. using high-resolution x-ray computed micro-tomography (μct), we provide the first analyses of the size and shape of the vestibular system of the inner ear in cats, an organ essential for maintaining body balance and adapting ...201829396425
luck in food finding affects individual performance and population trajectories.energy harvesting by animals is important because it provides the power needed for all metabolic processes. beyond this, efficient food finding enhances individual fitness [1] and population viability [2], although rates of energy accumulation are affected by the environment and food distribution. typically, differences between individuals in the rate of food acquisition are attributed to varying competencies [3], even though food-encounter rates are known to be probabilistic [4]. we used animal ...201830449669
coping with intrasexual behavioral differences: capture-recapture abundance estimation of male cheetah.population estimates are a fundamental requirement of ecology and conservation. while capture-recapture models are an established method for producing such estimates, their assumption of homogeneous capture probabilities is problematic given that heterogeneity in individual capture probability is inherent to most species. such variation must be accounted for by abundance models; otherwise, biased estimates are risked.here, we investigate the performance of four types of heterogeneity models for ...201830377492
roads threaten asiatic cheetahs in iran.wildlife-vehicle collisions are an important cause of mortality for many animal species. they also prove extremely detrimental to the critically endangered asiatic cheetah (acinonyx jubatus venaticus) [1,2]. one to two asiatic cheetahs are killed by vehicles on iran's roads annually [3,4]. as such, the asiatic cheetah could be the next charismatic felid subspecies to go extinct in the near future [5]. we identified one statistically-significant cluster of cheetah-vehicle collisions on the shahro ...201830300597
tinder for cheetahs. 201830273322
the fastest animals and vehicles are neither the biggest nor the fastest over lifetime.here we show how the size of a body affects its maximum average speed of movement through its environment. the theoretical challenge was to predict that 'outliers' must exist, such as the cheetah for terrestrial animals and the jet fighter for airplanes. we show that during a travel that starts from rest and continues at cruising speed, the body size for minimum travel time, or maximum average speed, is not the biggest. the results are compared with extensive data for military aircraft for chase ...201830150767
ultrasound assessment of the change in carotid corrected flow time in fluid responsiveness in undifferentiated shock.adequate assessment of fluid responsiveness in shock necessitates correct interpretation of hemodynamic changes induced by preload challenge. this study evaluates the accuracy of point-of-care doppler ultrasound assessment of the change in carotid corrected flow time induced by a passive leg raise maneuver as a predictor of fluid responsiveness. noninvasive cardiac output monitoring (nicom, cheetah medical, newton center, ma) system based on a bioreactance method was used.201830134304
fatal tickborne phlebovirus infection in captive cheetahs, japan.two captive cheetahs from a zoo in japan died of a severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome-like illness. severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, an endemic tickborne phlebovirus, was detected systemically with secretion of infectious viruses into the saliva. these cases highlight the risk for exposure of captive animals to endemic arthropodborne pathogens.201830124411
assessing puberty in ex situ male cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) via fecal hormone metabolites and body weights.cheetahs are one of the most heavily studied felid species, with numerous publications on health, disease, and reproductive physiology produced over the last 30 years. despite this relatively long history of research, there is a paucity of crucial biological data, such as pubertal onset, which has direct and significant applications to improved management of ex situ cheetah populations. this study aimed to determine age of pubertal onset in ex situ male cheetahs using non-invasive fecal steroid ...201830026021
reactions of female cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) to urine volatiles from males of varying genetic distance.understanding the factors used by female cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) to make mate choice decisions could benefit zoo breeding programs, which currently assign mates based primarily on genetic distance. because transporting animals between institutions is costly and can be stressful, females are often limited in the number of males available for mating. one solution would be to determine if an easily transported substance could be used to gauge interest by a female to a potential mate. here, we i ...201829900582
a new perspective on the pathogenesis of chronic renal disease in captive cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).the sustainability of captive cheetah populations is limited by high mortality due to chronic renal disease. this necropsy study, conducted on 243 captive cheetahs from one institution, investigated the relationships between focal palatine erosions, gastritis, enterocolitis, glomerulosclerosis, chronic renal infarcts, renal cortical and medullary fibrosis, and renal medullary amyloidosis at death. associations between the individual renal lesions and death due to chronic renal disease and compar ...201829513736
natural and anthropogenic drivers of cub recruitment in a large carnivore.recruitment is a critical parameter governing population dynamics and influences population persistence. understanding the drivers of recruitment is therefore important for conservation, especially for long-lived mammals such as large carnivores, which have low reproductive rates, rendering them prone to extinction. using cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus) as a model species, i investigated the variation in cub recruitment in relation to habitat and the abundance of tourists and predators. per litter, ...201830038771
synchrotron radiation reveals the identity of the large felid from monte argentario (early pleistocene, italy).we describe here a partial skull with associated mandible of a large felid from monte argentario, italy (early pleistocene; ~1.5 million years). propagation x-ray phase-contrast synchrotron microtomography of the specimen, still partially embedded in the rock matrix, allows ascribing it reliably to acinonyx pardinensis, one of the most intriguing extinct carnivorans of the old world plio-pleistocene. the analysis of images and 3d models obtained through synchrotron microtomography - here applied ...201829844540
the international mouse phenotyping consortium (impc): a functional catalogue of the mammalian genome that informs conservation.the international mouse phenotyping consortium (impc) is building a catalogue of mammalian gene function by producing and phenotyping a knockout mouse line for every protein-coding gene. to date, the impc has generated and characterised 5186 mutant lines. one-third of the lines have been found to be non-viable and over 300 new mouse models of human disease have been identified thus far. while current bioinformatics efforts are focused on translating results to better understand human disease pro ...201830100824
cheetahs cannot fool biologgers. 201830591837
cheetahs discriminate familiar and unfamiliar human voices.domestic species can make the distinction between several human sub-groups, especially between familiar and unfamiliar persons. the domestication hypothesis assumes that such advanced cognitive skills were driven by domestication itself. however, such capacities have been shown in wild species as well, highlighting the potential role of early experience and proximity with humans. nevertheless, few studies have been focusing on the use of acoustic cues in wild species and more comparative studies ...201830341369
retrospective analysis and validation of serum symmetric dimethylarginine (sdma) concentrations in cheetahs ( acinonyx jubatus).kidney disease is common among captive cheetahs ( acinonyx jubatus). serum creatinine is the most common measurement to estimate glomerular filtration rate (gfr) because of the ease of its clinical use, but it is a crude estimate that only increases after significant disease is already present and is affected by extrarenal factors. symmetric dimethylarginine (sdma) is a renal biomarker in humans, dogs, and cats that correlates with serum creatinine and gfr and appears to be an earlier and more s ...201830212357
living on the edge: multiscale habitat selection by cheetahs in a human-wildlife landscape.animals select habitats that will ultimately optimize their fitness through access to favorable resources, such as food, mates, and breeding sites. however, access to these resources may be limited by bottom-up effects, such as availability, and top-down effects, such as risk avoidance and competition, including that with humans. competition between wildlife and people over resources, specifically over space, has played a significant role in the worldwide decrease in large carnivores. the goal o ...201830151175
levosimendan for perioperative cardioprotection: myth or reality?levosimendan is a calcium sensitizer drug causing increased contractility in the myocardium and vasodilation in the vascular system. it is mainly used for the therapy of acute decompensated heart failure. several studies on animals and humans provided evidence of the cardioprotective properties of levosimendan including preconditioning and anti-apoptotic. in view of these favorable effects, levosimendan has been tested in patients undergoing cardiac surgery for the prevention or treatment of low ...201829564979
the occurrence of some nonblood protozoan parasites in wild and domestic mammals in south africa.relatively little is known about protozoan parasites in african animals. here we investigated the occurrence of protozoan parasites in mammals from south africa. oocysts of protozoan parasites were detected in 13 of 56 (23%) fecal samples using conventional microscopic examination methods. cryptosporidium spp. and isospora spp. were detected in eight (14 %) and five (9 %) samples, respectively. mixed parasitic infection of cryptosporidium spp. and isospora spp. was recorded in banded mongoose ( ...201829369722
biomechanics of predator-prey arms race in lion, zebra, cheetah and impala.the fastest and most manoeuvrable terrestrial animals are found in savannah habitats, where predators chase and capture running prey. hunt outcome and success rate are critical to survival, so both predator and prey should evolve to be faster and/or more manoeuvrable. here we compare locomotor characteristics in two pursuit predator-prey pairs, lion-zebra and cheetah-impala, in their natural savannah habitat in botswana. we show that although cheetahs and impalas were universally more athletic t ...201829364874
use of levosimendan in cardiac surgery: an update after the levo-cts, cheetah, and licorn trials in the light of clinical practice.levosimendan is a calcium sensitizer and adenosine triphosphate-dependent potassium channel opener, which exerts sustained hemodynamic, symptomatic, and organ-protective effects. it is registered for the treatment of acute heart failure, and when inotropic support is considered appropriate. in the past 15 years, levosimendan has been widely used in clinical practice and has also been tested in clinical trials to stabilize at-risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. recently, 3 randomized, place ...201829076887
hiss and snort call types of wild-living giraffes giraffa camelopardalis: acoustic structure and context.vocalization as part of vigilance behaviour is widespread across animal taxa, including ruminants. calls of wild-living giraffes have never been recorded and spectrographically investigated. this study reports the acoustic structure of vigilance-related hiss and snort calls of wild-living giraffes giraffa camelopardalis.201829316966
epidemiology of clinical feline herpesvirus infection in zoo-housed cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus).objective to determine the incidence of and risk factors for clinical feline herpesvirus (fhv) infection in zoo-housed cheetahs and determine whether dam infection was associated with offspring infection. design retrospective cohort study. animals 144 cheetah cubs born in 6 zoos from 1988 through 2007. procedures data were extracted from the health records of cheetahs and their dams to identify incident cases of clinical fhv infection and estimate incidence from birth to 18 months of age. univar ...201728959932
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