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Random insertional mutagenesis in fungal genomes to identify virulence factors.Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT) has become an important tool for functional genomics in fungi. ATMT-based approaches such as random insertional mutagenesis and targeted knockout are widely used for gene functional analysis in plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we describe a protocol for the identification of pathogenicity and virulence genes through random insertional mutagenesis using the fungal wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae as an example for the protocol.201222183674
Real-time PCR for the quantification of fungi in planta.Methods enabling quantification of fungi in planta can be useful for a variety of applications. In combination with information on plant disease severity, indirect quantification of fungi in planta offers an additional tool in the screening of plants that are resistant to fungal diseases. In this chapter, a method is described for the quantification of DNA from a fungus in plant leaves using real-time PCR (qPCR). Although the method described entails quantification of the fungus Verticillium dah ...201222183651
[construction and pathogenicity tests of a mutated specific fragment scf73 in verticillium dahliae].to identify preliminarily the specific fragment scf73's function in verticillium dahlia virulence.201223383504
nuclease released by verticillium dahliae is a signal for non-host resistance.a dnase released from the fungal pathogen of bean, fusarium solani f. sp. phaseoli (fsph), was previously shown to signal the activation of total disease resistance and activate pathogenesis-related (pr) genes in pea. data in the current study which used the pea-endocarp model to research non-host resistance, indicated that dnase released by verticillium dahliae (vd), pathogenic on potato also has non-host resistance-inducing capabilities in peas. other strains of vd that release dnase are patho ...201223352407
gbwrky1, a novel cotton (gossypium barbadense) wrky gene isolated from a bacteriophage full-length cdna library, is induced by infection with verticillium dahliae.wrky transcription factor proteins play important roles in diverse stress responses. in this study, we first cloned a novel wrky from our constructed bacteriophage full-length cdna library for cotton (gossypium barbadense). the plants were stressed by exposure to a defoliating strain of verticillium dahliae. the capacity of primary cdna library was 1.28 x 10(6) pfu and the titer of the amplified cdna library was > 10(10) pfu ml(-1). the recombination rate of the library was 94% and average inser ...201223350274
a real-time pcr assay for detection and quantification of verticillium dahliae in spinach seed.verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungus that causes verticillium wilt on multiple crops in central coastal california. although spinach crops grown in this region for fresh and processing commercial production do not display verticillium wilt symptoms, spinach seed produced in the u.s. or europe are commonly infected with v. dahliae. planting of the infected seed increases the soil inoculum density and may introduce exotic strains that contribute to verticillium wilt epidemics on lettuce and ...201222236050
Population biology of fungal plant pathogens.Studies of the population genetics of fungal and oomycetous phytopathogens are essential to clarifying the disease epidemiology and devising management strategies. Factors commonly associated with higher organisms such as migration, natural selection, or recombination, are critical for the building of a clearer picture of the pathogen in the landscape. In this chapter, we focus on a limited number of experimental and analytical methods that are commonly applied in population genetics. At first, ...201222183663
lignin metabolism has a central role in the resistance of cotton to the wilt fungus verticillium dahliae as revealed by rna-seq-dependent transcriptional analysis and histochemistry.the incompatible pathosystem between resistant cotton (gossypium barbadense cv. 7124) and verticillium dahliae strain v991 was used to study the cotton transcriptome changes after pathogen inoculation by rna-seq. of 32 774 genes detected by mapping the tags to assembly cotton contigs, 3442 defence-responsive genes were identified. gene cluster analyses and functional assignments of differentially expressed genes indicated a significant transcriptional complexity. quantitative real-time pcr (qpcr ...201121862479
Interactions among Glomus irregulare, arbuscular mycorrhizal spore-associated bacteria, and plant pathogens under in vitro conditions.Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi interact with bacteria (AM fungi-associated bacteria, AMB) in the mycorrhizosphere. We previously identified a set of AMB that enhance AM fungal colonization, plant growth, and inhibit pathogens. Here, we used transformed carrot root cultures in a two-compartment plate system for further in vitro studies on interactions taking place among Glomus irregulare (syn.Glomus intraradices), AMB, and plant pathogens. We found that exudates of G. irregulare stimulated gro ...201122081167
Enhancing plant disease suppression by Burkholderia vietnamiensis through chromosomal integration of Bacillus subtilis chitinase gene chi113.Burkholderia vietnamiensis P418 is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. A chitinase gene from Bacillus subtilis was cloned and stably integrated into the chromosome of using the transposon delivery vector, pUTkm1. Chitinase activity was detected in recombinant P418-37 but not in wild type P418. Recombinant P418-37 retained the in vitro growth rate, N(2)-fixation and phosphate and potassium-solubilizing characteristics of the wild type. P418-37 significantly (P < 0.05) inc ...201121972146
Proteomic analysis of the sea-island cotton roots infected by wilt pathogen Verticillium dahliae.Verticillium wilt of cotton is a vascular disease mainly caused by the soil-born filamentous fungus Verticillium dahliae. To study the mechanisms associated with defense responses in wilt-resistant sea-island cotton (Gossypium barbadense) upon V. dahliae infection, a comparative proteomic analysis between infected and mock-inoculated roots of G. barbadense var. Hai 7124 (a cultivar showing resistance against V. dahliae) was performed by 2-DE combined with local EST database-assisted PMF and MS/M ...201121928292
proteomic identification of differentially expressed proteins in gossypium thurberi inoculated with cotton verticillium dahliae.thurber's cotton (gossypium thurberi) is the wild relative of cultivated cotton. it is highly resistant to cotton verticillium wilt, a disease that significantly affects cotton yield and quality. to reveal the mechanism of disease resistance in g. thurberi and to clone resistance-related genes, we used two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-de) and tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof-ms) to identify differentially expressed proteins in thurber's cotton after inoculation with verticill ...201122325879
fungal diversity associated to the olive moth, prays oleae bernard: a survey for potential entomopathogenic fungi.olive production is one of the main agricultural activities in portugal. in the region of trás-os-montes, this crop has been considerably affected by prays oleae. in order to evaluate the diversity of fungi on prays oleae population of trás-os-montes olive orchards, larvae and pupae of the three annual generations (phyllophagous, antophagous and carpophagous) were collected and evaluated for fungal growth on their surface. from the 3,828 larvae and pupae, a high percentage of individuals exhibit ...201121994034
development of an assay for rapid detection and quantification of verticillium dahliae in soil.verticillium dahliae is responsible for verticillium wilt on a wide range of hosts including strawberry, on which low soil inoculum densities can cause significant crop loss. determination of inoculum density is currently done by soil plating, but this can take 6-8 weeks to complete and delay the grower's ability to make planting decisions. to provide a faster means for estimating pathogen populations in the soil, a multiplexed taqman real time pcr assay based on the rdna intergenic spacer (igs ...201122066673
the arabidopsis thaliana dna-binding protein ahl19 mediates verticillium wilt resistance.verticillium spp. are destructive soilborne fungal pathogens that cause vascular wilt diseases in a wide range of plant species. verticillium wilts are particularly notorious, and genetic resistance in crop plants is the most favorable means of disease control. in a gain-of-function screen using an activation-tagged arabidopsis mutant collection, we identified four mutants, a1 to a4, which displayed enhanced resistance toward the vascular wilt species verticillium dahliae, v. albo-atrum and v. l ...201121864046
Activity of Meadowfoam ( Limnanthes alba ) Seed Meal Glucolimnanthin Degradation Products against Soilborne Pathogens.Meadowfoam ( Limnanthes alba L.) is a herbaceous winter-spring annual grown as a commercial oilseed crop. The meal remaining after oil extraction from the seed contains up to 4% of the glucosinolate glucolimnanthin. Degradation of glucolimnanthin yields toxic breakdown products, and therefore the meal may have potential in the management of soilborne pathogens. To maximize the pest-suppressive potential of meadowfoam seed meal, it would be beneficial to know the toxicity of individual glucolimn ...201122142246
a resource for the in silico identification of fungal polyketide synthases from predicted fungal proteomes.the goal of this study was to develop a tool specifically designed to identify iterative polyketide synthases (ipkss) from predicted fungal proteomes. a fungi-based pks prediction model, specifically for fungal ipkss, was developed using profile hidden markov models (phmms) based on two essential ipks domains, the β-ketoacyl synthase (ks) domain and acyltransferase (at) domain, derived from fungal ipkss. this fungi-based pks prediction model was initially tested on the well-annotated proteome of ...201122112245
characterization and localization of prodiginines from streptomyces lividans suppressing verticillium dahliae in the absence or presence of arabidopsis thaliana.the ascomycete verticillium dahliae causes worldwide vascular wilt of many field and horticultural plants. the melanized resting structures of this fungus, so-called microsclerotia, survive for many years in soils and continuously re-infect plants. due to the absence of known fungicides, verticillium wilt causes immense crop losses. we discovered that the gram-positive, spore-forming soil bacterium streptomyces lividans expresses members of the prodiginine family during co-cultivation with v. da ...201122151498
[distribution and characteristics of soil antagonistic actinomycetes on northern slope of taibai mountain, qinling].twelve representative soil samples were collected from different altitudes on the northern slope of taibai mountain to study the distribution and characteristics of soil antagonistic actinomyces by using agar block method. there existed a great deal of soil antagonistic actinomyces in the study area. among the 141 actinomycete strains isolated, 116 strains (82.3%) showed antagonism toward 12 target bacteria or fungi. the antagonistic strains at altitudes 800-1845, 3488, 3655, and 3670 m occupied ...201122303680
the inheritance of resistance to verticillium wilt caused by race 1 isolates of verticillium dahliae in the lettuce cultivar la brillante.verticillium wilt of lettuce caused by verticillium dahliae can cause severe economic damage to lettuce producers. complete resistance to race 1 isolates is available in lactuca sativa cultivar (cv.) la brillante and understanding the genetic basis of this resistance will aid development of new resistant cultivars. f(1) and f(2) families from crosses between la brillante and three iceberg cultivars as well as a recombinant inbred line population derived from l. sativa cv. salinas 88 × la brillan ...201121567237
genomic characterization of a novel dsrna virus detected in the phytopathogenic fungus verticillium dahliae kleb.four novel double-stranded rna segments were detected in a verticillium dahliae kleb. strain (v. dahliae isolate 0-21), a causal fungal agent of verticillium wilt disease of cotton. each dsrna genome segment contains a single large open reading frame (orf) that encodes a distinctive protein with modest levels of sequence similarities to the corresponding putative proteins in the genus chrysovirus. these include an rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp), a coat protein, an undefined replication-rela ...201121571013
interfamily transfer of tomato ve1 mediates verticillium resistance in arabidopsis.vascular wilts caused by soil-borne fungal species of the verticillium genus are devastating plant diseases. the most common species, v. dahliae and v. albo-atrum, have broad host ranges and are notoriously difficult to control. therefore, genetic resistance is the preferred method for disease control. only from tomato (solanum lycopersicum) a verticillium resistance locus has been cloned, comprising the ve1 gene that encodes a receptor-like protein-type cell surface receptor. due to lack of a s ...201121617027
the purification and characterization of a novel hypersensitive-like response-inducing elicitor from verticillium dahliae that induces resistance responses in tobacco.pevd1, a novel protein elicitor from the pathogenic cotton verticillium wilt fungus, verticillium dahliae, induced a hypersensitive response in tobacco plants. in this paper, the elicitor was purified and analyzed using de novo sequencing. the protein-encoding pevd1 gene consists of a 468-bp open reading frame that produces a polypeptide of 155 amino acids, with a theoretical molecular weight of 16.23-ákda. the sequence of elicitor protein pevd1 was matched to the genomic sequence (genbank acces ...201121691787
comparative genomics yields insights into niche adaptation of plant vascular wilt pathogens.the vascular wilt fungi verticillium dahliae and v. albo-atrum infect over 200 plant species, causing billions of dollars in annual crop losses. the characteristic wilt symptoms are a result of colonization and proliferation of the pathogens in the xylem vessels, which undergo fluctuations in osmolarity. to gain insights into the mechanisms that confer the organisms' pathogenicity and enable them to proliferate in the unique ecological niche of the plant vascular system, we sequenced the genomes ...201121829347
Hydrogen peroxide modulates the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton during the defence responses to Verticillium dahliae toxins in Arabidopsis.The molecular mechanisms of signal transduction of plants in response to infection by Verticillium dahliae (VD) are not well understood. We previously showed that NO may act as an upstream signalling molecule to trigger the depolymerization of cortical microtubules in Arabidopsis. In the present study, we used the wild-type, and atrbohD and atrbohF mutants of Arabidopsis to explore the mechanisms of action of H(2) O(2) signals and the dynamic microtubule cytoskeleton in defence responses. We dem ...201121707649
[high efficient gene knockout in verticillium dahliae].we developed an efficient method of gene knockout in verticillium dahliae, an important soil-borne fungal pathogen that causes cotton vascular wilt diseases.201122043791
silencing ghndr1 and ghmkk2 compromises cotton resistance to verticillium wilt.cotton is an important cash crop worldwide, and is a significant source of fiber, feed, foodstuff, oil and biofuel products. considerable effort has been expended to increase sustainable yield and quality through molecular breeding and genetic engineering of new cotton cultivars. given the recent availability of the whole-genome sequence of cotton, it is necessary to develop molecular tools and resources for large-scale analysis of gene functions at the genome-wide level. we have successfully de ...201121219508
root hairs play a key role in the endophytic colonization of olive roots by pseudomonas spp. with biocontrol activity.the use of indigenous bacterial root endophytes with biocontrol activity against soil-borne phytopathogens is an environmentally-friendly and ecologically-efficient action within an integrated disease management framework. the earliest steps of olive root colonization by pseudomonas fluorescens picf7 and pseudomonas putida picp2, effective biocontrol agents (bcas) against verticillium wilt of olive (olea europaea l.) caused by the fungus verticillium dahliae kleb., are here described. a gnotobio ...201121347721
one step construction of agrobacterium-recombination-ready-plasmids (oscar), an efficient and robust tool for atmt based gene deletion construction in fungi.increasing availability of genomic data and sophistication of analytical methodology in fungi has elevated the need for functional genomics tools in these organisms. previously we reported a method called delsgate for rapid preparation of deletion constructs for protoplast-mediated fungal transformation systems, which is based on gateway® technology. however, over the past several years agrobacteriumtumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) has become the preferred genetic transformation method ...201121362493
[Isolation and identification of dominant microorganisms in rhizosphere of continuous cropping with peanut].We isolated and identified dominant microorganisms from the rhizosphere of continuous cropping with peanut, to study the relationship between dominant microorganisms and peanut continuous cropping.201121866710
phenological and phytochemical changes correlate with differential interactions of verticillium dahliae with broccoli and cauliflower.cauliflower (brassica oleracea var. botrytis subvar. cauliflora) is susceptible to wilt caused by verticillium dahliae but broccoli (b. oleracea var. italica subvar. cyamosa) is not. infection of broccoli and cauliflower by a green fluorescent protein-expressing isolate of v. dahliae was examined using epifluorescence and confocal laser-scanning microscopy to follow infection and colonization in relation to plant phenology. plant glucosinolate, phenolic, and lignin contents were also assayed at ...201121219133
functional characterization of the recombinant antimicrobial peptide trx-ace-amp1 and its application on the control of tomato early blight disease.ace-amp1 is a potent antifungal peptide found in onion (allium cepa) seeds with sequence similarity to plant lipid transfer proteins. transgenic plants over-expressing ace-amp1 gene have enhanced disease resistance to some fungal pathogens. however, mass production in heterologous systems and in vitro application of this peptide have not been reported. in this study, ace-amp1 was highly expressed in a prokaryotic escherichia coli system as a fusion protein. the purified protein inhibited the gro ...201121380518
identification of pathogenicity-related genes in the vascular wilt fungus verticillium dahliae by agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated t-dna insertional mutagenesis.verticillium dahliae is the causal agent of vascular wilt in many economically important crops worldwide. identification of genes that control pathogenicity or virulence may suggest targets for alternative control methods for this fungus. in this study, agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) was applied for insertional mutagenesis of v. dahliae conidia. southern blot analysis indicated that t-dnas were inserted randomly into the v. dahliae genome and that 69% of the transforman ...201121424547
purification and characterization of a cktlp protein from cynanchum komarovii seeds that confers antifungal activity.cynanchum komarovii al iljinski is a desert plant that has been used as analgesic, anthelminthic and antidiarrheal, but also as a herbal medicine to treat cholecystitis in people. we have found that the protein extractions from c. komarovii seeds have strong antifungal activity. there is strong interest to develop protein medication and antifungal pesticides from c. komarovii for pharmacological or other uses.201121364945
biocontrol treatments confer protection against verticillium dahliae infection of potato by inducing antimicrobial metabolites.verticillium wilt, caused by verticillium dahliae kleb., is a serious potato (solanum tuberosum l.) disease worldwide, and biocontrol represents a promising eco-friendly strategy to reduce its impact. we used extracts from canada milk vetch (cmv) and a set of four v. dahliae-antagonistic bacterial strains to coat potato seeds at planting and examined the degree of protection provided against v. dahliae as well as accumulation of soluble phenolics as markers for induced resistance. all tested tre ...201121117866
vdsnf1, the sucrose nonfermenting protein kinase gene of verticillium dahliae, is required for virulence and expression of genes involved in cell-wall degradation.verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungus causing vascular wilt in a diverse array of plant species. its virulence has been attributed, among other factors, to the activity of hydrolytic cell wall-degrading enzymes (cwde). the sucrose nonfermenting 1 gene (vdsnf1), which regulates catabolic repression, was disrupted in v. dahliae tomato race 1. expression of cwde in the resulting mutants was not induced in inductive medium and in simulated xylem fluid medium. growth of the mutants was significa ...201120839958
region-wide analysis of genetic diversity in verticillium dahliae populations infecting olive in southern spain and agricultural factors influencing the distribution and prevalence of vegetative compatibility groups and pathotypes.severity of verticillium wilt in olive trees in andalusia, southern spain is associated with the spread of a highly virulent, defoliating (d) verticillium dahliae pathotype of vegetative compatibility group 1a (vcg1a) but the extent of this spread and the diversity of the pathogen population have never been documented. vcg typing of 637 v. dahliae isolates from 433 trees in 65 orchards from five olive-growing provinces in andalusia indicated that 78.1% were of vcg1a, 19.8% of vcg2a, 0.6% of vcg2 ...201120942654
molecular cloning and characterisation of a pathogenesis-related protein cspr10 from crocus sativus.plants have developed many mechanisms to protect themselves against most potential microbial pathogens and diseases. among these mechanisms, pathogenesis-related proteins are produced as part of the active defence to prevent attack. in this study, a full-length cdna encoding the cspr10 protein was identified in fresh saffron stigmas (crocus sativus). the deduced amino acid sequence from the nucleotide sequence of the coding region showed homology with pr10 proteins. the clone expressed as a prot ...201121309976
[screening, identification, and biocontrol effect of antagonistic bacteria against phytophthora capsici].a total of 98 isolates with antagonistic activity against phytophthora capsici were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy pepper plants in the fields seriously infected by pepper phytophthora capsicit, and two strains named as hl-3 and lz-8 were screened, which had the characteristics of wide-spectrum antagonism and good growth under poor soil condition. the hl-3 and lz-8 were identified as paenibacillus polymyxa and bacillus pumilus, respectively, based on their morphological and bioche ...201021328956
population analyses of the vascular plant pathogen verticillium dahliae detect recombination and transcontinental gene flow.the fungal pathogen verticillium dahliae has resulted in significant losses in numerous crops in coastal california, but lettuce remained unaffected until the mid-1990s. since then outbreaks have decimated entire fields, but the causes of this sudden susceptibility of lettuce remain elusive. the population structure of v. dahliae isolated from coastal california (n=123) was investigated with 22 microsatellite markers, and compared with strains from tomato in central california (n=60), spinach se ...201020149887
purification and characterization of an antibacterial protein from dried fruiting bodies of the wild mushroom clitocybe sinopica.a novel antibacterial protein with a molecular mass of 44 kda has been isolated from dried fruiting bodies of the wild mushroom clitocybe sinopica. sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the protein was composed of two subunits each with a molecular mass of 22 kda. its n-terminal amino-acid sequence, svqatvngdkml, has not been reported for other antimicrobial proteins. the purification protocol included ion exchange chromatography on deae-cellulose, cm-cellulose an ...201020198215
proteomic analysis of the phytopathogenic soilborne fungus verticillium dahliae reveals differential protein expression in isolates that differ in aggressiveness.verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungus that causes a vascular wilt disease of plants and losses in a broad range of economically important crops worldwide. in this study, we compared the proteomes of highly (vd1396-9) and weakly (vs06-14) aggressive isolates of v. dahliae to identify protein factors that may contribute to pathogenicity. twenty-five protein spots were consistently observed as differential in the proteome profiles of the two isolates. the protein sequences in the spots were id ...201020017145
resistance against various fungal pathogens and reniform nematode in transgenic cotton plants expressing arabidopsis npr1.cotton is an economically important crop worldwide that suffers severe losses due to a wide range of fungal/bacterial pathogens and nematodes. given its susceptibility to various pathogens, it is important to obtain a broad-spectrum resistance in cotton. resistance to several fungal and bacterial diseases has been obtained by overexpressing the non-expressor of pathogenesis-related genes-1 (npr1) in various plant species with apparently minimal or no pleiotropic effects. we examined the efficacy ...201020151323
impact of piriformospora indica on tomato growth and on interaction with fungal and viral pathogens.piriformospora indica is a root endophytic fungus with plant-promoting properties in numerous plant species and induces resistance against root and shoot pathogens in barley, wheat, and arabidopsis. a study over several years showed that the endophyte p. indica colonised the roots of the most consumed vegetable crop tomato. p. indica improved the growth of tomato resulting in increased biomass of leaves by up to 20%. limitation of disease severity caused by verticillium dahliae by more than 30% ...201019789897
novel neofusapyrones isolated from verticillium dahliae as potent antifungal substances.novel fusapyrone analogs, deoxyneofusapyrone and 7-desmethyldeoxyneofusapyrone were isolated from a pathogenic fungus, verticillium dahliae, which causes verticillium wilt disease in helianthus annuus. spectral analyses revealed that these are 2-pyrone type analogs of deoxyfusapyrone and its 7-desmethyl derivative, respectively. biological assay disclosed that 10microg of deoxyneofusapyrone inhibited the growth of mrsa clinical isolate 87-7927.201019962895
photosynthetic response of pepper plants to wilt induced by verticillium dahliae and soil water deficit.greenhouse experiments were conducted to compare stress effects caused by verticillium dahliae and drought on gas exchange, chlorophyll (chl) fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments of pepper plants. three treatments were compared: verticillium inoculated plants (+v), non-inoculated well-watered plants (-v) and non-inoculated plants subjected to progressive drought (d). gas exchange, fluorescence and photosynthetic pigments were measured and represented along a gradient of relative water conten ...201020172618
cloning and characterization of the gossypium hirsutum major latex protein gene and functional analysis in arabidopsis thaliana.the major latex protein (mlp) gene in gossypium hirsutum was cloned and designated gh-mlp. expression in cotton root was induced by salt stress and verticillium dahliae toxin, and bioinformatic analysis showed that gh-mlp encodes a 157-amino acid protein that is similar to members of the mlp subfamily in the bet v 1 family. although the structure of mlp is similar to bet v 1 family proteins, the sequence identity to other subfamilies of bet v 1 proteins is less than 20%. the gh-mlp promoter cont ...201020049612
effects of dark septate endophytes on tomato plant performance.non-mycorrhizal fungal root endophytes can be found in all natural and cultivated ecosystems, but little is known about their impact on plant performance. the impact of three mitosporic dark septate endophytes (dse48, dse49 and leptodontidium orchidicola) on tomato plant characteristics was studied. their effects on root and shoot growth, their influence on fruit yield and fruit quality parameters and their ability to diminish the impact of the pathogen verticillium dahliae were investigated. wh ...201021184117
identification of tomato phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase-c (pi-plc) family members and the role of plc4 and plc6 in hr and disease resistance.the perception of pathogen-derived elicitors by plants has been suggested to involve phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase-c (pi-plc) signalling. here we show that plc isoforms are required for the hypersensitive response (hr) and disease resistance. we characterised the tomato [solanum lycopersicum (sl)] plc gene family. six sl plc-encoding cdnas were isolated and their expression in response to infection with the pathogenic fungus cladosporium fulvum was studied. we found significant reg ...201020088897
geobacillus sp., a thermophilic soil bacterium producing volatile antibiotics.geobacillus, a bacterial genus, is represented by over 25 species of gram-positive isolates from various man-made and natural thermophilic areas around the world. an isolate of this genus (m-7) has been acquired from a thermal area near yellowstone national park, mt and partially characterized. the cells of this organism are globose (ca. 0.5 mu diameter), and they are covered in a matrix capsule which gives rise to elongate multicelled bacilliform structures (ranging from 3 to 12 mum) as seen by ...201020091406
a thaumatin-like protein gene involved in cotton fiber secondary cell wall development enhances resistance against verticillium dahliae and other stresses in transgenic tobacco.for the first time, a sea-island cotton (gossypium barbadense l.) thaumatin-like protein gene (gbtlp1) with a potential role in secondary cell wall development has been overexpressed in tobacco to elucidate its function. the presence of the transgene was verified by southern blotting and higher expression levels of gbtlp1 in transgenic tobacco plants were revealed by reverse-transcription and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses. transgenic plants with constitutively higher ...201020097164
roles of the catalytic subunit of camp-dependent protein kinase a in virulence and development of the soilborne plant pathogen verticillium dahliae.verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungus that causes vascular wilt disease in a broad range of hosts and survives for many years in the soil in the form of microsclerotia. although the role of camp-dependent protein kinase a (pka) has been extensively studied in foliar pathogens, there is limited information about its role in soilborne fungal pathogens that infect through the root system. genome database search revealed the presence of two pka catalytic subunit genes in v. dahliae, named vdpka ...201020144723
mitochondrial haplotype analysis as a tool for differentiating isolates of verticillium dahliae.the ability to monitor mitochondrial background in verticillium dahliae may provide an additional tool for population studies and monitoring clonal populations. published mitochondrial genome sequences of v. dahliae (dq351941) were used to design primers for amplification of spacer regions for assessment of mitochondrial haplotype differences among isolates. five regions were examined (5,229 bp, or 19% of the total genome size) for 30 isolates representing a range in vegetative compatibility gro ...201020932168
a glutamic acid-rich protein identified in verticillium dahliae from an insertional mutagenesis affects microsclerotial formation and pathogenicity.verticillium dahliae kleb. is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes wilt disease in a wide range of crops, including cotton. the life cycle of v. dahliae includes three vegetative phases: parasitic, saprophytic and dormant. the dormant microsclerotia are the primary infectious propagules, which germinate when they are stimulated by root exudates. in this study, we report the first application of agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (atmt) for construction of insertional mutants from ...201021151869
expression of baculovirus anti-apoptotic genes p35 and op-iap in cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) enhances tolerance to verticillium wilt.programmed cell death plays an important role in mediating plant adaptive responses to the environment such as the invasion of pathogens. verticillium wilt, caused by the necrotrophic pathogen verticillium dahliae, is a serious vascular disease responsible for great economic losses to cotton, but the molecular mechanisms of verticillium disease and effective, safe methods of resistance to verticillium wilt remain unexplored.201021151969
genome-wide prediction of g protein-coupled receptors in verticillium spp.g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) are critical factors in regulating morphogenesis, mating, infection and virulence in fungi. in this study, various computational strategies were applied to identify gpcr-like proteins from the genomes of both verticillium dahliae and verticillium albo-atrum. the putative gpcrs were distributed over 13 classes, and significantly, three of those represented novel classes of gpcr-like proteins in fungi. the three novel gpcrs had high levels of identity to their c ...201020943146
stable isotope labelled mass spectrometry for quantification of the relative abundances for expressed proteins induced by peat1.the protein elicitor from the mycelium of alternaria tenuissima has been isolated. the elicitor triggered resistance to the tobacco mosaic virus in tobacco by inducing relative oxygen species, but without causing hypersensitive necrosis. the elicitor is reported to impart resistance against verticillium dahliae and to increase yield in cotton, but its mechanism is not yet clear. in this study, the stable isotope labelled mass spectrometry method was used to quantify the relative abundances of pr ...201021181342
the ve-mediated resistance response of the tomato to verticillium dahliae involves h2o2, peroxidase and lignins and drives pal gene expression.verticillium dahliae is a fungal pathogen that infects a wide range of hosts. the only known genes for resistance to verticillium in the solanaceae are found in the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) ve locus, formed by two linked genes, ve1 and ve2. to characterize the resistance response mediated by the tomato ve gene, we inoculated two nearly isogenic tomato lines, la3030 (ve/ve) and la3038 (ve/ve), with v. dahliae.201020977727
genetic transformation of cotton with a harpin-encoding gene hpaxoo confers an enhanced defense response against different pathogens through a priming mechanism.the soil-borne fungal pathogen verticillium dahliae kleb causes verticillium wilt in a wide range of crops including cotton (gossypium hirsutum). to date, most upland cotton varieties are susceptible to v. dahliae and the breeding for cotton varieties with the resistance to verticillium wilt has not been successful.201020398293
ethylene perception via etr1 is required in arabidopsis infection by verticillium dahliae.vascular wilts caused by verticillium spp. are very difficult to control and, as a result, are the cause of severe yield losses in a wide range of economically important crops. the responses of arabidopsis thaliana mutant plants impaired in known pathogen response pathways were used to explore the components in defence against verticillium dahliae. analysis of the mutant responses revealed enhanced resistance in etr1-1[ethylene (et) receptor mutant] plants, but not in salicylic acid-, jasmonic a ...201020447269
population dynamics and identification of endophytic bacteria antagonistic toward plant-pathogenic fungi in cotton root.the antagonistic potentials of endophytic bacteria isolated from the roots of six cotton cultivars at different developmental stages were determined in vitro toward three pathogens: verticillium dahliae kleb v107 and v396 and fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (f108). the populations of antagonistic endophytic bacteria (aeb) toward v107, v396, and f108 at the flowering and maturation stages were significantly higher than those at the seedling stage were. more aeb were found to be antagonistic ...201019669227
verticillium dahliae alters pseudomonas spp. populations and hcn gene expression in the rhizosphere of strawberry.the production of hydrogen cyanide (hcn) by beneficial root-associated bacteria is an important mechanism for the biological control of plant pathogens. however, little is known about the biotic factors affecting hcn gene expression in the rhizosphere of plants. in this study, real-time reverse transcription pcr (qrt-pcr) assays were developed to investigate the effect of the plant pathogen verticillium dahliae on hcnc (encoding for hcn biosynthesis) gene expression in pseudomonas sp. lbum300. s ...201021076481
phor/phop two component regulatory system affects biocontrol capability of bacillus subtilis ncd-2.the bacillus subtilis strain ncd-2 is an important biocontrol agent against cotton verticillium wilt and cotton sore shin in the field, which are caused by verticillium dahliae kleb and rhizoctonia solani kuhn, respectively. a mutant of strain ncd-2, designated m216, with decreased antagonism to v. dahliae and r. solani, was selected by mini-tn10 mutagenesis and in vitro virulence screening. the inserted gene in the mutant was cloned and identified as the phor gene, which encodes a sensor kinase ...201021637491
bacterial diversity on the surface of potato tubers in soil and the influence of the plant genotype.the surface of tubers might be a reservoir for bacteria that are disseminated with seed potatoes or that affect postharvest damage. the numbers of culturable bacteria and their antagonistic potential, as well as bacterial community fingerprints were analysed from tubers of seven field-grown potato genotypes, including two lines with tuber-accumulated zeaxanthin. the plant genotype significantly affected the number of culturable bacteria only at one field site. zeaxanthin had no effect on the bac ...201020698886
in vitro selection in resistance breeding of strawberry (fragaria x ananassa duch.).genetic resistance to pathogenetic soil-borne fungus verticillium dahliae kleb. was examined in two strawberry somaclones. strawberry somaclones were obtained in sterile culture from runner tips of cultivars 'merton dawn' and 'selva'. in vitro selection was performed with the use of homogenate of liquid cultures of verticillium dahliae. microplants of both somaclones were inoculated at stage of 4. leaves. disease symptoms were observed at 15., 30., 45., 60. and 75. days post inoculation. extent ...201021534479
molecular variation among isolates of verticillium dahliae and polymerase chain reaction-based differentiation of races.verticillium dahliae is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes vascular wilt in a variety of economically important crops worldwide. there are two races of v. dahliae that infect tomato and lettuce. although race-1-specific resistance has been identified in both tomato and lettuce, no resistant sources are available for race 2. molecular analyses were employed to characterize the genetic variability and race structure of 101 isolates of v. dahliae from a variety of hosts, mainly from central an ...201020698756
dna sequence analysis of conserved genes reveals hybridization events that increase genetic diversity in verticillium dahliae.the hybrid origin of a verticillium dahliae isolate belonging to the vegetative compatibility group (vcg) 3 is reported in this work. moreover, new data supporting the hybrid origin of two v. dahliae var. longisporum (vdlsp) isolates are provided as well as information about putative parentals. thus, isolates of vdlsp and v. dahliae vcg3 were found harboring multiple sequences of actin (act), β-tubulin (β-tub), calmodulin (cal) and histone 3 (h3) genes. phylogenetic analysis of these sequences, ...201020943131
streptomyces lividans inhibits the proliferation of the fungus verticillium dahliae on seeds and roots of arabidopsis thaliana.verticillium wilt, a vascular disease in more than 200 dicotyledonous plants, is due to the ascomycete fungus verticillium dahliae. as documented by video-microscopy, the soil bacterium streptomyces lividans strongly reduces the germination of v. dahliae conidia, and the subsequent growth of hyphae. quantification by the use of dna-intercalating dyes and calcofluor-staining revealed that during prolonged co-cultivation, bacterial hyphae proliferate to a dense network, provoke a poor development ...201021255341
colonization process of olive tissues by verticillium dahliae and its in planta interaction with the biocontrol root endophyte pseudomonas fluorescens picf7.the colonization process of olea europaea by the defoliating pathotype of verticillium dahliae, and the in planta interaction with the endophytic, biocontrol strain pseudomonas fluorescens picf7 were determined. differential fluorescent protein tagging was used for the simultaneous visualization of p. fluorescens picf7 and v. dahliae in olive tissues. olive plants were bacterized with picf7 and then transferred to v. dahliae-infested soil. monitoring olive colonization events by v. dahliae and i ...200921255281
permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 may 2009-31 july 2009.this article documents the addition of 512 microsatellite marker loci and nine pairs of single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) sequencing primers to the molecular ecology resources database. loci were developed for the following species: alcippe morrisonia morrisonia, bashania fangiana, bashania fargesii, chaetodon vagabundus, colletes floralis, coluber constrictor flaviventris, coptotermes gestroi, crotophaga major, cyprinella lutrensis, danaus plexippus, fagus grandifolia, falco tinnunculus, fle ...200921564933
a study of the changes in quantitative activity of some enzymes in olive cultivars during the interaction between verticillium wilt and root-knot nematode.second stage juvenile (j2) of root-knot nematode, meloidogyne javanica, and microsclerotia of verticilliosis, verticillium dahliae, were used as the source of inoculum for nematode and fungus respectively. one-year-old seedlings of olive cultivar, zard, roghani, koroneiki and manzanilla, were transplanted to pots containing 2000g of sterilized sandy loam soil. experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with 32 treatments and five replications. treatments were as follows: control, n ...200920222618
a study of interaction between verticillium wilt verticillium dahliae and root-knot nematode meloidogyne javanica in olive cultivars.second stage juvenile (j2) of root-knot nematode, meloidogyne javanica, and microsclerotia of verticillium wilt, verticillium dahliae, were used as the source of inoculum for nematode and fungus respectively. one-year-old seedlings of olive cultivars, zard, roghani, koroneiki and manzanilla, were transplanted to pots containing 2000g of sterilized sandy loam soil. experiment was conducted in completely randomized design with 32 treatments and five replications. treatments were as follows: contro ...200920222619
diversity, pathogenicity, and management of verticillium species.the genus verticillium encompasses phytopathogenic species that cause vascular wilts of plants. in this review, we focus on verticillium dahliae, placing emphasis on the controversy surrounding the elevation of a long-spored variant as a new species, recent advances in the analysis of compatible and incompatible interactions, highlighted by the use of strains expressing fluorescent proteins, and the genetic diversity among verticillium spp. a synthesis of the approaches to explore genetic divers ...200919385730
[population dynamics and antagonism toward fusarium oxysporium f. sp. vasinfectum. and verticillium dahliae kleb of endophytic bacteria from cotton].to explore population dynamics of endophytic bacteria and obtain antagonistic endophytic bacteria toward verticillium dahliae kleb (vd), fusarium oxysporium f. sp. vasinfectum (fov) from cotton.200920030058
plant-endophyte interplay protects tomato against a virulent verticillium.endophytes, bacterial, fungal or viral, colonize plants often without causing visible symptoms. more important, they may benefit host plants in many ways, most notably by preventing diseases caused by normally virulent pathogens. craigella tomatoes (lycopersicon esculentum mill.) can be infected with verticillium dahliae kleb., either race 1 (vd1) or a non-host isolate dvd-e6 resulting in susceptibility or tolerance, respectively. the present study sought to determine whether dvd-e6 is endophyti ...200918979117
molecular cloning, expression profiling and functional analyses of a cdna encoding isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase from gossypium barbadense.gossypol, a type of plant defence sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin, is synthesized from the mep (2c-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate) and mva (mevalonate) pathway in the isoprenoid biosynthetic system. the key step is the isomerization of ipp (isopentenyl diphosphate) to dmapp (dimethylallyl diphosphate), which is catalysed by ipi (ipp isomerase; ec 5.3.3.2). a full-length cdna encoding ipi (designated gbipi) was cloned from gossypium barbadense by race (rapid amplification of cdna ends). the full-len ...200919055484
cortical microtubule as a sensor and target of nitric oxide signal during the defence responses to verticillium dahliae toxins in arabidopsis.the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction of plants in response to verticillium dahliae (vd) are not known. here, we show that arabidopsis reacts to vd-toxins with a rapid burst of nitric oxide (no) and cortical microtubule destabilization. vd-toxins treatment triggered a disruption of cortical microtubules network. this disruption can be influenced by no production. however, cortical microtubule disruptions were not involved in regulating the no production. the results indicated that no m ...200919183295
quorum-sensing effects in the antagonistic rhizosphere bacterium serratia plymuthica hro-c48.the rhizosphere-associated bacterium serratia plymuthica hro-c48 is not only able to suppress symptoms caused by soil-borne pathogens but is also able to stimulate growth of plants. detailed knowledge about the underlying mechanisms and regulation are crucial for the application in biocontrol strategies. to analyse the influence of n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl)-mediated communication on the biocontrol activity, the ahl-degrading lactonase aiia was heterologously expressed in the strain, result ...200919220861
tomato transcriptional responses to a foliar and a vascular fungal pathogen are distinct.plant activation of host defense against pathogenic microbes requires significant host transcriptional reprogramming. in this study, we compared transcriptional changes in tomato during compatible and incompatible interactions with the foliar fungal pathogen cladosporium fulvum and the vascular fungal pathogen verticillium dahliae. although both pathogens colonize different host tissues, they display distinct commonalities in their infection strategy; both pathogens penetrate natural openings an ...200919245319
[effects of transgenic insect-resistant cotton root exudates on the growth of verticillium dahliae kleb].the decline of disease resistance of transgenic insect-resistant cotton has become one of the important factors restricting china cotton production. with two transgenic insect-resistant cotton varieties and their parental conventional cotton lines as test materials, the effects of their root exudates on the spore germination and mycelial growth of verticillium dahliae kleb were studied, and the components and contents of the amino acids and sugars in the exudates were determined. comparing with ...200919449580
transcriptional activity of antifungal metabolite-encoding genes phld and hcnbc in pseudomonas spp. using qrt-pcr.production of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-dapg) and hydrogen cyanide (hcn) by pseudomonas spp. shows great potential for controlling soilborne plant pathogens. however, little is known about the transcriptional activity of phl and hcn genes encoding 2,4-dapg and hcn, respectively. to progress toward a better understanding of what triggers phl and hcn expression under rhizosphere conditions, novel pcr primers and taqman probes were designed to monitor relative phld and hcnbc expression in qua ...200919573202
detection of high concentrations of organic acids in fish emulsion and their role in pathogen or disease suppression.fish emulsion (fe) added to a sandy-loam soil at 1 and 2% rates reduced the viability of verticillium dahliae microsclerotia by 39 and 74% in 1 day, 87 and 98% in 3 days, and 95 and 99% in 6 days, respectively. the immediate kill of microsclerotia indicated that fe contains toxic substances. we found in fe high concentrations (400 mmol/liter) of organic acids, including some known toxicants. glycolic, acetic, formic, n-butyric, and propionic acids were the major organic acids detected in fe at t ...200919203280
a defensin with highly potent antipathogenic activities from the seeds of purple pole bean.a 5443 da peptide with sequence homology to defensins was purified from purple pole beans (phaseolus vulgaris cv. 'extra-long purple pole bean'). this peptide was isolated by adsorption on an affinity chromatographic medium affi-gel blue gel and ion-exchange chromatographic media sp-sepharose (sulfopropyl-sepharose) and mono s and by gel filtration on superdex peptide. the peptide inhibited mycelial growth in mycosphaerella arachidicola, helminthosporium maydis, fusarium oxysporum, verticillium ...200919335335
isolation and characterization of endophytic bacillus subtilis jaas ed1 antagonist of eggplant verticillium wilt.an endophytic bacterial strain, jaas ed1, was isolated from the interior of eggplant (solanum melongena l.) stems in jiangsu province, china. according to the morphological and physiological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of the 16s rdna sequence, it was identified as bacillius subtilis. strain jaas ed1 and its cell-free filtrate had strong antifungal activity against verticillium dahliae. the strain was an internal colonizer within the eggplant without any harmful side effects to the ...200919584554
nonlinear colony extension of sclerotinia minor and s. sclerotiorum.fungal colonies initially extend exponentially and reach a constant linear extension rate determined solely by their growth in the peripheral zone. however the radial extension rates of sclerotinia sclerotiorum and s. minor accelerate over time on pda. experiments were conducted to analyze the variable extension rates of the two sclerotinia species and compare them with those of verticillium dahliae and cladosporium sp. in addition, the effects of starter disk size, disk position in the parent c ...200819202844
spatiotemporal analysis of spread of infections by verticillium dahliae pathotypes within a high tree density olive orchard in southern spain.the development of verticillium wilt epidemics in olive cv. arbequina was studied from november 1999 to may 2003 in a drip-irrigated, nontillage orchard established in a soil without a history of the disease at córdoba, southern spain. disease incidence measured at 1-month-intervals increased from 0.2 to 7.8% during this period. verticillium dahliae infecting the trees was characterized as defoliating (d) or nondefoliating (nd) pathotypes by a specific, multiplex-polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ...200818943193
colonization of resistant and susceptible lettuce cultivars by a green fluorescent protein-tagged isolate of verticillium dahliae.interactions between lettuce and a green fluorescent protein (gfp)-expressing, race 1 isolate of verticillium dahliae, were studied to determine infection and colonization of lettuce cultivars resistant and susceptible to verticillium wilt. the roots of lettuce seedlings were inoculated with a conidial suspension of the gfp-expressing isolate. colonization was studied with the aid of laser scanning confocal and epi-fluorescence microscopes. few differences in the initial infection and colonizati ...200818943205
verticillium dahliae toxins-induced nitric oxide production in arabidopsis is major dependent on nitrate reductase.the source of nitric oxide (no) in plants is unclear and it has been reported no can be produced by nitric oxide synthase (nos) like enzymes and by nitrate reductase (nr). here we used wild-type, atnos1 mutant and nia1, nia2 nr-deficient mutant plants of arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the potential source of no production in response to verticillium dahliae toxins (vd-toxins). the results revealed that no production is much higher in wild-type and atnos1 mutant than in nia1, nia2 nr-deficie ...200818304455
characterization of a new isolate of pseudomonas fluorescens strain psd as a potential biocontrol agent.evaluation of a new isolate of pseudomonas fluorescens for its biocontrol properties.200818565138
vv-amp1, a ripening induced peptide from vitis vinifera shows strong antifungal activity.latest research shows that small antimicrobial peptides play a role in the innate defense system of plants. these peptides typically contribute to preformed defense by developing protective barriers around germinating seeds or between different tissue layers within plant organs. the encoding genes could also be upregulated by abiotic and biotic stimuli during active defense processes. the peptides display a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities. their potent anti-pathogenic characteristics ...200818611251
the cladosporium fulvum virulence protein avr2 inhibits host proteases required for basal defense.cladosporium fulvum (syn. passalora fulva) is a biotrophic fungal pathogen that causes leaf mold of tomato (solanum lycopersicum). during growth in the apoplast, the fungus establishes disease by secreting effector proteins, 10 of which have been characterized. we have previously shown that the avr2 effector interacts with the apoplastic tomato cys protease rcr3, which is required for cf-2-mediated immunity. we now show that avr2 is a genuine virulence factor of c. fulvum. heterologous expressio ...200818660430
cloning and characterization of a tau glutathione s-transferase subunit encoding gene in gossypium hirsutum.a predicted tau glutathione s-transferase (gst) subunit encoding gene, named ghgst, was isolated from gossypium hirsutum with race method from ssh library based on verticillium dahliae stress. the data revealed an open reading frame of 678 bp encoding a protein of 225 amino acids with a molecular weight of 25.821 kda. semi-quantitative rt-pcr analysis showed that the mrna of ghgst was expressed in root, stem and leaf. and the content of ghgst expression increased under verticillium dahliae stres ...200818670133
microsclerotia development in verticillium dahliae: regulation and differential expression of the hydrophobin gene vdh1.the vascular wilt fungus verticillium dahliae produces persistent resting structures, known as microsclerotia, which are important for this plant pathogen's long-term survival. previously, we identified a hydrophobin gene (vdh1) that is necessary for microsclerotial production. the current study of vdh1's expression, and its regulation, was undertaken to provide insight into the largely uncharacterized molecular mechanisms relevant to microsclerotial development. reporter gene analysis showed th ...200818951989
[molecular cloning and heterologous expression of a new xylanase gene from verticillium dahliae].fungus verticillium dahliae caused greensickness of cotton and xylanase is necessary in this pathogenesis. cloning xylanase gene from v. dahliae and heterologous expression might obtain new xylanase.200818720841
phylogenetic analysis of verticillium dahliae vegetative compatibility groups.the evolutionary relationships among verticillium dahliae vegetative compatibility (vcg) subgroups vcg1a, vcg1b, vcg2a, vcg2b, vcg4a, vcg4b, and vcg6 were investigated by parsimony analysis of amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp) fingerprints and sequences of six dna regions (actin, beta-tubulin, calmodulin, and histone 3 genes, the its 1 and 2 regions of the rdna, and a v. dahliae-specific sequence), using 101 isolates of diverse host and geographic origin. polymorphisms in gene sequen ...200818943740
multiplex real-time quantitative pcr to detect and quantify verticillium dahliae colonization in potato lines that differ in response to verticillium wilt.abstract potato early dying (ped), also known as verticillium wilt, caused by verticillium dahliae, is a seasonal yield-limiting disease of potato worldwide, and ped-resistant cultivars currently represent only a small percentage of potato production. in this study, we developed a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-pcr) approach to detect and quantify v. dahliae. the efficiency of the designed primer pair vertbt-f/vertbt-r, derived from the sequence of the beta-tubulin gene, was ...200718943936
investigation of the effect of heating, vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza and thermophilic fungus on cotton wilt disease.in this study, combinations of spores of a thermophilic fungus (talaromyces flavus), vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (vam) and microsclerotia of verticillium dahliae under various temperature treatment (31-38 degrees c) in triplicate trial, were investigated and results were compared with those of non-treated controls. five cotton seeds were planted in each pot containing 3 kg of pasteurized soil. in each pot, combinations of 4x10(3) vam spores, 2.5x10(9) spores of thermophilic fungus (t. flavus ...200719086504
control of meloidogyne chitwoodi in potato with shank-injected metam sodium and other nematicides.metam sodium (ms) is often applied to potato fields via sprinkler irrigation systems (water-run, wr) to reduce propagules of soil-borne pathogenic fungi, particularly verticillium dahliae, to prevent yield loss from potato early dying disease. however, this procedure has not been effective for controlling quality defects in tubers caused by columbia root-knot nematode (meloidogyne chitwoodi). in five trials from 1996 to 2001, application of ms by soil shank injection (sh) provided better control ...200719259485
interactive effects of two soilborne pathogens, phytophthora capsici and verticillium dahliae, on chile pepper.abstract phytophthora capsici and verticillium dahliae are two mycelial microorganisms associated with wilt symptoms on chile pepper (capsicum annuum). both pathogens occur in the same field and can infect a single plant. this study examined the nature of the co-occurrence of p. capsici and v. dahliae. chile pepper plants were inoculated with each pathogen separately or with both pathogens concomitantly or sequentially. in concomitant inoculations, plants were inoculated with a mixture of zoospo ...200718942934
study on the role of common weeds in survival of verticillium dahliae the causal agent of cotton wilt disease.this study was carried out to investigate the roles of common weeds in the survival of verticillium dahliae and the incidence of cotton wilt disease in moghan and neishabour area of iran during 2003-2005 cropping seasons. the design of the experiment was randomized complete blocks (rcb) with ten treatments (no. of weeds) and four replications (no. of cotton fields). populations of v. dahliae in the roots of weeds and their surrounding soil was determined every year and were compared in different ...200719090252
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