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wild and vaccine-derived poliovirus circulation, and implications for polio eradication.polio cases due to wild virus are reported by only three countries in the world. poliovirus type 2 has been globally eradicated and the last detection of poliovirus type 3 dates to november 2012. poliovirus type 1 remains the only circulating wild strain; between january and september 2016 it caused 26 cases (nine in afghanistan, 14 in pakistan, three in nigeria). the use of oral polio vaccine (opv) has been the key to success in the eradication effort. however, paradoxically, moving towards glo ...201727866483
acute flaccid paralysis surveillance in bosnia and herzegovina: recent isolation of two sabin like type 2 poliovirus.the who regional commission for the certification of poliomyelitis eradication has recently indicated bosnia and herzegovina (b&h) as a high risk country for transmission, following importation, of wild poliovirus (wpv) or circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cvdpv). we analyzed data on acute flaccid paralysis (afp) surveillance between 2007 to 2016, and the trend of polio immunization coverage in b&h. the majority of afp cases was recorded in 2016 suggesting an enhancement of the afp surveil ...201728390186
immunogenicity and safety evaluation of bivalent types 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine by comparing different poliomyelitis vaccination schedules in china: a randomized controlled non-inferiority clinical trial.the type 2 component of the oral poliovirus vaccine is targeted for global withdrawal through a switch from the trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (topv) to a bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bopv). the switch is intended to prevent paralytic polio caused by circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2. we aimed to assess the immunogenicity and safety profile of 6 vaccination schedules with different sequential doses of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv), topv, or bopv.201728362135
human papillomaviruses genotyping in plantar warts.plantar warts are caused by human papillomaviruses (hpvs) and have been associated with several hpv genotypes. however, there are few studies focused exclusively on plantar warts. in this work, we aim to identify the hpv genotypes of plantar warts and explore their relation to demographic and clinical characteristics of patients. a total of 72 patients diagnosed with plantar warts were recruited at the laser unit at podiatric hospital, university of barcelona, spain. inner hyperkeratosis laminar ...201727736001
prolonged excretion of type-2 poliovirus from a primary immune deficient patient during the transition to a type-2 poliovirus-free world, israel, 2016.wild poliovirus type-2 has been eradicated, use of live type-2 vaccine has been terminated globally, and all type-2 polioviruses are under strict laboratory containment protocols. re-emergence may arise from prolonged asymptomatic excretion of poliovirus by hospitalised primary immune deficient (pid) patients, as described here, through repeated exposure of close contacts to high titres of infected material. at this transition time, pid patients should be screened and hospital containment protoc ...201627918258
a new challenge for the world: the eradication of polio.poliovirus infects 100% of susceptible individuals and causes acute flaccid paralysis in one out of200 infections. type 1 causes epidemic poliomyelitis; type 2 has been eradicated worldwide; and type 3 is close to being eradicated. in this region, the last case of wild poliovirus occurred in peru in 1991. there are still two endemic countries: afghanistan and pakistan, but countries where there is no circulation of the wild poliovirus have also reported imported cases of polio. in may 2012, the ...201627869415
update from the advisory committee on immunization practices.the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) consists of medical and public health experts who develop recommendations on vaccine use in the united states. the acip meets 3 times per year, and members and centers for disease control (cdc) staff present findings and discuss vaccine research, vaccine effectiveness (ve) and safety, clinical trial results, and labeling/package insert information. outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases and vaccine shortages are also discussed. nonvoting ...201627856770
poliovirus seroprevalence before and after interruption of poliovirus transmission in kano state, nigeria.in september 2015, nigeria was removed from the list of polio-endemic countries after more than 12months had passed since the detection of last wild poliovirus case in the country on 24 july 2014. we are presenting here a report of two polio seroprevalence surveys conducted in september 2013 and october 2014, respectively, in the kano state of northern nigeria.201627591950
fractional-dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine immunization campaign - telangana state, india, june 2016.wild poliovirus type 2 was declared eradicated in september 2015 (1). in april 2016, india, switched from use of trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (topv; containing types 1, 2, and 3 polio vaccine viruses), to bivalent opv (bopv; containing types 1 and 3), as part of a globally synchronized initiative to withdraw sabin poliovirus type 2 vaccine. concurrently, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) was introduced into india's routine immunization program to maintain an immunity base that would miti ...201627559683
environmental isolation of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus after interruption of wild poliovirus transmission - nigeria, 2016.in september 2015, more than 1 year after reporting its last wild poliovirus (wpv) case in july 2014 (1), nigeria was removed from the list of countries with endemic poliovirus transmission,* leaving afghanistan and pakistan as the only remaining countries with endemic wpv. however, on april 29, 2016, a laboratory-confirmed, circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (cvdpv2) isolate was reported from an environmental sample collected in march from a sewage effluent site in maiduguri municipa ...201627490081
[vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in russian federation during the period of changes in vaccination schedule (2006-2013 yy.)].the results of virologic testing of clinical materials and epidemiological analysis of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp) cases obtained in 2006-2013 during afp surveillance are presented. among the 2976 cases of afp 30 cases were vapp. 15 cases were observed in opv recipients, whereas 15 cases were observed in non-vaccinated contacts. the age of the patients varied from 4 months to 5.5 years (13.6 ± 12.4 months old). children younger than 1 year constituted 63.3% of the group; bo ...201627145594
inactivated poliovirus type 2 vaccine delivered to rat skin via high density microprojection array elicits potent neutralising antibody responses.polio eradication is progressing rapidly, and the live attenuated sabin strains in the oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) are being removed sequentially, starting with type 2 in april 2016. for risk mitigation, countries are introducing inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) into routine vaccination programs. after april 2016, monovalent type 2 opv will be available for type 2 outbreak control. because the current ipv is not suitable for house-to-house vaccination campaigns (the intramuscular injection ...201626911254
immunogenicity and safety of a novel monovalent high-dose inactivated poliovirus type 2 vaccine in infants: a comparative, observer-blind, randomised, controlled trial.following the proposed worldwide switch from trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (topv) to bivalent types 1 and 3 opv (bopv) in 2016, inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) will be the only source of protection against poliovirus type 2. with most countries opting for one dose of ipv in routine immunisation schedules during this transition because of cost and manufacturing constraints, optimisation of protection against all poliovirus types will be a priority of the global eradication programme. we ...201626719058
gender of the clinician, child, and guardian and the association with receipt of routine adolescent vaccines.to analyze the relationship of the gender of the clinician, child, and guardian to the child's receipt of human papilloma virus (hpv) vaccine, which prevents a sexually transmitted infection, compared to tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis (tdap) and meningococcal dose 1 (mcv4) vaccines, which do not.201627188630
broad cross-protection is induced in preclinical models by a human papillomavirus vaccine composed of l1/l2 chimeric virus-like particles.at least 15 high-risk human papillomaviruses (hpvs) are linked to anogenital preneoplastic lesions and cancer. currently, there are three licensed prophylactic hpv vaccines based on virus-like particles (vlps) of the l1 major capsid protein from hpv-2, -4, or -9, including the as04-adjuvanted hpv-16/18 l1 vaccine. the l2 minor capsid protein contains hpv-neutralizing epitopes that are well conserved across numerous high-risk hpvs. therefore, the objective of our study was to assess the capacity ...201627147749
inactivated poliovirus vaccine given alone or in a sequential schedule with bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine in chilean infants: a randomised, controlled, open-label, phase 4, non-inferiority study.bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (bopv; types 1 and 3) is expected to replace trivalent opv (topv) globally by april, 2016, preceded by the introduction of at least one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) in routine immunisation programmes to eliminate vaccine-associated or vaccine-derived poliomyelitis from serotype 2 poliovirus. because data are needed on sequential ipv-bopv schedules, we assessed the immunogenicity of two different ipv-bopv schedules compared with an all-ipv schedule ...201526318714
progress toward poliomyelitis eradication--nigeria, january 2014-july 2015.since the 1988 launch of global poliomyelitis eradication efforts, four of the six world health organization (who) regions have been certified polio-free. nigeria is one of only three countries, along with afghanistan and pakistan, where transmission of wild poliovirus (wpv) has never been interrupted. during 2003-2013, northern nigeria served as a reservoir for wpv reintroduction into 26 previously polio-free countries. in 2012, the nigerian government launched a national polio eradication emer ...201526292207
[circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 outbreak in democratic republic of congo 2011-2012].according to the who records of 2013, the incidence of poliomyelitis was reduced by more than 99%, the number of endemic countries decreased from 125 in 1988 to 3 in 2013 and over 10 million cases were prevented from poliomyelitis thanks to the intensive use of oral polio vaccine (opv). however, the emergence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus strains (cvdpv), causing serious epidemics like the wild poliovirus, is a major challenge on the final straight towards the goal of eradication and ...201526288132
needle-free jet injector intradermal delivery of fractional dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine: association between injection quality and immunogenicity.the world health organization recommends that as part of the polio end-game strategy a dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) be introduced by the end of 2015 in all countries currently using only oral poliovirus vaccine (opv). administration of fractional dose (1/5 of full dose) ipv (fipv) by intradermal (id) injection may reduce costs, but its conventional administration is with bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg) needle and syringe (ns), which is time consuming and technically challenging. w ...201526192350
update on vaccine-derived polioviruses - worldwide, january 2014-march 2015.since the world health assembly's 1988 resolution to eradicate poliomyelitis, one of the main tools of the world health organization (who) global polio eradication initiative (gpei) has been the live, attenuated oral poliovirus vaccine (opv). opv might require several doses to induce immunity but provides long-term protection against paralytic disease. through effective use of opv, gpei has brought polio to the threshold of eradication. wild poliovirus type 2 (wpv2) was eliminated in 1999, wpv3 ...201526086635
mapping of the epitopes of poliovirus type 2 in complex with antibodies.the inactivated polio vaccine (ipv) contains poliovirus (pv) samples that belong to serotypes 1, 2 and 3. all three serotypes contain the d-antigen, which induces protective antibodies. the antigenic structure of pvs consists of at least four different antigenic sites and the d-antigen content represents the combined activity of multiple epitopes (ferguson et al., 1993; minor, 1990; minor et al., 1986). the potency of ipv vaccines is determined by measuring the d-antigen content. several elisa m ...201526059753
enterovirus c strains circulating in nigeria and their contribution to the emergence of recombinant circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses.between 2005 and 2011, 23 lineages of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cvdpvs) were detected in nigeria with nonstructural region (nsr) of non-polio enterovirus c (npev-c) origin. however, no information exists on npev-c strains recombining with oral poliovirus type 2 vaccine strains (opv2) to make type 2 cvdpvs (cvdpv2s) in nigeria. this study was therefore designed to investigate the probable contribution of npev-cs recently isolated in the region to the emergence of cvdpv2s. eleven e ...201525559670
prevalence of anal human papillomavirus infection and risk factors among hiv-positive patients in tokyo, japan.oncogenic human papillomavirus (hpv) infection, particularly multiple hpv types, is recognized as a necessary cause of anal cancer. however, a limited number of studies have reported the prevalence of anal hpv infection in asia. we determined the prevalence, genotypes, and risk factors for anal hpv infection in japanese hiv-positive men who have sex with men (msm), heterosexual men, and women.201526368294
immunogenicity of a new routine vaccination schedule for global poliomyelitis prevention: an open-label, randomised controlled trial.polio eradication needs a new routine immunisation schedule--three or four doses of bivalent type 1 and type 3 oral poliovirus vaccine (bopv) and one dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv), but no immunogenicity data are available for this schedule. we aimed to assess immunogenicity of this vaccine schedule.201526388534
progress toward poliomyelitis eradication--nigeria, january 2013-september 2014.in 1988, the world health assembly resolved to interrupt wild poliovirus (wpv) transmission worldwide. by 2013, only three countries remained that had never interrupted wpv transmission: afghanistan, nigeria, and pakistan. since 2003, northern nigeria has been a reservoir for wpv reintroduction into 26 previously polio-free countries. in may 2014, the world health organization declared the international spread of polio a public health emergency of international concern. nigeria's main strategic ...201425412063
improved acute flaccid paralysis surveillance performance in the democratic republic of the congo, 2010-2012.the democratic republic of the congo (drc) began polio eradication activities in 1996. by 2001, drc was no longer polio endemic. however, wild poliovirus (wpv) transmission was reestablished in 2006 continuing through 2011 (last wpv case onset 20 december 2011), and vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (vdpv2) outbreaks occurred during 2004-2012 (last vdpv2 case onset 4 april 2012). gaps in acute flaccid paralysis (afp) surveillance have been consistently documented.201425316874
modeling strategies to increase population immunity and prevent poliovirus transmission in 2 high-risk areas in northern india.india presented many challenges to the global effort to eliminate the transmission of wild polioviruses (wpvs) and poliomyelitis, with the last case of wpv type 2 in the world reported in northern india in 1999 and wpv types 1 and 3 circulating until early 2011.201425316861
polio eradication initiative in afghanistan, 1997-2013.this article reviews the epidemiology of polio, acute flaccid paralysis (afp) surveillance, and the implementation of supplemental immunization activities (sias) in afghanistan from 1997 thru 2013.201425316832
progress and peril: poliomyelitis eradication efforts in pakistan, 1994-2013.pakistan is one of 3 countries where transmission of indigenous wild poliovirus (wpv) has never been interrupted. numbers of confirmed polio cases have declined by >90% from preeradication levels, although outbreaks occurred during 2008-2013. during 2012 and 2013, 58 and 93 wpv cases, respectively, were reported, almost all of which were due to wpv type 1. of the 151 wpv cases reported during 2012-2013, 123 (81%) occurred in the conflict-affected federally administered tribal areas (fata) and in ...201425316830
safety and immunogenicity of a primary series of sabin-ipv with and without aluminum hydroxide in infants.an inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) based on attenuated poliovirus strains (sabin-1, -2 and -3) was developed for technology transfer to manufacturers in low- and middle-income countries in the context of the global polio eradication initiative.201425043278
survey of poliovirus antibodies in kano, northern nigeria.in 1988, the world health assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis. since then, much progress towards this goal has been made, but three countries including nigeria remain polio-endemic as of end 2012. to assess the immunity level against poliomyelitis in young children in northern nigeria, we conducted a seroprevalence survey in the kano metropolitan area (kma) in may 2011.201424041545
effect of decision support on missed opportunities for human papillomavirus vaccination.missed opportunities for human papilloma virus (hpv) vaccination are common, presenting a barrier to achieving widespread vaccine coverage and preventing infection.201425455116
human papillomavirus vaccination: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip).this report summarizes the epidemiology of human papillomavirus (hpv) and associated diseases, describes the licensed hpv vaccines, provides updated data from clinical trials and postlicensure safety studies, and compiles recommendations from cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) for use of hpv vaccines. persistent infection with oncogenic hpv types can cause cervical cancer in women as well as other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers in women and men. hpv also causes genit ...201425167164
human papillomavirus types 2, 27, and 57 identified in plantar verrucae from hiv-positive and hiv-negative individuals.although an increased prevalence of plantar verrucae has been associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, human papillomavirus (hpv) typing studies have not been published about this patient population. we sought to determine the prevalence of hpv types in plantar verrucae of hiv-positive (hiv+) and hiv-negative (hiv-) individuals.201424725033
in vitro antiviral activity of plant extracts from asteraceae medicinal plants.due to the high prevalence of viral infections having no specific treatment and the constant appearance of resistant viral strains, the development of novel antiviral agents is essential. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antiviral activity against bovine viral diarrhea virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), poliovirus type 2 (pv-2) and vesicular stomatitis virus of organic (oe) and aqueous extracts (ae) from: baccharis gaudichaudiana, b. spicata, bidens subalternans, pluchea sagitt ...201323890410
efficacy of rg1-vlp vaccination against infections with genital and cutaneous human papillomaviruses.licensed human papillomavirus (hpv) vaccines, based on virus-like particles (vlps) self-assembled from major capsid protein l1, afford type-restricted protection against hpv types 16/18/6/11 (or 16/18 for the bivalent vaccine), which cause 70% of cervical cancers (cxcas) and 90% of genital warts. however, they do not protect against less prevalent high-risk (hr) types causing 30% of cxca, or cutaneous hpv. in contrast, vaccination with the minor capsid protein l2 induces low-level immunity to ty ...201323752042
evolution of type 2 vaccine derived poliovirus lineages. evidence for codon-specific positive selection at three distinct locations on capsid wall.partial sequences of 110 type 2 poliovirus strains isolated from sewage in slovakia in 2003-2005, and most probably originating from a single dose of oral poliovirus vaccine, were subjected to a detailed genetic analysis. evolutionary patterns of these vaccine derived poliovirus strains (svk-avdpv2) were compared to those of type 1 and type 3 wild poliovirus (wpv) lineages considered to have a single seed strain origin, respectively. the 102 unique svk-avdpv vp1 sequences were monophyletic diffe ...201323840537
verruca vulgaris of the tongue.the viral warts also known as verruca vulgaris are caused by papova group of viruses. such warts are commonly seen on the skin but occasionally may appear in the oral cavity. there are three types of warts namely verruca plana; verruca vulgaris and filiform. the incubation period of such warts varies from 6 weeks to a year. the warts spread by autoinoculation and seldom show koebner phenomenon. the majority of mucosal warts are seen in those children who also have warts on hands. in such cases t ...201324431862
patterns of cervical coinfection with multiple human papilloma virus types in a screening population in denmark.patterns of cervical human papillomavirus (hpv) infection suggest that hpv genotypes are not independent of each other. this may be explained by risk factors common to all hpv infections, but type-specific biological factors may also play a role. this raises the question of whether widespread use of the quadrivalent vaccine (covering hpv6, 11, 16, 18) may indirectly affect the prevalence of any non-vaccine types. routine screening samples from 5014 danish women were tested for 35 hpv genotypes ( ...201323313651
progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - pakistan, january 2012-september 2013.pakistan is one of three countries where transmission of indigenous wild poliovirus (wpv) has never been interrupted. this report describes polio eradication activities and progress in pakistan during january 2012-september 2013 and updates previous reports. during 2012, 58 wpv cases were reported in selected areas, compared with 198 cases throughout the country in 2011; 52 wpv cases were reported during january-september 2013, compared with 54 cases during the same period in 2012. of the 110 wp ...201324257203
progress toward poliomyelitis eradication - afghanistan, january 2012-september 2013.since 2012, transmission of indigenous wild poliovirus (wpv) has been limited to three countries: afghanistan, pakistan, and nigeria. this report describes polio eradication activities and progress in afghanistan during january 2012-september 2013 and updates previous reports. during 2012, 37 wpv type 1 (wpv1) cases were confirmed in afghanistan, compared with 80 cases in 2011; nine wpv1 cases were confirmed during january-september, 2013, compared with 26 wpv1 cases during the same period in 20 ...201324257202
management of ungual warts.warts are the most common nail tumor generally caused by human papilloma virus (hpv) 1, 2, 4, 27, and 57. hpv 16 and 18 are associated with malignant transformation to squamous cell carcinoma, while hpv 2 and 7 are associated with "butcher's warts." current treatments range from topical and intralesional therapies to systemic agents and surgical procedures. despite the numerous available possibilities for treatment, intralesional bleomycin appears to be the most effective treatment for periungua ...201223210753
reaching the last one per cent: progress and challenges in global polio eradication.since its launch in 1988, the world health organization's global polio eradication initiative has reduced worldwide polio incidence by >99%. the most dramatic progress was achieved up to the year 2000, the original eradication target date, but subsequent years have seen only limited progress in preventing the last 1% of cases. recent gains in india and nigeria have been offset by continued endemicity in pakistan and afghanistan, and repeated reseeding of wild poliovirus into polio-free areas has ...201222482715
outbreak of type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in nigeria: emergence and widespread circulation in an underimmunized population.wild poliovirus has remained endemic in northern nigeria because of low coverage achieved in the routine immunization program and in supplementary immunization activities (sias). an outbreak of infection involving 315 cases of type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cvdpv2; >1% divergent from sabin 2) occurred during july 2005-june 2010, a period when 23 of 34 sias used monovalent or bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) lacking sabin 2. in addition, 21 "pre-vdpv2" (0.5%-1.0% divergent) ...201121402542
[poliomyelitis eradication is a visible unsolved problem in the coming years].the who global polio eradication initiative launched in 1988, by eradicating wild polio viruses, was to be completed in 2000. the initiative had not been implemented. enormous work has resulted in a reduction in the number of poliomyelitis cases worldwide from 350,000 to 1,500-2,000 a year. however, the incidence of poliomyelitis does not and is unlikely to stop by the newly fix date--2013. the reason is that vaccine-derived polio viruses that are pathogenic in nature remain and long circulate i ...201121427955
Validation of model virus removal and inactivation capacity of an erythropoietin purification process.Human erythropoietin (hEpo) production requires mammalian cells able to make complex post-translational modifications to guaranty its biological activity. As mammalian cell can be reservoir of pathogenic viruses and several animal origin components are usually used in the cultivation of mammalian cells, hEpo contamination with viruses is something of great concern. As consequence, this study investigated the viral removal and inactivation capacity of a recombinant-hEpo (rec-hEpo) purification pr ...201121982851
disfiguring generalized verrucosis in an indonesian man with idiopathic cd4 lymphopenia.human papillomavirus (hpv) infections cause a spectrum of clinical disease states, depending on the causative hpv and the characteristics of the infected host, especially the status of cell-mediated immunity. generalized verrucosis is an unusual clinical presentation of a disseminated hpv infection associated with severe immunodeficiency status.201020083696
the disinfection efficacy of menicare soft multipurpose solution against acanthamoeba and viruses using stand-alone biocidal and regimen testing.to assess the disinfection efficacy of menicare soft contact lens multipurpose solution against acanthamoeba and viruses in suspension and when inoculated on to contact lenses and subjected to rub-and-rinse or no-rub-and-rinse care regimes.201020107417
[the enhancement of dna binding ability of a mutated e2 (a338v) protein of hpv-2].hpv-2 is a very common type of hpv which causes common warts. the e2 protein of virus can repress the activity of the viral early promoter through binding to the specific binding sites in viral lcr. previously we reported that the repression of a mutated e2 protein of hpv-2 isolated from a patient with huge common wart on the viral early promoter was obviously decreased, and a338v mutation located at the c terminal dna binding region of e2 protein. in this study, we expressed and purified the re ...201020572344
human papilloma virus persistence and neopterin, folate and homocysteine levels in cervical dysplasias.objective: to investigate the relationship between human papilloma virus (hpv) infection persistence and serum folate, vitamin b12, homocysteine, neopterin levels in cervical dysplasia. study design: through the years 2007-2008, 122 women who have admitted to gynecology clinic were evaluated for cervical cytology, demographical characteristics, hpv infection, serum folate, vitamin b12, homocysteine, albumin, and neopterin levels. results: considering all the cases, the highest percentage of the ...201020740364
detection and quantification of enteroviruses in coastal seawaters from bohai bay, tianjin, china.an 8-month survey was conducted to detect and quantify enteroviruses in tianjin coastal seawaters of bohai bay to assess coastal water quality. ten water samples were collected from bohai bay for the detection and quantification of enteroviruses by conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and sybr green real-time quantitative rt-pcr (qrt-pcr). total viral nucleic acid was extracted from 500 ml of seawater samples concentrated by centricon plus-70 centrifugal filter d ...201020397399
immunogenicity of bivalent types 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine: a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial.poliovirus types 1 and 3 co-circulate in poliomyelitis-endemic countries. we aimed to assess the immunogenicity of a novel bivalent types 1 and 3 oral poliovirus vaccine (bopv).201020980048
immunogenicity of routinely used childhood vaccines when coadministered with the 10-valent pneumococcal non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d conjugate vaccine (phid-cv).the choice of non-typeable haemophilus influenzae protein d as main carrier protein in the candidate 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (phid-cv, glaxosmithkline biologicals), was driven in part to avoid carrier-mediated suppression and possible bystander interference with coadministered vaccines. immunogenicity data from 3 primary and 2 booster vaccination studies were assessed for possible impacts of phid-cv coadministration on immune responses to routinely administered childhood vaccine ...200919325452
human papilloma virus type 69 identified in a clinically aggressive plantar verruca from an hiv-positive patient.verrucae are caused by infection of epidermal keratinocytes by human papilloma virus (hpv). although there are currently more than 100 known types of hpv, certain lesions are consistently caused by infection with one or a few types. recent studies have identified the presence of unusual hpv types in anogenital and cervical condylomata (warts) of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). although cutaneous verrucae are typically caused by hpv-1, hpv-2, and hpv-4, infection with h ...200919141715
[hpv-associated cutaneous lesions].more than 100 hpv genotypes are presently distinguished by comparing the dna sequence of the l1 orf of each hpv. two important aspects of the nature of this group of heterogeneous viruses are the way in which specific hpv genotypes are associated with distinct clinical and histological morphologies and the way specific hpv genotypes affect distinct anatomical sites. the former is best evidenced by the hpv type specific cytopathic or cytopathogenic effect (cpe), whereas the latter is suggested by ...200819374195
serologic response to inactivated poliovirus vaccine: a randomized clinical trial comparing 2 vaccination schedules in puerto rico.the world health organization (who) recommends the discontinuation of oral poliovirus vaccine after eradication of wild poliovirus. studies assessing inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) immunogenicity in tropical countries, using the who expanded programme on immunization (epi) schedule, have been limited.200717152004
inhibition of dna replication of human papillomavirus by artificial zinc finger proteins.recently, we demonstrated that plant dna virus replication was inhibited in planta by using an artificial zinc finger protein (azp) and created azp-based transgenic plants resistant to dna virus infection. here we apply the azp technology to the inhibition of replication of a mammalian dna virus, human papillomavirus type 18 (hpv-18). two azps, designated azp(hpv)-1 and azp(hpv)-2, were designed by using our nondegenerate recognition code table and were constructed to block binding of the hpv-18 ...200616699021
down-regulation of mhc class i is a property common to papillomavirus e5 proteins.the e5 protein family of papillomaviruses comprises small hydrophobic proteins which are associated with the cell endomembrane compartments. the functions of the e5 proteins, particularly those of hpv, are still far from clear. we have reported that the e5 proteins of bpv-1, bpv-4, hpv-16 and hpv-6 down-regulate mhc class i, potentially helping the virus evade the host immune response. others have described mhc class i down-regulation by hpv-2 e5. we report here that another e5 protein, hpv-83 e ...200616780984
application of artificial zinc-finger proteins to inhibition of dna replication of human papillomavirus.recently, we have demonstrated that plant dna virus replication could be inhibited in arabidopsis thaliana by using an artificial zinc-finger protein (azp) and created azp-based transgenic a. thaliana resistant to dna virus infection. here we apply the azp technology to inhibition of replication of a mammalian dna virus, human papillomavirus (hpv) type 18. two azps, designated azp(hpv)-1 and azp(hpv)-2, were designed to block binding of the hpv-18 e2 replication protein to the replication origin ...200617150943
prevalence of human papillomavirus (hpv) in oral cavity and oropharynx.the prevalence of human papillomavirus (hpv) in the oral cavity and oropharynx has not yet been as well studied as its infection of the vaginal tract. however, new study are emerge after the development of molecular biology techniques. the objective of this study is to show the prevalence of hpv in the oral cavity and the oropharynx. an ample bibliographic review was done showing a prevalence of hpv 6, 11 in a normal oral mucous membrane (latent infection). in oral benign lesions associated with ...200616951865
interchangeability of two diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccines as a fourth dose in 15-20-month-old toddlers.since 1998, all children in canada have been immunized with a pentavalent diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, acellular pertussis, inactivated poliovirus, haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine (dtap-ipv-hib) produced by one manufacturer (pentacel). recently, another dtap-ipv-hib (infanrix-ipv-hib) became available. data on the interchangeability of these products was lacking.200616516357
membrane adsorption with direct cell culture combined with reverse transcription-pcr as a fast method for identifying enteroviruses from sewage.we present a new approach for the detection and identification of enteroviruses concentrated and isolated from sewage. samples were collected from two study sites located at nicosia and limassol sewage treatment plants in cyprus. viruses were adsorbed to cellulose nitrate membrane filters, cultured directly from the membrane filters by using the viraden method, and identified by reverse transcription-pcr, followed by 5' untranslated region (5'-utr) restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) ...200515640172
antiviral evaluation of plants from brazilian atlantic tropical forest.the antiviral activity of six medicinal plants from brazilian atlantic tropical forest was investigated against two viruses: herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) and poliovirus type 2 (pv-2). cuphea carthagenensis and tillandsia usneoides extracts showed the best antiherpes activity. t. usneoides dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts, and lippia alba n-butanol extract showed inhibition of hsv-1, strain 29r/acyclovir resistant. in addition, only l. alba ethyl acetate extract showed ...200515890472
synthesis and biological evaluation of novel 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives as antibacterial and antiviral agents.a series of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for antibacterial and antiviral activities. the structure-activity relationships of these compounds were also studied. the results suggest that compounds 9-22 showed in vitro marked antibacterial activity. compounds 4c and 7a showed inhibitory effect against rna dependent rna polymerase induced poliovirus type 2 infected hela cells.200515950468
comparison of 2 ultrafiltration systems for the concentration of seeded viruses from environmental waters.the use of ultrafiltration as a concentration method to recover viruses from environmental waters was investigated. two ultrafiltration systems (hollow fiber and tangential flow) in a large- (100 l) and small-scale (2 l) configuration were able to recover greater than 50% of multiple viruses (bacteriophage pp7 and t1 and poliovirus type 2) from varying water turbidities (10-157 nephelometric turbidity units (ntu)) simultaneously. mean recoveries (n = 3) in ground and surface water by the large-s ...200515980891
a genotype distribution of human papillomaviruses detected by polymerase chain reaction and direct sequencing analysis in a large sample of common warts in japan.there have been no large-scale epidemiological studies of human papillomavirus (hpv) genotype distribution of common warts in japan. a total of 213 patients with common warts (104 males and 109 females) in japan were studied to detect hpv genotype distribution by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and direct sequencing analysis. the results were as follows: 94 hpv-1a (44.1%), 35 hpv-4 (16.4%), 30 hpv-65 (14.1%), 13 hpv-27 (6.1%), 13 hpv-2a (6.1%), 9 hpv-57b (4.22%), 3 hpv-16 (1.41%), 2 hpv-6a (0.94 ...200516032719
[evaluation of the response to vaccination against poliomyelitis and measles in malnourished children in morocco].we made a comparative survey of the poliovirus antibodies (anti-poliovirus type 1, anti-poliovirus type 2 and anti-poliovirus type 3) and the measles antibodies in malnourished but completely vaccinated children (37) and control children (34). the age range was 10 months to 5 years. immunization in children with protein-energy malnutrition was low for both vaccines. seroprevalence rates of the polio 1, polio 2, polio 3 antibodies and the measles antibodies in the control group were 94.1%, 97.1%, ...200416335637
[isolation of highly divergent vaccine strains of polioviruses in slovakia].april 2003 was the first time in slovakia, when the vaccine derived poliovirus type 2 was isolated from waste water sampled from the waste water disposal plant in vrakun, which collects most waste from bratislava. the examination in the regional reference laboratory in helsinki revealed an almost 15% divergence from the vaccine strain and genetic identity with the sabine vaccine strain was only 86.6%. various cases of paralytic poliomyelitis have been published in world literature, caused by mut ...200415052831
a highly effective method for removing suspended poliovirus from water using a positively-charged carbon felt electrode.we developed an effective system to eliminate poliovirus from modified tap water using a positively-charged carbon felt electrode. the zeta potential of polioviruses was measured using laser microscopic electrophoresis. poliovirus adsorption to the electrode was examined by indirect immunofluorescence. the tissue culture infective dose (tcid) of poliovirus type 2 (sabin strain) was determined using human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (rd cells). poliovirus vp2 gene copy numbers were assessed by reverse ...200415322340
a case of conjunctivitis associated with oral poliovirus type 2 vaccine (opv). 200415370124
molecular analysis of the effect of topical imiquimod treatment of hpv 2/27/57-induced common warts.imiquimod is effective in the treatment of genital warts and clinical studies suggest activity against common warts as well. we have analyzed the effect of topical imiquimod on gene expression and virus load in human papilloma virus (hpv) 2/27/57-induced common warts. mrna was extracted from keratinocyte culture, from normal skin, from three untreated common warts and from three common warts treated topically with 5% imiquimod cream twice daily. differential gene expression was demonstrated by r ...200415452412
isolation and characterization of circulating type 1 vaccine-derived poliovirus from sewage and stream waters in hispaniola.twenty-one cases of acute flaccid paralysis (afp) were reported on the island of hispaniola in 2000. laboratory analysis confirmed the presence of circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cvdpv) type 1 in stool samples obtained from patients. as a complement to the active search for cases of afp, environmental sampling was conducted during november and december 2000, to test for cvdpv in sewage, streams, canals, and public latrines. fifty-five environmental samples were obtained and analyzed for ...200415031784
[the spread of the wild poliovirus in the rural environment, the case of the adzopé health district, côte d'ivoire].wild poliovirus spreading in rural environment in adzopé, côte d'ivoire in order to determine the level of wild poliovirus spreading among rural children in an endemic poliomyelitis country 469 stools samples, from children aged between three weeks and twelve years old were processed according to who procedures for transportation, conservation, isolation and identification of poliovirus. intratypic differenciation was performed by an antigenic method using monoclonal antibodies and a genomic rfl ...200415255346
organization of human papillomavirus productive cycle during neoplastic progression provides a basis for selection of diagnostic markers.the productive cycle of human papillomaviruses (hpvs) can be divided into discrete phases. cell proliferation and episomal maintenance in the lower epithelial layers are followed by genome amplification and the expression of capsid proteins. these events, which occur in all productive infections, can be distinguished by using antibodies to viral gene products or to surrogate markers of their expression. here we have compared precancerous lesions caused by hpv type 16 (hpv16) with lesions caused ...200312970404
[genetic changes in strains of poliovirus type 2 isolated from patients with vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis].poliomyelitis is currently a rare disease in developed countries, where only vaccinal strains seem to be in circulation, which replace wild poliovirus. nevertheless, it is still a serious disease for children in underdeveloped countries of asia and africa.200312717666
circulation of endemic type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus in egypt from 1983 to 1993.from 1988 to 1993, 30 cases of poliomyelitis associated with poliovirus type 2 were found in seven governorates of egypt. because many of the cases were geographically and temporally clustered and because the case isolates differed antigenically from the vaccine strain, it was initially assumed that the cases signaled the continued circulation of wild type 2 poliovirus. however, comparison of sequences encoding the major capsid protein, vp1 (903 nucleotides), revealed that the isolates were rela ...200312857906
comparison of automated and manual nucleic acid extraction methods for detection of enterovirus rna.automated nucleic acid extraction is an attractive alternative to labor-intensive manual methods. we compared two automated methods, the biorobot m48 instrument (qiagen, inc.) and magna pure (roche applied sciences) methods, to two manual methods, the qiaamp viral rna mini kit (qiagen) and trizol (invitrogen), for the extraction of enterovirus rna. analytical sensitivity was assessed by dilution analysis of poliovirus type 2 sabin in cerebrospinal fluid. the sensitivity of pcr was equivalent aft ...200312904351
serotype-specific mucosal immune response and subsequent poliovirus replication in vaccinated children.a total of 32 unimmunized children (median age 5 months) living in an orphanage in minsk, belarus, were vaccinated with three doses of oral poliovirus vaccine (opv) with a 60-day interval between the doses. blood samples were drawn before the immunizations and 45-50 days after each vaccine dose. excretion of the vaccine viruses was followed by examining fecal specimens collected weekly after each vaccine dose. all children seroconverted by the second dose of opv at the latest to all three seroty ...200312938203
cytotoxicity and potential antiviral evaluation of violacein produced by chromobacterium violaceum.natural products are an inexhaustible source of compounds with promising pharmacological activities including antiviral action. violacein, the major pigment produced by chromobacterium violaceum, has been shown to have antibiotic, antitumoral and anti-trypanosoma cruzi activities. the goal of the present work was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of violacein and also its potential antiviral properties. the cytotoxicity of violacein was investigated by three methods: cell morphology evaluation by inv ...200314595466
detection and typing of human papillomavirus in cutaneous warts of patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1.cutaneous warts are caused by human papillomavirus (hpv). to date, more than 120 different types of hpv are known, of which 80 have been completely characterized. prevalence studies on types of hpv present in cutaneous warts have been carried out in immunocompetent individuals and immunosuppressed organ allograft recipients, but not in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-positive patients.200314674896
detection of mef-1 laboratory reference strain of poliovirus type 2 in children with poliomyelitis in india in 2002 & 2003.significant progress has been made towards eradication of poliomyelitis in india. surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis (afp) has reached high standards. among the 3 types of polioviruses, type 2 had been eliminated in india and eradicated globally as of october 1999. however, we isolated wild poliovirus type 2 from a small number of polio cases in northern india in 2000 and again during december 2002 to february 2003. using molecular tools the origin, of the wild type 2 poliovirus was invest ...200314870793
effect of vitamin a administered at expanded program on immunization contacts on antibody response to oral polio vaccine.vitamin a supplementation to mothers in the postpartum period and to their infants at routine immunization contacts is being considered to reduce vitamin a deficiency in infancy. this study was conducted to determine the impact of maternal and infant vitamin a supplementation on antibody response to oral polio vaccine (opv).200211965508
in vitro antiviral activity of thirty-six plants from la réunion island.methanol extracts of 36 medicinal plants from la réunion island were evaluated against two viruses: herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1) and poliovirus type 2 (pv). five of them showed an effect against hsv-1 and five against pv, senecio ambavilla being inhibitor for both viruses.200212234582
circulation of a type 2 vaccine-derived poliovirus--egypt, 1982-1993.in 1988, the world health assembly resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis globally by 2000. substantial progress has been achieved toward this goal, and with the circulation of wild poliovirus eliminated in most of the world, attention has focused on examining the potential for vaccine-derived poliovirus to circulate where wild poliovirus has disappeared. during 1999, sequences of historic poliovirus isolates were examined. this report summaries the results of that study, which indicate that oral p ...200111215882
apparent global interruption of wild poliovirus type 2 transmission.in 1988, the world health assembly of the world health organization (who) resolved to eradicate poliomyelitis by 2000. since then, the who region of the americas and western pacific region have been certified free of polio, and the european region is approaching 3 years since the last confirmed case of polio. transmission of wild poliovirus types 1 and 3 continues to decline in the other who regions. this report summarizes the evidence, obtained through surveillance for acute flaccid paralysis ( ...200111300627
transmission of wild poliovirus type 2--apparent global interruption. 200111315462
human papillomavirus infection in netherton's syndrome.netherton's syndrome (ns) is a hereditary disorder with dermatological signs (e.g. ichthyosis) and a complex immunological dysfunction. in immunodeficient individuals human papillomavirus (hpv) types are associated with carcinomas on non-mucosal sites.200111359395
antibody responses of healthy infants to concurrent administration of a bivalent haemophilus influenzae type b-hepatitis b vaccine with diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, polio and measles-mumps-rubella vaccines.to confirm that children given a bivalent haemophilus influenzae type b-hepatitis b vaccine (bivalent hib-hb vaccine; comvax) concurrently with priming doses of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (dtp), a booster dose of diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis vaccine (dtap), inactivated or oral polio vaccine (ipv or opv) and measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (m-m-r(ii)) have satisfactory antibody responses to all antigens.200111520252
the relationship between poliovirus multiplication, the siga antibody response and the serum neutralizing antibody titers after trivalent oral polio vaccination.the time kinetics of poliovirus and secretory iga (siga) antibody titers were examined in fecal samples from four vaccinees immunized with two doses of trivalent oral polio vaccine (topv) from 1996 to 2000. poliovirus types 1 and 2 multiplied in the human intestine after the first vaccination, and poliovirus type 3 multiplied after the second vaccination. additionally, poliovirus type 3 multiplied for several days in two cases after the first vaccination, and poliovirus types 1 and 2 multiplied ...200111806137
correlations between nuclear/cytoplasmic area ratio and classification of cervical smears.the aim of this study was to assess the nuclear/cytoplasmic (n/c) ratio using computerized image analysis of cervical smears with intraepithelial neoplasia (cin) grade i to iii associated or not with cellular changes of human papillomavirus (hpv) in an attempt to determine if this method is more sensitive for the estimation of the grade of cin. one hundred and ten cervical smears from women with a mean age 35.03 years were studied. the cytological diagnosis was as follows: cin i + hpv (11), cin ...200111876540
antipoliovirus flavonoids from psiadia dentata.the search for antiviral agents against vesicular stomatitis virus, herpes simplex virus type 1 and poliovirus type 2 in plants extracts, led to the isolation of two antipoliovirus flavonoids from the medicinal plant psiadia dentata (cass.) dc, asteraceae: 3-methylkaempferol and 3,4'-dimethylkaempferol. the antipoliovirus activity of both compounds was estimated by comparison with 3-methylquercetin, guanidine and ro-090179. the most potent inhibitor of poliovirus replication was 3-methylkaempfer ...200111900347
papillary lesions of the oral cavity: relationship to human papillomaviruses.human papillomaviruses are a group of genetically related organisms that infect stratified squamous epithelium. unlike many other viruses that infect oral epithelium and induce lysis of the cells they penetrate, hpvs induce proliferative changes in these cells that result in both benign and malignant tumors. the common skin wart (verruca vulgaris) is induced by hpv 2 and 4. genital warts (condylomas) and the common solitary oral papilloma are associated with hpv 6 and 11. either hpv 13 or 32 cau ...200011323946
inhibition of cap-dependent gene expression induced by protein 2a of hepatitis a virus.the viral protein 2a of hepatitis a virus (hav) lacks the conserved 18 aa sequence found in other picornavirus proteases; hence, it is unclear whether the induction of cpe by culture-adapted hav strains is due to 2a-mediated activity. moreover, the cleavage sites and actual borders of hav 2a are not known. accordingly, a nested series of cdna sequences encoding the segment of the hav polyprotein (aa 760-1087) were linked to the 5'-utr of poliovirus type 2 (lansing strain) and inserted downstream ...200010769081
influence of environmental factors on virus detection by rt-pcr and cell culture.the effects of clay, humic acid, u.v. light and shellfish tissue residues on the detection of poliovirus type 2 from environmental samples by culture and rt-pcr were investigated. rt-pcr showed 10-100 times greater sensitivity for pv2 detection in the absence of sample contaminants than did culture by plaque assay in bgm cell monolayers. bentonite clay (100-1000 mg l-1) and shellfish tissue residues reduced virus detection by plaque assay, but the effect of bentonite was mitigated by simple elut ...200010792521
vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis in brazil, 1989-1995.at the present time, the only poliovirus-caused poliomyelitis cases reported in brazil and other countries of the americas are of vaccine etiology. it is important for epidemiological surveillance and immunization programs to evaluate the epidemiological profile of cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp) in order to establish criteria for case definition and vaccination strategies. to research vapp in brazil, 30 cases diagnosed and classified as such by the ministry of health ...200010846924
isolation of polioviruses and other enteroviruses in south greece between 1994 and 1998.during the five-year period between 1994 and 1998, a total of 217 clinical samples were assessed for the isolation of enteroviruses at the enterovirus reference centre for south greece. fourteen enterovirus strains belonging to different serotypes were isolated. these field strains were detected by cell culture in appropriate cell lines. they were subsequently identified by neutralizing antibodies with the lbm (lim-benyesh melnick) mixed antisera pools up to 1995 and rivm (national institute of ...200010906768
vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis: a retrospective cohort study of acute flaccid paralyses in brazil.at the present time, in brazil and other countries in the americas, the only cases of paralytic poliomyelitis due to poliovirus are caused by vaccine strains. the recognition of possible determinants of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis (vapp) by public health surveillance and immunization programmes is relevant to inform the debate on criteria for case definition and vaccination strategies.200010922356
high level of immunity against poliomyelitis in albanian refugees in southern italy.the apulia region (southern italy) may be considered a "border region" which, due to its position, has to face daily arrivals of refugees, especially from albania. when the exodus of albanians took place in 1991, a seroepidemiologic study revealed a low seroimmunity to poliomyelitis. in 1996, a large outbreak of paralytic poliomyelitis occurred in albania. the aim of the study was to evaluate the poliomyelitis immunization level in a sample of albanian refugees who arrived in the apulia region b ...200011179938
evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of a new super-oxidized water, sterilox, for the disinfection of endoscopes.the antimicrobial activity of a new super-oxidized water, sterilox, has been tested against mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, mycobacterium chelonae, escherichia coli (including type o157), enterococcus faecalis, pseudomonas aeruginosa, bacillus subtilis var niger spores, methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, candida albicans, poliovirus type 2 and human immunodeficiency virus hiv-1. under clean conditions, freshly generated sterilox was found to be highly ac ...19999949966
epidemiological analysis of immunity to poliovirus after termination of an era of vaccination with opv in germany. an analysis of the german association against viral diseases (dvv).the global eradication of poliomyelitis by the year 2000 is an objective of the world health organization (who). since 1998, after a period of 37 years of vaccination using live oral poliovirus vaccine (opv), single use of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (ipv) has been recommended in germany. the present epidemiological analysis shows the immunity of 3474 patients to poliovirus types 1, 2 and 3 by using a microneutralization assay. a non-age-specific evaluation of antibodies seroprevalence to pol ...199910603664
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