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the participation of a malignant catarrhal fever virus and mycoplasma bovis in the development of single and mixed infections in beef and dairy cattle with bovine respiratory disease.the bovine respiratory disease (brd) complex is a multietiological and multifactorial disease associated with a wide range of viral and bacterial pathogens. this study evaluated the contribution of specific infectious disease agents in the development of brd in cattle from brazil and determined if a virus within the malignant catarrhal fever virus (mcfv) group and mycoplasma bovis, acting individually or in conjunction, can be associated with the development of brd. formalin-fixed paraffin-embed ...202134368279
diphtheric aspergillosis tracheitis with gastrointestinal dissemination secondary to viral infections in a dairy calf.diphtheric aspergillosis tracheitis is an uncommon syndrome described in human pathology, usually associated with immunosuppression in the affected individuals. interestingly, no comparative/equivalent cases were found in domestic animals. this report describes the pathological and mycological findings associated with diphtheric aspergillosis tracheitis in an immunocompromised calf. the main pathological findings were diphtheric tracheitis and rhinitis, and necrotizing ruminitis associated with ...202032910985
bovine malignant catarrhal fever: case reporting in central italy.a case of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) occurred in a 4‑month‑old calf housed in a semi‑intensive herd in central italy is described. the herd was in strict cohabitation with a group of domestic sheep. the calf displayed clinical signs that resembled the acute form of mcf and, after a few days of antibiotic and anti inflammatory therapy, died in september 2016. the diagnosis was confirmed in vivo in blood by detection of ovine herpesvirus type 2 dna through real‑time pcr. at necropsy, the gros ...201931599554
neuropathological survey reveals underestimation of the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in switzerland.neuroinfectious diseases in livestock represent a severe threat to animal health, but their prevalence is not well documented and the etiology of disease often remains unidentified. the aims of this study were to generate baseline data on the prevalence of neuroinfectious diseases in cattle in switzerland by neuropathological survey, and to identify disease-associated pathogens. the survey was performed over a 1-year period using a representative number of brainstem samples (n=1816) from fallen ...201728888628
replacement of glycoprotein b in alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 by its ovine herpesvirus 2 homolog : implications in vaccine development for sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever.vaccine development is a top priority in malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) research. in the case of sheep-associated mcf (sa-mcf) caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), progress toward this objective has been hindered by the absence of methods to attenuate or modify the virus, since it cannot be propagated in vitro. as an alternative for vaccine development, in this study, we tested the hypothesis that one of the sa-mcf vaccine candidate targets, ovhv-2 glycoprotein b (gb), could be expressed by ...201727504498
genetic characterization of ovine herpesvirus 2 strains involved in water buffaloes malignant catarrhal fever outbreaks in southern italy.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) was responsible for two outbreaks of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) on two water buffalo farms in southern italy. in this study, the presence of this virus in the nasal swabs from sick animals as well as in the organs of dead buffaloes was ascertained by a real-time pcr assay. positive samples also underwent a relative quantitative analysis of the viral dna in them. all the dead animals had the highest relative viral quantities, while buffaloes recovering from the v ...201728110782
malignant catarrhal fever in brazilian cattle presenting with neurological syndrome.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) was investigated in the central nervous system of cattle with neurological syndrome. two-hundred-ninety samples were analyzed by histology, and molecular methods to detect ovine herpesvirus type 2 (ovhv-2) were optimized and validated. the qualitative polymerase chain reaction (qualitative pcr) analytical sensitivity was 10(1)dna copies/μl and found 4.8% (14/290) positive for ovhv-2. the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr) analytical sensitivity was 10(0 ...201728081979
ovine herpesvirus 2 glycoproteins b, h, and l are sufficient for, and viral glycoprotein ov8 can enhance, cell-cell membrane fusion.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is a gammaherpesvirus in the genus macavirus that is carried asymptomatically by sheep. infection of poorly adapted animals with ovhv-2 results in sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever, a fatal disease characterized by lymphoproliferation and vasculitis. there is no treatment or vaccine for the disease and no cell culture system to propagate the virus. the lack of cell culture has hindered studies of ovhv-2 biology, including its entry mechanism. as an alternati ...201728053110
sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever-like skin disease in a free-ranging bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis ), alberta, canada.malignant catarrhal fever-like clinical disease was diagnosed in a free-ranging bighorn sheep ( ovis canadensis ) from alberta, canada, in june 2015. antemortem and gross pathology findings included muscle atrophy, marked weight loss, and bilaterally symmetric alopecia with hyperpigmentation and crusting over the face, medial surfaces of the pinnae, dorsal trunk, distal limbs, perineal area, and tail. histologically, the skin lesions were characterized by granulomatous mural folliculitis with nu ...201727749194
identification of a gammaherpesvirus belonging to the malignant catarrhal fever group of viruses in pyrenean chamois (rupicapra p. pyrenaica).high prevalence (46 %) of a gammaherpesvirus was confirmed by molecular detection in the lungs of hunted pyrenean chamois. the partial glycoprotein b sequence up to the dna polymerase gene showed 96.6 % nucleotide sequence identity to the rupicapra rupicapra gammaherpesvirus 1 and 81.5 % to ovine herpesvirus 2. this novel sequence clusters within sequences derived from the malignant catarrhal fever group of viruses, and the corresponding virus is tentatively named rupicapra pyrenaica gammaherpes ...201627535412
molecular analysis of south african ovine herpesvirus 2 strains based on selected glycoprotein and tegument genes.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), a generally fatal disease of cattle and other captive wild ruminants. information on the ovhv-2 strains circulating in south africa (sa) and other african countries with regard to genetic structure and diversity, and pattern of distribution is not available. this study aimed to characterize the ovhv-2 strains circulating in sa using selected genes encoding glycoproteins and tegument prote ...201627002629
exploring the virome of cattle with non-suppurative encephalitis of unknown etiology by metagenomics.non-suppurative encephalitis is one of the most frequent pathological diagnosis in cattle with neurological disease, but there is a gap in the knowledge on disease-associated pathogens. in order to identify viruses that are associated with non-suppurative encephalitis in cattle, we used a viral metagenomics approach on a sample set of 16 neurologically-diseased cows. we detected six virus candidates: parainfluenza virus 5 (piv-5), bovine astrovirus ch13/neuros1 (boastv-ch13/neuros1), bovine poly ...201626994586
an acute multispecies episode of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in captive wild animals in an italian zoo.in july 2011, in a zoological garden in rome, italy, malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), a fatal, systemic disease of artiodactyla, was suspected on the basis of neurological signs and gross lesions observed in a banteng, the first animal to die of this infection. an mcf type-specific pcr with subsequent sequencing of the pcr amplicon confirmed the aetiological agent as ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2). biological samples were collected from the dead animals for gross, histological, bacteriological, vi ...201625598396
molecular and serological survey of selected viruses in free-ranging wild ruminants in iran.a molecular and serological survey of selected viruses in free-ranging wild ruminants was conducted in 13 different districts in iran. samples were collected from 64 small wild ruminants belonging to four different species including 25 mouflon (ovis orientalis), 22 wild goat (capra aegagrus), nine indian gazelle (gazella bennettii) and eight goitered gazelle (gazella subgutturosa) during the national survey for wildlife diseases in iran. serum samples were evaluated using serologic antibody test ...201627997620
exposure to viral and bacterial pathogens among soay sheep (ovis aries) of the st kilda archipelago.we assessed evidence of exposure to viruses and bacteria in an unmanaged and long-isolated population of soay sheep (ovis aries) inhabiting hirta, in the st kilda archipelago, 65 km west of benbecula in the outer hebrides of scotland. the sheep harbour many metazoan and protozoan parasites but their exposure to viral and bacterial pathogens is unknown. we tested for herpes viral dna in leucocytes and found that 21 of 42 tested sheep were infected with ovine herpesvirus 2 (ohv-2). we also tested ...201626829883
cross-reactivity of neutralizing antibodies among malignant catarrhal fever viruses.some members of the gamma herpesvirus genus macavirus are maintained in nature as subclinical infections in well-adapted ungulate hosts. transmission of these viruses to poorly adapted hosts, such as american bison and cattle, can result in the frequently fatal disease malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). based on phylogenetic analysis, the mcf viruses (mcfv) cluster into two subgroups corresponding to the reservoir hosts' subfamilies: alcelaphinae/hippotraginae and caprinae. antibody cross-reactivi ...201526658281
malignant catarrhal fever: an emerging disease in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer).within the tribe bovini in the subfamily bovinae, the water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), american bison (bison bison), european bison (bubalus bonasus) and yak (bos grunniens) are recognized as species highly susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). in contrast, the lack of reports describing clinical mcf in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) whether free ranging or captive has led to a perception that african buffaloes are resistant to mcf. during the last decade, several cases of mcf i ...201523957274
transplacental transmission of ovine herpesvirus 2 in cattle with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever.sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) is an important infectious disease of ruminants worldwide that is caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2). ovhv-2 is transmitted predominantly by contact between infected and susceptible hosts, while the documentation of vertical transmission is rare. this report presents the pathological and molecular findings associated with transplacental transmission of ovhv-2 in cattle. two girolanda cows with corneal oedema, lethargy, mucopurulent nasal di ...201526604083
cross-sectional study indicates nearly a quarter of sheep population in karnataka state of india is infected with ovine herpesvirus 2.in a cross-sectional study, prevalence of ovine herpesvirus 2 (family: herpesviridae, subfamily: gammaherpesvirinae, genus macavirus and species: ovine herpesvirus 2) infection was estimated in sheep population of karnataka state in india. based on the three stage cluster sampling method, whole blood samples (356) of sheep were collected from 11 sheep-dense districts of the state. the samples were tested for presence of ovhv-2 genome by recommended hemi-nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) tes ...201526396985
malignant catarrhal fever in a vietnamese pot-bellied pig. a potential threat to pigs in mixed-species exhibits?malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) represents a sporadic and often fatal disease in various ungulate species including rarely swine. a close contact between susceptible and reservoir species of ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) is a requirement for virus transmission. as in ruminants, a rapid course of disease with lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis and necrotizing vasculitis in multiple organs is frequently seen in porcine mcf. this report describes a case of mcf in a vietnamese pot-bellied pig, whi ...201525947878
malignant catarrhal fever in a red angus cow.a 3-year-old cow was presented with bilateral corneal edema, increased respiratory effort, nasal discharge, and pyrexia. ovine herpesvirus-2 was detected, confirming malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). the findings from this case suggest that mcf should be included in the differential diagnosis of mature cattle with ocular and nasal lesions, especially when sheep are present on the farm.201525565720
antibodies to ovine herpesvirus 2 glycoproteins decrease virus infectivity and prevent malignant catarrhal fever in rabbits.ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) is the etiological agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of many species in the order artiodactyla. development of a vaccine is critical to prevent mortality. because ovhv-2 has not been cultured in vitro, sa-mcf research is hindered by the lack of in vitro tools to study viral constituents and specific host immune responses. as an alternative, in this study the neutralizing activity of antibodies against ov ...201525542288
[investigation of the presence of the etiological agents of malignant catarrhal fever in clinically healthy ruminants in zoological gardens].malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an infectious disease in even-toed ungulates including domestic cattle and wild living ruminants, which repeatedly also occurred in zoological gardens in europe. the goal of the study presented here was to determine whether wild ruminants--here in the sense of non-domesticated ruminant species in zoological collections--normally not known as carriers of mcf viruses, may carry and shed these viruses and thus might play a possible role as source of infection. to ...201526054228
a geographic cluster of malignant catarrhal fever in moose (alces alces) in norway.three cases of lethal sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) in free-ranging moose (alces alces) were diagnosed in lesja, norway, december 2008-february 2010. the diagnosis was based on pcr identification of ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) dna (n = 3) and typical histopathologic lesions (n = 1). to study the possibility of subclinical or latent mcf virus (mcfv) infection in this moose population and in red deer (cervus elaphus), we examined clinically normal animals sampled during hunt ...201525574807
malignant catarrhal fever: inching toward understanding.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an often lethal infection of many species in the order artiodactyla. it is caused by members of the mcf virus group within gammaherpesvirinae. mcf is a worldwide problem and has a significant economic impact on highly disease-susceptible hosts, such as cattle, bison, and deer. several epidemiologic forms of mcf, defined by the reservoir ruminant species from which the causative virus arises, are recognized. wildebeest-associated mcf (wa-mcf) and sheep-associate ...201425384141
identification of immuno-reactive capsid proteins of malignant catarrhal fever viruses.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a fatal disease of cattle and other ungulates caused by certain gamma-herpesviruses including alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) and ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2). an attenuated virus vaccine based on alhv-1 has been shown to induce virus-neutralising antibodies in plasma and nasal secretions of protected cattle but the targets of virus-specific antibodies are unknown. proteomic analysis and western blotting of virus extracts allowed the identification of eight ...201425091530
malignant catarrhal fever in american bison (bison bison) experimentally infected with alcelaphine herpesvirus 2.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), due to ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), causes appreciable death loss in ranched bison (bison bison) throughout north america. no vaccine exists to protect animals from disease. since ovhv-2 has not been propagated in vitro, one strategy to develop a modified live vaccine is to use a closely related, non-pathogenic member of the malignant catarrhal fever virus family as a vector expressing potentially protective ovhv-2 epitopes. to date, no controlled experimental c ...201424803260
the pathology of malignant catarrhal fever, with an emphasis on ovine herpesvirus 2.the enigmatic pathogenesis of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) involves dysregulated immune responses in susceptible ruminant species. economically important outbreaks of mcf are due to 2 of the 10 viruses currently comprising the malignant catarrhal fever virus group: ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) and alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1). attempts to develop effective vaccines for this group of viruses in the 1970s were sufficiently discouraging that they were temporarily abandoned. this review foc ...201424503439
detection of ovhv-2 from an outbreak of sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever from crossbred cattle of southern india.an outbreak of sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever in crossbred cattle in a village of andhra pradesh, southern india, affected thirteen adult cows and two calves from a population of forty animals. all the affected animals were died between december and january 2013-14. the clinical and gross postmortem findings were typical of mcf in indian crossbred cattle. migrating sheep flocks were suspected source of infection for the cattle. the diagnosis was confirmed by heminested pcr in all the ...201425059821
expression of ovine herpesvirus -2 encoded micrornas in an immortalised bovine - cell line.ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) infects most sheep, where it establishes an asymptomatic, latent infection. infection of susceptible hosts e.g. cattle and deer results in malignant catarrhal fever, a fatal lymphoproliferative disease characterised by uncontrolled lymphocyte proliferation and non mhc restricted cytotoxicity. the same cell populations are infected in both cattle and sheep but only in cattle does virus infection cause dysregulation of cell function leading to disease. the mechanism by ...201424849241
analysis of the genetic diversity of ovine herpesvirus 2 in samples from livestock with malignant catarrhal fever.in order to define better virus isolates from animals with malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), segments of three genes of ovine herpesvirus-2 were amplified from diagnostic samples representing mcf cases with a range of clinical presentations in cattle, including head and eye, alimentary and neurological. the variation within each gene segment was estimated by dna sequencing, which confirmed that the newly-annotated ov9.5 gene was significantly more polymorphic than either of the other loci tested ...201424846753
detection and molecular characterization of naturally transmitted sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever in cattle in india.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a fatal herpesvirus infection of domestic and wild ruminants, with a short and dramatic clinical course characterized primarily by high fever, severe depression, swollen lymph nodes, salivation, diarrhea, dermatitis, neurological disorders, and ocular lesions often leading to blindness. in the present study, fatal clinical cases of sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) were identified in cattle in the state of karnataka. these cases were initially ...201424817424
detection of bovine herpesvirus 2 and bovine herpesvirus 4 dna in trigeminal ganglia of naturally infected cattle by polymerase chain reaction.establishment of latent infection within specific tissues in the host is a common biological feature of the herpesviruses. in the case of bovine herpesvirus 2 (bohv-2), latency is established in neuronal tissues, while bovine herpesvirus 4 (bohv-4) and ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) latent virus targets on cells of the monocytic lineage. this study was conducted in quest of bohv-2, bohv-4 and ovhv-2 dna in two hundred trigeminal ganglia (tg) specimens, derived from one hundred clinically healthy c ...201424725448
molecular characterization of encephalitic bovine listeriosis from southern brazil.reports of bovine listeriosis in brazil are uncommon, being restricted to citations within retrospective studies, resulting in scarce documented information of this important disease of cattle. this manuscript describes the molecular findings associated with spontaneous encephalitic listeriosis in two steers from distinct herds within the state of paraná, southern brazil. both animals demonstrated altered consciousness suggestive of brain stem dysfunctions and died a few days after the initial o ...201423832703
ovine herpesvirus-2-encoded micrornas target virus genes involved in virus latency.herpesviruses encode micrornas (mirnas) that target both virus and host genes; however, their role in herpesvirus biology is understood poorly. we identified previously eight mirnas encoded by ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2), the causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), and have now investigated the role of these mirnas in regulating expression of ovhv-2 genes that play important roles in virus biology. orf20 (cell cycle inhibition), orf50 (reactivation) and orf73 (latency maintenance) e ...201424172907
molecular and histopathological characterization of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) outbreak in beef cattle.an outbreak of suspected malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) was investigated by molecular and histopathological assays. of the 70 holstein beef calf herds, 14 were affected by multiple clinical signs suggestive of mcf infection. these beef calves were housed next to sheep flocks. in the complete blood count, the 14 affected calves had severe anaemia with leucopaenia, lymphopaenia and neutropaenia. upon pcr amplification using a hemi-nested pcr assay for the detection of the ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovh ...201422937962
sheep associated malignant catarrhal fever: an emerging disease of bovids in india.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease affecting bovids, cervids and other ruminant species caused by viruses belonging to subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, genus macavirus. among the 10 mcf viruses known to cause the disease, alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) and ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) are the two most widely prevalent causative organisms. the alhv-1 naturally infects wildebeest and causes wildebeest associated mcf (wa-mcf) in cattle in regions of african sub- ...201324426294
fibroblasts express ovhv-2 capsid protein in vasculitis lesions of american bison (bison bison) with experimental sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever.american bison (bison bison) are particularly susceptible to developing fatal sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) caused by ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2), a γ-herpesvirus in the macavirus genus. this generally fatal disease is characterized by lymphoproliferation, vasculitis, and mucosal ulceration in american bison, domestic cattle (bos taurus), and other clinically susceptible species which are considered non-adapted, dead-end hosts. the pathogenesis and cellular tropism of ovhv ...201323953727
active and latent ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) infection in a herd of captive white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus).malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is the clinical manifestation of infection of certain ruminant species with one of a group of pathogenic gammaherpesviruses known as mcf viruses. cattle and numerous exotic ruminant species are susceptible to clinical disease that may be sporadic or occasionally epidemic in nature. the most common mcf virus worldwide is ovine herpesvirus (ovhv)-2. reservoir hosts such as sheep, carry and excrete ovhv-2, but do not develop clinical signs, while clinically susceptib ...201323453492
are rabbits a suitable model to study sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in susceptible hosts?sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), is an often fatal syndrome affecting mainly ruminants. sa-mcf pathogenesis and vaccine studies rely solely on live animals, since ovhv-2 has not been successfully propagated in vitro. thus, the identification of a laboratory animal model is desirable and necessary to accelerate the identification of virus-host interactions that lead to disease. rabbits are susceptible to infection with ovhv-2 and the dis ...201323394795
epizootic hemorrhagic disease in yaks (bos grunniens).an epizootic of hemorrhagic disease associated with epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus serotype 2 (ehdv-2) infections in yaks from 5 herds occurred in colorado between august 21 and october 3, 2012. affected yaks presented with fever, lethargy, anorexia, dyspnea, and swollen conjunctivae. ulcerated dental pads, mucoid sanguineous nasal discharge, petechial hemorrhages in multiple organs, pulmonary edema, and serosanguinous fluid in the thorax, abdomen, and pericardial sac were observed at necro ...201323572453
histophilus somni-induced infections in cattle from southern brazil.the sudden death of three calves, one diarrheic calf, and one aborted fetus from four farms in southern brazil was investigated. two histophilus somni-associated syndromes were identified: systemic histophilosis (n = 4) and abortion (n = 1). the principal pathological findings included vasculitis, meningoencephalitis with thrombosis, necrotizing myocarditis, renal infarctions, hepatic abscesses, and bronchopneumonia. pcr assays were used to amplify specific amplicons of the ovine herpesvirus 2, ...201323526124
two different macaviruses, ovine herpesvirus-2 and caprine herpesvirus-2, behave differently in water buffaloes than in cattle or in their respective reservoir species.the ongoing global spread of "exotic" farm animals, such as water buffaloes, which carry their native sets of viruses, may bear unknown risks for the animals, into whose ecological niches the former are introduced and vice versa. here, we report on the occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) on swiss farms, where "exotic" water buffaloes were kept together with "native" animals, i.e. cattle, sheep, and goats. in the first farm with 56 water buffaloes, eight cases of mcf due to ovine herpes ...201324386255
serological survey to determine the occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever infection in the japanese small ruminant population from northern districts.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) causes sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), and is responsible for economic losses in cattle and other susceptible species around the world. a survey of 154 serum samples from 14 flocks in 3 japanese prefectures (hokkaido, aomori and iwate) was undertaken between 2007 and 2008 to test for antibodies to ovhv-2. ovhv-2 was present in 56 sheep and 2 goats, with 37.66% of samples having a positive reaction using a serum neutralization test. the immune rea ...201323358513
detection of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever from clinical cases in ethiopian cattle.mucoid nasal discharge, loss of weight, decreased milk production, diarrhoea, salivation, dyspnoea, fever, lacrimation, bilateral corneal opacity and bloody urine were observed in cattle located in the arbe gona district of southern ethiopia. the disease was associated with a high case fatality rate: diseased cattle died within four to five days after showing clinical signs. the clinical presentation, gross pathological observations, histopathological findings and epidemiological data strongly s ...201324761736
a novel spliced gene in alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 encodes a glycoprotein which is secreted in vitro.herpesviruses often contain cryptic, spliced genes that are not obvious from the initial in silico annotation. alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) contains 72 annotated orfs but there are also a number of gaps between these that may have protein-coding potential. comparative analysis of coding potential between alhv-1 and the related ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) revealed a putative novel spliced gene that we have termed a9.5. analysis of cdna clones from alhv-1-infected cells revealed three overl ...201323956300
novel virus-encoded microrna molecules expressed by ovine herpesvirus 2-immortalized bovine t-cells.a number of herpesviruses have now been shown to encode micrornas (mirnas) that have roles in control of both viral and cellular gene expression. ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever, a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle. using massively parallel sequencing and northern hybridization we have identified eight putative mirnas encoded by ovhv-2 expressed in an ovhv-2-immortalized bovine lymphocyte cell line. these eight mirnas ar ...201221957125
development of an in vivo system to measure antibody-blocking of ovine herpesvirus 2 entry.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), has never been propagated in vitro. thus, an alternative to in vitro virus neutralization is needed to assess neutralizing antibody activity to ovhv-2 in sa-mcf vaccine development. an in vivo system in sheep and rabbits was evaluated to determine whether it could be used to assess the ability of antibodies to block ovhv-2 at the entry site by mixing virus and anti-ovhv-2 serum before challe ...201223274755
molecular characterisation of ovine herpesvirus type 2 (ovhv-2) in turkey.in this study, the physical examination of 22 cattle revealed clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). peripheral blood leukocyte (pbl) samples of the 22 cattle, and nasal (n = 7) and conjunctival (n = 9) swab samples from 16 sheep from two different farms, were taken for laboratory examination. the clinical diagnosis of mcf in cows was confirmed by the detection of ovine herpesvirus type 2 (ovhv-2) dna by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). ovhv-2 dna was detected by nested-pcr in pbl of ...201223160034
ovine herpesvirus type 2 infection in captive bison in india. 201222730503
ovine herpesvirus 2 infection in american bison: virus and host dynamics in the development of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is a gammaherpesvirus that causes sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), a frequently fatal disease mainly of ruminants. this study was designed to define virus-host dynamics following experimental ovhv-2 infection in bison. a transient peak in viral dna accompanied by the presence of ovhv-2 orf25, orf50 and orf73 transcripts was observed in lungs only from 9 to 12 days post-inoculation (dpi), suggesting occurrence of viral replication. this initial vir ...201222592216
experimental induction of malignant catarrhal fever in pigs with ovine herpesvirus 2 by intranasal nebulization.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), a frequently fatal herpesviral disease primarily of ruminant species, has been sporadically reported in pigs. all cases of naturally occurring porcine mcf reported to date have been linked to ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), a gammaherpesvirus in the genus macavirus carried by sheep. experimental induction of mcf by aerosolization of the virus in nasal secretions collected from infected sheep has been successful in bison, cattle and rabbits. the goals of this study ...201222560763
[clinical and pathological findings in an alpaca suffering from malignant catarrhal fever].malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a worldwide occurring sporadic disease of cloven-hoofed animals. for the first time, this case report describes clinical and pathological as well as histopathological findings in an alpaca suffering from mcf caused by ovine herpesvirus 2. clinical symptoms comprised apathy, dehydration, anorexia, and emaciation. these symptoms were unspecific and did not correspond to any known course of mcf in cattle. however, the findings of the pathological and histopatholog ...201222526725
a possible case of caprine-associated malignant catarrhal fever in a domestic water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) in switzerland.abstract:201122132808
characterization of ovine herpesvirus 2-induced malignant catarrhal fever in rabbits.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a frequently fatal lymphoproliferative disease syndrome primarily of ruminant species, caused by gammaherpesviruses in the genus macavirus. ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), carried by sheep, causes sheep-associated mcf worldwide, while alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1), carried by wildebeest, causes wildebeest-associated mcf, mainly in africa. diseases in rabbits can be induced by both viruses, which are clinically and pathologically similar; however, recent stud ...201121419581
malignant catarrhal fever in cows due to ovine herpesvirus type 2. 201121842548
identification of peripheral blood mononuclear cells targeted by ovine herpesvirus-2 in sheep.sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), is usually a fatal disease of various ruminants and swine. in contrast, natural ovhv-2 infection in sheep, which are the main ovhv-2 reservoir, proceeds without any clinical symptoms. since the range of targeted cells may be important for pathogenesis, we wanted to analyze the natural range of peripheral mononuclear blood cells (pbmc) targeted by ovhv-2. to this end, ovhv-2-free sheep were exposed to natura ...201019783107
experimental nebulization of american bison (bison bison) with low doses of ovine herpesvirus 2 from sheep nasal secretions.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), is an important cause of mortality in ranched american bison and domestic cattle in north america. previous studies showed that bison can be infected by intranasal nebulization with sheep nasal secretions containing ovhv-2 and provided preliminary information on viral doses required for infection and disease progression. the goals of this study were to establish optimal minimal infectious and minimal lethal doses of ovhv-2 ...201020018461
diagnostic exercise: generalized alopecia and mural folliculitis in a goat.an 18-month-old cross-bred goat was presented with generalized erythema and thinning of the hair coat, as well as localized moderate scaling. histopathological evaluation of skin biopsies showed hyperplasia and marked disruption of the infundibular epithelium owing to a predominant infiltrate of macrophages with multinucleated histiocytic giant cells and some lymphocytes, plasma cells, and eosinophils. examination of peripheral blood and skin by polymerase chain reaction gave positive results fo ...201020348489
sheep (ovis aries) airway epithelial cells support ovine herpesvirus 2 lytic replication in vivo.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), a frequently fatal disease of some members of the order artiodactyla. ovhv-2 is carried as a lifelong subclinical infection in sheep (ovis aries). to date ovhv-2 has not been propagated in vitro and this has hampered studies of viral pathogenesis and efforts to develop a vaccine to protect animals from sa-mcf. lytic ovhv-2 replication occurs in the lungs of experimentally infected sheep at ...201020381274
cd8(+)/perforin(+)/wc1(-) gammadelta t cells, not cd8(+) alphabeta t cells, infiltrate vasculitis lesions of american bison (bison bison) with experimental sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever.sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf) caused by ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2), a gamma-herpesvirus in the macavirus genus, is a fatal disease associated with lymphoproliferation, lymphocytic vasculitis, and mucosal ulceration in clinically susceptible species. sa-mcf is an important threat to american bison (bison bison) due to their high susceptibility to this disease. currently, the pathogenesis of disease in sa-mcf is poorly understood, and the immunophenotype of lymphocytes that ...201020413164
outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever among cattle associated with a state livestock exhibition.severe disease and death were identified in cattle exhibited at a state fair that were naturally infected with ovine herpesvirus type 2 (ovhv-2).201020590500
transmission of ovine herpesvirus 2 from asymptomatic boars to sows. 201021122250
the prevalence of ovine herpesvirus-2 in 4 sheep breeds from different regions in south africa.about 90% of bovine malignant catarrhal fever (bmcf) pcr-positive cases in south africa are caused by alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) and the other 10% by ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2). the prevalence of ovhv-2 in different sheep breeds in south africa was determined in order to investigate whether the lower incidence of bmcf caused by ovhv-2 in comparison with alhv-1 can be ascribed to a low incidence of the virus in sheep. a single-tube hemi-nested pcr was developed, evaluated and applied to ...201021247014
ovine herpesvirus 2 structural proteins in epithelial cells and m-cells of the appendix in rabbits with malignant catarrhal fever.sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), is a usually fatal disease of various ruminants and swine. a system for propagation of ovhv-2 in vitro has not yet been identified, although persistently infected cells have been derived from diseased animals and used to establish an animal model in rabbits. ovhv-2 structural proteins have not been detected in diseased animals and the pathogenesis of ovhv-2 infection is poorly understood. recently, the geno ...200919249164
naturally occurring sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in north american pigs.two cases of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in pigs were diagnosed on a small farm in new york, and in kentucky. in both cases, the initial diagnosis was based on histopathological changes representing typical lymphoproliferative vasculitis in multiple tissues of the affected pigs. ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) dna was detected by polymerase chain reaction in the tissues of affected pigs in both cases. the amplified sequences were identical between the clinically affected pigs a ...200919286508
infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 in norwegian herds with a history of previous outbreaks of malignant catarrhal fever.infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) in healthy cattle, swine, sheep, and goats was investigated on 43 selected norwegian farms; of which, 41 (95%) had experienced outbreaks of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in cattle and/or swine during the preceding 5 years. two of the farms had no history of mcf and were included for control purposes. blood samples from 384 cattle, 40 sows, 75 sheep, and 4 goats were examined for ovhv-2 by polymerase chain reaction assay (pcr) and for antibodies using ...200919286510
investigation of the role of austrian ruminant wildlife in the epidemiology of malignant catarrhal fever viruses.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an ubiquitous disease of cattle and other ruminants caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), which is endemic in sheep and transmitted from healthy carriers. further viruses of the mcf group are also able to induce mcf in ruminants. as alpine pasturing is very common in austria, possible contact with ruminant wildlife carrying and excreting mcf viruses might be suspected as an infection source. to investigate the epidemiologic role of austrian deer and chamois, ...200919395762
ovine herpesvirus 2 infection in foal, brazil. 200919402994
malignant catarrhal fever of cattle is associated with low abundance of il-2 transcript and a predominantly latent profile of ovine herpesvirus 2 gene expression.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a lethal disease of cattle, characterized by vasculitis, necrosis, and accumulation of activated, dysregulated cytotoxic lymphocytes in various tissues. ovine gamma herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is a causative agent of mcf, which may trigger the disease through immunopathogenic pathways. lymphocytes are the main target of the virus. however, the pathogenic basis of the disease is still mysterious.200919603070
malignant catarrhal fever: a review.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of cattle and other ungulates caused by the ruminant gamma-herpesviruses alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1) and ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2). these viruses cause inapparent infection in their reservoir hosts (wildebeest for alhv-1 and sheep for ovhv-2), but fatal lymphoproliferative disease when they infect mcf-susceptible hosts, including cattle, deer, bison, water buffalo and pigs. mcf is an important disease wherever reser ...200918760944
sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in free-ranging moose (alces alces) in saskatchewan, canada.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a sporadic disease of artiodactyls caused by several viruses in the gammaherpesvirinae. we report two cases of mcf in free-living moose (alces alces) from saskatchewan. one was a thin, dehydrated, adult male found recumbent in 2006. at necropsy, ulcers were found in the intestine, bladder, and corneas. microscopically, there was lymphocytic vasculitis and perivasculitis in many organs with infrequent fibrinoid necrosis. ovine herpes virus-2 (ohv-2) was identifi ...200919204352
retrospective evaluation of idiopathic hematuria and associated pathology in grant's gazelles (gazella granti): 10 cases.ten cases of hematuria in grant's gazelle (gazella granti) (two male and eight female) from five institutions were examined and the clinicopathologic data summarized. five gazelles died spontaneously and five were euthanized. all gazelles had marked hematuria without pyuria. mean age at the onset of clinical signs and time of euthanasia or death was 5.0 +/- 1.4 yr and 8.2 +/- 3.7 yr, respectively. the severity of clinical signs with hematuria ranged from episodes of chronic intermittent hematuri ...200920063809
gammaherpesvirus carrier status of black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) in south africa.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an economically important disease primarily of domestic cattle with a high case fatality rate. it is caused by either alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 (alhv-1) or ovine herpesvirus type 2 (ovhv-2). the major reservoir host of alhv-1 is the blue wildebeest (connochaetes taurinus), but it is generally accepted that the black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) is also a reservoir host. no viral studies in the black wildebeest have been reported and the carrier status of ...200819244822
bilateral perirenal hemorrhage in two stone's sheep (ovis dalli stonei): a possible manifestation of malignant catarrhal fever.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf)-like disease was diagnosed at postmortem in 2 stone's sheep (ovis dalli stonei). on gross examination, the predominant abnormality in both sheep was severe perirenal hemorrhage and multiple renal infarcts. microscopically, there was severe, multisystemic lymphocytic arteritis. both sheep were positive for ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) on polymerase chain reaction, and partial sequencing of the viral dna polymerase genes from the 2 sheep revealed >99% homology, with ...200818776110
a captured viral interleukin 10 gene with cellular exon structure.we have characterized a novel, captured and fully functional viral interleukin (il)-10 homologue ((ovhv)il-10) from the gammaherpesvirus ovine herpesvirus 2. unlike il-10 homologues from other gammaherpesviruses, the (ovhv)il-10 peptide sequence was highly divergent from that of the host species. the (ovhv)il-10 gene is unique amongst virus captured genes in that it has precisely retained the original cellular exon structure, having five exons of similar sizes to the cellular counterparts. howev ...200818796712
development of a management program for a mixed species wildlife park following an occurrence of malignant catarrhal fever.during late 2001 and early 2002, a mixed species wildlife park in north carolina experienced an acute outbreak of morbidity and mortality in pere david's deer (elaphurus davidianus), axis deer (axis axis), blackbuck antelope (antelope cervicapra), white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus). clinical signs varied from fulminant disease, progressing from depression to bloody scours to death in fewer than 4 days in pere david's deer, to a more protracted for ...200818817000
malignant catarrhal fever in a captive american bison (bison bison) in italy.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a fatal, systemic disease of cattle and other domestic and wild ruminants that, in europe, is caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2). american bison (bison bison) are highly susceptible to the disease. an adult american bison, housed in a zoo in southern italy in close cohabitation with a group of domestic sheep (ovis aries aries) displayed clinical signs that resembled the acute form of mcf. by real-time polymerase chain reaction, ovhv-2 dna was detected intra ...200818987244
detection of ovine herpesvirus 2 major capsid gene transcripts as an indicator of virus replication in shedding sheep and clinically affected animals.the aim of this study was to identify tissues where ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) replication occurs in vivo. a reverse-transcriptase pcr targeting the ovhv-2 major capsid protein gene (orf 25) was developed and the presence of transcripts used as an indicator of virus replication in naturally infected sheep, and cattle and bison with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf). orf 25 transcripts were detected in 18 of 60 (30%) turbinate, trachea, and lung samples from five sheep experie ...200818054405
long distance spread of malignant catarrhal fever virus from feedlot lambs to ranch bison.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) caused by ovhv-2 occurred in ranch bison herds separated by significant distances from feedlot lambs. mortality rates correlated with distances: 17.5%, 6.1%, and 0.43% at approximately 1.6, 4.2, and 5.1 km, respectively. the study further defines the importance of distance of species separation for mcf control.200818309750
prevalence of ovine herpesvirus type 2 in north-west portugal. 200818310564
production and utilization of interleukin-15 in malignant catarrhal fever.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an often fatal lymphoproliferative disease of ungulates caused by either alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1) or ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2). the pathogenesis of mcf is poorly understood, but appears to involve an auto-destructive pathology whereby cytotoxic lymphocytes destroy areas of a variety of tissues. the cytokine interleukin-15 (il-15) is involved in the development and maintenance of cytotoxic lymphocytes and may therefore have a role in the pathogenesi ...200818331739
probable malignant catarrhal fever presented as transient generalised crusting dermatitis in a cow.case history: a 2-year-old crossbred cow developed crusting ulcerative lesions that covered approximately 40% of the body. they were first observed 2 weeks after the cow calved, and were most severe over the caudal aspect of the proximal hindlegs and perineum. clinical findings and diagnosis: generalised variably confluent 1-2-cm diameter foci of ulceration and crusting were visible. no ocular or oral lesions were visible, and the cow did not have diarrhoea. skin biopsies revealed lesions consis ...200818408797
experimental infection of rabbits with ovine herpesvirus 2 from sheep nasal secretions.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is a generally fatal disease that primarily occurs in ruminants and is caused by a group of gammaherpesviruses. outside of africa mcf is mainly caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) which is carried subclinically by sheep. cell-free virus is present in nasal secretions of shedding sheep and aerosol is the primary mode of transmission. although ovhv-2 has never been propagated in vitro, experimental infection involving intranasal nebulization with nasal secretions ...200818539411
ovine herpesvirus 2 replicates initially in the lung of experimentally infected sheep.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2), a rhadinovirus in the subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), a frequently fatal lymphoproliferative disease primarily of ruminants worldwide. inability to propagate the virus in vitro has made it difficult to study ovhv-2 replication. aerosol inoculation of sheep with ovhv-2 from nasal secretions collected from naturally infected sheep during shedding episodes results in infection of naive sheep, ...200818559941
ulcerative vulvitis and balanitis in sheep flocks.outbreaks of ulcerative vulvitis and balanitis occurred in three commercial sheep flocks in england and wales. between 29 and 44 per cent of the ewes were affected; most of the lesions resolved in three weeks. pathogens such as mycoplasmas, which have previously been associated with these conditions, were not detected despite using improved laboratory techniques. in one of the flocks, ovine herpesvirus type 2 was detected by pcr in the blood of two acutely affected ewes, from the vulval ulcers o ...200818641377
resistance to malignant catarrhal fever in american bison (bison bison) is associated with mhc class iia polymorphisms.the rhadinovirus ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) is the most common causative agent of malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) in clinically susceptible ruminants including cattle and bison. american bison (bison bison) are highly susceptible to clinical mcf. nevertheless, approximately 20% of bison on ranches or in feedlots become infected with the virus without developing clinical disease. defining the genetic basis for differences in susceptibility between bison could facilitate development of improved ...200717326800
immunohistochemical study of experimental malignant catarrhal fever in rabbits.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) is an often-fatal lymphoproliferative disease of a variety of ungulates that occurs worldwide. it is caused by either of the highly related but distinct gammaherpesviruses alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (alhv-1, wildebeest reservoir) or ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2, sheep reservoir). mcf in rabbits is an excellent model as it closely resembles the disease in susceptible ungulates that include cattle, deer and bison. in this study, newly available and previously characte ...200717374379
malignant catarrhal fever-like lesions associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 infection in three goats.this is the first description of malignant catarrhal fever-like lesions associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) infection in goats with central nervous symptoms. the diagnosis was based on typical histological lesions characterized by systemic lymphohistiocytic and fibrinoid vasculitis and confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and subsequent phylogenetic analysis of the detected ovhv-2 sequences.200717543478
validation of nonnested and real-time pcr for diagnosis of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in clinical samples.sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (sa-mcf), a frequently fatal disease primarily of certain ruminants, is caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2). molecular diagnosis of sa-mcf in affected animals has relied on detection of ovhv-2 dna using a nested pcr, which has significant potential for amplicon contamination as a routine method in diagnostic laboratories. in this report, a nonnested and a previously developed real-time pcr were validated for detection of ovhv-2 dna in samples from cl ...200717609352
malignant catarrhal fever associated with ovine herpesvirus-2 in free-ranging mule deer in colorado.malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) was diagnosed in four free-ranging mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) in january and february of 2003. diagnosis was based on typical histologic lesions of lymphocytic vasculitis and pcr identification of ovine herpesvirus-2 (ohv-2) viral genetic sequences in formalin-fixed tissues. the animals were from the uncompahgre plateau of southwestern colorado. deer from these herds occasionally resided in close proximity to domestic sheep (ovis aries), the reservoir host of ...200717699095
intra-nasal inoculation of american bison (bison bison) with ovine herpesvirus-2 (ovhv-2) reliably reproduces malignant catarrhal fever.sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) due to infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is common in commercial herds of american bison ( bison bison). inability to propagate ovhv-2 in vitro has been a constraint on experimental studies of the disease. we sought to establish whether nasal secretions from sheep that shed ovhv-2 might induce the disease in bison and to define a minimum challenge dose. fourteen bison were nebulized with sheep nasal sections containing 10(3)-10(7) ovhv-2 ...200717846237
studies on the aetiology of non-suppurative encephalitis in pigs.thirty-eight natural cases of aetiologically unclear non-suppurative encephalitis in pigs were studied retrospectively. brain samples were examined for the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv-2), porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (prrsv), porcine enteroviruses (pevs), ovine herpesvirus type 2 (ovhv-2), borna disease virus (bdv) and suid herpesvirus type 1 (suhv-1) by molecular biological and immunohistochemical methods. histological examination of the brains revealed var ...200717951563
outbreak of wildebeest-associated malignant catarrhal fever in ankole cattle.during an outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in a herd of ankole cattle in a zoological collection, two adult cows and one adult bull from a herd of 15 died or were euthanased between july and november 2004. the clinical, gross postmortem and histological findings were typical of the disease in uk native domestic cattle. the diagnosis was confirmed by serology in two animals, and by pcr in all three; the pcr provided evidence of alcelaphine herpesvirus type 1 infection in all three animals an ...200718024925
complete sequence and analysis of the ovine herpesvirus 2 genome.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is endemic in sheep populations worldwide and causes malignant catarrhal fever (mcf), a lymphoproliferative disease, in cattle, bison and deer. ovhv-2 has been placed in the gammaherpesvirus subfamily and is related closely to alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (alhv-1). here, the cloning, sequencing and analysis of the complete ovhv-2 genome derived from a lymphoblastoid cell line from an affected cow (bj1035) are reported. the unique portion of the genome consists of 130,93 ...200717170433
comparison of ovine herpesvirus 2 genomes isolated from domestic sheep (ovis aries) and a clinically affected cow (bos bovis).the rhadinovirus ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. ovhv-2 primarily affects ruminants and has a worldwide distribution. in this study, a composite sequence of ovhv-2 genomic dna isolated from nasal secretions of sheep experiencing virus-shedding episodes was determined and compared with the sequence of ovhv-2 dna isolated from a lymphoblastoid cell line derived from a clinically affected cow. the study confirmed the ovhv-2 sequence ...200717170434
malignant catarrhal fever in free-ranging cervids associated with ovhv-2 and cphv-2 dna.pathologic lesions were summarized in 18 free-ranging cervids (15 moose [alces alces], two roe deer [capreolus capreolus], and one red deer [cervus elaphus]) diagnosed with malignant catarrhal fever (mcf) after examination at the national veterinary institute, oslo 1982-2005. eye lesions (conjunctivitis, corneal opacity, fibrin clots in the anterior eye chamber) were the most frequent gross finding. erosive-ulcerative mucosal lesions in the nose and mouth were also commonly found. histopathology ...200617255446
pathogenesis of gammaherpesvirus infections.gammaherpesviruses are members of an emerging subfamily among the herpesviridae. two genera are discriminated: (i) lymphocryptovirus, including its type species epstein-barr virus (ebv), and (ii) rhadinovirus, including viruses of interest for medicine, veterinary medicine, and biomedical research, i.e. alcelaphine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, equine herpesvirus 2, human herpesvirus 8, mouse herpesvirus 68, and ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2). the perception that these viruses have a narrow ...200616332416
sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever virus: prospects for vaccine development.sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever is emerging as a significant problem for several ruminant species worldwide. the inability to propagate the causative agent, ovine herpesvirus 2, in vitro has seriously hindered research efforts in the development of effective programs for control of the disease in clinically susceptible hosts. recent molecular technologic advances have provided powerful tools for investigating this difficult-to-study virus. identification of the infectious virus source ...200616451115
differential transcription of ovine herpesvirus 2 genes in lymphocytes from reservoir and susceptible species.ovine herpesvirus 2 (ovhv-2) is a lymphotropic gammaherpesvirus that asymptomatically infects most sheep, but causes malignant catarrhal fever in cattle, bison, pigs and deer. there is no permissive cell culture system but ovhv-2-infected t lymphocytes can be cultured from diseased animals. we showed that the ovhv-2 genome was in a circular conformation in sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells and that the latency-associated orf73 was transcribed, while expression of the productive cycle gene ...200616525732
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