Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| abortion in donkeys associated with salmonella abortus equi infection. | salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar abortus equi (s. abortus equi) is well known as the aetiological agent of equine abortion. however, abortion caused by s. abortus equi has not been previously described in donkeys. | 2019 | 30868638 |
| epidemiology and molecular detection of equine herpesviruses in western algeria in 2011. | an episode of acute equine respiratory infection was reported in western algeria (tiaret province) between february and march 2011, affecting a large population of horses. nasal swabs (n=100) were taken from horses aged between 1 and 27 years, presenting with cough and mucopurulent nasal discharge. the prevalence of equine respiratory virus infections was examined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qpcr). one, or more, of four equine respiratory viruses were detected in the nasal swab ... | 2017 | 28757025 |
| detection of equine herpesvirus (ehv) -1, -2, -4 and -5 in ethiopian equids with and without respiratory problems and genetic characterization of ehv-2 and ehv-5 strains. | infections with equine herpesviruses (ehvs) are widespread in equine populations worldwide. whereas both ehv-1 and ehv-4 produce well-documented respiratory syndromes in equids, the contribution of ehv-2 and ehv-5 to disease of the respiratory tract is still enigmatic. this study describes the detection and genetic characterization of ehvs from equids with and without clinical respiratory disease. virus-specific pcrs were used to detect ehv-1, -2, -4 and -5. from the total of 160 equids with res ... | 2017 | 28102009 |
| frequency of molecular detection of equine herpesvirus-4 in nasal secretions of 3028 horses with upper airway infection. | 2017 | 28386031 | |
| the full genome sequences of 8 equine herpesvirus type 4 isolates from horses in japan. | equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4) is one of the most important pathogens in horses. to clarify the key genes of the ehv-4 genome that cause abortion in female horses, we determined the whole genome sequences of a laboratory strain and 7 japanese ehv-4 isolates that were isolated from 2 aborted fetuses and nasal swabs of 5 horses with respiratory disease. the full genome sequences and predicted amino acid sequences of each gene of these isolates were compared with of the reference ehv-4 strain ns ... | 2017 | 27840393 |
| multiple molecular detection of respiratory viruses and associated signs of airway inflammation in racehorses. | the potential involvement of viruses in inflammatory airway disease (iad) was previously investigated through either serology or pcr from nasopharyngeal swabs (ns). the aims of this study were to determine the prevalence and incidence of viral genome detection by qpcr in the equine airways, and their association with respiratory clinical signs. | 2016 | 27899161 |
| improvement of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for equine herpesvirus type 4 by using a synthetic-peptide 24-mer repeat sequence of glycoprotein g as an antigen. | to increase the sensitivity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4) that uses a 12-mer peptide of glycoprotein g (gg4-12-mer: mknnpiysegsl) [4], we used a longer peptide consisting of a 24-mer repeat sequence (gg4-24-mer: mknnpiysegslmlnvqhddsiht) as an antigen. sera of horses experimentally infected with ehv-4 reacted much more strongly to the gg4-24-mer peptide than to the gg4-12-mer peptide. we used peptide elisas to test paired sera from horses n ... | 2016 | 26424485 |
| a serologic and polymerase chain reaction survey of equine herpesvirus in burchell's zebras (equus quagga), hartmann's mountain zebras (equus zebra hartmannae), and thomson's gazelles (eudorcas thomsonii) in a mixed species savannah exhibit. | reports of equine herpesvirus (ehv) 1 and ehv-9 causing clinical disease in a wide range of species have been well documented in the literature. it is thought that zebras are the natural hosts of ehv-9 both in the wild and in captive collections. concerns about potential interspecies transmission of ehv-1 and ehv-9 in a mixed species savannah exhibit prompted serologic and polymerase chain reaction surveys. eighteen burchell's zebras ( equus quagga ), 11 hartmann's mountain zebras ( equus zebra ... | 2016 | 28080902 |
| the role of the equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) us3-encoded protein kinase in actin reorganization and nuclear egress. | the serine-threonine protein kinase encoded by us3 gene (pus3) of alphaherpesviruses was shown to modulate actin reorganization, cell-to-cell spread, and virus egress in a number of virus species. however, the role of the us3 orthologues of equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) has not yet been studied. here, we show that us3 is not essential for virus replication in vitro. however, growth rates and plaque diameters of a us3-deleted ehv-1 and a mutant in which the catalytic active si ... | 2016 | 27754319 |
| evidence of widespread natural recombination among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 4 but not among field isolates of equine herpesvirus 1. | recombination in alphaherpesviruses allows evolution to occur in viruses that have an otherwise stable dna genome with a low rate of nucleotide substitution. high-throughput sequencing of complete viral genomes has recently allowed natural (field) recombination to be studied in a number of different alphaherpesviruses, however, such studies have not been applied to equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) or equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4). these two equine alphaherpesviruses are genetically similar, but diffe ... | 2016 | 26691326 |
| seroprevalence and factors associated with seropositivity to equine arteritis virus in spanish purebred horses in spain. | equine viral arteritis (eva), a disease caused by infection with the equine arteritis virus (eav), is present in many european countries. in spain, the last confirmed outbreak was reported in 1992 and there is a paucity of seroprevalence studies. the disease has a major impact on the equine breeding industry, which is mainly represented by spanish purebred (sp) horses in spain. | 2016 | 26278700 |
| virological and serological investigation of equid herpesvirus 1 infection in new zealand. | infection with equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) may be asymptomatic, or may result in respiratory disease, abortion, neonatal death, or neurological disease. the aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of ehv-1 infection, including differentiation between genotypes with aspartic acid (d) and asparagine (n) at position 752 of the dna polymerase sequence, within a selected population of new zealand horses. the second aim was to determine the predictive value of serology for detection of latent ... | 2015 | 25666453 |
| comparative analysis of glycoprotein b (gb) of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) in cellular tropism and cell-to-cell transmission. | glycoprotein b (gb) plays an important role in alphaherpesvirus cellular entry and acts in concert with gd and the gh/gl complex. to evaluate whether functional differences exist between gb1 and gb4, the corresponding genes were exchanged between the two viruses. the gb4-containing-ehv-1 (ehv-1_gb4) recombinant virus was analyzed for growth in culture, cell tropism, and cell entry rivaling no significant differences when compared to parental virus. we also disrupted a potential integrin-binding ... | 2015 | 25654240 |
| binding of alphaherpesvirus glycoprotein h to surface α4β1-integrins activates calcium-signaling pathways and induces phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane. | intracellular signaling connected to integrin activation is known to induce cytoplasmic ca(2+) release, which in turn mediates a number of downstream signals. the cellular entry pathways of two closely related alphaherpesviruses, equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4), are differentially regulated with respect to the requirement of interaction of glycoprotein h (gh) with α4β1-integrins. we show here that binding of ehv-1, but not ehv-4, to target cells resulted in a rapid and significant ... | 2015 | 26489864 |
| a longitudinal study of poor performance and subclinical respiratory viral activity in standardbred trotters. | while clinical respiratory disease is considered a main cause of poor performance in horses, the role of subclinical respiratory virus infections is less clear and needs further investigation. | 2015 | 26392904 |
| role of gb and pus3 in equine herpesvirus 1 transfer between peripheral blood mononuclear cells and endothelial cells: a dynamic in vitro model. | infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) effectively transport equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1), but not ehv-4, to endothelial cells (ec) lining the blood vessels of the pregnant uterus or central nervous system, a process that can result in abortion or myeloencephalopathy. we examined, using a dynamic in vitro model, the differences between ehv-1 and ehv-4 infection of pbmc and pbmc-ec interactions. in order to evaluate viral transfer between infected pbmc and ec, cocultivation assay ... | 2015 | 26378176 |
| equine herpes virus type 1 (ehv-1) and 4 (ehv-4) infections in horses and donkeys in northeastern turkey. | the herpesviruses infections in equides are caused by five different serotypes of viruses, belonging to family herpesviridae. the goal of this study was to conduct a seroepidemiological investigation of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and type 4 (ehv-4) in horses and donkeys raised in two provinces and their villages in northeastern turkey. a total of 666 samples from 423 horses and 243 donkeys that were not immunized against these infections were tested with elisa. while 52.48% of tested hors ... | 2015 | 27175200 |
| detection of equine herpesvirus-4 and physiological stress patterns in young thoroughbreds consigned to a south african auction sale. | the prevalence of equine herpesvirus types-1 and -4 (ehv-1 and -4) in south african thoroughbreds at auction sales is currently undefined. commingling of young thoroughbreds from various populations together with physiological stress related to their transport and confinement at a sales complex, may be associated with shedding and transmission of ehv-1 and -4. this prospective cohort study sampled 90 young thoroughbreds consigned from eight farms, originating from three provinces representative ... | 2015 | 26033323 |
| association between inflammatory airway disease of horses and exposure to respiratory viruses: a case control study. | inflammatory airway disease (iad) in horses, similar to asthma in humans, is a common cause of chronic poor respiratory health and exercise intolerance due to airway inflammation and exaggerated airway constrictive responses. human rhinovirus is an important trigger for the development of asthma; a similar role for viral respiratory disease in equine iad has not been established yet. | 2015 | 26535117 |
| serosurveillance of infectious agents in equines of the central valley of costa rica. | blood samples from 181 equines from the central valley of costa rica were collected in the year 2012 to determine the presence of antibodies against selected infectious agents in horses and to determine the risk factors associated with these agents. the presence of antibodies against equine infectious anemia virus (eiav), equine herpes virus 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4), west nile virus (wnv), influenza a virus (iav), equine viral arteritis virus (evav), babesia caballi, theileria equi, neospora ca ... | 2014 | 26623349 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of the pseudorabies virus ul31 gene. | we amplified a 816-bp sequence of the ul31 gene from the pseudorabies virus (prv) becker strain genome. evidence that this was the ul31 gene was confirmed by cloning and sequencing. the prv ul31 gene encodes a putative protein of 271-amino acid residues, which was designated the ul31 protein. bioinformatic analysis indicated that prv ul31 contains a conserved pha03328 domain, closely related with the herpes virus nuclear egress lamina protein ul31 family and highly conserved among counterparts e ... | 2014 | 24668671 |
| a designed equine herpes thymidine kinase (ehv4 tk) variant improves ganciclovir-induced cell-killing. | the limitations of the ganciclovir (gcv)/herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (hsv1 tk: ec 2.7.1.21) system as a suicide gene therapy approach have been extensively studied over the years. in our study, we focused on improving the cytotoxic profile of the gcv/equine herpes virus-4 thymidine kinase (ehv4 tk: ec 2.7.1.21) system. our approach involved the structure-guided mutagenesis of ehv4 tk in order to switch its ability to preferentially phosphorylate the natural substrate deoxythymidine (dt ... | 2014 | 24316433 |
| successful control of winter pyrexias caused by equine herpesvirus type 1 in japanese training centers by achieving high vaccination coverage. | equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) is a major cause of winter pyrexia in racehorses in two training centers (ritto and miho) in japan. until the epizootic period of 2008-2009, a vaccination program using a killed ehv-1 vaccine targeted only susceptible 3-year-old horses with low antibody levels to ehv-1 antigens. however, because the protective effect was not satisfactory, in 2009-2010 the vaccination program was altered to target all 3-year-old horses. to evaluate the vaccine's efficacy, we inve ... | 2014 | 24872513 |
| production of equine herpesvirus 1 recombinant glycoprotein d and development of an agar gel immunodiffusion test for serological diagnosis. | equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and 4) infect most of the world's horses, causing serious clinical illness. viral glycoproteins have been identified as the immunodominant antigens that generate the antiviral serological responses to ehv-1 and ehv-4 in infected horses. here, glycoprotein d of ehv-1 was expressed by a recombinant baculovirus, purified and evaluated by a simple agar gel immunodiffusion test (agid). compared with virus neutralization, serological analysis by agid showed good speci ... | 2014 | 24631347 |
| development of a single-tube duplex evagreen real-time pcr for the detection and identification of ehv-1 and ehv-4. | the objective of this study was to develop a novel evagreen (eg) based real-time pcr technique for the simultaneous detection of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) genomes from equine nasal swabs. viral genomes were identified based on their specific melting temperatures (t m), which are 88.0 and 84.4 °c for ehv-1 and ehv-4, respectively. the detection limitation of this method was 50 copies/μl or 0.15 pg/μl for ehv-1 and 5 copies/μl or 2.5 fg/μl for ehv-4. this assay ... | 2014 | 24615388 |
| comparing the genetic diversity of orf30 of australian isolates of 3 equid alphaherpesviruses. | a single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) has been previously associated with ehv-1 neurological disease in several countries around the world. this disease is very uncommon in australia and little information is available about the presence of this snp in australian ehv-1 isolates. the orf30 sequence of 66 australian ehv-1 isolates was determined and the genotype was compared to the disease manifestation of the case from which the virus was isolated. of the 66 isolates, 61 were from cases of abort ... | 2014 | 24418044 |
| first report on equine herpesvirus type 4 isolation in poland--evaluation of diagnostic tools. | upper respiratory tract infections are still a serious problem in breeding and racing horses. the most common virological factors are ehv1 and ehv4, which are both a major cause of secondary infections. high ehv4 seroprevalence in polish horses indicates a high transmission rate of this pathogen among horses and increases the need for proper diagnostics. the aim of this study was to develop a reliable laboratory diagnostic scheme for upper respiratory tract infections and to describe the first i ... | 2013 | 24195284 |
| role of equine herpesviruses as co-infecting agents in cases of abortion, placental disease and neonatal foal mortality. | herpesviral infections frequently occur in horses. the objective of this study was to investigate the possible association of equine herpesviruses (ehv-1, ehv-2, ehv-3, ehv-4, ehv-5) with other causes of abortion, neonatal mortality or placental disorder. sixty-seven abortions, 22 stillbirths, 14 cases of neonatal foal mortality and 3 cases of placental disease were investigated for infectious and non-infectious causes. type-specific nested pcr assays and virus isolation were performed to detect ... | 2013 | 24052369 |
| equine herpesviruses type 1 (ehv-1) and 4 (ehv-4)--masters of co-evolution and a constant threat to equids and beyond. | the equine herpesviruses type 1 (ehv-1) and 4 (ehv-4) are ubiquitous pathogens that affect horse populations on all continents. despite widespread vaccination, ehv-1 and ehv-4 infections remain a permanent risk. while the two viruses share a high degree of genetic and antigenic similarity, they differ significantly in host range and pathogenicity. compared to ehv-4, which mainly infects horses and causes respiratory disease, ehv-1 has a broader host range and can result in respiratory disease, a ... | 2013 | 23890672 |
| glycoprotein h and α4β1 integrins determine the entry pathway of alphaherpesviruses. | herpesviruses enter cells either by direct fusion at the plasma membrane or from within endosomes, depending on the cell type and receptor(s). we investigated two closely related herpesviruses of horses, equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and ehv-4, for which the cellular and viral determinants routing virus entry are unknown. we show that ehv-1 enters equine epithelial cells via direct fusion at the plasma membrane, while ehv-4 does so via an endocytic pathway, which is dependent on dynamin ii, ... | 2013 | 23514881 |
| identification of a major immunogenic region of equine herpesvirus-1 glycoprotein e and its application to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. | a major immunogenic region of equine herpesvirus (ehv)-1 glycoprotein e (ge) was identified. firstly, the various fragments of ehv-1 ge were expressed as fusion proteins with glutathione s-transferase (gst) in escherichia coli and their antigenicities were compared by immunoblot analysis using sera from horses experimentally infected with ehv-1. thirty-three amino acids of ge (a.a. 169-201) specifically and sensitively reacted with the antibodies induced by ehv-1 but not ehv-4 infection. the cor ... | 2013 | 23434015 |
| a survey of respiratory viruses in new zealand horses. | to determine which viruses circulate among selected populations of new zealand horses and whether or not viral infections were associated with development of respiratory disease. | 2013 | 23425354 |
| molecular cloning and characterization of the pseudorabies virus us1 gene. | using polymerase chain reaction, a 1050-bp sequence of the us1 gene was amplified from the pseudorabies virus (prv) becker strain genome; identification of the us1 gene was confirmed by further cloning and sequencing. bioinformatics analysis indicated that the prv us1 gene encodes a putative polypeptide with 349 amino acids. the encoded protein, designated picp22, had a conserved herpes_ie68 domain, which was found to be closely related with the herpes virus immediate early regulatory protein fa ... | 2013 | 23359028 |
| the role of glycoprotein h of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) in cellular host range and integrin binding. | equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) glycoprotein h (gh) has been hypothesized to play a role in direct fusion of the virus envelope with cellular membranes. to investigate gh's role in infection, an ehv-1 mutant lacking gh was created and the gh genes were exchanged between ehv-1 and ehv-4 to determine if gh affects cellular entry and/or host range. in addition, a serine-aspartic acid-isoleucine (sdi) integrin-binding motif present in ehv-1 gh was mutated as it was presumed importa ... | 2012 | 22909178 |
| the role of secreted glycoprotein g of equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) in immune modulation and virulence. | equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) are important pathogens of horses worldwide. infection with ehv-4 usually remains restricted to the upper respiratory tract, whereas infection with ehv-1 can generalize after leukocyte-associated viremia. here we examined whether differences in the immunomodulatory glycoprotein g (gg) between the two viruses determine ehv-1's ability to cause systemic infection. to this end, mutant viruses were constructed based on the neurovirulent ehv-1 strain ... | 2012 | 22902480 |
| serological responses and clinical outcome after vaccination of mares and foals with equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) vaccines. | equine herpesvirus type 1 and type 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) cause infections of horses worldwide. while both ehv-1 and ehv-4 cause respiratory disease, abortion and myeloencephalopathy are observed after infection with ehv-1 in the vast majority of cases. disease control is achieved by hygiene measures that include immunization with either inactivated or modified live virus (mlv) vaccine preparations. we here compared the efficacy of commercially available vaccines, an ehv-1/ehv-4 inactivated combina ... | 2012 | 22633483 |
| the role of equine herpesvirus type 4 glycoprotein k in virus replication. | equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) is an important equine pathogen that causes respiratory tract disease among horses worldwide. glycoprotein k (gk) homologues have been identified in several alphaherpesviruses as a major player in virus entry, replication, and spread. in the present study, ehv-4 gk-deletion mutant has been generated by using bacterial artificial chromosome technology and red mutagenesis to investigate the role of gk in ehv-4 replication. our findings reported here show that gk is ess ... | 2012 | 23012623 |
| equine herpesvirus type 4 ul56 and ul49.5 proteins downregulate cell surface major histocompatibility complex class i expression independently of each other. | major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i) molecules are critically important in the host defense against various pathogens through presentation of viral peptides to cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctls), a process resulting in the destruction of virus-infected cells. herpesviruses interfere with ctl-mediated elimination of infected cells by various mechanisms, including inhibition of peptide transport and loading, perturbation of mhc-i trafficking, and rerouting and proteolysis of cell surface m ... | 2012 | 22623773 |
| equine herpesvirus 4: recent advances using bac technology. | the equine herpesviruses are major infectious pathogens that threaten equine health. equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) is an important equine pathogen that causes respiratory tract disease, known as rhinopneumonitis, among horses worldwide. ehv-4 genome manipulation with subsequent understanding of the viral gene functions has always been difficult due to the limited number of susceptible cell lines and the absence of small-animal models of the infection. efficient generation of mutants of ehv-4 woul ... | 2011 | 21292410 |
| development of an antigen-capture elisa for the detection of equine influenza virus nucleoprotein. | an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ac-elisa) was developed for the detection of the equine influenza virus (eiv), employing monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against the a/equine/xingjiang/2007 (h3n8) nucleoprotein (np). immunoglobulin g antibodies were purified and used as capture or detector antibodies. the specificity of the optimized ac-elisa was evaluated using eiv, equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1), equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4), equine arteritis virus (eav) and japanese en ... | 2011 | 21536075 |
| equine alphaherpesviruses (ehv-1 and ehv-4) differ in their efficiency to infect mononuclear cells during early steps of infection in nasal mucosal explants. | equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) replicates extensively in the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract, after which it can spread throughout the body via a cell-associated viremia in mononuclear leukocytes reaching the pregnant uterus and central nervous system. in a previous study, we were able to mimic the in vivo situation in an in vitro respiratory mucosal explant system. a plaquewise spread of ehv-1 was observed in the epithelial cells, whereas in the connective tissue below the basement ... | 2011 | 21536394 |
| surveillance programme for important equine infectious respiratory pathogens in the usa. | the prevalence and epidemiology of important viral (equine influenza virus [eiv], equine herpesvirus type 1 [ehv-1] and ehv-4) and bacterial (streptococcus equi subspecies equi) respiratory pathogens shed by horses presented to equine veterinarians with upper respiratory tract signs and/or acute febrile neurological disease were studied. veterinarians from throughout the usa were enrolled in a surveillance programme and were asked to collect blood and nasal secretions from equine cases with acut ... | 2011 | 21676986 |
| Glycoproteins D (gD) of equine herpesvirus type 1 and 4 (EHV-1 and EHV-4) determine cellular tropism independently of integrins. | Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4 are genetically and antigenically very similar but their pathogenic potential is strikingly different. The differences in pathogenicity between both viruses seem to be reflected in cellular host range: EHV-1 can readily be propagated in many cell types of multiple species, while EHV-4 entry and replication appears to be restricted mainly to equine cells. The clear difference in cellular tropism may well be associated with differences in the gene produc ... | 2011 | 22171258 |
| In vitro characterization of EHV-4 gG-deleted mutant. | Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) is an important pathogen that causes respiratory tract disease in horse populations worldwide. Glycoprotein G (gG) homologs have been identified in several alphaherpesviruses as minor non-essential membrane-anchored glycoproteins. In this study, EHV-4 gG deletion mutant has been generated by using bacterial artificial chromosome technology to investigate the role of gG in viral pathogenesis. Our findings reported here revealed no significant difference between parent ... | 2011 | 21960433 |
| Immunological correlates of vaccination and infection for equine herpesvirus type 1. | Equine herpesvirus type I (EHV-1) induces a variety of disease manifestations including respiratory disease, abortions and myeloencephalopathy. Several vaccines are commercially available but could not previously be distinguished by serologic testing from infection with EHV-1 (or the closely related EHV-4). Currently available vaccines are not reliably protective from the severe manifestations of the disease, including fatal myeloencephalopathy. We determined immunological parameters that can di ... | 2011 | 22205656 |
| glycoprotein g from pseudorabies virus binds to chemokines with high affinity and inhibits their function. | pseudorabies virus (prv), also known as suid herpesvirus, is the aetiological agent of aujeszky's disease in swine. in other animals, except higher-order primates, prv infection is often fatal. the mechanisms of prv pathogenesis and immune modulation are largely unknown. prv codes for 11 glycoproteins. among them, glycoprotein g (gg) is the most abundant prv protein found in the supernatant of prv-infected cell cultures. prv-gg has low amino acid sequence similarity with gg from other animal alp ... | 2010 | 19776237 |
| characterization of a thymidine kinase-deficient mutant of equine herpesvirus 4 and in vitro susceptibility of the virus to antiviral agents. | equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) is an important equine pathogen that causes respiratory tract disease among horses worldwide. a thymidine kinase (tk)-deletion mutant has been generated by using bacterial artificial chromosome (bac) technology to investigate the role of tk in pathogenesis. deletion of tk had virtually no effect on the growth characteristics of wa79deltatk in cell culture when compared to the parent virus. also, virus titers and plaque formation were unaffected in the absence of the ... | 2010 | 19931566 |
| antiviral effect of recombinant equine interferon-gamma on several equine viruses. | recombinant equine interferon-gamma (reifn-gamma) was prepared using a baculovirus expression system and its antiviral activity was investigated using several equine viruses. the reifn-gamma suppressed the replication of all equine viruses used in the present experiment in horse cell cultures, but did not affect the growth of host cells at concentrations of less than 1000 u/ml. a strong antiviral effect was observed, especially against rna viruses. equine picornavirus, equine rhinovirus and equi ... | 2010 | 20004981 |
| loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays for detection of equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 and differentiating a gene-deleted candidate vaccine strain from wild-type equid herpesvirus 1 strains. | loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) is a novel method for the rapid and sensitive detection of dna without the need for expensive equipment. in the present study, lamp assays were developed for the specific detection of equid herpesvirus 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4, respectively) and for the differentiation of glycoprotein e (ge)-deleted ehv-1 (deltage) strain, a candidate strain for a live vaccine, from field ehv-1 strains. specific primer sets were designed for the gc and ge genes of eh ... | 2010 | 20093679 |
| pathogenic potential of equine alphaherpesviruses: the importance of the mononuclear cell compartment in disease outcome. | equid herpesviruses types 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) are closely related pathogens of horses. while both viruses can infect the upper respiratory tract, ehv-1 regularly causes systemic infection, which is only rarely observed in the case of ehv-4. little is known about the molecular basis for this striking difference in pathogenic potential. recently, we have started a systematic analysis of differences in the amino acid sequences of proteins involved in virus replication, more specifically entry ... | 2010 | 20202764 |
| glycoprotein c of equine herpesvirus 4 plays a role in viral binding to cell surface heparan sulfate. | heparan sulfate moieties of cell surface proteoglycans serve as receptors for several herpesviruses. for herpes simplex virus 1, pseudorabies virus and equine herpesvirus 1, glycoprotein c (gc) homologues have been shown to mediate the binding to cell surface heparan sulfate. however, the role of gc in equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) infection has not yet been analyzed. using pull-down assay, we first determined that ehv-4 gc as well as gb are heparin-binding glycoproteins. to study the role of gc ... | 2010 | 20236610 |
| induction of a th-1-biased igg subclass response against equine herpesvirus type 1 in horses previously infected with type 4 virus. | an immunoglobulin g (igg) subclass response against equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection was investigated in horses that were naïve to ehv-1/4 and those that had previously been exposed to ehv-4. the igg subclass response was determined by an elisa using ehv-1-specific recombinant gg protein as an antigen. in most horses naïve to ehv-1/4, igga, iggb, and igg(t) were induced after experimental infection with ehv-1. in contrast, a subclass response dominated by igga and iggb, with no appare ... | 2010 | 21139350 |
| surveillance of equine respiratory viruses in ontario. | the objective of this project was to develop and implement an active surveillance program for the early and rapid detection of equine influenza viruses in ontario. for this purpose, from october 2003 to october 2005, nasopharyngeal swabs and acute and convalescent serum samples were collected from 115 client-owned horses in 23 outbreaks of respiratory disease in ontario. sera were paired and tested for antibody to equine influenza 1 (ae1-h7n7), equine influenza 2 (ae2-h3n8), equine herpesvirus 1 ... | 2010 | 21197227 |
| evaluation of the presence of equine viral herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equine viral herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) dna in stallion semen using polymerase chain reaction (pcr). | in the horse, the risk of excretion of two major equine pathogens (equine herpesvirus types 1 (ehv-1) and 4 (ehv-4)) in semen is unknown. the objective of our study was to assess the possible risks for the horizontal transmission of equine rhinopneumonitis herpesviruses via the semen and the effect of the viruses on stallion fertility. samples of stallion semen (n=390) were gathered from several different sources. examination of the semen involved the detection of viral dna using specific pcr. t ... | 2009 | 19268345 |
| cloning of the genome of equine herpesvirus 4 strain th20p as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome. | equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) is a major cause of respiratory tract disease in horses worldwide. the generation of recombinant viruses, which would lead to understanding of viral gene functions, has been hindered by the absence of suitable cell lines and small-animal models of the infection. in the present study, the genome of ehv-4 strain th20p was cloned as a stable and infectious bac without any deletions of the viral genes. mini f plasmid sequences flanked by loxp sites were inserted into the ... | 2009 | 19387789 |
| herpesviruses in respiratory liquids of horses: putative implication in airway inflammation and association with cytological features. | the objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence and the potential role of equine herpesviruses (ehvs) detection in both bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and tracheal wash (tw). the population included a control group (ctl; 37 tw and 25 bal) and a pathological group (pat; 259 tw and 387 bal), including horses either suffering from respiratory diseases including syndrome of tracheal inflammation, inflammatory airway disease, recurrent airway obstruction, or submitted to respiratory invest ... | 2009 | 19427139 |
| prevalence of equine herpesvirus-1 and equine herpesvirus-4 infections in equidae species in turkey as determined by elisa and multiplex nested pcr. | in this report we examined the presence of specific antibodies against equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1), and equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4) in several equidae, including mules, donkeys, horses. the presence of ehv-1 and ehv-4 in respiratory diseases of equids, and ability of multiplex nested polymerase chain reaction (pcr) screening in simultaneous diagnosis of horses acutely infected by ehv-1 and ehv-4 were also investigated. sera from 504 horses, mules and donkeys sampled were tested for t ... | 2009 | 18649902 |
| equine herpesvirus infections in yearlings in south-east queensland. | twelve nasal swabs were collected from yearling horses with respiratory distress and tested for equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) by real-time pcr targeting the glycoprotein b gene. all samples were negative for ehv-1; however, 3 were positive for ehv-4. when these samples were tested for ehv-2 and ehv-5 by pcr, all samples were negative for ehv-2 and 11 were positive for ehv-5. all three samples that were positive for ehv-4 were also positive for ehv-5. these three sam ... | 2008 | 18677574 |
| equid herpesvirus 2-associated oral and esophageal ulceration in a foal. | a case of a 1-month-old thoroughbred foal with dysphagia, salivation, pyrexia, oral mucosal pustules, and esophageal ulceration is reported. swabs from the ulcerated lesions yielded equid herpesvirus 2 (ehv-2) in virus isolation assays, and histopathology of a biopsy from the esophageal lesion identified nuclear inclusions suggestive of herpesviruses. immunohistochemical staining with antibodies specific for ehv-2 was positive for epithelial cells in the vicinity of the ulcer but not in more dis ... | 2008 | 18987236 |
| substrate specificity and molecular modelling of the feline herpesvirus-1 thymidine kinase. | feline herpesvirus-1 (fhv-1) causes a severe upper respiratory and ocular disease in cats. an effective antiviral compound is required for treating fhv-1 infections. the virus-encoded thymidine kinase (tk) is the molecular basis for selective activation of commonly used antiviral nucleoside analogue drugs, e.g. acyclovir (acv), penciclovir (pcv) and ganciclovir (gcv). the substrate specificity of a recombinant fhv-1 tk, expressed in escherichia coli, was studied. fhv-1 tk efficiently phosphoryla ... | 2008 | 18196203 |
| equine herpesvirus neurological disease. | 2008 | 18302993 | |
| clinical, serological and molecular investigations of ehv-1 and ehv-4 in 15 unweaned thoroughbred foals. | fifteen unweaned thoroughbred foals, born on a stud farm to vaccinated mares, were clinically monitored during their first six months of life and repeatedly tested for equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) and equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4). nasopharyngeal swabs and blood samples were collected and screened respectively by pcr and seroneutralisation to detect the presence of the virus, explore its role as a possible cause of respiratory disease, and to assess the efficiency of the pcr for the dia ... | 2008 | 18344498 |
| varicellovirus ul 49.5 proteins differentially affect the function of the transporter associated with antigen processing, tap. | cytotoxic t-lymphocytes play an important role in the protection against viral infections, which they detect through the recognition of virus-derived peptides, presented in the context of mhc class i molecules at the surface of the infected cell. the transporter associated with antigen processing (tap) plays an essential role in mhc class i-restricted antigen presentation, as tap imports peptides into the er, where peptide loading of mhc class i molecules takes place. in this study, the ul 49.5 ... | 2008 | 18516302 |
| host cell tropism of equine herpesviruses: glycoprotein d of ehv-1 enables ehv-4 to infect a non-permissive cell line. | equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) cause equine respiratory disease worldwide. however, only ehv-1 is a cause of abortion and neurological disease, despite the two viruses having all 76 genes in common. in addition ehv-1 has a broader host range in cell culture than ehv-4, as exemplified by the rabbit kidney (rk) cell line that is permissive for ehv-1, but not for ehv-4. here we describe that when ehv-4 produced in equine cells was inoculated onto rk cells expressing glycoprotein d o ... | 2007 | 17171298 |
| detection of viruses in nasal swab samples from horses with acute, febrile, respiratory disease using virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction and serology. | to examine the association of viruses with acute febrile respiratory disease in horses. design nasal swab and serum samples were collected from 20 horses with acute febrile upper respiratory disease that was clinically assessed to have a viral origin. | 2007 | 17300454 |
| multiplex real-time pcr for the detection and differentiation of equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4). | a multiplex real-time pcr was designed to detect and differentiate equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4). the pcr targets the glycoprotein b gene of ehv-1 and ehv-4. primers and probes were specific to each equine herpesvirus type and can be used in monoplex or multiplex pcrs, allowing the differentiation of these two closely related members of the alphaherpesvirinae. the two probes were minor-groove binding probes (mgb) labelled with 6-carboxy-fluorescein (fam) and vic for ... | 2007 | 17346907 |
| establishment of a novel equine cell line for isolation and propagation of equine herpesviruses. | in the present study, an equine-derived cell line was established by transfecting primary fetal horse kidney (fhk) cells with expression plasmid encoding simian virus 40 (sv40) large t antigen and then cloning them by limiting dilution. the cloned cell line, named fhk-tcl3, grew well and could be propagated over 30 times by splitting them 1:3. equine herpesvirus (ehv)-1 and ehv-4 replicated well in fhk-tcl3. ehv-2 and ehv-4 were isolated from samples collected from horses in the field using fhk- ... | 2007 | 17917390 |
| detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. | equid herpesvirus 1 (ehv1) is a major disease of equids worldwide causing considerable losses to the horse industry. a variety of techniques, including pcr have been used to diagnose ehv1. some of these pcrs were used in combination with other techniques such as restriction enzyme analysis (rea) or hybridisation, making them cumbersome for routine diagnostic testing and increasing the chances of cross-contamination. furthermore, they involve the use of suspected carcinogens such as ethidium brom ... | 2006 | 16137772 |
| ehv-1 and ehv-4 infection in vaccinated mares and their foals. | a silent cycle of equine herpesvirus 1 infection was described following epidemiological studies of unvaccinated mares and foals on a hunter valley stud farm. following the introduction of routine vaccination with an inactivated whole virus equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) and equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) vaccine in 1997, a subsequent study identified excretion of ehv-1 and ehv-4 in nasal swab samples tested by pcr from vaccinated mares and their unweaned, unvaccinated foals. the current sero-epidem ... | 2006 | 16513181 |
| pathogenesis of equine herpesvirus-associated neurological disease: a revised explanation. | 2006 | 16706288 | |
| temporal detection of equine herpesvirus infections of a cohort of mares and their foals. | the objectives of this study were to estimate the prevalence of equine herpesviruses (ehv) 1-5 in the nasal secretions (ns) of a cohort of 12 mares and their foals from birth to 6 months of age, estimate the prevalence of ehv-1-5 infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of selected foals, and investigate phylogenetic relationships amongst the various strains of ehv-2 and 5. virus-specific pcr assays were used to detect ehv-1-5 in ns and pbmc. a homologous portion of the glycoprotei ... | 2006 | 16774810 |
| equine herpesvirus-4 kinetics in peripheral blood leukocytes and nasopharyngeal secretions in foals using quantitative real-time taqman pcr. | based on the hypothesis that the viral load of cells infected with ehv-4 will likely change during the course of disease, taqman pcr was used to investigate and characterize the kinetics of ehv-4 viral dna load (glycoprotein b gene) and transcriptional activity (glycoprotein b and latency-associated transcripts) in peripheral blood leukocytes (pbls) and nasopharyngeal secretions (nss) collected from 11 foals during a field outbreak of respiratory disease. the ehv-4 dna load in pbls was low and o ... | 2005 | 16475518 |
| glycoprotein g deletion mutants of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv1; equine abortion virus) and ehv4 (equine rhinopneumonitis virus). | glycoprotein g (gg) deletion mutants of ehv1 and ehv4, designated ehv1deltagg and ehv4deltagg, were constructed. the growth characteristics of the ehv1deltagg mutants were similar to the parent virus. all of the ehv4deltagg mutants grew more slowly in cell culture and produced plaques of different morphology including smaller size. the yields of both gg deletion mutant viruses in cell culture were similar to the parent viruses. sequencing of the genes flanking gg, southern blot, pcr and western ... | 2005 | 16052277 |
| a glycoprotein m-deleted equid herpesvirus 4 is severely impaired in virus egress and cell-to-cell spread. | to analyse the function of the equid herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4) glycoprotein m homologue (gm), two different mutated viruses (e4deltagm-gfp and e4deltagm-w) were generated. both gm-negative ehv-4-mutants were characterized on complementing and on non-complementing cells and compared with e4rgm, a virus where gm-expression had been repaired. it was demonstrated in virus growth kinetics that deleting gm had a more dramatic influence on ehv-4 replication than expected. extracellular infectivity was dete ... | 2005 | 15604427 |
| identification of another b-cell epitope in the type-specific region of equine herpesvirus 4 glycoprotein g. | recently, a novel 12-mer b-cell epitope, mknnpiysegsl, in the type-specific region of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) glycoprotein g (gg) was identified and used as an antigen for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (maeda et al., j. clin. microbiol. 42:1095-1098, 2004). although our prototype strain, th20p, possesses two repeat sequences containing the b-cell epitope, the ehv-4 ns80567 strain has two repeat sequences that are not identical. one repeat sequence stretch contained the b-cell epitope, w ... | 2005 | 15642995 |
| natural recombinant between equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 in the icp4 gene. | equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) is a pathogen causing rhinopneumonia in young horses, abortion in mares, and myeloencephalitis in adult horses. two types, ehv-1 p and ehv-1 b, have recently been dominant among 16 electropherotypes. ehv-1 p and ehv-1 b viruses were compared by long and accurate polymerase chain reaction (la-pcr) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. differences in restriction sites were found to be focused in orf64, which encodes the infected cell protein 4 ( ... | 2005 | 15722602 |
| antibodies against equine herpesviruses and equine arteritis virus in burchell's zebras (equus burchelli ) from the serengeti ecosystem. | a total of 51 sera from a migratory population of burchell's zebras (equus burchelli) were collected in the serengeti national park (tanzania) between 1999 and 2001 to assess levels of exposure to equine herpesvirus types 1, 2, 4, 9 (ehv-1, -2, -4, -9), ehv-1 zebra isolate t965, and equine arteritis virus (eav). using virus-specific neutralizing antibody tests, seroprevalence was high for ehv-9 (60% of 45), moderate for eav (24% of 51), and lower for the ehv-1-related zebra isolate (17% of 41), ... | 2005 | 15827213 |
| equine herpesviruses 1 and 4: creeping to a solution. | 2005 | 15914048 | |
| comparison of antibody detection assays for the diagnosis of equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 infections in horses. | to compare methods of detecting equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv1)- and ehv4-specific antibodies in horse sera. | 2005 | 15934623 |
| equine herpesviruses 1 (ehv-1) and 4 (ehv-4)--epidemiology, disease and immunoprophylaxis: a brief review. | this review concentrates on the epidemiology, latency and pathogenesis of, and the approaches taken to control infection of horses by equine herpesvirus types 1 (ehv-1) and 4 (ehv-4). although both viruses may cause febrile rhinopneumonitis, ehv-1 is the main cause of abortions, paresis and neonatal foal deaths. the lesion central to these three conditions is necrotising vasculitis and thrombosis resulting from lytic infection of endothelial cells lining blood capillaries. the initiation of infe ... | 2005 | 15993786 |
| genomic diversity among equine herpesvirus-4 field isolates. | infection with equine herpesvirus-4 (ehv-4) is a major cause of respiratory tract disease, equine rhinopneumonitis, in horses. although the full sequence of ehv-4 has been reported, genomic differences among ehv-4 field isolates have not yet been characterized. in this study, the genomic diversity between 23 japanese ehv-4 isolates was analyzed by digestion with restriction endonucleases (bamhi, bgiii, ecori, saci, and sali) and polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the restriction endonuclease diges ... | 2005 | 15997181 |
| detection of ehv-1 and ehv-4 dna in unweaned thoroughbred foals from vaccinated mares on a large stud farm. | a silent cycle of equine herpesvirus 1 infection has been described following epidemiological studies in unvaccinated mares and foals. in 1997, an inactivated whole virus ehv-1 and ehv-4 vaccine was released commercially in australia and used on many stud farms. however, it was not known what effect vaccination might have on the cycle of infection of ehv-1. | 2004 | 15163042 |
| efficacy of a live equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) strain c147 vaccine in foals with maternally-derived antibody: protection against ehv-1 infection. | currently, there is no recommended immunoprophylaxis against febrile respiratory diseases due to equine herpesvirus-1 (ehv-1) and -4 (ehv-4) in horses below age 5-6 months. this is because of interference by maternally-derived antibody (mda) of vaccines. | 2004 | 15253088 |
| use of the meridian test for the detection of equine herpesvirus type 1 infection in horses with decreased performance. | to evaluate use of the acupuncture meridian test for detection of recent or recently reactivated equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1) infection in horses with decreased performance. | 2004 | 15344363 |
| evidence that use of an inactivated equine herpesvirus vaccine induces serum cytotoxicity affecting the equine arteritis virus neutralisation test. | several laboratories worldwide have recently experienced problems related to serum cytotoxicity with the equine arteritis virus (eav) neutralisation test (vn) when using office international des epizooties (oie) reference laboratory prescribed rabbit kidney (rk-13) indicator cells. cytotoxicity can be mistaken for viral cytopathic effect and has led to increasing difficulties in test interpretation, consequently causing disruption to both equine breeding and disease surveillance. results from ex ... | 2004 | 15364465 |
| amino acid analysis in mammalian cell culture media containing serum and high glucose concentrations by anion exchange chromatography and integrated pulsed amperometric detection. | the direct separation detection of amino acids by anion exchange chromatography with integrated pulsed amperometric detection was optimized for the analysis of typical mammalian cell culture broth samples. existing gradient elution conditions were adapted, considering the additions of peptone (2 g/l) and 10 vol% fetal calf serum to the medium as well as changing concentrations of glucose from 5.5 g/l up to complete consumption. samples had to be analyzed in two dilutions with water (1:33.3 and 1 ... | 2004 | 15519579 |
| equine herpesvirus 1 and 4. | equine herpesvirus infections in horses remain a significant cause of abortion and neurologic disease. these viruses are also responsible for mild signs of respiratory disease. the ability to establish latent infections with periodic reactivation or transmission to other horses is an important feature of these herpesviruses. one of the most unique aspects of this report is the description of horses demonstrating neurologic signs serving as the source of infection for other horses. accurate diagn ... | 2004 | 15519823 |
| updating equine influenza strains in a combined equine influenza and herpesvirus vaccine. | 2004 | 14975382 | |
| efficacy and duration of immunity of a combined equine influenza and equine herpesvirus vaccine against challenge with an american-like equine influenza virus (a/equi-2/kentucky/95). | it has been recommended that modern equine influenza vaccines should contain an a/equi-1 strain and a/equi-2 strains of the american and european-like subtype. we describe here the efficacy of a modern updated inactivated equine influenza-herpesvirus combination vaccine against challenge with a recent american-like isolate of equine influenza (a/equine-2/kentucky/95 (h3n8). the vaccine contains inactivated influenza strains a-equine-1/prague'56, a-equine-2/newmarket-1/'93 (american lineage) and ... | 2004 | 14975389 |
| development of an equine herpesvirus type 4-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a b-cell epitope as an antigen. | the equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4)-specific region of glycoprotein g has served as an antigen for serodiagnosis and seroepizootic studies of ehv-4 infection (b. s. crabb and m. j. studdert, j. virol. 67:6332-6338, 1993; s. yasunaga, k. maeda, t. matsumura, k. kai, h. iwata, and t. inoue, j. vet. med. sci. 60:1133-137, 1998; s. yasunaga, k. maeda, t. matsumura, t. kondo, and k. kai, j. vet. med. sci. 62:687-691, 2000). here we identified a major b-cell epitope in the type-specific region of eh ... | 2004 | 15004059 |
| bovine herpesvirus tegument protein vp22 enhances thymidine kinase/ganciclovir suicide gene therapy for neuroblastomas compared to herpes simplex virus vp22. | herpesvirus tegument protein vp22 can enhance the effect of therapeutic proteins in gene therapy, such as thymidine kinase (tk) and p53; however, the mechanism is unclear or controversial. in this study, mammalian expression vectors carrying bovine herpesvirus 1 (bhv-1) vp22 (bvp22) or herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) vp22 (hvp22) and equine herpesvirus type 4 (ehv-4) tk (etk) were constructed in order to evaluate and compare the therapeutic potentials of bvp22 and hvp22 to enhance etk/gancic ... | 2004 | 15047837 |
| seroprevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 in mares and foals on a large hunter valley stud farm in years pre- and postvaccination. | to examine the prevalence of equine herpesvirus 1 antibody in mares and foals on a large hunter valley thoroughbred stud farm in new south wales before and after the introduction of an inactivated whole virus vaccine. | 2003 | 15084039 |
| derivation and characterisation of a live equid herpes virus-1 (ehv-1) vaccine to protect against abortion and respiratory disease due to ehv-1. | a german abortion isolate of ehv-1 (strain m8) was grown in equine dermal (ed) cells at a low multiplicity of infection in presence of 5-bromo-2-deoxy uridine. the resulting stock was dialysed, titrated and cloned by terminal dilution in ed cells grown in 96-well microtitration plates. of 192 clones each originating from a single focus, clone 147 (c147) was found to be restricted for growth at and above temperatures of 38.5 degrees c. it was also restricted for growth at 37 degrees c in rabbit k ... | 2003 | 12441229 |
| equid herpesvirus (ehv-1) live vaccine strain c147: efficacy against respiratory diseases following ehv types 1 and 4 challenges. | the temperature sensitive and host range mutant clone 147 of equine herpesvirus 1 (ehv-1) was assessed for its ability to protect conventional, susceptible adult horses against respiratory infection by ehv-1 and equine herpesvirus 4 (ehv-4). intranasal (in) vaccination with 5.2 log(10) tcid(50) did not cause adverse clinical reactions although a limited virus shedding and viraemia (leukocytes) was observed in 11 of 15 and 10 of 15 vaccinated horses respectively. all 15 vaccinated horses showed a ... | 2003 | 12488066 |
| in vitro characterisation of high and low virulence isolates of equine herpesvirus-1 and -4. | basic in vitro characteristics of high and low virulence isolates of equine herpesviruses-1 and -4 were investigated with particular reference made to the ab4 and v592 isolates of ehv-1 as both have distinct endotheliotropism and clinical outcomes in pony challenge studies. additionally, some ehv-4 isolates that showed variations in clinical outcome were included in some experiments. the aim of the study was to identify an in vitro characteristic that would differentiate strains of known virulen ... | 2003 | 12801466 |
| detection of ehv-1 and ehv-4 in placental sections of naturally occurring ehv-1- and ehv-4-related abortions in the uk: use of the placenta in diagnosis. | ehv-1 and ehv-4 abortion diagnosis is based upon detailed examination of the aborted fetus. however, in some cases, only the placenta is available for examination. furthermore, the contribution of lesions in the placenta to pathogenesis and diagnosis of ehv-1 and ehv-4 abortion has been neglected. | 2003 | 12875318 |
| structural basis for the dual thymidine and thymidylate kinase activity of herpes thymidine kinases. | crystal structures of equine herpesvirus type-4 thymidine kinase (ehv4-tk) in complex with (i). thymidine and adp, (ii). thymidine and so(4) and the bisubstrate analogs, (iii). tp(4)a, and (iv). tp(5)a have been solved. additionally, the structure of herpes simplex virus type-1 thymidine kinase (hsv1-tk) in complex with tp(5)a has been determined. these are the first structures of nucleoside kinases revealing conformational transitions upon binding of bisubstrate analogs. the structural basis fo ... | 2003 | 14527394 |
| survival of equine herpesvirus-4, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus in multidose ophthalmic solutions. | to determine survival over time of infectious equine herpesvirus-4, feline herpesvirus-1, and feline calicivirus in three commercially available and commonly used ophthalmic solutions (eyewash, fluorescein, and proparacaine hcl). | 2002 | 12445296 |
| detection and isolation of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 from horses in normandy: an autopsy study of tissue distribution in relation to vaccination status. | equine herpesviruses type 1 and 4 (ehv-1 and ehv-4) are ubiquitous in the equine population. one of their main properties is their ability to establish life-long latent infections in their hosts even in those with natural or vaccine-induced immunity. however, effect of vaccination status on prevalence and tissue tropism was not established. in this study, ehv-1 and ehv-4 were detected by polymerase chain reaction and by classical virus isolation from neural, epithelial and lymphoid tissues colle ... | 2002 | 12449249 |
| vaccination of foals and pregnant mares with duvaxyn ehv1, 4 vaccine. | 2002 | 11803056 |