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detection of lumpy skin disease virus in an asymptomatic eland (taurotragus oryx) in namibia.nasal swabs collected from 40 wild ruminants in namibia were analyzed by pcr for the presence of lumpy skin disease virus (lsdv) dna. one sample from an asymptomatic eland (taurotragus oryx) tested positive, providing the first evidence of the presence of lsdv dna in an eland.202133961035
a spatial ecology study in a high-diversity host community to understand blood-feeding behaviour in phlebotomus sandfly vectors of leishmania.molecular studies indicate that phlebotomine sandflies (diptera: psychodidae) blood feed on many vertebrate species, of which only a few are proven parasite reservoirs. investigating sandfly vector feeding preferences is therefore important and requires taking into account the availability and accessibility of host species. in terms of the latter, it is necessary to consider the metabolic cost to the insect of reaching the host and moving on to a suitable breeding site. the present study used st ...202031930740
long-term persistence of wildlife populations in a pastoral area.facilitating coexistence between people and wildlife is a major conservation challenge in east africa. some conservation models aim to balance the needs of people and wildlife, but the effectiveness of these models is rarely assessed. using a case-study approach, we assessed the ecological performance of a pastoral area in northern tanzania (manyara ranch) and established a long-term wildlife population monitoring program (carried out intermittently from 2003 to 2008 and regularly from 2011 to 2 ...202033005359
probabilistic health risk assessment of heavy metals at wastewater discharge points within the vaal river basin, south africa.recently in south africa, wastewater treatment plants (wwtp) have come under scrutiny because of increased reports of their ineffectiveness to treat wastewater adequately. this study focused on assessing potential health risks for humans exposed to concentrations of heavy metals in river systems that receive effluents from wastewater treatment plants in the maluti-a-phofung municipality. untreated influents and treated effluents from two plants, one in the town of phuthaditjhaba, the other in th ...202031784328
blood mineral profile of the critically endangered western derby eland (taurotragus derbianus derbianus) in two conservation breeding reserves in senegal.for many nondomestic species, nutritional requirements and the challenges faced in their current habitats are unknown. this is the case of small semi-captive population of the critically endangered western derby eland held in two wildlife reserves (the bandia and the fathala) in senegal. the aim of this study was to determine the mineral profile (ca, p, mg, cu, fe, zn, se, k, s) in blood serum and to identify potential mineral deficiencies. serum data (11 individuals) were compared to other trag ...202032749008
comparison of divergent breeding management strategies in two species of semi-captive eland in senegal.breeding management of small populations may have a critical influence on the development of population characteristics in terms of levels of genetic diversity and inbreeding. two populations of antelope sister species - critically endangered western derby eland (tauroragus derbianus derbianus) and non-native least concern cape eland (taurotragus oryx oryx) bred under different management strategies were studied in senegal, western africa. the aims of the study were to compare the population gen ...202032483255
ante-and post-mortem strategies to improve the meat quality of high-value muscles harvested from farmed male common eland (taurotragus oryx).the effects of immunocastration, pelvic suspension and wet ageing on the meat quality of the longissimus lumborum et thoracis (ltl) and biceps femoris (bf) muscles of male common eland were evaluated. ten subadult males were either immunocastrated (n = 5) or remained intact (n = 5) throughout a four-month growth trial, after which their carcass sides were randomly allocated to either pelvic- or achilles-suspension. the ltl and bf were further aged for 14 days, measuring changes in the physical q ...202032438250
digesta passage in common eland (taurotragus oryx) on a monocot or a dicot diet.the way that fluids and particles move through the forestomach of a ruminant is species-specific, and can be used to classify ruminants according to their digestive physiology into 'moose-types' (with little difference in fluid and small particle passage) and 'cattle-types' (where fluids move through the forestomach much faster than small particles). so far, 'moose-types' appear limited to a dietary niche of browsing, whereas 'cattle-types' are particularly prominent in the intermediate and graz ...202032387134
seroprevalence of foot and mouth disease virus infection in some wildlife and cattle in bauchi state, nigeria.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is an important transboundary viral disease of both domestic and wild cloven-hoofed animals characterized by high morbidity with devastating consequence on the livestock worldwide. despite the endemic nature of fmd in nigeria, little is known about the epidemiology of the disease at the wildlife-livestock interface level. to address this gap, blood samples were collected between 2013 and 2015 from some wildlife and cattle, respectively, within and around the yankari ...202032257095
long-term historical and projected herbivore population dynamics in ngorongoro crater, tanzania.the ngorongoro crater is an intact caldera with an area of approximately 310 km2 located within the ngorongoro conservation area (nca) in northern tanzania. it is known for the abundance and diversity of its wildlife and is a unesco world heritage site and an international biosphere reserve. long term records (1963-2012) on herbivore populations, vegetation and rainfall made it possible to analyze historic and project future herbivore population dynamics. nca was established as a multiple use ar ...202032155150
influence of ageing on the physical qualities of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum and biceps femoris muscles from male and female free-ranging common eland (taurotragus oryx).the physical quality changes (ph, purge loss, cooking loss, drip loss, warner-bratzler shear force and cie lab colour) of vacuum-packaged longissimus thoracis et lumborum (ltl) and biceps femoris (bf) muscles were determined for male (n = 6) and female (n = 6) eland during a 35-day post-mortem ageing period at 4 °c. the bf and ltl muscles reached maximum tenderness (57 to 67 n) at day 17 and 21, respectively, but could still be considered tough after ageing. purge losses increased throughout age ...202031470198
minerals in the blood, hair, and faeces of the critically endangered western derby eland under human care in two wildlife reserves in senegal.the widely used means of investigating animal mineral profiles are blood serum or plasma and internal organ tissues. the acquisition of these types of samples can be invasive and requires much effort. these factors become key obstacles in the case of rare and elusive species such as the western derby eland (taurotragus derbianus derbianus, wde), which is a critically endangered antelope with a current distribution limited to the niokolo koba national park, and two wildlife reserves in senegal. o ...202031338803
drivers of diet selection of critically endangered western derby eland during the food shortage period within conservation breeding in senegal.browsers represent a challenge for breeding facilities because of their sensitivity to nutritional management. western derby eland (tautrotragus derbianus derbianus, wde) is a large browsing antelope with a very diverse diet. because of its critically endangered status, a small wde population is kept for conservation purposes in the fenced fathala reserve (senegal) and during the critical, hot dry season, the animals are offered supplementary acacia albida pods. we aimed to identify which woody ...201931213612
sex influence on muscle yield and physiochemical characteristics of common eland (taurotragus oryx) meat.to investigate the potential of eland for meat production, the yield, physical quality and chemical composition of seven muscles were characterized from both male (n = 6) and female (n = 6) carcasses. although carcass weights did not differ, cows had greater biceps femoris (bf), semitendinosus (st) and supraspinatus (ss) muscle yields. the semimembranosus (sm) from cows had the greatest drip loss and were more yellow (b*) than all muscles evaluated from both sexes. shear force measurements showe ...201930802817
correlation indices of cerebral hemodynamics and electrical activity in children with impaired motor skills.the correlations between the indicators of cerebral hemodynamics and electrical activity in children with impaired motor skills of central origin (children with cerebral palsy) were investigated. there is established a high number of links between indicators of rheoencephalogram (reg) and electroencephalogram (eeg) in the left cerebral hemisphere than in the right. in frontomastoidal allocation 19 correlations and in occipitomastoidal - 59 links. we suppose that poor circulation in vertebroplast ...201929537203
sensory characteristics of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum and biceps femoris muscles from male and female common eland (taurotragus oryx).the sensory attributes of the longissimus thoracis et lumborum (ltl) and biceps femoris (bf) muscles were compared for male (n = 6) and female (n = 6) eland. descriptive sensory analysis showed that the meat from cows, and the bf muscle, had greater overall flavour scores, primarily characterized as beef-like flavour (r = 0.926). unfavourable aroma and flavour attributes received low scores, indicating good potential for fresh eland meat to be marketed commercially. the two muscles showed separa ...201931450093
ecology and epidemiology of rabies in humans, domestic animals and wildlife in namibia, 2011-2017.rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that causes a heavy burden on societies. namibia, a country in southern africa, is aiming at controlling the disease in its main reservoir, the domestic dog. to facilitate the implementation comprehensive information on the ecology and epidemiology of the disease and surveillance is of utmost importance. the study presented assesses the baseline data for both human and animal rabies surveillance in namibia in recent times and establishes correlations with ecolo ...201930990805
land use, redd+ and the status of wildlife populations in yaeda valley, northern tanzania.redd+ projects primarily focus on reducing carbon emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries. these projects are regularly evaluated against their core objective of conserving carbon stocks, but their contribution to biodiversity conservation has rarely been assessed. to assess the conservation value of the area and the relative performance of a redd+ land use plan in yaeda valley, a semi-arid savannah ecosystem in northern tanzania, we implemented an annual wild ...201930947305
16s rrna gene profiling of bacterial communities mediating production of tsetse attractive phenols in mammalian urine.several types of odours are involved in the location of host animals by tsetse (diptera: glossinidae), a vector of animal african trypanosomiasis. host animals' ageing urine has been shown to be the source of a phenolic blend attractive to the tsetse. nevertheless, limited research has been performed on the microbial communities' role in the production of phenols. this study aimed at profiling bacterial communities mediating the production of tsetse attractive phenols in mammalian urine. urine s ...201931368325
evaluating pain induced by venipuncture in pediatric patients with developmental delay.little attention has been paid to the assessment of pain in children with developmental delay. the aim of this study was to explore several methods for assessing pain during venipuncture in this population of children, using classic and modified scales to evaluate the children's response to simplified tools.201915100591
changes in the physico-chemical attributes through processing of salami made from blesbok (damaliscus pygargus phillipsi), eland (taurotragus oryx), fallow deer (dama dama), springbok (antidorcas marsupialis) and black wildebeest (connochaetes gnou) in comparison to pork.drying kinetics and changes in proximate composition, ph, salt content, water activity (aw) and lipid oxidation through processing of salami made using five different game meat species were evaluated and compared to pork. eight batches of salami from each species were made and sampled for analysis throughout processing. processing time was a significant factor on all measured attributes whilst species affected (p ≤ .05) ph and moisture but not drying kinetics. black wildebeest meat exhibited hig ...201830138886
identification of moraxella lacunata from pulmonary abscesses in three zoo herbivores.although moraxella lacunata causes conjunctivitis, keratitis, endocarditis, and otolaryngitis in humans, its infection is rare in animals. we report three cases of asymptomatic pulmonary abscesses caused by m. lacunata in zoo herbivores, including two elks (cervus canadensis) and a common eland (taurotragus oryx). in all cases, macroscopic findings included coalescence of lung lobes and severe pulmonary abscesses filled with cheese-like materials in cysts. microscopic findings included pneumonia ...201830369588
pentaplacodinium saltonense gen. et sp. nov. (dinophyceae) and its relationship to the cyst-defined genus operculodinium and yessotoxin-producing protoceratium reticulatum.strains of a dinoflagellate from the salton sea, previously identified as protoceratium reticulatum and yessotoxin producing, have been reexamined morphologically and genetically and pentaplacodinium saltonense n. gen. et sp. is erected to accommodate this species. pentaplacodinium saltonense differs from protoceratium reticulatum (claparède et lachmann 1859) bütschli 1885 in the number of precingular plates (five vs. six), cingular displacement (two widths vs. one), and distinct cyst morphology ...201829306397
investigations into the host specificity of theileria taurotragi.all theileria parasites have definitive natural hosts that act as carriers. incidental infections of uncommon hosts do occur raising questions regarding host specificity and its drivers. reported hosts for theileria taurotragi include bushbuck, cattle and eland. more recently t. taurotragi was detected in african buffalo, which may have implications for accurate diagnostics of t. parva. the current study therefore investigated the host specificity of t. taurotragi by developing a specific and se ...201829657008
the bony horncore of the common eland (taurotragus oryx): composition and mechanical properties of a spiral fighting structure.horns are permanent structures projecting from the head of bovids, consisting of a bony horncore covered with a layer of skin and then a sheath of keratinous material showing variability of growth intensity based on nutrition. from the point of view of the horn's mechanical properties, the keratin sheath has been widely studied, but only a few studies have considered the complete structure of the horn and fewer studies have focused on the bony horncore and its characteristics. the latter showed ...201829023690
the content of tocols in south african wheat; impact on nutritional benefits.wheat is a major component within human consumption, and due to the large intake of wheat, it has an impact on human nutritional health. this study aimed at an increased understanding of how the content and composition of tocols may be governed for increased nutritional benefit of wheat consumption. therefore, ten south african wheat cultivars from three locations were fractionated into white and whole flour, the content and concentration of tocols were evaluated by high performance liquid chrom ...201729099067
influence of cattle on browsing and grazing wildlife varies with rainfall and presence of megaherbivores.in many savanna ecosystems worldwide, livestock share the landscape and its resources with wildlife. the nature of interactions between livestock and wildlife is a subject of considerable interest and speculation, yet little controlled experimental research has been carried out. since 1995, we have been manipulating the presence and absence of cattle and large mammalian herbivore wildlife in a kenyan savanna in order to better understand how different herbivore guilds influence habitat use by sp ...201727935669
responses of urban crows to con- and hetero-specific alarm calls in predator and non-predator zoo enclosures.urban animals and birds in particular are able to cope with diverse novel threats in a city environment such as avoiding novel, unfamiliar predators. predator avoidance often includes alarm signals that can be used also by hetero-specifics, which is mainly the case in mixed-species flocks. it can also occur when species do not form flocks but co-occur together. in this study we tested whether urban crows use alarm calls of conspecifics and hetero-specifics (jackdaws, corvus monedula) differently ...201727796660
wildlife population dynamics in human-dominated landscapes under community-based conservation: the example of nakuru wildlife conservancy, kenya.wildlife conservation is facing numerous and mounting challenges on private and communal lands in africa, including in kenya. we analyze the population dynamics of 44 common wildlife species in relation to rainfall variation in the nakuru wildlife conservancy (nwc), located in the nakuru-naivasha region of kenya, based on ground total counts carried out twice each year from march 1996 to may 2015. rainfall in the region was quasi-periodic with cycle periods dependent on the rainfall component an ...201728103269
host-parasite list updating of ciliates and fermentation in the digestive tract of wild miscellaneous herbivores in south africa (rsa).this article is dedicated to the author, burk dehority, who became very ill with cancer. fortunately he confirmed or corrected all identifications on ciliates in this article. this paper was 80% finished when he became ill. he unfortunately passed away in february 2016.201728609902
ungulates rely less on visual cues, but more on adapting movement behaviour, when searching for forage.finding suitable forage patches in a heterogeneous landscape, where patches change dynamically both spatially and temporally could be challenging to large herbivores, especially if they have no a priori knowledge of the location of the patches. we tested whether three large grazing herbivores with a variety of different traits improve their efficiency when foraging at a heterogeneous habitat patch scale by using visual cues to gain a priori knowledge about potential higher value foraging patches ...201728533947
seroprevalence of neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in exotic ruminants and camelids in the czech republic.neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are the protozoan parasites with definitive hosts from order carnivora. due to vertical transmission, both parasites can cause abortions and neonatal mortality that lead to significant productive and economic losses in the domestic ruminants. the aim of this study was to describe n. caninum and t. gondii seroprevalence in the group of frequently farmed captive exotic ruminants (n = 184) including bovidae (barbary sheep, bezoar goat, common eland, american b ...201728497227
meiotic behaviour of evolutionary sex-autosome translocations in bovidae.the recurrent occurrence of sex-autosome translocations during mammalian evolution suggests common mechanisms enabling a precise control of meiotic synapsis, recombination and inactivation of sex chromosomes. we used immunofluorescence and fish to study the meiotic behaviour of sex chromosomes in six species of bovidae with evolutionary sex-autosome translocations (tragelaphus strepsiceros, taurotragus oryx, tragelaphus imberbis, tragelaphus spekii, gazella leptoceros and nanger dama ruficollis) ...201627136937
effect of species-specific differences in chromosome morphology on chromatin compaction and the frequency and distribution of rad51 and mlh1 foci in two bovid species: cattle (bos taurus) and the common eland (taurotragus oryx).meiotic recombination between homologous chromosomes is crucial for their correct segregation into gametes and for generating diversity. we compared the frequency and distribution of mlh1 foci and rad51 foci, synaptonemal complex (sc) length and dna loop size in two related bovidae species that share chromosome arm homology but show an extreme difference in their diploid chromosome number: cattle (bos taurus, 2n = 60) and the common eland (taurotragus oryx, 2nmale = 31). compared to cattle, sign ...201626194101
challenges in identifying and determining the impacts of infection with pestiviruses on the herd health of free ranging cervid populations.although most commonly associated with the infection of domestic livestock, the replication of pestiviruses, in particular the two species of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), occurs in a wide range of free ranging cervids including white-tailed deer, mule deer, fallow deer, elk, red deer, roe deer, eland and mousedeer. while virus isolation and serologic analyses indicate that pestiviruses are circulating in these populations, little is known regarding their impact. the lack of regular survei ...201627379051
persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in domestic and wild small ruminants and camelids including the mountain goat (oreamnos americanus).bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a pestivirus best known for causing a variety of disease syndromes in cattle, including gastrointestinal disease, reproductive insufficiency, immunosuppression, mucosal disease, and hemorrhagic syndrome. the virus can be spread by transiently infected individuals and by persistently infected animals that may be asymptomatic while shedding large amounts of virus throughout their lifetime. bvdv has been reported in over 40 domestic and free-ranging species, an ...201626779126
extreme wildlife declines and concurrent increase in livestock numbers in kenya: what are the causes?there is growing evidence of escalating wildlife losses worldwide. extreme wildlife losses have recently been documented for large parts of africa, including western, central and eastern africa. here, we report extreme declines in wildlife and contemporaneous increase in livestock numbers in kenya rangelands between 1977 and 2016. our analysis uses systematic aerial monitoring survey data collected in rangelands that collectively cover 88% of kenya's land surface. our results show that wildlife ...201627676077
morphology of the lingual papillae of the eland (taurotragus oryx).we examined the dorsal lingual surfaces of an adult eland (taurotragus oryx) by scanning electron microscopy. filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae were observed. the filiform papillae of the lingual apex consisted of a larger main papilla and smaller secondary papillae. the connective tissue core of the filiform papilla was u-shaped. the fungiform papillae were round in shape. the connective tissue core of the fungiform papilla was flower-bud shaped. the filiform papillae of the lingual body ...201628216542
jo eland may be gone, but her legacy remains. 201627863586
evolution of the ungulate dewlap: thermoregulation rather than sexual selection or predator deterrence?dewlaps are iconic features of several ungulate species and, although a role in signalling has been postulated, their function remains largely unexplored. we recently failed to find any age-independent link between dewlap size and social status in the common eland (tragelaphus oryx), pointing to the possibility that sexual selection may not be the primary cause of dewlap evolution in ungulates. here i use a two-pronged approach to test hypotheses on the function of ungulate dewlaps: an interspec ...201627437025
application of spatial and closed capture-recapture models on known population of the western derby eland (taurotragus derbianus derbianus) in senegal.camera trapping with capture-recapture analyses has provided estimates of the abundances of elusive species over the last two decades. closed capture-recapture models (cr) based on the recognition of individuals and incorporating natural heterogeneity in capture probabilities are considered robust tools; however, closure assumption is often questionable and the use of an mh jackknife estimator may fail in estimations of real abundance when the heterogeneity is high and data is sparse. a novel, s ...201526334997
effects of age, sex, lactation and social dominance on faecal egg count patterns of gastrointestinal nematodes in farmed eland (taurotragus oryx).the eland is a large african antelope that can be bred in a temperate climate, under similar conditions and production systems as cattle. however, knowledge of parasites in farmed elands outside the area of their native habitat is still limited, and information concerning factors that influence these parasites is lacking. therefore, faecal samples from an entire herd of elands, including calves and adult females and males, were examined monthly over a one year period. almost 84% of the animals w ...201526277201
dna sequence analyses reveal co-occurrence of novel haplotypes of fasciola gigantica with f. hepatica in south africa and zimbabwe.the aim of this study was to identify and determine the genetic diversity of fasciola species in cattle from zimbabwe, the kwazulu-natal and mpumalanga provinces of south africa and selected wildlife hosts from zimbabwe. this was based on analysis of dna sequences of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (its1 and 2) and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 1 (co1) regions. the sample of 120 flukes was collected from livers of 57 cattle at 4 abattoirs in zimbabwe and 47 cattle at 6 abatt ...201526476916
the arteries of brain base in species of the cervid family.the aim of the article was to describe the pattern of main arteries at the encephalon base, their connections, and varieties. this study included 106 specimens of the head and cerebral arteries of the following eight species of the cervid family: reindeer, chital, eld's deer, wapiti, sika deer, fallow deer, pere david's deer or milu, and reeve's or chinese muntjac. the arteries of the animals under study were filled with acetone-dissolved stained vinyl superchloride or stained latex lbs3060. the ...201525399744
the conflict between cheetahs and humans on namibian farmland elucidated by stable isotope diet analysis.large areas of namibia are covered by farmland, which is also used by game and predator species. because it can cause conflicts with farmers when predators, such as cheetahs (acinonyx jubatus), hunt livestock, we assessed whether livestock constitutes a significant part of the cheetah diet by analysing the stable isotope composition of blood and tissue samples of cheetahs and their potential prey species. according to isotopic similarities, we defined three isotopic categories of potential prey: ...201425162403
comparison of meat quality between eland (taurotragus oryx) and cattle (bos taurus) raised under similar conditions.physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of meat were compared between non-domestic eland (taurotragus oryx) bulls (n=6) and domestic fleckvieh (bos taurus) bulls (n=6) which were finished under controlled conditions of feeding and management. musculus longissimus lumborum from eland were darker and less yellow in colour, with a higher ph24 and lower contents of intramuscular fat and total collagen, compared to cattle. contents (mg/100 g muscle tissue) and proportions (g/100 g of fa determ ...201423954274
influence of aesthetic appreciation of wildlife species on attitudes towards their conservation in kenyan agropastoralist communities.the influence of human aesthetic appreciation of animal species on public attitudes towards their conservation and related decision-making has been studied in industrialized countries but remains underexplored in developing countries. working in three agropastoralist communities around amboseli national park, southern kenya, we investigated the relative strength of human aesthetic appreciation on local attitudes towards the conservation of wildlife species. using semi-structured interviewing and ...201424551176
severe laminitis in multiple zoo species.a 10-year record review from a zoological institution in the western usa identified four cases of severe laminitis resulting in rotation and protrusion of the third phalanx through the sole. laminitis is reported in a masai giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi), a sichuan takin (budorcas taxicolor tibetana), a greater malayan chevrotain (tragulus napu) and a giant eland (taurotragus derbianus). this is the first report of severe laminitis with pedal bone rotation and protrusion in multi ...201424730432
larger antelopes are sensitive to heat stress throughout all seasons but smaller antelopes only during summer in an african semi-arid environment.heat stress can limit the activity time budget of ungulates due to hyperthermia, which is relevant for african antelopes in ecosystems where temperature routinely increases above 40 °c. body size influences this thermal sensitivity as large bodied ungulates have a lower surface area to volume ratio than smaller ungulates, and therefore a reduced heat dissipation capacity. we tested whether the activity pattern during the day of three antelope species of different body size-eland, blue wildebeest ...201423417331
traumatic myiasis in free-ranging eland, reported from kenya.for centuries, immature stages of dipterans have infested humans and animals, resulting in a pathological condition referred to as myiasis. myiases are globally distributed but they remain neglected diseases in spite of the great medical and veterinary importance. moreover, there is a paucity of information on the clinical-pathology and/or epidemiology of the infestation, especially in african free ranging wildlife.201323566876
investigating the contributing factors to postmortem ph changes in springbok, eland, red hartebeest and kudu edible offal.the objective of the study was to assess ph measurements between offal organs of different species and the association between ph taken 4 h post-slaughter and different predictor variables in the liver and lungs. a linear regression analysis was conducted on selected variables to identify the main predictors and their interactions affecting the ph of meat 4 h post-slaughter. in an increasing order of magnitude during winter, the ph achieved at 16 h - 36 h post-slaughter in springbok heart, liver ...201323718196
lead exposure in young school children in south african subsistence fishing communities.lead is an established toxic substance, with wide-ranging health effects, including neurodevelopmental decrements and behavioural problems, even at low levels in blood. anecdotal reports of lead melting to make fishing sinkers in south african subsistence fishing communities prompted the conduct of an epidemiological study in two south african fishing villages to investigate the extent of lead melting and the associated risks in children.201323838130
daily or thrice weekly handling of eland antelope (taurotragus oryx): effects on serum cortisol level.we evaluated the cortisol response of adult female eland (n=8) that were handled in hydraulic chute daily or 3×/week. females were divided into two groups and each group (n=4) successively received two estrous cycle synchronization treatments: (1) two injections of prostaglandin (pg-pg) f2α at 11 day intervals and (2) oral administration of altrenogest for 7 days and an injection of pgf2α on day 7 (alt-pg). blood samples were collected 3×/week during the synchronization (synch) and expected lute ...201323290948
the effectiveness of electronic dental anesthesia in children.this study compared the effectiveness of traditional local anesthesia with a transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation unit that controls pain via electronic dental anesthesia for restorative dental procedures in 6- to 12-year-old children. the sample included 27 children who had two antimere teeth that required restorations of similar size (preventive resin restorations). in each case, the cavity preparation extended into dentin. one of the teeth was treated with conventional local anesthesia ...20138378157
[helminths in an askaniia-nova herd of eland and experiences in eradicating strongylata infestation].parasitological complex studies of the available eland stock (60 individuals) were first carried out. as a result 100 % infection rate of the herd and the age dynamics of strongylatoses were revealed. the autopsy of animals have shown that five species of six species of nematodes and one species of cestodes are common parasites of ruminants of the ukraine steppe zone and two species are specific parasites of eland. for sanitation of the herd an anthelminthic preparation produced in hungary was u ...20134011310
self-report assessment of recurrent abdominal pain.pain is the principal, and often the only symptom in cases of recurrent abdominal pain (rap). the purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical background behind the pain symptom and the pain's capacity for differentiation in the diagnostic assessment of a group of 86 children suffering from rap and observed at a pediatric gastroenterology service. the self-rating methods applied to the children included a verbal scale and a visual analogue scale (vas) for scoring the pain, and the eland met ...201311293145
evaluation of mandibular infiltration versus block anesthesia in pediatric dentistry.the clinical effectiveness of mandibular block anesthesia was compared to that of buccal infiltration anesthesia. a total of eighty patients three to nine years old was selected with identical bilateral lesions. the anesthetic used was mepacaine hcl 2 percent. the treatments performed were restorations, pulpotomies, and extractions. child behavior and pain reaction were recorded and rated at certain intervals of treatment, using the frankl behavioral scale and the sem scale. the eland color scal ...20139328681
igfbp-4 tumor and serum levels are increased across all stages of epithelial ovarian cancer.we sought to identify candidate serum biomarkers for the detection and surveillance of eoc. based on rna-seq transcriptome analysis of patient-derived tumors, highly expressed secreted proteins were identified using a bioinformatic approach.201222264331
description of a new species of eimeria schneider, 1875 (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from the western derby eland taurotragus derbianus derbianus gray (artiodactyla: bovidae) in senegal.examination of faecal samples from semi-captive western derby elands taurotragus derbianus derbianus gray, in the bandia and fathala reserves of senegal, revealed the presence of oöcysts of the genus eimeria schneider, 1875 that we considered to represent a new species, eimeria derbiani n. sp. the new species possesses nearly ellipsoidal oöcysts (length/width ratio 1.3) with a bi-layered wall and an average size of 27.6 × 21.5 μm. e. derbiani possesses a micropyle covered by a micropylar cap and ...201222581248
buffalo, bush meat, and the zoonotic threat of brucellosis in botswana.brucellosis is a zoonotic disease of global importance infecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. little is known about the epidemiology and persistence of brucellosis in wildlife in southern africa, particularly in botswana.201222412932
theileria parva genetic diversity and haemoparasite prevalence in cattle and wildlife in and around lake mburo national park in uganda.wildlife, especially cape buffalo (syncerus caffer), are thought to act as a reservoir for many of the important tick-borne pathogens of cattle. in this study, we have determined the prevalence of the most significant tick-borne haemoparasites in wildlife (buffalo, impala, eland and bushbuck) as well as in cattle grazing inside and neighbouring lake mburo national park (lmnp) in uganda. a high percentage of buffalo were carriers of theileria parva, theileria mutans, theileria velifera, theileria ...201120827491
auger decay of molecular double core-hole state.we report on theoretical auger electron kinetic energy distribution originated from sequential two-step auger decays of molecular double core-hole (dch) state, using ch(4), nh(3), and h(2)co molecules as representative examples. for ch(4) and nh(3) molecules, the dch state has an empty 1s inner-shell orbital and its auger spectrum has two well-separated components. one is originated from the 1st auger transition from the dch state to the triply ionized states with one core hole and two valence h ...201122029313
pericardial myxoid liposarcoma in a common eland (taurotragus oryx).a pericardial myxoid liposarcoma was diagnosed in a common eland (taurotragus oryx) based on gross, microscopical and immunohistochemical findings. the pericardial and epicardial tissues were soft and uniformly thickened. microscopically, the neoplastic mass consisted of stellate cells embedded in a myxoid matrix. these cells contained cytoplasmic vacuoles stained by oil red o. immunohistochemical analysis showed the neoplastic cells to express vimentin and s-100.201121306730
stampy: a statistical algorithm for sensitive and fast mapping of illumina sequence reads.high-volume sequencing of dna and rna is now within reach of any research laboratory and is quickly becoming established as a key research tool. in many workflows, each of the short sequences ("reads") resulting from a sequencing run are first "mapped" (aligned) to a reference sequence to infer the read from which the genomic location derived, a challenging task because of the high data volumes and often large genomes. existing read mapping software excel in either speed (e.g., bwa, bowtie, elan ...201120980556
a comparative study of children's pain reactions and perceptions to amsa injection using cclad versus traditional injections.pain control is an important part of dentistry, particularly in pediatric dentistry. recently, a computer-controlled local anesthetic delivery system (cclad) has been developed to reduce pain related to the local anesthetic injection. in conjunction with this technology, a new approach to the anterior and middle superior alveolar nerves (amsa) has been induced. studies evaluating the cclad in pediatric dentistry showed variable results regarding its use in pediatric dentistry. further evaluation ...201020578658
testicular microlithiasis and neoplastic lesions in wild eland (tragelaphus oryx): possible effects of exposure to environmental pollutants?the purpose of the study was to compare wildlife in the proximity and away from the sources of known industrial pollution. macroscopic, focal, gritty areas that appeared white were observed in the testes of all 24 south african eland (tragelaphus oryx) culled in the rietvlei nature reserve (rnr; n=17) between 2001 and 2003 and suikerbosrand nature reserve (snr; n=7) in 2004. histopathological evaluation of testes showed multiple intratubular dystrophic calcifications, focal areas of sperm stasis ...201020303476
serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factor-i and insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 and -3 in eight hoofstock species.the somatotropic axis, which includes growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor (igf)-i, and igf binding proteins (igfbp), is involved in the regulation of growth and metabolism. measures of the somatotropic axis can be predictive of nutritional status and growth rate that can be utilized to identify nutritional status of individual animals. before the somatotropic axis can be a predictive tool, concentrations of hormones of the somatotropic axis need to be established in healthy individuals. t ...201020853408
the abundance of eland, buffalo, and wild pigs in middle and later stone age sites. 201020875912
the role of african buffalos (syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in uganda.to study the role of african buffalos (syncerus caffer) in the maintenance of foot-and-mouth disease in uganda, serum samples were collected from 207 african buffalos, 21 impalas (aepyceros melampus), 1 giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis), 1 common eland (taurotragus oryx), 7 hartebeests (alcelaphus buselaphus) and 5 waterbucks (kobus ellipsiprymnus) from four major national parks in uganda between 2005 and 2008. serum samples were screened to detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus ...201021143994
changes in serum calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium levels in captive ruminants affected by diet manipulation.a combination of low serum calcium (ca), high serum phosphorus (p), and low serum magnesium (mg) has been observed in individual captive ruminants, primarily affecting kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros), eland (taurotragus oryx), nyala (tragelaphus angasii), bongo (tragelaphus eurycerus), and giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis). these mineral abnormalities have been associated with chronic laminitis, acute tetany, seizures, and death. underlying rumen disease secondary to feeding highly fermentable ca ...201020945636
[genetic nephropathies in dogs: molecular genetic studies of norwegian eland dogs and english cocker spaniels]. 200919322990
probematch: rapid alignment of oligonucleotides to genome allowing both gaps and mismatches.summary: we have developed a tool, called probematch, for matching a large set of oligonucleotide sequences against a genome database using gapped alignments. unlike most of the existing tools such as eland which only perform ungapped alignments allowing at most two mismatches, probematch generates both ungapped and gapped alignments allowing up to three errors including insertion, deletion and mismatch. to speedup sequence alignment, probematch uses gapped q-grams and q-grams of various pattern ...200919351619
computation of rank and select functions on hierarchical binary string and its application to genome mapping problems for short-read dna sequences.abstract we have developed efficient in-practice algorithms for computing rank and select functions on a binary string, based on a novel data structure, a hierarchical binary string with hierarchical accumulatives. it efficiently stores decomposed information on partial summations over various scales of subregions of a given binary string, so that the required space overhead ratio is only about 3.5% irrespective of the string length. values of rank and select functions are computed hierarchicall ...200919772398
ecological parameters of lamproglena hoi (copepoda: lernaeidae) infection on the bushveld smallscale yellowfish, labeobarbus polylepis (boulenger, 1907).this study describes the distribution and aspects of the ecology of lamproglena hoi. bushveld small-scale yellowfish, labeobarbus polylepis (boulenger, 1907) were collected during june 2006 from the phongolo and assegaai rivers, march 2005 and october 2006 from the elands river, and january 2007 and june 2008 from the komati river in mpumalanga, south africa and examined for the presence of parasites. lamproglena hoi specimens were collected from the gill filaments of the host. specimens were fi ...200920698442
ultrasonographic-guided retrieval and in vitro maturation of eland (taurotragus oryx) and bongo (tragelaphus eurycerus isaaci) antelope oocytes.the limited availability of gametes is a major factor hindering the development and application of assisted reproductive technologies (art) in large non-domestic ungulates. this is partly due to the small number of captive animals and handling difficulties associated with procedures for gamete recovery. in the present study, results are reported of multi-year studies on ovarian stimulation and oocyte retrieval by ultrasonographic-guided transvaginal follicular aspiration and subsequent in vitro ...200918387759
[the role of external respiration and blood circulation in heat emission during exposure of taurotragus oryx canna antelopes to solar heat].experiments have been made on 4 elands at the age of 3--4 months, mean body weight 78 kg. at ambient temperature 31.5degrees combined with solar radiation, polypnoe was observed in the animals. under these conditions, only small changes in the body temperature were observed, although skin temperature became 4--6degrees higher than in the morning. heat production was 10% lower than that at 22.5degrees. the animals eliminated about 8% of metabolic heat through respiration in the morning and about ...2008941593
knee-clicks and visual traits indicate fighting ability in eland antelopes: multiple messages and back-up signals.given the costs of signalling, why do males often advertise their fighting ability to rivals using several signals rather than just one? multiple signalling theories have developed largely in studies of sexual signals, and less is known about their applicability to intra-sexual communication. we here investigate the evolutionary basis for the intricate agonistic signalling system in eland antelopes, paying particular attention to the evolutionary phenomenon of loud knee-clicking.200818986518
a computational study of metastable states of co2+.extensive calculations of energies and lifetimes of vibronic and rovibronic states of the co(2+) dication are performed using the electronic energy potentials and spin-orbit couplings published recently by sedivcova et al. [j. chem. phys. 124, 214303 (2006)] and by eland et al. [j. phys. b 37, 3197 (2004)]. siegert quantization, bound-continuum configuration mixing, two-potential, and semiclassical methods are exploited in the calculations. lifetimes for predissociation and tunneling, varying ov ...200818715076
prevalence of antibodies against rift valley fever virus in kenyan wildlife.rift valley fever virus (rvfv) is an arbovirus associated with periodic outbreaks, mostly on the african continent, of febrile disease accompanied by abortion in livestock, and a severe, fatal haemorrhagic syndrome in humans. however, the maintenance of the virus during the inter-epidemic period (iep) when there is low or no disease activity detected in livestock or humans has not been determined. this study report prevalence of rvfv-neutralizing antibodies in sera (n=896) collected from 16 keny ...200817988425
cloned embryos from semen. part 2: intergeneric nuclear transfer of semen-derived eland (taurotragus oryx) epithelial cells into bovine oocytes.the production of cloned offspring by nuclear transfer (nt) of semen-derived somatic cells holds considerable potential for the incorporation of novel genes into endangered species populations. because oocytes from endangered species are scarce, domestic species oocytes are often used as cytoplasts for interspecies nt. in the present study, epithelial cells isolated from eland semen were used for intergeneric transfer (ignt) into enucleated bovine oocytes and compared with bovine nt embryos. cle ...200818241126
cloned embryos from semen. part 1: in vitro proliferation of epithelial cells on embryonic fibroblasts after isolation from semen by gradient centrifugation.although epithelial-like somatic cells have been previously isolated from semen, cell proliferation rates were low. culture of whole semen samples resulted in loss of potentially valuable spermatozoa. the aims of the present study were to: (1) isolate somatic cells from semen, while preserving sperm viability, and (2) optimize in vitro culture conditions for semen-derived epithelial cells. density gradient centrifugation of washed ejaculates of two rams (ovis aries) (n = 24) and one eland bull ( ...200818241128
eland, buffalo, and wild pigs: were middle stone age humans ineffective hunters?patterns of faunal exploitation play a central role in debates concerning the behavioral modernity of middle stone age (msa) peoples. msa foragers have been portrayed as less effective hunters than their later stone age (lsa) successors on the basis of relative species abundances from ungulate assemblages in southern africa. specifically, msa hunters are said to focus on docile eland while avoiding more aggressive prey, particularly buffalo and wild pigs. to evaluate these arguments and compare ...200818372003
characterizing the mouse es cell transcriptome with illumina sequencing.large datasets generated by illumina sequencing are ideally suited to transcriptome characterization. we generated 3,052,501 27-mer reads from f1 mouse embryonic stem (es) cell cdna. using the eland alignment tool, 74.5% of reads matched sequenced mouse resources, <1% were contaminants, and 3.7% failed quality control. of the reads, 21.6% did not match mouse sequences using eland, but most of them were successfully aligned with mouse mrnas using megablast. we conclude that most of the reads in t ...200818602984
phylogenomic study of spiral-horned antelope by cross-species chromosome painting.chromosomal homologies have been established between cattle (bos taurus, 2n = 60) and eight species of spiral-horned antelope, tribe tragelaphini: nyala (tragelaphus angasii, 2n = 55male/56female), lesser kudu (t. imberbis, 2n = 38male,female), bongo (t. eurycerus, 2n = 33male/34female), bushbuck (t. scriptus, 2n = 33male/34female), greater kudu (t. strepsiceros, 2n = 31male/32female), sitatunga (t. spekei, 2n = 30male,female) derby eland (taurotragus derbianus 2n = 31male/32female) and common e ...200818704723
evidence for persistent bovine viral diarrhea virus infection in a captive mountain goat (oreamnos americanus).bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) viruses are pestiviruses that have been isolated from domestic and wild ruminants. there is serologic evidence of pestiviral infection in more than 40 species of free-range and captive mammals. vertical transmission can produce persistently infected animals that are immunotolerant to the infecting strain of bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) and shed virus throughout their lives. seven species (white-tailed deer, mouse deer, eland, domestic cattle, alpaca, sheep, and ...200818987224
detection of anaplasma antibodies in wildlife and domestic species in wildlife-livestock interface areas of kenya by major surface protein 5 competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.the seroprevalence of anaplasma antibodies in wildlife (eland, blue wildebeest, kongoni, impala, thomson's gazelle, grant's gazelle, giraffe and plains zebra) and domestic animal (cattle, sheep and goat) populations was studied in wildlife/livestock interface areas of kenya. serum samples were analyzed by competitive inhibition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ci-elisa), using a recombinant antigen (msp-5) from anaplasma marginale surface membrane. a monoclonal antibody, fc-16, was used as the ...200819040134
isolation, culture and characterisation of somatic cells derived from semen and milk of endangered sheep and eland antelope.semen and milk are potential sources of somatic cells for genome banks. in the present study, we cultured and characterised cells from: (1) cooled sheep milk; (2) fresh, cooled and frozen-thawed semen from gulf coast native (gcn) sheep (ovis aries); and (3) fresh eland (taurotragus oryx) semen. cells attached to the culture surface from fresh (29%), cooled (43%) and slow-frozen (1 degrees c/min; 14%) ram semen, whereas no attachment occurred in the fast-frozen (10 degrees c/min) group. prolifera ...200717524303
ticks (acari: ixodidae) collected from animals in three western, semi-arid nature reserves in south africa.the objective of this study was to make an inventory of the ixodid tick species infesting wild animals in three western, semi-arid nature reserves in south africa. to this end 22 animals in the kgalagadi transfrontier park, 10 in the west coast national park and 16 in the karoo national park were examined. fourteen tick species were recovered, of which hyalomma truncatum, rhipicephalus exophthalmos and rhipicephalus glabroscutatum were each present in two reserves and the remainder only in one. ...200717708155
ticks associated with the three largest wild ruminant species in southern africa.the objective of this study was to assess the host status of the three largest southern african wild ruminants, namely giraffes, giraffa camelopardalis, african buffaloes, syncerus caffer, and eland, taurotragus oryx for ixodid ticks. to this end recently acquired unpublished data are added here to already published findings on the tick burdens of these animals, and the total numbers and species of ticks recorded on 12 giraffes, 18 buffaloes and 36 eland are summarized and discussed. twenty-eigh ...200717933365
seroprevalences of antibodies to neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii in zoo animals.neospora caninum is an apicomplexan parasite that causes neuromuscular disease in dogs and abortions in cattle. little is known about the prevalence of antibodies to this parasite in zoo animals. sera from 556 animals, from 13 czech and slovak zoos were tested for antibodies to n. caninum and toxoplasma gondii by indirect fluorescent antibody test. antibodies to n. caninum were found in 31 of 556 zoo animals (5.6%), representing 18 of 114 species tested: eurasian wolf (canis lupus lupus), maned ...200616387445
the genus hyalomma koch, 1844. i. reinstatement of hyalomma (euhyalomma) glabrum delpy, 1949 (acari, ixodidae) as a valid species with a redescription of the adults, the first description of its immature stages and notes on its biology.for nearly 50 years the ixodid tick hyalomma marginatum turanicum, reputedly introduced into south africa on imported persian sheep, has been considered identical to the asian hyalomma (euhyalomma) marginatum turanicum pomerantzev, 1946. comparisons of this tick with the asian h. (e.) m. turanicum and other subspecies of hyalomma (euhyalomma) marginatum, however, reveal that it is an old taxon, namely hyalomma rufipes glabrum delpy, 1949. it is hereby reinstated as hyalomma (euhyalomma) glabrum, ...200616715874
physical organization of the 1.709 satellite iv dna family in bovini and tragelaphini tribes of the bovidae: sequence and chromosomal evolution.repetitive dna in the mammalian genome is a valuable record and marker for evolution, providing information about the order and driving forces related to evolutionary events. the evolutionarily young 1.709 satellite iv dna family is present near the centromeres of many chromosomes in the bovidae. here, we isolated 1.709 satellite dna sequences from five bovidae species belonging to bovini: bos taurus (bta, cattle), bos indicus (bin, zebu), bubalus bubalis (bbu, water buffalo) and tragelaphini tr ...200616825766
comparative tick counts on game, cattle and sheep on a working game ranch in kenya.the main objective of the study was to determine the possible influence of host species on the maintenance of ticks in the field by determining the relative contribution of game animals compared to domestic animals. the study was carried out on a game ranch 32 km south-east of nairobi. tick counts were carried out on 30 zebu cattle (bos indicus) aged 1 to 3 years and 20 red maasai sheep (ovis aries) aged 6 months to 1 year grazing with game animals in a common area for a period of 2 years and th ...200617405627
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of carfentanil and naltrexone in female common eland (taurotragus oryx).the pharmacokinetic parameters of carfentanil and naltrexone were determined in the common eland (taurotragus oryx). six adult females were immobilized with xylazine (0.23 +/- 0.03 mg/kg i.m.) and carfentanil (0.0169 +/- 0.0005 mg/kg i.m.) for a 45-min period, during which time routine health care procedures were performed. heart and respiration rates and body temperatures were monitored throughout the immobilization period. a single intramuscular injection of naltrexone (1.66 +/- 0.08 mg/kg i.m ...200617319131
the wand in pulp therapy: an alternative to inferior alveolar nerve block.the purpose of the study was to compare children's reactions to inferior alveolar nerve injection with traditional syringe and periodontal ligament injection with a computerized device (wand); and to assess the efficacy of the anesthesia and their reaction after treatment.200615997937
the effect of prolonged cold storage of eland (taurotragus oryx) cauda epididymides on the spermatozoa: possible implications for the conservation of biodiversity.the objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of prolonged storage of cauda epididymides at 4 degrees c on spermatozoa, and to determine the practicality of utilising epididymal sperm, harvested from testes collected during routine culling of game animals, in assisted reproductive technologies. testes from eland (taurotragus oryx) were collected and epididymides removed and maintained at 4 degrees c. sperm motility, viability, morphology and membrane integrity were examined at 12 ...200515763104
behavioral training and hydraulic chute restraint enables handling of eland antelope (taurotragus oryx) without general anesthesia.difficulties and risks associated with restraining large nondomestic ungulates are limiting factors toward developing and applying assisted reproductive technologies, such as artificial insemination and embryo transfer. in this study on 10 female eland (taurotragus oryx), we evaluated the use of behavioral training and handling handling in a hydraulic chute to perform transvaginal ultrasound-guided oocyte retrieval and other clinical procedures. nine females were conditioned to associate specifi ...200517315451
multielectron spectroscopy: the xenon 4d hole double auger decay.a magnetic bottle spectrometer of the type recently developed by eland et al. [phys. rev. lett. 90, 053003 (2003).] has been implemented for use with synchrotron radiation, allowing multidimensional electron spectroscopy. its application to the xe 4d double auger decay reveals all the energy pathways involved. the dominant path is a cascade process with a rapid (6 fs) ejection of a first auger electron followed by the slower (>23 fs) emission of a second auger electron. weaker processes implying ...200516196855
acaricide efficiency of amitraz/cypermethrin and abamectin pour-on preparations in game.the efficacy of an amitraz/cypermethrin pour-on preparation (1% w/v each) was tested against natural tick infestations of buffaloes, eland and blesbok in three separate trials. the eland were also treated with a 0.02% abamectin (w/v) acaricidal pour-on preparation. the amitraz/cypermethrin pour-on was effective against amblyomma hebraeum, rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, rhipicephalus appendiculatus and hyalomma marginatum rufipes on the buffaloes. both acaricides were effective against r. appendi ...200516562734
interactions among host diet, nutritional status and gastrointestinal parasite infection in wild bovids.in this study, i explored the interactions among host diet, nutritional status and gastrointestinal parasitism in wild bovids by examining temporal patterns of nematode faecal egg shedding in species with different diet types during a drought and non-drought year. study species included three grass and roughage feeders (buffalo, hartebeest, waterbuck), four mixed or intermediate feeders (eland, grant's gazelle, impala, thomson's gazelle) and two concentrate selectors (dik-dik, klipspringer). six ...200415013743
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