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the european bison (bison bonasus) as an indicatory species for the circulation of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in natural foci in poland.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) is one of the most common zoonotic diseases in europe transmitted by ixodidae vectors. while small mammals such as bank voles and ticks constitute the main reservoirs for virus transmission, large sylvatic species act as a food source for ticks. cervids such as roe deer and red deer are considered sentinel species for tbe in natural foci. in addition, an increase of the population size and density of large wild mammals in an area corresponds to an increase in the ti ...202134358779
morphometry and topography of the coronary ostia in the european bison.coronary vessels have been widely studied in many species of domestic and wild mammals. however, there are no available literature reports describing the morphology and morphometry of the coronary ostia of the european bison (bison bonasus). the aim of this study was to measure the area of the coronary ostia and assess their localisation in the coronary sinuses of the aortic root in the european bison.202030973638
immunohistochemical study on the expression of biologically active substances in the endocrine pancreas of the european bison.previous morphological studies of mammalian pancreatic islets have been performed mainly in domestic and laboratory animals. therefore, the present immunohistochemical investigation was conducted in a wild species, the european bison, using antibodies against glucagon-like peptide-1 (glp1), glucagon, insulin and somatostatin. morphological analyses revealed that the mean area of the endocrine pancreas constituted 2.1±0.1% of the whole area of the pancreas, while the mean area of a single pancrea ...202033006860
kent set to be home to bison.new funding is supporting the introduction of european bison to a kent woodland, as georgina mills reports.202032763992
usefulness of pcr-rflp of 18s rrna gene for rapid post-mortem diagnostics of highly pathogenic eimeria spp. (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) of european bison, bison bonasus l. with histopathological correlation.eimeria spp. infection was investigated in 10 free-roaming european bison aged three months to 26 years by anatomopathological, histopathological, coproscopic and pcr-rflp examination. the coproscopic study identified eimeria oocysts in the faeces of five bison. the most prevalent morphotypes were e. bovis, present in all positive samples, and e. zuernii, in all but one. additionally, mixed infections consisting of e. bovis, e. zuernii, e. alabamensis, e. auburnensis, e. canadensis, e. cylindric ...202032368487
genomic footprints of recovery in the european bison.after extinction in the wild in the beginning of the 20th century, the european bison has been successfully recovered in 2 distinct genetic lines from only 12 and 7 captive founders. we here aimed at characterizing the levels of realized inbreeding in these 2 restored lines to provide empirical insights into the genomic footprints left by population recovery from a small number of founders. to that end, we genotyped 183 european bison born over the last 40 years with the illumina bovinehd beadch ...202032027367
a mobile laboratory for ancient dna analysis.mobile devices for on-field dna analysis have been used for medical diagnostics at the point-of-care, forensic investigations and environmental surveys, but still have to be validated for ancient dna studies. we report here on a mobile laboratory that we setup using commercially available devices, including a compact real-time pcr machine, and describe procedures to perform dna extraction and analysis from a variety of archeological samples within 4 hours. the process is carried out on 50 mg sam ...202032187203
foot health and prevalence of dichelobacter nodosus in 11 ungulate species at berne animal park.dichelobacter nodosus (d. nodosus) is the etiological agent of ovine footrot affecting mainly sheep worldwide, but also free-ranging wild ungulates such as alpine ibex (capra ibex ibex) and mufflon (ovis orientalis orientalis). a nationwide ovine footrot eradication program is planned for the years to come, based on polymerase chain reaction (pcr)-testing of interdigital swab samples and regular footbathing. in this cross-sectional study, we clinically evaluated the foot health and analysed pres ...202033140726
pesticides and conservation of large ungulates: health risk to european bison from plant protection products as a result of crop depredation.the coexistence of large mammals and humans in the contemporary landscape is a big challenge for conservationists. wild ungulates that forage on arable fields are exposed to the negative effects of pesticides, and this problem also applies to protected species for which intoxication by pesticides may pose a health risk and directly affect the effectiveness of conservation efforts. in this paper we assessed the threat posed by pesticides to the european bison bison bonasus, a species successfully ...202031999727
epidemiological characterization of mycobacterium caprae strains isolated from wildlife in the bieszczady mountains, on the border of southeast poland.the majority of animal tuberculosis (tb) cases reported in wildlife in poland over the past 20 years have concerned the european bison inhabiting the bieszczady mountains in southeast poland: an area running along the border of southeast poland. as no tb cases have been reported in domestic animals in this region since 2005, any occurrence of tb in the free-living animals inhabiting this area might pose a real threat to local livestock and result in the loss of disease-free status. the aim of th ...202032993648
a study of kudurs used by wild animals located on the water sources high in ree content in the caucasus nature reserve.one of the theories explaining the reasons for geophagy, which was proposed earlier by the authors of the article, consists in the assumption that animals need rare-earth elements (ree). in order to test this hypothesis, we studied the chemical composition of spring waters in the territory of the caucasus nature reserve at three kudurs along the achipsta river, as well as at the mamaevsky kudur (southwestern slope of the pshekish mountain). at the mamaevsky kudur, we also studied the chemical co ...202032748302
infection with foamy virus in wild ruminants-evidence for a new virus reservoir?foamy viruses (fvs) are widely distributed and infect many animal species including non-human primates, horses, cattle, and cats. several reports also suggest that other species can be fv hosts. since most of such studies involved livestock or companion animals, we aimed to test blood samples from wild ruminants for the presence of fv-specific antibodies and, subsequently, genetic material. out of 269 serum samples tested by elisa with the bovine foamy virus (bfv) gag and bet antigens, 23 sera s ...202031947727
biopsy and tracheobronchial aspirates as additional tools for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis in living european bison (bison bonasus).the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis (btb) in living wildlife remains a complex problem, and one of particular importance in endangered species like european bison (bison bonasus). to identify infection and avoid the unnecessary culling of such valuable individuals, current best practice requires the collection and culture of material from living animals, as mycobacteria isolation remains the gold standard in btb diagnosis. however, such isolation is challenging due to the need for the immobiliz ...202033147754
the nematodes thelazia gulosa railiet and henry, 1910 and thelazia skrjabini erschov, 1928 as a cause of blindness in european bison (bison bonasus) in poland.the nematodes of the genus thelazia are the cause of eye diseases of wild and domestic ruminants throughout the world. the aim of the study was to describe clinical cases of thelasiosis in european bison (bison bonasus) in poland, and provide morphometrical features of thelazia gulosa railiet and henry, 1910 and thelazia skrjabini erschov, 1928 regarded as potentially useful for species differentiation methods: the conjunctival sacs, tear ducts, the surface of the cornea and nicitating membrane ...202032613456
macro- and microscopic study on the tongue and lingual papillae of bison bonasus hybrid as an interspecific species (bos taurus × bison bonasus).nowadays the processes of crossing of different mammalian species are well characterized in light of genetics, and possibility of reproduction. generally, lack detailed studies on changes in anatomy and histology of internal systems of hybrids. bison bonasus hybrid is an interspecific species between the bull of european bison (bison bonasus), and female of domesticated cattle (bos taurus). to study the anatomy of tongue and distribution of lingual papillae on bison bonasus hybrid tongue, a ster ...202032583920
the first report of immunoglobulin g, m, and a concentrations in serum of european bison and their changes with age.the age-specific reference values for immunoglobulin (ig) serum concentrations in european bison (bison bonasus) are lacking. identification of immune alterations that accompany normal physiological aging will help assist in development of better monitoring health programs. in the present study, the age-associated changes in concentration of igg, igm, and iga in serum of apparently healthy european bison of various ages were studied. the quantities of iga, igm, and igg were measured by the use o ...202032411790
parasitological monitoring of european bison (bison bonasus) from three forests of north-eastern poland between 2014 and 2016.common parasites of the european bison include gastro-intestinal and pulmonary nematodes, liver flukes (fasciola hepatica), tapeworms, and protozoa of the genus coccidia. this study compared the extensiveness and intensities of european bison parasitic invasions in three north-eastern polish forests in different seasons and queried the role of parasitological monitoring in sanitary and hygienic control of feeding places.202032258806
occurrence of tapeworms moniezia benedeni (moniez, 1879) in european bison bison bonasus l. in białowieża primeval foresttapeworms moniezia benedeni are cosmopolitan parasites of wild and domestic ruminants. the aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of those tapeworms in european bison in białowieża primeval forest. parasitological necropsy of small intestine of 26 bison, aged from 3 months to 26 years was performed in years 2007–2011. tapeworms m. benedeni were isolated from 11 examined animals and the prevalence of infection wasestimated on 42.3%. intensity of infection was ranging from 2 to 25 tapewor ...202032199002
gross anatomy of coronary veins of the european bison (bison bonasus).although significant efforts have been put into restituting the european bison (bison bonasus) and increasing its population, it remains a globally endangered species and requires conservation. protection programs of bison indicate the need for morphological studies of their individual systems, in order to enhance restitution programs and enable appropriate veterinary care. the aim of this study was to investigate the morphology of the coronary veins of the european bison (bison bonasus).202032013970
autophagy as a consequence of seasonal functions of testis and epididymis in adult male european bison (bison bonasus, linnaeus 1758).the european bison is still an animal endangered with extinction, so by learning factors that regulate its reproduction, we can contribute to the survival of this species. on the other hand, autophagy is a dynamic, lisosomal, and evolutionary conserved process which is essential for animal cell survival, homeostasis, and differentiation. this process was demonstrated in many species and in many organs; however, information on the metabolic course of autophagy in the male reproductive system in s ...202031705214
differential roles of the right and left brain hemispheres in the social interactions of a free-ranging ungulate.despite the abundant empirical evidence on lateralized social behaviours, a clear understanding of the relative roles of two brain hemispheres in social processing is still lacking. this study investigated visual lateralization in social interactions of free-ranging european bison (bison bonasus). the bison were more likely to display aggressive responses (such as fight and side hit), when they viewed the conspecific with the right visual field, implicating the left brain hemisphere. in contrast ...201931513830
adapt or die-response of large herbivores to environmental changes in europe during the holocene.climate warming and human landscape transformation during the holocene resulted in environmental changes for wild animals. the last remnants of the european pleistocene megafauna that survived into the holocene were particularly vulnerable to changes in habitat. to track the response of habitat use and foraging of large herbivores to natural and anthropogenic changes in environmental conditions during the holocene, we investigated carbon (δ13 c) and nitrogen (δ15 n) stable isotope composition in ...201931298814
digesta passage in nondomestic ruminants: separation mechanisms in 'moose-type' and 'cattle-type' species, and seemingly atypical browsers.ruminants have been classified as having a 'moose-type' or 'cattle-type' digestive physiology. 'cattle-type' ruminants have a clear difference in the mean retention time (mrt) of fluid vs. small particles in the reticulorumen (rr), with a high 'selectivity factor' (sf = mrtparticle/ mrtfluid, >1.80), and are typically grazers and intermediate feeders. 'moose-type' ruminants have lower sf (<1.80), possibly because of defensive salivary proteins that constrain amounts of (high-viscosity) saliva, a ...201931220621
wild steps in a semi-wild setting? habitat selection and behavior of european bison reintroduced to an enclosure in an anthropogenic landscape.recently, several wild or semi-wild herds of european bison have been reintroduced across europe. it is essential for future successful bison reintroductions to know how the european bison use different habitats, which environmental parameters drive their habitat selection, and whether their habitat use and behavioural patterns in new reintroduction sites differ from habitats where european bison have been roaming freely for a long time. here, we address these questions for a 40-ha enclosed site ...201931697680
a morphological and molecular comparison of eimeria bovis-like oocysts (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from european bison, bison bonasus l., and cattle, bos taurus l., and the development of two multiplex pcr assays for their identification.the european bison, bison bonasus is the largest terrestrial mammal in europe; it is also on the red list, being recognized as vulnerable to extinction by the international union for conservation of nature. the species suffers from low genetic variability, rendering it vulnerable to various environmental and biological threats. this study presents the first molecular confirmation of eimeria bovis infection in european bison, and details a 1708 bp nucleotide sequence of the 18s rrna gene in europ ...201931473050
seasonal expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf-1), its receptor igf-1r and klotho in testis and epididymis of the european bison (bison bonasus, linnaeus 1758).the european bisons are the largest mammals of europe that are still in danger of extinction. the species conservation is associated with their continuous reproduction, and bisons are characterized by the well-pronounced seasonality of reproductive processes. however, the exact mechanisms regulating their reproduction still remain unknown. our previous studies indicated the involvement of some of the growth factors in the regulation of male seasonal reproductive activities in bison, showing expr ...201930579142
the social network structure of a semi-free roaming european bison herd (bison bonasus).the use of social network analysis to better understand animal behaviour has led to an increase in the number of studies on this topic, particularly for species management and conservation as well as the welfare of captive animals. the current knowledge of social organization in the european bison (bison bonasus) is still largely based on descriptions of group compositions, most of which were obtained during opportunistic field observations. however, the numerous conservation programs for this s ...201930445118
development and assessment of a body condition score scheme for european bison (bison bonasus).resettlement projects of the strongly threatened european bison (bison bonasus) require a monitoring phase to assess both population status and habitat quality. schemes of animal body condition scores (bcs) are robust tools to meet this requirement in practice. however, so far, no bcs scheme has been designed for european bison. here, we suggest a body condition score scheme based on the extent of soft tissue around bony structures. the scoring system was developed with scores ranging from 1 (em ...201830261586
vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf-a) and fibroblast growth factor (fgf-2) as potential regulators of seasonal reproductive processes in male european bison (bison bonasus, linnaeus 1758).growth factors: vascular endothelial growth factor a (vegf-a) and fibroblast growth factor (fgf-2) were reported to affect normal physiological reproductive processes in human, domestic and free living animals. moreover, some reports suggest that vegf-a and fgf-2 may be directly involved in the control of the annual reproductive cycle of seasonally breeding animals but detailed knowledge is still missing. our study aimed to demonstrate the expression of mrna and protein for both factors in the t ...201829626449
increased parasitic load in captive-released european bison (bison bonasus) has important implications for reintroduction programs.captive-bred animals, widely used in reintroduction programmes, are often immunologically naïve and more susceptible to pathogens. we analysed infection of invasive blood-sucking nematode ashworthius sidemi in captive-bred european bison (bison bonasus) released to the wild in the białowieża forest (poland). mean a. sidemi infection intensity of released bison (29,137 nematodes) was over threefold higher than in wild bison (8756). it indicates a rapid acquisition and increase in the infection in ...201829549590
obtaining wisent early blastocyst in vitro is a basic for protection and creation of biodiversity for this threatened species.wisent, or european bison (bison bonasus), is listed as "vulnerable" on the iucn red list of threatened species and is therefore protected by international law. for the first time, a wisent embryo has been obtained in vitro. this procedure creates a new opportunity to protect and increase wisent reproductive potential and thereby opens new possibilities for the establishment of a controlled and broad reserve of the gene pool.201829542185
local regulators of seasonal reproduction processes in uterus masculinus of an adult male european bison (bison bonasus, linnaeus 1758).growth factors, hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (hif-1α) and klotho protein all have very important functions in the male reproduction; however their role in the regulation of seasonal reproductive processes in the male european bison remains unclear. similarly, although the uterus masculinus is very frequently found in the bison, its importance and functions remain unknown. it is likely that, this organ may have secretory functions and thus be a target for various regulatory factors. therefore ...201830683826
immunohistochemical characteristic of c cells in european bison thyroid gland.c cells constitute a small percentage of thyroid gland parenchyma. the number, morphology and distribution of c cells differ among species; however, data regarding their characteristics in european bison are sparse. the aim of this study was to evaluate the morphology, distribution pattern and percentage of c cells in european bison thyroid gland together with morphometric analysis.201830565206
incomplete lineage sorting rather than hybridization explains the inconsistent phylogeny of the wisent.the wisent or european bison is the largest european herbivore and is completely cross-fertile with its american relative. however, mtdna genome of wisent is similar to that of cattle, which suggests that wisent emerged as a hybrid of bison and an extinct cattle-like species. here, we analyzed nuclear whole-genome sequences of the bovine species, and found only a minor and recent gene flow between wisent and cattle. furthermore, we identified an appreciable heterogeneity of the nuclear gene tree ...201830374461
melatonin receptors subtypes (mt1 and mt2) in the uterus masculinus of mature male european bison. biological and seasonal reproductive role.regulation of seasonality in reproduction is closely related to melatonin and circadian rhythms. melatonin affects the functions of reproductive organs through membrane melatonin receptors mt1 and mt2. the current knowledge about the presence, location and function of mt1 and mt2 receptors in the reproductive tract of an adult male european bison, seasonally breeding animal, is still missing. frequently occurring organ in the male reproductive system of the european bison is uterus masculinus, w ...201829769422
an assessment of the use of cox1 and cox3 mitochondrial genetic markers for the identification of dictyocaulus spp. (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) in wild ruminants.lungworms of the genus dictyocaulus railliet and henry, 1907 (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) are the causative agents of parasitic bronchitis (dictyocaulosis, husk) of various ungulate hosts, including domestic and wild ruminants. correct diagnosis of lungworm species and a better understanding of the transmission patterns of dictyocaulus spp. are crucial in minimising the risk of its cross transmission between wildlife and livestock, and for the control of dictyocaulosis. the study was conducte ...201829736729
human and the beast-flight and aggressive responses of european bison to human disturbance.large mammals are often a source of conflict, and consequently there has been increasing interest in close encounters with them. knowledge of wildlife responses to human disturbance is crucial for the management of increasing and expanding populations of large animals. we investigated flight initiation distance (fid) and aggressive responses of the european bison-the largest terrestrial mammal of europe-to human disturbance in the białowieża forest (ne poland). when encountered by humans, bison ...201830067765
stable isotope signatures of large herbivore foraging habitats across europe.we investigated how do environmental and climatic factors, but also management, affect the carbon (δ13c) and nitrogen (δ15n) stable isotope composition in bone collagen of the two largest contemporary herbivores: european bison (bison bonasus) and moose (alces alces) across europe. we also analysed how different scenarios of population recovery- reintroduction in bison and natural recovery in moose influenced feeding habitats and diet of these two species and compared isotopic signatures of mode ...201829293647
trace elements in the liver of captive and free-ranging european bison (bison bonasus l.).european bison is classified as a vulnerable species because of many threats. we analyzed the content of toxic and essential elements (ag, al, as, ba, be, cd, co, cr, cu, hg, mg, mn, na, ni, pb, se, th, tl, u, v, and zn) in the livers of 30 captive and free-ranging european bison from the bison breeding center in smardzewice and from białowieża primeval forest in poland. the contents of toxic elements were lower than reported previously in european bison and were similar to those of wild ungulat ...201829154121
gastrointestinal parasites of captive european bison bison bonasus (l.) with a sign of reduced efficacy of haemonchus contortus to fenbendazole.the history of european bison bison bonasus linnaeus, 1758 has been stormy since its extinction in the wild after the first world war. due to the fact that the species was restored from just 12 founders, further expansion has suffered from low genetic variability, rendering the bison vulnerable to various pathogens due to inbreeding depression. parasites are recognised as a key biological threat to bison population. thus, parasitological examination including monitoring of the level of anthelmin ...201829090320
seroprevalence and risk factors for selected respiratory and reproductive tract pathogen exposure in european bison (bison bonasus) in poland.after the complete extinction from the wild of european bison (bison bonasus) at the beginning of the twentieth century, the worldwide species population was restored to approximately 5500 individuals, with the species however remaining endangered. despite numerous studies on the ecology and genetics of european bison, the threats of infectious diseases have been largely unexamined. the aim of this study was to screen the exposure of the world's largest population of european bison to the pathog ...201829426407
molecular characterisation of mycobacterium caprae strains isolated in poland.bovine tuberculosis (bovine tb, btb) is caused by bovine bacilli: mycobacterium bovis and m caprae the studies conducted in poland, in the national bovine tuberculosis reference laboratory in the department of microbiology of the national veterinary research institute in pulawy, show that animal tuberculosis in poland is also caused by m caprae we here describe the identification and genotypic assessment of 52 isolates of m caprae obtained from polish cattle and wild animals over the last five y ...201729212913
antimicrobial resistance in escherichia coli isolated from wild animals in poland.antimicrobial resistance was tested in escherichia coli isolated from feces (n = 660) of red deer, roe deer, fallow deer, european bison, and wild boar shot in regional forests in poland during two winter hunting seasons. indicator e. coli (n = 542) was resistant against 11 of 14 tested compounds, mostly sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, ampicillin, trimethoprim, and tetracycline (1.3-6.6% range). no significant differences were observed between boar and ruminant isolates. most of deer and bison i ...201729185858
detomidine and butorphanol for standing sedation in a range of zoo-kept ungulate species.general anesthesia poses risks for larger zoo species, like cardiorespiratory depression, myopathy, and hyperthermia. in ruminants, ruminal bloat and regurgitation of rumen contents with potential aspiration pneumonia are added risks. thus, the use of sedation to perform minor procedures is justified in zoo animals. a combination of detomidine and butorphanol has been routinely used in domestic animals. this drug combination, administered by remote intramuscular injection, can also be applied fo ...201728920785
new insight on the role of melatonin receptors in reproductive processes of seasonal breeders on the example of mature male european bison (bison bonasus, linnaeus 1758).melatonin receptors (mt1 and mt2) were shown to regulate proper functioning of reproductive system, especially in seasonally breeding animals. european bison is a unique endangered seasonal breeder and knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of its reproduction is crucial for the survival of the species. the aim of this study was to assess gene expression, protein synthesis and immunohistochemical localization of mt1 and mt2 receptors in testicular and spermatic cord vessels tissues collected in p ...201728570908
interrelationships of dictyocaulus spp. in wild ruminants with morphological description of dictyocaulus cervi n. sp. (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) from red deer, cervus elaphus.lungworms from the genus dictyocaulus cause parasitic bronchitis (dictyocaulosis) characterized by coughing and severe lung pathology in both domestic and wild ruminants. in this study we investigated the interrelationships of dictyocaulus spp. from european bison (bison bonasus l.), roe deer (capreolus capreolus) and red deer (cervus elaphus) by nucleotide sequence analysis spanning the 18s rna gene (ssu) and internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) regions of the ribosomal gene array as well as th ...201728585897
first toxoplasma gondii isolate from an aborted foetus of european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.).the study was performed on a male european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.) foetus spontaneously aborted at the fourth or fifth month of pregnancy in the białowieża forest. serum samples from the foetus and mother revealed the presence of antibodies against t. gondii (s/p% = 88% and 75%, respectively). mobile extracellular tachyzoites were first observed in a vero cell culture, 110 days following inoculation of brain homogenate. pcr amplification with tgr1e1 and tgr1e2 primers confirmed the pres ...201728685180
epidemiology of schmallenberg virus in european bison (bison bonasus) in poland.schmallenberg virus (sbv), an emerging arbovirus in europe, is an important pathogen in domestic ruminants; however, its impact on free-ranging wild ruminants is not well studied. three hundred and forty-seven serum samples collected between 2011 and 2016 from 302 european bison (bison bonasus) from 12 different sites in poland were tested for the presence of sbv antibodies. in addition, 86 sera were collected between 2013 and 2016 from three species of cervids for testing for sbv antibodies. af ...201729148884
mycobacterium bovis in a european bison (bison bonasus) raises concerns about tuberculosis in brazilian captive wildlife populations: a case report.tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis is an important worldwide zoonosis and has been reported to cause clinical disease in several animal species, including captive wildlife. this report describes a case of m. bovis infection in a european bison from a brazilian zoo and compiles a number of literature reports that raise concern regarding tuberculosis among captive wildlife in brazil.201728187776
the genome sequence of the wisent (bison bonasus).the wisent, also known as the european bison, was rescued from extinction approximately 80 years ago through the conservation of 12 individuals. here, we present the draft genome sequence of a male wisent individual descended from this founding stock.201728327911
complex admixture preceded and followed the extinction of wisent in the wild.retracing complex population processes that precede extreme bottlenecks may be impossible using data from living individuals. the wisent (bison bonasus), europe's largest terrestrial mammal, exemplifies such a population history, having gone extinct in the wild but subsequently restored by captive breeding efforts. using low coverage genomic data from modern and historical individuals, we investigate population processes occurring before and after this extinction. analysis of aligned genomes sup ...201728007976
genome data on the extinct bison schoetensacki establish it as a sister species of the extant european bison (bison bonasus).the european bison (bison bonasus), now found in europe and the caucasus, has been proposed to originate either from the extinct steppe/extant american bison lineage or from the extinct bison schoetensacki lineage. bison schoetensacki remains are documented in eurasian middle pleistocene sites, but their presence in upper pleistocene sites has been questioned. despite extensive genetic studies carried out on the steppe and european bison, no remains from the fossil record morphologically identif ...201728187706
bovine tuberculosis outbreak in farmed american bison (bison bison) in poland.poland has been an officially bovine tuberculosis (btb) free country for the last seven years. the problem currently observed is the increasing number of new cases of btb in wild species, kept in a farmed herd and free-living herd: european bison (bison bonasus), wild boar (sus scrofa), wolves (canis lupus) and red deer (cervus elaphus). this article presents the case of mycobacterium caprae transmission to an american bison (bison bison) herd kept on a private farm in eastern poland.201729611649
evidence of low prevalence of mycobacterial lymphadenitis in wild boars (sus scrofa) in poland.mycobacterium spp. and rhodococcus equi are generally regarded as the main causes of lymphadenitis in pigs and wild boars. in poland, mycobacterial submandibular lymphadenitis was first diagnosed in a wild boar in 2012 but mycobacterium spp. infections are also present in the polish population of european bison (bison bonasus). the prevalence of lymphadenitis in polish wild boars has been found to 8.4% (95% ci 6.2-11.3%) and it has been proved that r. equi is not an important cause of purulent l ...201728122588
the morphology of the adrenal gland in the european bison (bison bonasus).the anatomy of the adrenal glands has been widely studied in many species of domestic and wild mammals. however, there are no available literature reports describing the morphology and morphometry of the adrenal glands of the european bison (bison bonasus).201627487830
assessing potential habitat and carrying capacity for reintroduction of plains bison (bison bison bison) in banff national park.interest in bison (bison bison, b. bonasus) conservation and restoration continues to grow globally. in canada, plains bison (b. b. bison) are threatened, occupying less than 0.5% of their former range. the largest threat to their recovery is the lack of habitat in which they are considered compatible with current land uses. fences and direct management make range expansion by most bison impossible. reintroduction of bison into previously occupied areas that remain suitable, therefore, is critic ...201626910226
space use and movement patterns in a semi-free-ranging herd of european bison (bison bonasus).the successful reintroduction and restocking of the european bison demands a reliable knowledge of the biology of this species. yet little is known to date about the european bison, and empirical data remains insufficient to set up a reliable plan ensuring the reintroduction, maintenance and survival of populations in habitats that have been largely modified by human activity. studies of the ecology, social behaviour and management of bison are therefore crucial to the conservation of this speci ...201626841107
147 the developmental characteristics of in vitro-produced cattle-wisent (bos taurus-bison bonasus) hybrid embryos.interspecies hybrids are important resources for research and agriculture. therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate development, quality, and viability of embryos produced in vitro using cattle (bos taurus) oocytes and european bison (bison bonasus) epididymal sperm. the epididymes were obtained following a forced slaughter of one bull aged 7 years. the sperm was collected by scraping the inner surface of the epididymes, diluted with the cryopreservation medium, and equilibrated for 4h a ...201628278944
novel graphical analyses of runs of homozygosity among species and livestock breeds.runs of homozygosity (roh), uninterrupted stretches of homozygous genotypes resulting from parents transmitting identical haplotypes to their offspring, have emerged as informative genome-wide estimates of autozygosity (inbreeding). we used genomic profiles based on 698 k single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) from nine breeds of domestic cattle (bos taurus) and the european bison (bison bonasus) to investigate how roh distributions can be compared within and among species. we focused on two len ...201627872841
past climate changes, population dynamics and the origin of bison in europe.climatic and environmental fluctuations as well as anthropogenic pressure have led to the extinction of much of europe's megafauna. the european bison or wisent (bison bonasus), one of the last wild european large mammals, narrowly escaped extinction at the onset of the 20th century owing to hunting and habitat fragmentation. little is known, however, about its origin, evolutionary history and population dynamics during the pleistocene.201627769298
early cave art and ancient dna record the origin of european bison.the two living species of bison (european and american) are among the few terrestrial megafauna to have survived the late pleistocene extinctions. despite the extensive bovid fossil record in eurasia, the evolutionary history of the european bison (or wisent, bison bonasus) before the holocene (<11.7 thousand years ago (kya)) remains a mystery. we use complete ancient mitochondrial genomes and genome-wide nuclear dna surveys to reveal that the wisent is the product of hybridization between the e ...201627754477
deciphering the wisent demographic and adaptive histories from individual whole-genome sequences.as the largest european herbivore, the wisent (bison bonasus) is emblematic of the continent wildlife but has unclear origins. here, we infer its demographic and adaptive histories from two individual whole-genome sequences via a detailed comparative analysis with bovine genomes. we estimate that the wisent and bovine species diverged from 1.7 × 10(6) to 850,000 years before present (ybp) through a speciation process involving an extended period of limited gene flow. our data further support the ...201627436010
the role of particular ticks developmental stages in the circulation of tick-borne pathogens in central europe. 4. anaplasmataceaein central european conditions, two species of anaplasmataceae have epidemiological significance – candidatus neoehrlichia micurensis and anaplasma phagocytophilum. tick ixodes ricinus is considered as their main vector, wild mammals as the animal reservoir. there is presented the transstadial transmission in ticks, due to the lack of transovarial mode the circulation goes mainly between immature ticks and hosts; pathogen circulates primarily in the cycle: infected rodent → the tick larva → the ...201628151609
the infection of reintroduced ruminants - bison bonasus and alces alces - with anaplasma phagocytophilum in northern poland. 201627447235
ashworthius sidemi schulz, 1933 and haemonchus contortus (rudolphi, 1803) in cervids in france: integrative approach for species identification.among gastro-intestinal nematodes, the blood-sucking worms belonging to the subfamily of haemonchinae are considered to be of pathogenic and economic great importance, particularly in small ruminants. haemonchus contortus, primary found in domestic ruminants and wild bovines (mouflon, chamois), is probably the most studied, but occurrence of ashworthius sidemi has gradually increased over recent years, especially in cervids and free roaming wild bovid as the european bison in eastern europe, and ...201627810500
influence of management and biological factors on the parasitic invasions in the wild-spread of blood-sucking nematode ashworthius sidemi in european bison (bison bonasus).the full course of new parasite introductions in wild animals is difficult to accurately trace. we documented and analysed the invasive blood-sucking nematode ashworthius sidemi (trichostrongylidae) introduction and spread in european bison (bison bonasus) from the initial phase of its progression. in the polish part of the białowieża primeval forest (bpf) the parasite was first found in 2000. from 2002 to 2015, 165 culled bison were investigated. the prevalence and intensity of a. sidemi schulz ...201627761404
serological study of exposure to selected arthropod-borne pathogens in european bison (bison bonasus) in poland.bison bonasus is an indigenous species of central and eastern europe with the largest wild population inhabiting białowieża primeval forest; however, free-living and captive european bison are reared in many countries around the world. despite that the european bison was rescued from the extinction after the first world war, it remains as endangered species. changing environment as well as human activity may have contributed to the observed increase of the risk of the emergence and re-emergence ...201627291825
the year of the wisent.delving into european prehistory, two recent studies analyze ancient dna from bison species depicted by our ancestors on the walls of their caves. the dna tells a story of migrations driven by climate change but leaves some mystery clouding the genetic descent and climate preference of the still-extant wisent, otherwise known as the european bison.see research articles: https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-016-0317-7 http://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms13158.201627863491
the first detection of the tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) rna in dermacentor reticulatus ticks collected from the lowland european bison (bison bonasus bonasus l.).tick borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (flaviviridae, flavivirus) is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), a potentially fatal neurological infection. the disease is endemic in a large region in eurasia, where is transmitted mainly by hard ticks: ixodes ricinus and i. persulcatus. it is known that also dermacentor reticulatus is involved in a circulation of tbev, but the knowledge of its importance in the tbe epidemiology is still insufficient. the białowieża primeval forest is loc ...201626751883
relationships between antimicrobial resistance, distribution of virulence factor genes and the origin of trueperella pyogenes isolated from domestic animals and european bison (bison bonasus).trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen causing suppurative infections in livestock and wild animals. although this bacterium is known for a long time, our knowledge about its pathogenicity is still insufficient. in this study the relationships between antimicrobial resistance profiles, distribution of virulence factor genes and the origin of t. pyogenes isolates were investigated. isolates (n = 97) from various infections in domestic animals and european bison were studied. minimal in ...201627154538
european bison as a refugee species? evidence from isotopic data on early holocene bison and other large herbivores in northern europe.according to the refugee species concept, increasing replacement of open steppe by forest cover after the last glacial period and human pressure had together forced european bison (bison bonasus)--the largest extant terrestrial mammal of europe--into forests as a refuge habitat. the consequent decreased fitness and population density led to the gradual extinction of the species. understanding the pre-refugee ecology of the species may help its conservation management and ensure its long time sur ...201525671634
[wild mammals of the grand duchy of lithuania in the works of jean-emmanuel gilibert].among the many topics of lively scientific work that jean emmanuel gilibert (1741-1814) conducted in grodno and vilnius, an important place is occupied by his observations of wild mammals. royal patronage and care from antoni tyzenhauz, treasurer of the grand duchy of lithuania and the governor of grodno, allowed gilibert to keep and observe wild fauna captured by royal services in royal forests, including białowieża primeval forest. such was an origin of a female bison kept by gilibert in grodn ...201526445747
a serological and molecular study on the occurrence of mycoplasmas in european bison (bison bonasus) from two areas of eastern poland.european bison (bison bonasus) from two different areas of eastern poland showing gross pathology possibly associated with mycoplasma infections were tested for ruminant mycoplasma species using serological and molecular methods. fifty-five samples, blood or tissue were collected from 28 animals during 2013-2014. six sera were positive for mycoplasma bovis. the elisa and complement fixation test for mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides gave a few weak reactions, but were negative by immunoblottin ...201526812834
malignant catarrhal fever: an emerging disease in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer).within the tribe bovini in the subfamily bovinae, the water buffalo (bubalus bubalis), american bison (bison bison), european bison (bubalus bonasus) and yak (bos grunniens) are recognized as species highly susceptible to malignant catarrhal fever (mcf). in contrast, the lack of reports describing clinical mcf in the african buffalo (syncerus caffer) whether free ranging or captive has led to a perception that african buffaloes are resistant to mcf. during the last decade, several cases of mcf i ...201523957274
observations on sporulation of eimeria bovis (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) from the european bison bison bonasus: effect of temperature and potassium dichromate solution.the present study was designed to determine the influence of temperature and the addition of potassium dichromate solution (k2cr2o7) on the efficiency of sporulation of eimeria bovis (zublin, 1908), a coccidian species most commonly diagnosed in european bison bison bonasus (linnaeus). sporulation under conventional conditions (2.5% dichromate solution, 23 °c) was completed on the fourth day of incubation (control), whereas the oocyst development took two days more at the temperature of 18 °c, a ...201525960564
hepatitis e virus antibody prevalence in wildlife in poland.hepatitis e is an important public health problem mostly in developing but occasionally also in industrialized countries. domestic and wildlife animals are considered reservoirs of the hepatitis e virus (hev). since no information on the prevalence of autochthonous hev infections in human and animal in poland is available, the aim of the study was to investigate the hev seroprevalence of different wildlife species as potential virus reservoirs in the country. no hev antibodies were found in any ...201524655475
the prion protein gene polymorphisms associated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy susceptibility differ significantly between cattle and buffalo.prion protein, encoded by the prion protein gene (prnp), plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses). several polymorphisms within the prnp are known to be associated with influencing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) susceptibility in cattle, namely two insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphisms (a 23-bp indel in the putative promoter and a 12-bp indel in intron 1), the number of octapeptide repeats (octarepeats) present in coding sequence (cd ...201526319996
development of a multiplex pcr for identification of dictyocaulus lungworms in domestic and wild ruminants.dictyocaulus lungworms are the causative agents of parasitic bronchitis (dictyocaulosis) characterised by coughing and severe lung pathology in domestic and wild ruminants. the objective of this study was to design a simple molecular test that could detect of lungworm dna from both adult and larval lungworms and could distinguish between the most common dictyocaulus species found in cattle and in some species of wild ruminants. a multiplex pcr test with four novel primers targeting species-speci ...201526266883
the infection of reintroduced ruminants - bison bonasus and alces alces - with anaplasma phagocytophilum in northern poland.the north-eastern part of poland is considered an area of high risk for infection with tick-borne diseases, including with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (hge) agents. the etiological agent of hge is anaplasma phagocytophilum. as the animal reservoir for a. phagocytophilum in the environment serve the species from cervidae and bovidae families. european bison (bison bonasus) and elk (alces alces) are the big ruminant species, reintroduced to the forests of middle europe after many decades of ab ...201526408585
the occurrence of anaplasma phagocyto- philum in wild bison from the bialowieza primeval forest in eastern poland.the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of anaplasma spp. in a group of 120 wild bison (bison bonasus) from the bialowieza primeval forest in eastern poland and to determine which species of anaplasma could infect these animals based on a pcr of a part of the 16s rrna gene followed by sequencing. the pcr technique showed the presence of 16s rrna anaplasma spp. genetic material in the blood of 22 from a total of 120 animals. dna amplification by means of the primers ehr 521 ...201526281444
coronary arteries of the european bison (bison bonasus).the european bison (bison bonasus) is an endangered species. more information on its anatomy is needed as only few studies have been published. this study is the first report on the morphology of the coronary vessels. given the anatomical similarity between the european bison and other ruminants, the results of this study can be applied to other species, including endangered ones.201526608615
genome-wide association study for posthitis in the free-living population of european bison (bison bonasus).about 5-6% of the european bison (bison bonasus) males are affected by posthitis (necrotic inflammation of the prepuce) and die in the wild forest. despite many years of study, pathogenesis of this disease has not yet been determined. the main aim of the study was to find snp markers significantly associated with the incidence of posthitis and mine the genome for candidate genes potentially involved in the development of the disease.201525585689
persistent müllerian duct syndrome (pmds) in the polish free-ranged bull populations of the european bison (bison bonasus l.).this study describes the diversity of vestigial male uteri of the european bison (eb) examined for: (1) morphology, (2) glycoprotein localization, (3) total protein and glycoprotein profiles, (4) steroid concentrations, and (5) pmds based on the mutation of amh and amhr2 genes. uteri of adult bulls (5-12 years old) were compared to a uterus of a juvenile female (6 months old). male uterine proteins were analyzed in parallel to secretory endometrial proteins of pseudo-pregnant pig (psend) and bsa ...201525498147
sequence analysis of bitter taste receptor gene repertoires in different ruminant species.bitter taste has been extensively studied in mammalian species and is associated with sensitivity to toxins and with food choices that avoid dangerous substances in the diet. at the molecular level, bitter compounds are sensed by bitter taste receptor proteins (t2r) present at the surface of taste receptor cells in the gustatory papillae. our work aims at exploring the phylogenetic relationships of t2r gene sequences within different ruminant species. to accomplish this goal, we gathered a colle ...201526061084
first steps into the wild - exploration behavior of european bison after the first reintroduction in western europe.biodiversity is rapidly declining globally. one strategy to help to conserve species is to breed species in captivity and release them into suitable habitats. the way that reintroduced animals explore new habitats and/or disperse from the release site is rarely studied in detail and represents key information for the success of reintroduction projects. the european bison (bison bonasus l. 1758) was the largest surviving herbivore of the post-glacial megafauna in europe before it became extinct i ...201526605549
dominance of dermacentor reticulatus over ixodes ricinus (ixodidae) on livestock, companion animals and wild ruminants in eastern and central poland.the most common tick species parasitizing animals in poland are ixodes ricinus and dermacentor reticulatus. these tick species differ in their distribution, habitats, seasonal activity and host specificity. ixodes ricinus is the most prevalent and widely distributed, whereas the range of d. reticulatus is limited to eastern and central parts of the country with several new foci in the middle-west and the west. however, as in many central european countries, the range of d. reticulatus is expandi ...201525717007
the parasitic fauna of the european bison (bison bonasus) (linnaeus, 1758) and their impact on the conservation. part 2. the structure and changes over time.during the last century the recorded parasite fauna of bison bonasus includes 88 species. these are 22 species of protozoa, 4 trematode species, 4 cestode species, 43 nematode species, 7 mites, 4 ixodidae ticks, 1 mallophaga species, 1 anoplura, and 2 hippoboscidae flies. there are few monoxenous parasites, the majority of parasites are typical for other bovidae and cervidae species and many are newly acquired from cervidae. this is an evident increased trend in the parasite species richness, in ...201425119349
bovine tuberculosis in a wild boar (sus scrofa) in poland.poland is officially tuberculosis free and bovine tuberculosis (btb) cases are rarely found except in bovids. we found btb in a wild boar (sus scrofa) in the bieszczady mountains, southeastern poland. studies suggest possible transmission of infection between free-living european bison (bison bonasus caucasicus) and wild boar in this area.201425075538
molecular analysis of lungworms from european bison (bison bonasus) on the basis of small subunit ribosomal rna gene (ssu).dictyocaulosis (nematoda: trichostrongyloidea) is a widespread parasitosis of the european bison (bison bonasus) inhabiting bialowieza primeval forest. bearing in mind the current coexistence of bison with wild cervids, and with domestic ruminants in the 19th and 20th century, the need arose for molecular identification of lungworm species. molecular analysis was done on adult lungworms that were obtained from the respiratory track of four free-roaming bison euthanized as a part of the populatio ...201424570058
coccidia (apicomplexa: eimeriidae) of the lowland european bison bison bonasus bonasus (l.).coprological studies conducted between 2007 and 2011 in free-roaming and captive european bison bison bonasus (linnaeus, 1758) from poland revealed 11 species of eimeria infecting the host, i.e., eimeria alabamensis, eimeria auburnensis, eimeria bovis, eimeria brasiliensis, eimeria bukidnonensis, eimeria canadensis, eimeria cylindrica, eimeria ellipsoidalis, eimeria pellita, eimeria subspherica, and eimeria zuernii. the typical host for all isolated species is cattle. the most prevalent species ...201424702772
detection of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in the blood of wild bison from białowieza primeval forest in eastern poland.the aim of the present study was to investigate the occurrence of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato dna in a group of 120 wild bison (bison bonasus) from the bialowieza primeval forest in eastern poland. the pcr technique revealed the presence of 16s rna of borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the blood of 16 out of 120 examined animals. dna amplification by means of primers sc1 and sc2 gave a product with a size of 300-bp. the sequences of the pcr products obtained showed 100% homology with each ot ...201425638986
the parasitic fauna of the european bison (bison bonasus) (linnaeus, 1758) and their impact on the conservation. part 1. the summarising list of parasites noted.during the current century, 88 species of parasites have been recorded in bison bonasus. these are 22 species of protozoa (trypanosoma wrublewskii, t. theileri, giardia sp., sarcocystis cruzi, s. hirsuta, s. hominis, s. fusiformis, neospora caninum, toxoplasma gondii, cryptosporidium sp., eimeria cylindrica, e. subspherica, e. bovis, e. zuernii, e. canadensis, e. ellipsoidalis, e. alabamensis, e. bukidnonensis, e. auburnensis, e. pellita, e. brasiliensis, babesia divergens), 4 trematodes species ...201425119348
the usefulness of dna derived from third stage larvae in the detection of ashworthius sidemi infection in european bison, by a simple polymerase chain reaction.ashworthius sidemi, a blood-sucking nematode, is a primary parasite of asiatic cervides, primarily sika deer (cervus nippon). as a. sidemi infections are common in bison, red and roe deer, and gastrointestinal nematodes are often exchanged between animals, it is possible that other farm animals such as cows and sheep that may use the same pastures can be infected. hence, histopathological changes observed in the walls of the abomasa and duodena of infected wildlife caused by a strong parasite pr ...201424886355
migrations and the introduction of wild ruminants as a source of parasite exchange and emergence of new parasitoses.the relationship between european bison and cervidae is a good model for studies on the influence of migration and introduction of new species on the helmhninthofauna of wild ruminants and the occurrence of new parasitoses. changes in the helminthofauna of bison and deer under the influence of changes in the environment and living conditions, as well as the introduction and migration of other species, are discussed in detail. the exchange of helminths between bison, cervids and domestic ruminant ...201424930243
serological studies to determine the occurrence of johne's disease and mycoplasma infection in the northern-east polish population of european bison (bison bonasus).a serological study of twenty three european bison (bison bonasus) derived from northern-east poland for the seroprevalence of mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, mycoplasma bovis, mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides sc, mycoplasma agalactiae and mycoplasma capricolum subsp. capripneumoniae was conducted. only specific antibodies to m. bovis were detected in two animals (8.7%) which were connected with the clinical signs and macroscopic anatomopathological lesions.201425638988
study on the occurrence of tick-borne encephalitis virus rna in european bison (bison bonasus) eliminated at białowieza primeval forest (north-eastern poland) in 2005-2009.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) (flaviviridae, flavivirus) is an arthropod-borne virus, an etiologic agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe), an infection involving the central nervous system. the disease is endemic in a large region in eurasia where it is transmitted mainly by ixodes ricinus in europe and i. persulcatus ticks in asia. this is the most important tick-transmitted arbovirus of human pathogenicity in europe. the białowieza primeval forest is a well-known endemic focus of tick-b ...201425115061
the first report of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in free-living european bison (bison bonasus bonasus linnaeus).toxoplasma gondii nicolle et manceaux, 1908 is an apicomplexan parasite with a worldwide distribution. it is of great medical and veterinary importance because it may cause abortion or congenital disease in its intermediate hosts, including man. the european bison, the largest herbivorous animal in europe, is a species that has been saved from extinction. twenty-four of 95 examined sera of the european bison (bison bonasus bonasus) from the białowieza forest, poland collected from 2008 to 2011 w ...201424684049
cross-sectional study of schmallenberg virus seroprevalence in wild ruminants in poland at the end of the vector season of 2013.in view of recurrent schmallenberg virus (sbv) infections all over europe between 2011 and 2013, a lively scientific debate over the importance of the sylvatic transmission cycle of the virus has emerged. the study presents results of serosurvey which included wild ruminants representing species of red deer (cervus elaphus), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), european bison (bison bonasus), fallow deer (dama dama), mouflon (ovis orientalis musimon) hunted or immobilized at 34 different locations of ...201425528665
first detection of schmallenberg virus in elk (alces alces) indicating infection of wildlife in białowieża national park in poland.schmallenberg virus (sbv) rna was detected in the serum of an elk (alces alces) calf captured on the outskirts of białowieża national park (bnp) in december 2012, and shortly afterwards the calf died of acute bronchopneumonia. serum samples from 169 animals, including bison, red and fallow deer, originating from eight locations situated in four polish provinces, were tested for the presence of sbv-specific antibodies between 2011 and 2013. although no antibodies were found in samples collected u ...201324021421
antioxidant enzyme activity and mrna expression in reproductive tract of adult male european bison (bison bonasus, linnaeus 1758).antioxidants in the male reproductive tract are the main defence factors against oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species production, which compromises sperm function and male fertility. this study was designed to determine the activity of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (sod), catalase (cat) and glutathione peroxidase (gpx), in the testicular and epididymidal tissues of adult male european bison (bison bonasus). the reproductive tract tissues were subjected to real-t ...201322458932
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