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screening of eurasian tundra reindeer for viral sequences by next-generation sequencing.reindeer husbandry is essential for the livelihood and culture of indigenous people in the arctic. parts of the herding areas are also used as pastures for farm animals, facilitating potential transmission of viruses between species. following the covid-19 pandemic, viruses circulating in the wild are receiving increased attention, since they might pose a potential threat to human health. climate change will influence the prevalence of infectious diseases of both humans and animals. the aim of t ...202134207171
amelioration of anti-hepatotoxic effect by lichen rangiferinus against alcohol induced liver damage in rats.reindeer lichen, lichen rangiferinus syn. or cladonia rangiferina (l.) f. h. wigg. (cladoniaceae) has been traditionally reported as a remedy to treat fever, colds, arthritis as well as convulsions, liver infections, coughs, constipation, and tuberculosis. the current study is aimed at rectification of alcohol induced liver damage by the use of l. rangiferinus extract.202029395895
a screening of select toxic and essential elements and persistent organic pollutants in the fur of svalbard reindeer.reindeers play an important role in the polar ecosystem, being long-lived sole vegetarians feeding on local vegetation. they can be used as a valuable bioindicator, helping us to understand contaminants' impact on the polar terrestrial ecosystem. still, scarce data exist from research in which polar herbivores (especially those from the european parts of the arctic) were a major study subject for trace elements and persistent organic pollutant determination. here, svalbard reindeer fur has been ...202031846790
[the distinctive characteristics of the nutrient composition of reindeer meat from the vorkuta district determined by the conditions of the region of origin].reindeer meat is an important source of crucial nutrients (protein, fat, minerals) in nutrition of arctic indigenous people. the authentic meat properties are formed under the influence of many factors, the main of which are the lifetime factors including the region of production and peculiarities of keeping. the regional peculiarities of the reindeer meat composition are quite poorly reflected in the reference books on the chemical composition of food products and in the scientific publications ...202031710790
rapid identification of cervus antlers by species-specific pcr assay.a rapid pcr technology was developed to differentiate cervus antlers species and adulteration based on the difference in mitochondrial genome. three specifically designed primer sets were confirmed to have high inter-species specificity and good intra-species stability. limits of detection were estimated to be 1 ng of genomes for reindeer and 10 ng for the other species. especially, when the mixture of cervus antlers and reindeer or sambar was assayed, these primer sets still exhibited strong ca ...202030663383
geometry of the ideal free distribution: individual behavioural variation and annual reproductive success in aggregations of a social ungulate.variation in social environment can mitigate risks and rewards associated with occupying a particular patch. we aim to integrate ideal free distribution (ifd) and geometry of the selfish herd (gsh) to address an apparent conflict in their predictions of equal mean fitness between patches (ifd) and declining fitness benefits within a patch (gsh). we tested these hypotheses in a socio-spatial context using individual caribou that were aggregated or disaggregated during calving and varied in their ...202032602664
elevated resting metabolic rates among female, but not male, reindeer herders from subarctic finland.elevated resting metabolic rates (rmr, kcal/day) are a well-established mechanism for maintaining core body temperature among cold climate populations. a high degree of interindividual variation has recently been noted among circumpolar populations. to further examine rmr variability, we investigated anthropometric and metabolic differences among reindeer herders from subarctic finland.202032592316
the role of introgression and ecotypic parallelism in delineating intraspecific conservation units.parallel evolution can occur through selection on novel mutations, standing genetic variation or adaptive introgression. uncovering parallelism and introgressed populations can complicate management of threatened species as parallelism may have influenced conservation unit designations and admixed populations are not generally considered under legislations. we examined high coverage whole-genome sequences of 30 caribou (rangifer tarandus) from across north america and greenland, representing div ...202032567754
the ecology of individual differences empirically applied to space-use and movement tactics.movement provides a link between individual behavioral ecology and the spatial and temporal variation in an individual's landscape. individual variation in movement traits is an important axis of animal personality, particularly in the context of foraging ecology. we tested whether individual caribou (rangifer tarandus) displayed plasticity in movement and space-use behavior across a gradient of resource aggregation. we quantified first-passage time and range-use ratio as proxies for movement-re ...202032552106
genome sequence and comparative analysis of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in northern eurasia.reindeer are semi-domesticated ruminants that have adapted to the challenging northern eurasian environment characterized by long winters and marked annual fluctuations in daylight. we explored the genetic makeup behind their unique characteristics by de novo sequencing the genome of a male reindeer and conducted gene family analyses with nine other mammalian species. we performed a population genomics study of 23 additional reindeer representing both domestic and wild populations and several ec ...202032488117
dental calculus as a tool to study the evolution of the mammalian oral microbiome.dental calculus, the calcified form of the mammalian oral microbial plaque biofilm, is a rich source of oral microbiome, host, and dietary biomolecules and is well preserved in museum and archaeological specimens. despite its wide presence in mammals, to date, dental calculus has primarily been used to study primate microbiome evolution. we establish dental calculus as a valuable tool for the study of nonhuman host microbiome evolution, by using shotgun metagenomics to characterize the taxonomic ...202032467975
identification of working reindeer using palaeopathology and entheseal changes.this paper explores the potential of analyzing pathological lesions and entheseal changes in the identification of working reindeer.202032464526
infection with brainworm (elaphostrongylus rangiferi) in reindeer (rangifer tarandus ssp.) in fennoscandia.sami reindeer herders have considerable traditional knowledge about a neurological reindeer disease resembling elaphostrongylosis, but the causative agent was not identified prior to the description of the brainworm elaphostrongylus rangiferi in russia in 1958. elaphostrongylosis was quickly recognised as a serious cause of reindeer morbidity and mortality. the ecology, epidemiology and pathophysiology of the disease were studied in sweden and norway during the 1960s and in particular the 1970s ...202032460832
state-dependent foraging by caribou with different nutritional requirements.foraging by animals is hypothesized to be state-dependent, that is, varying with physiological condition of individuals. state often is defined by energy reserves, but state also can reflect differences in nutritional requirements (e.g., for reproduction, lactation, growth, etc.). testing hypotheses about state-dependent foraging in ungulates is difficult because fine-scale data needed to evaluate these hypotheses generally are lacking. to evaluate whether foraging by caribou (rangifer tarandus) ...202032454534
energy efficiency of respiration in mature and newborn reindeer.reindeer (rangifer tarandus) have evolved elaborate nasal turbinate structures that are perfused via a complex vascular network. these are subject to thermoregulatory control, shifting between heat conservation and dissipation, according to the animal's needs. the three-dimensional design of the turbinate structures is essential in the sense that they determine the efficiency with which heat and water are transferred between the structure and the respired air. the turbinates have already a relat ...202032451612
behavioral, physiological, demographic and ecological impacts of hematophagous and endoparasitic insects on an arctic ungulate.animals that deliver a toxic secretion through a wound or to the body surface without a wound are considered venomous and toxungenous, respectively. hematophagous insects, such as mosquitoes (aedes spp.), meet the criteria for venomous, and some endoparasitic insects, such as warble flies (hypoderma tarandi), satisfy the definition for toxungenous. the impacts of these insects on their hosts are wide ranging. in the arctic, their primary host is the most abundant ungulate, the caribou (rangifer ...202032443701
the onset in spring and the end in autumn of the thermal and vegetative growing season affect calving time and reproductive success in reindeer.a developing trophic mismatch between the peak of energy demands by reproducing animals and the peak of forage availability has caused many species' reproductive success to decrease. the match-mismatch hypothesis (mmh) is an appealing concept that can be used to assess such fitness consequences. however, concerns have been raised on applying the mmh on capital breeders such as reindeer because the reliance on maternal capita rather than dietary income may mitigate negative effects of changing ph ...202032440272
can reindeer husbandry management slow down the shrubification of the arctic?rapid climate change is threatening the stability and functioning of arctic ecosystems. as the arctic warms, shrubs have been widely observed to expand, which has potentially serious consequences for global climate regulation and for the ecological processes characterising these ecosystems. however, it is currently unclear why this shrubification has been spatially uneven across the arctic, with herbivory being suggested as a key regulating factor. by taking advantage of freely available satelli ...202032421670
non-destructive zooms identification reveals strategic bone tool raw material selection by neandertals.five nearly identical fragments of specialized bone tools, interpreted as lissoirs (french for "smoothers"), have been found at two middle paleolithic sites in southwest france. the finds span three separate archaeological deposits, suggesting continuity in the behavior of late neandertals. using standard morphological assessments, we determined that the lissoirs were produced on ribs of medium-sized ungulates. however, since these bones are highly fragmented and anthropogenically modified, spec ...202032385291
caribou in the cross-fire? considering terrestrial lichen forage in the face of mountain pine beetle (dendroctonus ponderosae) expansion.mountain pine beetle (mpb) has become an invasive forest pest of mature pine in western north america as it spreads beyond its former endemic range. management actions such as timber harvest can reduce the spread of mpb but may affect species of conservation concern like woodland caribou. our goal was to inform mpb management within caribou ranges by exploring the impacts of mpb on caribou habitat-focusing on terrestrial lichens, an important winter food for caribou. we evaluated differences in ...202032353088
suicide among reindeer herding sámi in sweden, 1961-2017.this study analyses suicides amongst reindeer herding sámi in sweden using information from the database of the national board of forensic medicine. suicides were identified using registers (39 suicides from 1961-2000) and key informants (11 suicides from 2001-2017). a great majority of cases were males (43 males, 7 females), and 50% occurred in the northernmost region. the mean age was 37.4 years with a peak in the group 20-29 years of age. shooting was the most common (56%) method, followed by ...202032310737
the economics of conservation debt: a natural capital approach to revealed valuation of ecological dynamics.some species are valued for their direct usefulness to society, through immediate financial returns from market activities such as harvesting or ecotourism. but many are valued for their passive usefulness, i.e., their mere existence contributes to supporting, regulating or cultural environmental services that support human well-being. hence, there is inherent social value to conserving such species as natural assets. however, such species are seldom priced as natural assets, and thus not accoun ...202032297391
renal trace elements in barren-ground caribou subpopulations: temporal trends and differing effects of sex, age and season.caribou (rangifer tarandus) are a culturally significant food resource for communities in northern canada and greenland. many barren-ground caribou subpopulations are currently in decline, some dramatically; understanding the influence of stressors, such as toxic trace metals, is important. these contaminants enter arctic terrestrial environments via atmospheric transport from industrialized areas and from local sources, accumulating there in the environment. understanding how trace element conc ...202032272411
radiocarbon chronology and environmental context of last glacial maximum human occupation in switzerland.central europe during the last glacial maximum (lgm) was dominated by polar desert and steppe-tundra biomes. despite this, a human presence during this time period is evident at several locations across the region, including in switzerland, less than 50 km from the alpine ice sheet margin. it has been hypothesised that such human activity may have been restricted to brief periods of climatic warming within the lgm, but chronological information from many of these sites are currently too poorly r ...202032170159
analysis of genetic information from the antlers of rangifer tarandus (reindeer) at the rapid growth stage.reindeer is the only deer species in which both males and females regularly grow antlers, providing an excellent model for studying the rapid growth and annual regeneration of antlers. the study of genetic information from reindeer is the basis for revealing the unique mechanism of antler growth. in the present study, we obtained 18.86 gb of clean reads, which were assembled to obtain 94,575 unigenes (average length: 704.69). among these reads, 30,980 sequences were identified by searching a dat ...202032168333
wild ruminants as reservoirs of domestic livestock gastrointestinal nematodes.gastrointestinal nematode (gin) infections in cattle cause appetite suppression which leads to poor feed conversion, reduced weight gain and reduced milk production. overuse and exclusive reliance on anthelmintic drugs has resulted in widespread resistance in many parasitic nematode species infecting livestock making control increasingly difficult. wild ruminants are competent hosts of a number of nematode species that typically infect and are best adapted for cattle, sheep, and goats. thus, the ...202032160579
when the protection of a threatened species depends on the economy of a foreign nation.a significant challenge of conservation biology is to preserve species in places where their critical habitat also attracts significant economic interest. the problem is compounded when species distributions occur across large spatial extents. threatened boreal caribou (rangifer tarandus caribou) epitomize this problem: their critical habitat encompasses a vast expanse of forest that also supplies much of canada's merchantable timber. boreal caribou were protected under the canada species at ris ...202032160207
watershed, climate, and stable isotope data (oxygen-18 and deuterium) for 50 boreal lakes in the oil sands region, northeastern alberta, canada, 2002-2017.watershed data, climate and stable data collected over a 16-year period from a network of 50 lakes in northeastern alberta, are provided to allow for broader incorporation into regional assessments of environmental impacts, particularly hydrologic and geochemical processes under changing climate and land use development. oxygen-18 and deuterium analyses of water samples are provided from late summer surveys of 50 lakes with varying land cover and permafrost conditions. six sub-groups of lakes ar ...202032154345
failure to detect prion infectivity in ticks following prion-infected blood meal.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is an emerging and fatal contagious prion disease that affects cervids, including mule deer, white-tailed deer, black-tailed deer, red deer reindeer, elk, and moose. cwd prions are widely distributed throughout the bodies of cwd-infected animals and are found in the nervous system, lymphoid tissues, muscle, blood, urine, feces, and antler velvet. the mechanism of cwd transmission in natural settings is unknown. potential mechanisms of transmission include horizontal ...202032878935
when does weather synchronize life-history traits? spatiotemporal patterns in juvenile body mass of two ungulates.theory predicts that animal populations will be synchronized over large distances by weather and climatic conditions with high spatial synchrony. however, local variation in population responses to weather, and low synchrony in key weather variables or in other ecological processes may reduce the population synchrony. we investigated to what extent temperature and precipitation during different periods of the year synchronized juvenile body mass of moose and reindeer in norway. we expected high ...202032108334
arctic design: revisiting traditional fur clothing within the daily routine of reindeer nomads.this research investigates the domain of indigenous fur clothing for the extreme conditions of the arctic. the main goal is to reveal the principles of personal wellbeing through observing and analyzing traditional nenets fur coat and footwear together with the actual experiences of making and using clothing items. for that, we draw from the existing pool of research on functional parameters tested and evaluated in a lab and our empirical data (interviews and participant observations 2013-2016), ...202032099916
neonatal mortality and temperature in two northern swedish rural parishes, 1860-1899-the significance of ethnicity and gender.the aim of this study was to analyze the association between season of birth and daily temperature for neonatal mortality in two swedish rural parishes between 1860 and 1899. further, we aimed to study whether the association varied according to ethnicity (indigenous sami reindeer herders and non-sami settlers) and gender. the source material for this study comprised digitized parish records from the demographic data base, umeå university, combined with local weather data provided by the swedish ...202032070044
factors contributing to anthrax outbreaks in the circumpolar north.a 2016 outbreak of anthrax on the yamal peninsula in siberia that led to the culling of more than two hundred thousand reindeer and killed one human, resulted in significant media interests and in the reporting was often linked to thawing permafrost and ultimately climate change. here, we review the historic context of anthrax outbreaks in the circumpolar north and explore alternative explanations for the anthrax outbreak in western siberia. further, we propose a convergence model where multiple ...202032006181
response of barren-ground caribou to advancing spring phenology.phenological shifts are occurring in many ecosystems around the world. the capacity of species to adapt to changing phenology will be critical to their success under climate change scenarios. failure to adjust migratory and reproductive timing to keep pace with the earlier onset of spring has led to negative demographic effects for populations of species across a variety of taxa. for caribou, there have been concerns that earlier spring green-up on calving areas might not be matched by earlier m ...202031982951
the biogeography of the caribou lungworm, varestrongylus eleguneniensis (nematoda: protostrongylidae) across northern north america.varestrongylus eleguneniensis (nematoda; protostrongylidae) is a recently described species of lungworm that infects caribou (rangifer tarandus), muskoxen (ovibos moschatus) and moose (alces americanus) across northern north america. herein we explore the geographic distribution of v. eleguneniensis through geographically extensive sampling and discuss the biogeography of this multi-host parasite. we analyzed fecal samples of three caribou subspecies (n = 1485), two muskox subspecies (n = 159), ...202031970056
microbiota in foods from inuit traditional hunting.the foods we eat contain microorganisms that we ingest alongside the food. industrialized food systems offer great advantages from a safety point of view, but have also been accused of depleting the diversity of the human microbiota with negative implications for human health. in contrast, artisanal traditional foods are potential sources of a diverse food microbiota. traditional foods of the greenlandic inuit are comprised of animal-sourced foods prepared in the natural environment and are ofte ...202031935269
climate change and reindeer management in finland: co-analysis of practitioner knowledge and meteorological data for better adaptation.we studied interannual variability and changes over time in selected climate indices in the reindeer management area (rma) in northern finland. we present together the knowledge possessed by reindeer herders with information from meteorological measurements over three decades. the practitioner knowledge was gathered via a survey questionnaire addressing herder observations of long-term changes (approximately during the past 30 years) in climatic conditions and their impacts on herding during the ...202031926410
a mobile laboratory for ancient dna analysis.mobile devices for on-field dna analysis have been used for medical diagnostics at the point-of-care, forensic investigations and environmental surveys, but still have to be validated for ancient dna studies. we report here on a mobile laboratory that we setup using commercially available devices, including a compact real-time pcr machine, and describe procedures to perform dna extraction and analysis from a variety of archeological samples within 4 hours. the process is carried out on 50 mg sam ...202032187203
chronic wasting disease associated with prion protein gene (prnp) variation in norwegian wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus).the emergence of cwd in europe in 2016 and the first natural infection in wild reindeer warranted disease management. this led to the testing of 2424 hunted or culled reindeer during 2016-2018, from the infected subpopulation in the nordfjella mountain range in southern norway. to identify any association between prnp variation and cwd susceptibility, we characterized the open reading frame of the prnp gene in 19 cwd positive reindeer and in 101 age category- and sex-matched cwd negative control ...202031852336
transfer of transuranium elements along the food chain lichen-reindeer-man - a review of investigations in finnish lapland.following the atmospheric nuclear tests in the '50s and early '60s radioecological research on the (sub)arctic food chain lichen-reindeer/caribou-man was initiated in finland among other northern countries. the enrichment of radionuclides in this food chain can lead to exceptionally high body burdens among the indigenous sami and inuit populations consuming large quantities of the meat and edible organs of reindeer and caribou. in finland, first fission and activation products and natural radion ...202031818734
genetic diversity of aoluguya reindeer based on d-loop region of mtdna and its conservation implications.aoluguya reindeer is the only reindeer population in china. in recent years, habitat loss and inbreeding have led to population decline, and population growth has been slow, maintaining a thousand or so. to better protect the aoluguya reindeer and improve its fecundity, we have introduced reindeer from finland, crossbreeding help us to reach this goal. however, it is lacking in the study of genetic diversity of reindeer in china and finland. therefore, we used the partial sequences of the d-loop ...202031809841
stabilizing selection and adaptive evolution in a combination of two traits in an arctic ungulate.stabilizing selection is thought to be common in wild populations and act as one of the main evolutionary mechanisms, which constrain phenotypic variation. when multiple traits interact to create a combined phenotype, correlational selection may be an important process driving adaptive evolution. here, we report on phenotypic selection and evolutionary changes in two natal traits in a semidomestic population of reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in northern finland. the population has been closely mon ...202031808544
corridors or risk? movement along, and use of, linear features varies predictably among large mammal predator and prey species.space-use behaviour reflects trade-offs in meeting ecological needs and can have consequences for individual survival and population demographics. the mechanisms underlying space use can be understood by simultaneously evaluating habitat selection and movement patterns, and fine-resolution locational data are increasing our ability to do so. we use high-resolution location data and an integrated step-selection analysis to evaluate caribou, moose, bear, and wolf habitat selection and movement beh ...202031648375
early-life conditions determine the between-individual heterogeneity in plasticity of calving date in reindeer.phenotypic plasticity has become a key concept to enhance our ability to understand the adaptive potential of species to track the pace of climate change by allowing a relatively rapid adjustment of life-history traits. recently, population-level trends of an earlier timing of reproduction to climate change have been highlighted in many taxa, but only few studies have explicitly taken into consideration between-individual heterogeneity in phenotypic plasticity. using a long-term data of a semi-d ...202031429472
prevalence and characterization of cryptosporidium species and genotypes in four farmed deer species in the northeast of china.cryptosporidiosis is a major public health problem in humans and animals. information on the prevalence and molecular diversity of cryptosporidium in farmed deer in northeastern china is limited. in this study, the prevalence of these parasites was investigated in four farmed deer species, including 125 reindeer, 109 red deer, 86 sika deer, and 18 siberian roe deer by nested pcr amplification of the partial small subunit of ribosomal rna (ssu rrna) gene. c. ubiquitum isolates were subtyped using ...202032903723
storing fish?: a dog's isotopic biography provides insight into iron age food preservation strategies in the russian arctic.analysis of individual animal bodies can provide numerous useful insights in archeology, including how humans provisioned such animals, which in turn informs on a variety of other past behaviors such as human dietary patterns. in this study, we conducted stable carbon (δ13c) and nitrogen (δ15n) isotope analysis of collagen and keratin from four types of tissues from a dog burial at the ust'-polui site in the iamal region of arctic russia. ust'-polui is an iron age site located on the lower ob ri ...202032831958
bartonella spp. detection in ticks, culicoides biting midges and wild cervids from norway.bartonella spp. are fastidious, gram-negative, aerobic, facultative intracellular bacteria that infect humans, and domestic and wild animals. in norway, bartonella spp. have been detected in cervids, mainly within the distribution area of the arthropod vector deer ked (lipoptena cervi). we used pcr to survey the prevalence of bartonella spp. in blood samples from 141 cervids living outside the deer ked distribution area (moose [alces alces, n = 65], red deer [cervus elaphus, n = 41] and reindeer ...202032757355
identifying early stages of reindeer domestication in the archaeological record: a 3d morphological investigation on forelimb bones of modern populations from fennoscandia.reindeer herding probably developed during the late iron age onwards and is still an important part of the subsistence and culture of many peoples in northern eurasia. however, despite the importance of this husbandry in the history of these arctic people, the period and place of the origin as well as the spread of domestic reindeer is still highly debated. besides the existence of different breeding methods in these territories, identifying domesticated individuals in the archaeological record ...202032704330
fox dietary ecology as a tracer of human impact on pleistocene ecosystems.nowadays, opportunistic small predators, such as foxes (vulpes vulpes and vulpes lagopus), are well known to be very adaptable to human modified ecosystems. however, the timing of the start of this phenomenon in terms of human impact on ecosystems and of the implications for foxes has hardly been studied. we hypothesize that foxes can be used as an indicator of past human impact on ecosystems, as a reflection of population densities and consequently to track back the influence of humans on the p ...202032697783
role of donor genotype in rt-quic seeding activity of chronic wasting disease prions using human and bank vole substrates.chronic wasting disease is a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids. this fatal neurodegenerative disease is caused by misfolding of the cellular prion protein (prpc) to pathogenic conformers (prpsc), and the pathogenic forms accumulate in the brain and other tissues. real-time quaking induced conversion (rt-quic) can be used for the detection of prions and for prion strain discrimination in a variety of biological tissues from humans and animals. in this study, we evaluated how eith ...202031910440
a retrospective summary of cervid morbidity and mortality in ontario and nunavut regions of canada (1991-2017).free-ranging cervids in canada face diverse threats such as climate change, human population expansion, and the northward spread of vector-borne pathogens. however, we currently have a limited understanding of the impacts of these health challenges in ontario cervids. our objective was to identify and characterize causes of morbidity and mortality in free-ranging cervids submitted to the ontario and nunavut node of the canadian wildlife health cooperative (cwhc) over a 27-yr period (1991 to 2017 ...202032348201
community-level modelling of boreal forest mammal distribution in an oil sands landscape.anthropogenic landscape disturbances are known to alter, destroy, and fragment habitat, which typically leads to biodiversity loss. the effects of landscape disturbance generally vary among species and depend on the nature of the disturbances, which may interact and result in synergistic effects. western canada's oil sands region experiences disturbances from forestry and energy sector activities as well as municipal and transportation infrastructure. the effects of those disturbances on single ...202033049527
first highly sensitive and specific competitive elisa for detection of bovine besnoitiosis with potential as a multi-species test.serological cross-reactions represent a serious problem in some currently available tests to diagnose besnoitia infections in many species including cattle, caribou and donkeys. false-positive results are due to the low positive-predictive value of these serological tests for besnoitiosis. these tests therefore have clear limitations if large herds are screened in areas with low prevalence, since increased numbers of false-positive reactions require confirmatory testing by alternative serologica ...202032169472
identification of sarcocystis spp. in one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) from riyadh and dammam, saudi arabia, via histological and phylogenetic approaches.sarcocystis(s.) spp. are intracellular protozoan parasites that infect birds and animals, resulting in substantial commercial losses. sarcocystis spp. have an indirect life cycle; canines and felines are known to act as final hosts, and numerous domestic and wild animals act as intermediate hosts. the presence of sarcocysts in camel meat may diminish its commercial quality. there is limited knowledge regarding the taxonomy and diagnosis of sarcocystis spp. that infect camels in saudi arabia. in ...202032605261
the unique spatial ecology of human hunters.human hunters are described as 'superpredators' with a unique ecology. chronic wasting disease among cervids and african swine fever among wild boar are emerging wildlife diseases in europe, with huge economic and cultural repercussions. understanding hunter movements at broad scales has implications for how to control the spread of these diseases. here we show, based on analysis of the settlement patterns and movements of hunters of reindeer (n = 9,685), red deer (n = 47,845), moose (n = 60,365 ...202032203320
gammaherpesvirus in cervid species from norway: characterization of a new virus in wild and semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus).gammaherpesvirus infections have been described in cervids worldwide, mainly the genera macavirus or rhadinovirus. however, little is known about the gammaherpesviruses species infecting cervids in norway and fennoscandia. blood samples from semi-domesticated (n = 39) and wild (n = 35) eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus), moose (alces alces, n = 51), and red deer (cervus elaphus, n = 41) were tested using a panherpesvirus dna polymerase (dpol) pcr. dpol-pcr-positive samples wer ...202032796534
ecological insights from three decades of animal movement tracking across a changing arctic.the arctic is entering a new ecological state, with alarming consequences for humanity. animal-borne sensors offer a window into these changes. although substantial animal tracking data from the arctic and subarctic exist, most are difficult to discover and access. here, we present the new arctic animal movement archive (aama), a growing collection of more than 200 standardized terrestrial and marine animal tracking studies from 1991 to the present. the aama supports public data discovery, prese ...202033154141
an assessment of sampling designs using scr analyses to estimate abundance of boreal caribou.accurately estimating abundance is a critical component of monitoring and recovery of rare and elusive species. spatial capture-recapture (scr) models are an increasingly popular method for robust estimation of ecological parameters. we provide an analytical framework to assess results from empirical studies to inform scr sampling design, using both simulated and empirical data from noninvasive genetic sampling of seven boreal caribou populations (rangifer tarandus caribou), which varied in rang ...202033144989
genetic specificity of the siberian forest reindeer (rangifer tarandus valentinae flerov, 1932) of the kuznetsk alatau.this is the first study to show the genetic identity of the altai-sayan population of the forest reindeer of the kuznetsk alatau (rangifer tarandus valentinae). the population is characterized by the existence of unique mitochondrial lines, the absence of signs of introgression of domestic rein deer mtdna, as well as a low level of genetic diversity. in the sample studied, only two nucleotide substitutions (both of them transitions) were revealed, the nucleotide diversity (0.0015 ± 0.00136) was ...202033083885
food sovereignty of the indigenous peoples in the arctic zone of western siberia: response to covid-19 pandemic.this article presents the challenges facing reindeer herding as being both a profitable business and part of the traditional culture of the nomadic indigenous peoples in the arctic zone of western siberia which addresses substantial needs of the local population. reindeer herding products are used as traditional nutrition, and as effective preventive means and remedies for adapting to the cold and geomagnetic activity in the high north. export trends of traditional reindeer products have decreas ...202033080982
changing diets and traditional lifestyle of siberian arctic indigenous peoples and effects on health and well-being.the diet of indigenous peoples of north-western siberia is characterized by a significant proportion of traditional foods. eating local products provides a ready-made set of macro- and microelements necessary for life in the challenging conditions of the arctic. currently, high consumption of traditional foods is typical in the season of fishing or reindeer slaughter, while out of season the consumption of easily digestible carbohydrates increases. due to climate change, seasonal fishing and tra ...202033058008
range expansion of muskox lungworms track rapid arctic warming: implications for geographic colonization under climate forcing.rapid climate warming in the arctic results in multifaceted disruption of biodiversity, faunal structure, and ecosystem health. hypotheses have linked range expansion and emergence of parasites and diseases to accelerating warming globally but empirical studies demonstrating causality are rare. using historical data and recent surveys as baselines, we explored climatological drivers for arctic warming as determinants of range expansion for two temperature-dependent lungworms, umingmakstrongylus ...202033057173
permafrost dynamics and the risk of anthrax transmission: a modelling study.a recent outbreak of anthrax disease, severely affecting reindeer herds in siberia, has been reportedly associated to the presence of infected carcasses or spores released from the active layer over permafrost, which is thawing and thickening at increasing rates, thus underlying the re-emerging nature of this pathogen in the arctic region because of warming temperatures. anthrax is a global zoonotic and epizootic disease, with a high case-fatality ratio in infected animals. its transmission is m ...202033028874
mammalian herbivory shapes intraspecific trait responses to warmer climate and nutrient enrichment.variation in intraspecific traits is one important mechanism that can allow plant species to respond to global changes. understanding plant trait responses to environmental changes such as grazing patterns, nutrient enrichment and climate warming is, thus, essential for predicting the composition of future plant communities. we measured traits of eight common tundra species in a fully factorial field experiment with mammalian herbivore exclusion, fertilization, and passive warming, and assessed ...202033020977
long-lived larch clones may conserve adaptations that could restrict treeline migration in northern siberia.the occurrence of refugia beyond the arctic treeline and genetic adaptation therein play a crucial role of largely unknown effect size. while refugia have potential for rapidly colonizing the tundra under global warming, the taxa may be maladapted to the new environmental conditions. understanding the genetic composition and age of refugia is thus crucial for predicting any migration response. here, we genotype 194 larch individuals from an ~1.8 km2 area in northcentral siberia on the southern t ...202033005360
integrating functional connectivity in designing networks of protected areas under climate change: a caribou case-study.land-use change and climate change are recognized as two main drivers of the current biodiversity decline. protected areas help safeguard the landscape from additional anthropogenic disturbances and, when properly designed, can help species cope with climate change impacts. when designed to protect the regional biodiversity rather than to conserve focal species or landscape elements, protected areas need to cover a representative sample of the regional biodiversity and be functionally connected, ...202032997673
temporal and structural genetic variation in reindeer (rangifer tarandus) associated with the pastoral transition in northwestern siberia.just as the domestication of livestock is often cited as a key element in the neolithic transition to settled, the emergence of large-scaled reindeer husbandry was a fundamental social transformation for the indigenous peoples of arctic eurasia. to better understand the history of reindeer domestication, and the genetic processes associated with the pastoral transition in the eurasian arctic, we analyzed archaeological and contemporary reindeer samples from northwestern siberia. the material rep ...202032953046
ocular histopathological findings in semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) with infectious keratoconjunctivitis after experimental inoculation with cervid herpesvirus 2.infectious keratoconjunctivitis (ikc) is a common transmissible ocular disease in semi-domesticated eurasian tundra reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus). in large outbreaks, ikc may affect tens of animals in a herd, with the most severe cases often requiring euthanasia due to the destruction of the affected eyes and permanent blindness. an experimental inoculation with cervid herpesvirus 2 (cvhv2), alone or in combination with moraxella bovoculi, demonstrated that cvhv2 has the ability to cause ...202032917018
hunting strategies to increase detection of chronic wasting disease in cervids.the successful mitigation of emerging wildlife diseases may involve controversial host culling. for livestock, 'preemptive host culling' is an accepted practice involving the removal of herds with known contact to infected populations. when applied to wildlife, this proactive approach comes in conflict with biodiversity conservation goals. here, we present an alternative approach of 'proactive hunting surveillance' with the aim of early disease detection that simultaneously avoids undesirable po ...202032873810
spreading or gathering? can traditional knowledge be a resource to tackle reindeer diseases associated with climate change?this paper inquires whether reindeer herders' traditional knowledge (tk) provides a reservoir of precaution and adaptation possibilities that may be relevant to counteract climate change. as our core example, we used the milking of reindeer-which, in some areas, was practiced up until the 1950s-1960s-and the risk of getting foot rot disease (digital necrobacillosis; slubbo in north sámi), caused by the bacterium fusobacterium necrophorum. via wounds or scratches, the bacterium creates an infecti ...202032824833
large-scale prion protein genotyping in canadian caribou populations and potential impact on chronic wasting disease susceptibility.polymorphisms within the prion protein gene (prnp) are an intrinsic factor that can modulate chronic wasting disease (cwd) pathogenesis in cervids. although wild european reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) were infected with cwd, as yet there have been no reports of the disease in north american caribou (r. tarandus spp.). previous prnp genotyping studies on approximately 200 caribou revealed single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) at codons 2 (v/m), 129 (g/s), 138 (s/n), 146 (n/n) and 169 (v/ ...202032810895
green colonialism in the nordic context: exploring southern saami representations of wind energy development.this paper explores social representations of wind energy development within reindeer herding lands among the indigenous southern saami living within norwegian borders. for this matter, the paper combines social representations theory (srt) with the analytical framework of "circuits of dispossession and privilege" and decolonial approaches within community psychology. data consisted of seven individual semi-structured open-ended interviews, three collective interviews, and observation in three l ...202032794192
divergent estimates of herd-wide caribou calf survival: ecological factors and methodological biases.population monitoring is a critical part of effective wildlife management, but methods are prone to biases that can hinder our ability to accurately track changes in populations through time. calf survival plays an important role in ungulate population dynamics and can be monitored using telemetry and herd composition surveys. these methods, however, are susceptible to unrepresentative sampling and violations of the assumption of equal detectability, respectively. here, we capitalized on 55 herd ...202032788995
fish growth rates and lake sulphate explain variation in mercury levels in ninespine stickleback (pungitius pungitius) on the arctic coastal plain of alaska.mercury concentrations in freshwater food webs are governed by complex biogeochemical and ecological interactions that spatially vary and are often mediated by climate. the arctic coastal plain of alaska (acp) is a heterogeneous, lake-rich landscape where variability in mercury accumulation is poorly understood. earlier research indicated that the level of catchment influence on lakes varied spatially on the acp, and affected mercury accumulation in lake sediments. this work sought to determine ...202032758814
insight into the current genetic diversity and population structure of domestic reindeer (rangifer tarandus) in russia.to examine the genetic diversity and population structure of domestic reindeer, using the bovinehd beadchip, we genotyped reindeer individuals belonging to the nenets breed of the five main breeding regions, the even breed of the republic of sakha, the evenk breed of the krasnoyarsk and yakutia regions, and the chukotka breed of the chukotka region and its within-breed ecotype, namely, the chukotka-khargin, which is bred in yakutia. the chukotka reindeer was shown to have the lowest genetic dive ...202032751575
fear the reaper: ungulate carcasses may generate an ephemeral landscape of fear for rodents.animal carcasses provide an ephemeral pulse of nutrients for scavengers that use them. carcass sites can increase species interactions and/or ephemeral, localized landscapes of fear for prey within the vicinity. few studies have applied the landscape of fear to carcasses. here, we use a mass die-off of reindeer caused by lightning in norway to test whether rodents avoided larger scavengers (e.g. corvids and fox). we used the presence and abundance of faeces as a proxy for carcass use over the co ...202032742677
adult survival in migratory caribou is negatively associated with mhc functional diversity.genes of the major histocompatibility complex (mhc) are involved in acquired immunity in vertebrates. only a few studies have investigated the fitness consequences of mhc gene diversity in wild populations. here, we looked at the association between annual survival and body mass and mhc-drb exon 2 (mhc-drb) genetic diversity, obtained from high-throughput sequencing, in two declining migratory caribou (rangifer tarandus) herds. to disentangle the potential direct and general effects of mhc-drb g ...202032728043
response of reindeer mating time to climatic variability.the breeding time of many species has changed over the past 2-3 decades in response to climate change. yet it is a key reproductive trait that affects individual's parturition time and reproductive success, and thereby population dynamics. in order to predict how climate change will affect species' viability, it is crucial to understand how species base their reproductive efforts on environmental cues.202032727535
a mini-review of ixodes ticks climate sensitive infection dispersion risk in the nordic region.climate change in the nordic countries is projected to lead to both wetter and warmer seasons. this, in combination with associated vegetation changes and increased animal migration, increases the potential incidence of tick-borne diseases (tbd) where already occurring, and emergence in new places. at the same time, vegetation and animal management influence tick habitat and transmission risks. in this paper, we review the literature on ixodes ricinus, the primary vector for tbd. current and pro ...202032726948
comparative microbiome analysis reveals the ecological relationships between rumen methanogens, acetogens, and their hosts.ruminant methane, which is generated by methanogens through the consumption of hydrogen and supports the normal function of the rumen ecosystem, is a major source of greenhouse gases. reductive acetogenesis by acetogens is a possible alternative sink that can dispose of hydrogen for acetate production. however, the distribution of rumen methanogens and acetogens along with the relationships among methanogens, acetogens, and their host are poorly understood. therefore, we investigated the rumen m ...202032714292
range expansion and reproduction of the ectoparasitic deer ked (lipoptena cervi) in its novel host, the arctic reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus), in finland.the deer ked (lipoptena cervi) is a harmful ectoparasite that emerged in the reindeer herding area of finland in 2006. to understand the current range and the intensity of infestations on its novel reindeer host, we studied deer ked pupae collected from reindeer and moose bedding sites and conducted a questionnaire survey among the managers of 18 reindeer herding cooperatives in the southern part of the reindeer herding area. our study confirmed that the deer ked can survive and successfully rep ...202032699937
harnessing paleo-environmental modeling and genetic data to predict intraspecific genetic structure.spatially explicit simulations of gene flow within complex landscapes could help forecast the responses of populations to global and anthropological changes. simulating how past climate change shaped intraspecific genetic variation can provide a validation of models in anticipation of their use to predict future changes. we review simulation models that provide inferences on population genetic structure. existing simulation models generally integrate complex demographic and genetic processes but ...202032684974
corrigendum to: state-dependent foraging by caribou with different nutritional requirements.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa003.].202032665743
reindeer: efficient indexing of k-mer presence and abundance in sequencing datasets.in this work we present reindeer, a novel computational method that performs indexing of sequences and records their abundances across a collection of datasets. to the best of our knowledge, other indexing methods have so far been unable to record abundances efficiently across large datasets.202032657392
mapping potential effects of proposed roads on migratory connectivity for a highly mobile herbivore using circuit theory.migration is common worldwide as species access spatiotemporally varying resources and avoid predators and parasites. however, long-distance migrations are increasingly imperiled due to development and habitat fragmentation. improved understanding of migratory behavior has implications for conservation and management of migratory species, allowing identification and protection of seasonal ranges and migration corridors. we present a technique that applies circuit theory to predict future effects ...202032632940
the european union summary report on surveillance for the presence of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) in 2018.this report presents the results of surveillance on transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tse) in bovine animals, sheep, goats, cervids and other species, and genotyping in sheep, carried out in 2018 by 28 member states (ms) according to legislation, and by iceland, north macedonia, norway and switzerland (non-ms). in total, 1,181,934 cattle were tested by ms, a 10% decrease from 2017 and 20,402 by the four non-ms. one case of classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) was reported in ...201932626210
first detection of chronic wasting disease in a wild red deer (cervus elaphus) in europe.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a fatal contagious prion disease naturally occurring in cervids in north america. in 2016, cwd was detected in wild reindeer (rangifer tarandus) and moose (alces alces) in norway. here, we report the first known naturally infected wild norwegian red deer (cervus elaphus).201930920905
the importance of considering multiple interacting species for conservation of species at risk.conservation of species at risk of extinction is complex and multifaceted. however, mitigation strategies are typically narrow in scope, an artifact of conservation research that is often limited to a single species or stressor. knowledge of an entire community of strongly interacting species would greatly enhance the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of conservation decisions. we investigated how camera trapping and spatial count models, an extension of spatial-recapture models for unmarked p ...201930306635
molecular detection of babesia odocoilei in wild, farmed, and zoo cervids in ontario, canada.babesia odocoilei, a tick-borne protozoan hemoparasite of white-tailed deer ( odocoileus virginianus), is being increasingly recognized as a cause of disease in captive cervids in north america. historically endemic in white-tailed deer, the natural wildlife reservoir in the southeastern us, b. odocoilei has been recently associated with hemolytic anemia in captive eurasian tundra reindeer ( rangifer tarandus tarandus), wapiti ( cervus canadensis), and woodland caribou ( rangifer tarandus caribo ...201930339101
multi-pathogen serological survey of migratory caribou herds: a snapshot in time.pathogens can impact host survival, fecundity, and population dynamics even when no obvious disease is observed. few baseline data on pathogen prevalence and diversity of caribou are available, which hampers our ability to track changes over time and evaluate impacts on caribou health. archived blood samples collected from ten migratory caribou herds in canada and two in greenland were used to test for exposure to pathogens that have the potential to effect population productivity, are zoonotic ...201931365561
cervids as sentinel-species for tick-borne encephalitis virus in norway - a serological study.tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) is the causative agent of tick-borne encephalitis (tbe). tbev is one of the most important neurological pathogens transmitted by tick bites in europe. the objectives of this study were to investigate the seroprevalence of tbe antibodies in cervids in norway and the possible emergence of new foci, and furthermore to evaluate if cervids can function as sentinel animals for the distribution of tbev in the country. serum samples from 286 moose, 148 roe deer, 140 ...201931855321
fatal acute babesiosis associated with babesia venatorum infection (babesia sp. eu1) in a captive reindeer calf in switzerland.babesia venatorum was isolated from a captive reindeer calf in switzerland. the clinical signs consistent with acute babesiosis included hemolytic anemia and hemoglobinuria. the diagnosis was made based on visualization of intraerythrocytic parasites in the stained blood smears and confirmed by pcr analysis of the 18s rrna gene, with subsequent species identification within babesia confirmed by sequencing. the reindeer calf was initially treated with supportive care and an antiprotozoal drug (im ...201931796172
slower rates of accumulation of dna damage in leukocytes correlate with longer lifespans across several species of birds and mammals.although there is previous evidence showing an increase in various types of dna damage with aging in mice and humans, a comparative study determining accumulation rates of dna double strand breaks, as determined by presence of phosphorylated histone h2ax (γh2ax), in leukocytes of individuals of different ages from phylogenetically distinct species from birds to mammals was lacking. here, we demonstrate that the rate of accumulation of dna damage as measured by the dna damage marker γh2ax correla ...201931730540
stable carbon isotope diagnostics of mammalian metabolism, a high-resolution isotomics approach using amino acid carboxyl groups.the carbon isotopic compositions of amino acids are increasingly measured to characterize diets and metabolic response to diets. we report a new high-resolution system to measure the stable carbon isotopic composition of carboxyl atoms within amino acids. the automated system used hplc to separate amino acids followed by addition of ninhydrin for decarboxylation and transfer of the evolved co2 to a stable isotope ratio mass spectrometer for δ13ccarboxyl measurement. the ninhydrin reaction was co ...201931658286
chronic wasting disease in cervids: implications for prion transmission to humans and other animal species.chronic wasting disease (cwd) is a prion-related transmissible spongiform encephalopathy of cervids, including deer, elk, reindeer, sika deer, and moose. cwd has been confirmed in at least 26 u.s. states, three canadian provinces, south korea, finland, norway, and sweden, with a notable increase in the past 5 years. the continued geographic spread of this disease increases the frequency of exposure to cwd prions among cervids, humans, and other animal species. since cwd is now an established wil ...201931337719
telomere shortening rate predicts species life span.telomere shortening to a critical length can trigger aging and shorter life spans in mice and humans by a mechanism that involves induction of a persistent dna damage response at chromosome ends and loss of cellular viability. however, whether telomere length is a universal determinant of species longevity is not known. to determine whether telomere shortening can be a single parameter to predict species longevities, here we measured in parallel the telomere length of a wide variety of species ( ...201931285335
serological and molecular detection of toxoplasma gondii in terrestrial and marine wildlife harvested for food in nunavik, canada.toxoplasma gondii, a zoonotic protozoan parasite, infects mammals and birds worldwide. infection in humans is often asymptomatic, though illnesses can occur in immunocompromised hosts and the fetuses of susceptible women infected during pregnancy. in nunavik, canada, 60% of the inuit population has measurable antibodies against t. gondii. handling and consumption of wildlife have been identified as risk factors for exposure. serological evidence of exposure has been reported for wildlife in nuna ...201930944016
estimating the intensity of use by interacting predators and prey using camera traps.understanding how organisms distribute themselves in response to interacting species, ecosystems, climate, human development and time is fundamental to ecological study and practice. a measure to quantify the relationship among organisms and their environments is intensity of use: the rate of use of a specific resource in a defined unit of time. estimating the intensity of use differs from estimating probabilities of occupancy or selection, which can remain constant even when the intensity of us ...201930834526
genomics, environment and balancing selection in behaviourally bimodal populations: the caribou case.selection forces that favour different phenotypes in different environments can change frequencies of genes between populations along environmental clines. clines are also compatible with balancing forces, such as negative frequency-dependent selection (nfds), which maintains phenotypic polymorphisms within populations. for example, nfds is hypothesized to maintain partial migration, a dimorphic behavioural trait prominent in species where only a fraction of the population seasonally migrates. o ...201930714247
measuring the radiation exposure of norwegian reindeer under field conditions.models and approaches have been developed to predict radiation exposure of wildlife under field conditions. however, there have been few attempts to directly measure radiation exposure of wildlife in the field and confirm the doses predicted by models. this is a potential issue for stakeholder acceptance of modelling-based assessments. here is presented a comprehensive study comparing the results of different dosimeters fitted to free-ranging reindeer inhabiting an area that received comparative ...201931412467
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