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research priorities to fill knowledge gaps in wild boar management measures that could improve the control of african swine fever in wild boar populations.the european commission asked efsa to provide study designs for the investigation of four research domains (rds) according to major gaps in knowledge identified by efsa in a report published in 2019: (rd 1) african swine fever (asf) epidemiology in wild boar; (rd 2) asf transmission by vectors; (rd 3) african swine fever virus (asfv) survival in the environment, and (rd 4) the patterns of seasonality of asf in wild boar and domestic pigs in the eu. in this scientific opinion, the second rd on as ...202134354769
lateral flow assays for the detection of african swine fever virus antigen are not fit for field diagnosis of wild boar carcasses.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most important viral diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar. apart from endemic cycles in africa, asf is now continuously spreading in europe and asia. as asf leads to severe but unspecific clinical signs and high lethality, early pathogen detection is of utmost importance. recently, 'point-of-care' (poc) tests, especially immunochromatographic assays, have been intensively discussed for the use in remote areas but also in the context of on-farm epidemiol ...202134312995
rapid and sensitive rpa-cas12a-fluorescence assay for point-of-care detection of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is a serious contagious disease that causes fatal haemorrhagic fever in domestic and wild pigs, with high morbidity. it has caused devastating damage to the swine industry worldwide, necessitating the focus of attention on detection of the asf pathogen, the african swine fever virus (asfv). in order to overcome the disadvantages of conventional diagnostic methods (e.g. time-consuming, demanding and unintuitive), quick detection tools with higher sensitivity need to be e ...202134280234
a semi-automated system of luciferase immunoprecipitation assay for rapid and easy detection of african swine fever virus antibody.african swine fever (asf) is a highly contagious viral disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. for the disease surveillance and control, we developed a rapid and easy luciferase immunoprecipitation assay (mb-lips) to detect asf virus (asfv) antibody. the mb-lips is based on magnetic beads modified with protein a/g and the recombinant fusion protein of asfv p30 and luciferase, where p30 functioned as the recognition element and the luciferase as the signal component. incubation and washing could ...202134260273
evaluation of lesions and viral antigen distribution in domestic pigs inoculated intranasally with african swine fever virus ken05/tk1 (genotype x).the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and the clinicopathological forms caused by currently circulating african swine fever virus (asfv) isolates is incomplete. so far, most of the studies have been focused on isolates classified within genotypes i and ii, the only genotypes that have circulated outside of africa. however, less is known about the clinical presentations and lesions induced by isolates belonging to the other twenty-two genotypes. therefore, the early clinicopathological i ...202134207265
the role of interleukine-10 and interferon-γ as potential markers of the evolution of african swine fever virus infection in wild boar.african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most challenging pathogens to affect both domestic and wild pigs. the disease has now spread to europe and asia, causing great damage to the pig industry. although no commercial vaccine with which to control the disease is, as yet, available, some potential vaccine candidates have shown good results in terms of protection. however, little is known about the host immune mechanisms underlying that protection, especially in wild boar, which is the main ...202134203976
african swine fever virus as a difficult opponent in the fight for a vaccine-current data.prevention and control of african swine fever virus (asfv) in europe, asia, and africa seem to be extremely difficult in view of the ease with which it spreads, its high resistance to environmental conditions, and the many obstacles related to the introduction of effective specific immunoprophylaxis. biological properties of asfv indicate that the african swine fever (asf) pandemic will continue to develop and that only the implementation of an effective and safe vaccine will ensure a reduction ...202134201761
research priorities to fill knowledge gaps in the control of african swine fever: possible transmission of african swine fever virus by vectors.the european commission requested that efsa provide study designs for the investigation of four research domains according to major gaps in knowledge identified by efsa in a report published in 2019: (i) the patterns of seasonality of african swine fever (asf) in wild boar and domestic pigs in the eu; (ii) the epidemiology of asf in wild boar; (iii) survival of asf virus (asfv) in the environment and (iv) transmission of asfv by vectors. in this scientific opinion, the fourth research domain on ...202134188718
research objectives to fill knowledge gaps in african swine fever virus survival in the environment and carcasses, which could improve the control of african swine fever virus in wild boar populations.the european commission requested that efsa provide study designs for the investigation of four research domains according to major gaps in knowledge identified by efsa in a report published in 2019: i) the patterns of seasonality of african swine fever (asf) in wild boar and domestic pigs in the eu; ii) the epidemiology of asf in wild boar; iii) survival of asf virus (asfv) in the environment and iv) transmission of asfv by vectors. in this scientific opinion, the third research domain on asfv ...202134188717
transmission dynamics of african swine fever virus, south korea, 2019.african swine fever (asf) is a substantial concern for global food production and security. however, lack of epidemiologic data in affected areas has limited the knowledge of the main drivers of asf virus (asfv) transmission. to assess the role of vehicle movements and wild boar populations in spreading asfv to pig farms in south korea, we combined data generated by asf surveillance on pig farms and of wild boars with nationwide global positioning system-based tracking data for vehicles involved ...202134152953
the impact of african swine fever virus on smallholder village pig production: an outbreak investigation in lao pdr.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a deadly disease of pigs which spread through southeast asia in 2019. we investigated one of the first outbreaks of asfv in lao people's democratic republic amongst smallholder villages of thapangtong district, savannakhet province. in this study, two asfv affected villages were compared to two unaffected villages. evidence of asfv-like clinical signs appeared in pig herds as early as may 2019, with median epidemic days on 1 and 18 june in the two villages ...202134146447
research progress on live attenuated vaccine against african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is an acute, hemorrhagic and severe infectious disease caused by african swine fever virus (asfv) in domestic pigs and various wild boars, with a mortality rate up to 100%. asf was first discovered in 1921 in kenya. asfv has a large genome and complex immune escape mechanism creating difficulties in the production of vaccines. recently, remarkable advances have been made in vaccine development all over the world especially in live-attenuated vaccine. this article aims t ...202134089790
comparative analysis of full genome sequences of african swine fever virus isolates taken from wild boars in russia in 2019.in this study, we report on the full genome phylogenetic analysis of four asfv isolates obtained from wild boars in russia. these samples originated from two eastern and two western regions of russia in 2019. phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates were assigned to genotype ii and grouped according to their geographical origins. the two eastern isolates shared 99.99% sequence identity with isolates from china, poland, belgium, and moldova, whereas the western isolates had 99.98% sequen ...202133925986
asfv-g-∆i177l as an effective oral nasal vaccine against the eurasia strain of africa swine fever.the african swine fever virus (asfv) is currently causing a pandemic affecting wild and domestic swine from western europe to asia. no commercial vaccines are available to prevent african swine fever (asf), resulting in overwhelming economic losses to the swine industry. we recently developed a recombinant vaccine candidate, asfvg-δi177l, by deleting the i177l gene from the genome of the highly virulent asfv strain georgia (asfv-g). asfv-g-δi177l has been proven safe and highly efficacious in ch ...202133925435
modelling the spatial distribution of asf-positive wild boar carcasses in south korea using 2019-2020 national surveillance data.in september 2019, african swine fever (asf) was reported in south korea for the first time. since then, more than 651 asf cases in wild boars and 14 farm outbreaks have been notified in the country. despite the efforts to eradicate asf among wild boar populations, the number of reported asf-positive wild boar carcasses have increased recently. the purpose of this study was to characterize the spatial distribution of asf-positive wild boar carcasses to identify the risk factors associated with t ...202133922261
african swine fever virus genotype ii in mongolia, 2019.african swine fever (asf) is a severe haemorrhagic disease of domestic and wild pigs caused by the african swine fever virus (asfv). in recent years, asf has steadily spread towards new geographical areas, reaching europe and asia. on january 15th, 2019, mongolia reported its first asf outbreak to the world organization for animal health (oie), becoming, after china, the second country in the region affected by the disease. following an event of unusual mortality in domestic pigs in bulgan provi ...202133818903
identification of african swine fever virus genomic dnas in wild boar habitats within outbreak regions in south korea.an african swine fever (asf) outbreak in wild boars was first reported on october 2, 2019, in south korea. since then, additional cases were reported in south korea's border areas. we here report the identification of asf virus (asfv) dnas from two out of eight environmental abiotic matter samples collected from areas where asf-positive wild boar carcasses were found. comparative genomic investigations suggested that the contaminating asfv dnas originated from the wild boar whose carcass had bee ...202133774943
asf exit strategy: providing cumulative evidence of the absence of african swine fever virus circulation in wild boar populations using standard surveillance measures.efsa assessed the role of seropositive wild boar in african swine fever (asf) persistence. surveillance data from estonia and latvia investigated with a generalised equation method demonstrated a significantly slower decline in seroprevalence in adult animals compared with subadults. the seroprevalence in adults, taking more than 24 months to approach zero after the last detection of asfv circulation, would be a poor indicator to demonstrate the absence of virus circulation. a narrative literatu ...202133717352
african swine fever virus mgf-110-9l-deficient mutant has attenuated virulence in pigs.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of african swine fever (asf), an often lethal disease in domestic and wild pigs. asf represents a major threat to the swine industry worldwide. currently, no commercial vaccine is available because of the complexity of asfv or biosecurity concerns. live attenuated viruses that are naturally isolated or genetically manipulated have demonstrated reliable protection against homologous asfv strain challenge. in the present study, a mutant asf ...202133689140
swift and reliable easy lab methods for the sensitive molecular detection of african swine fever virus.african swine fever (asf) is a contagious viral hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs and wild boars. the disease is notifiable to the world organisation for animal health (oie) and is responsible for high mortality and serious economic losses. pcr and real-time pcr (qpcr) are the oie-recommended standard methods for the direct detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) dna. the aim of our work was the simplification and standardization of the molecular diagnostic workflow in the lab. for vali ...202133669073
an immortalized porcine macrophage cell line competent for the isolation of african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of african swine fever (asf), a fatal hemorrhagic disease of domestic pigs and wild boar. the virus primarily infects macrophage and monocyte host cells, these do not grow in vitro. many attempts have been made to establish sustainable asfv-sensitive cell lines, but which supported only low viral replication levels of limited, mostly artificially attenuated strains of asfv. here, we examined the competence of a novel cell line of immortal ...202133637799
t-cell responses in domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with the moderately virulent african swine fever virus strain 'estonia2014'.infection with african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease in domestic and eurasian wild pigs. thus, it is a major threat to pig populations worldwide and a cause of substantial economic losses. recently, less virulent asfv strains emerged naturally, which showed higher experimental virulence in wild boar than in domestic pigs. the reason for this difference in disease progression and outcome is unclear but likely involves different immunological responses. unfor ...202133630409
african swine fever spread across asia, 2018-2019.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a highly contagious pathogen that causes disease in pigs, commonly characterized by acute haemorrhagic fever. prior to august 2018, african swine fever (asf) had not been reported in asia, but has since spread throughout china, mongolia, korea, vietnam, laos, cambodia, myanmar, the philippines, hong kong, indonesia, timor-leste and papua new guinea. using data collated from reports of confirmed cases, we applied spatio-temporal analysis to describe asfv spread ...202133599077
no evidence for african swine fever virus dna in haematophagous arthropods collected at wild boar baiting sites in estonia.african swine fever (asf) is a highly pathogenic viral disease affecting all suidae, with ornithodoros moubata complex soft ticks acting as the biological arthropod vectors of the causative agent, african swine fever virus (asfv). while asfv is also transmissible via direct contact, pig products and fomites, other arthropods may be involved in virus transmission and persistence. therefore, we checked various groups of blood-feeding arthropods collected during summer 2017 in wild boar habitats on ...202133527715
social structure defines spatial transmission of african swine fever in wild boar.the spatial spread of infectious disease is determined by spatial and social processes such as animal space use and family group structure. yet, the impacts of social processes on spatial spread remain poorly understood and estimates of spatial transmission kernels (stks) often exclude social structure. understanding the impacts of social structure on stks is important for obtaining robust inferences for policy decisions and optimizing response plans. we fit spatially explicit transmission model ...202133468025
molecular profile of african swine fever virus (asfv) circulating in vietnam during 2019-2020 outbreaks.african swine fever (asf) is a highly infectious disease of pigs caused by african swine fever virus (asfv). in order to identify potential genetic variations among asfv strains circulating in vietnam, 26 asfv isolates from organs and blood samples collected from domestic pigs from 23 different provinces of northern, central and southern vietnam during 2019-2020 asf outbreaks were genetically characterized. nucleotide sequences were determined for a portion of the b646l (p72) gene, the complete ...202133454861
unpicking the secrets of african swine fever viral replication sites.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a highly contagious pathogen which causes a lethal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. the large, double-stranded dna virus replicates in perinuclear cytoplasmic replication sites known as viral factories. these factories are complex, multi-dimensional structures. here we investigated the protein and membrane compartments of the factory using super-resolution and electron tomography. click it chemistry in combination with stimulated emission dep ...202133429879
phylogenetic analysis of kobuviruses and astroviruses from korean wild boars: 2016-2018.between 2016 and 2018, the prevalence of porcine kobuvirus (pkov) and porcine astrovirus (pastv) in korean wild boars (n = 845) was 28.0% and 10.7%, respectively. coinfection by both viruses was detected in 5.1% of boars. phylogenetic analysis revealed that 134 pkov isolates belonged to diverse lineages within the species aichivirus c; however, one strain (wkov16cn-8627) clustered with bovine kobuvirus (aichivirus b). forty-seven pastvs belonged to lineage pastv4, and only one strain (wast17jn-1 ...202134244861
porcine circovirus 3a field strains in free-living wild boars in paraná state, brazil.porcine circovirus 3 (pcv-3) was identified in domestic pigs worldwide. although pcv-3 has also been detected in wild boars, information regarding its circulation in this free-living animal species is scarce. to investigate pcv-3 occurrence in free-living wild boars in brazil, 70 serum samples collected between january 2017 and june 2019 in paraná state, brazil were analyzed by pcr assay. amplicons measuring 330 bp in length were amplified in seven (10.0%) of the serum samples and confirmed to b ...202134073023
detection of porcine circovirus 3 from captured wild boars in korea.porcine circovirus 3 (pcv3) is a newly discovered ssdna virus. the virus was first reported in pigs suffering from several clinical syndromes, including porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome, reproductive disorders, respiratory disease and myocarditis. pcv3 was recently reported in wild boars with high prevalence as well. in this study, 266 wild boar anal swab, feces, nasal swab and whole blood samples were collected from three mainland provinces and one island province (chungbuk, gangwon, ...202134057302
detection and characterization of viral pathogens associated with reproductive failure in wild boars in central italy.wild boar and domestic swine share several pathogens, including viruses responsible for reproductive failures, representing an important sanitary and economic risk for the swine industry. among them, suid herpesvirus 1 (suhv-1), porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) and porcine parvovirus 1 (ppv1) are widely diffused in the wild boar population. unfortunately, little is known about their pathogenetic mechanisms and impact on the reproductive parameters of wild animals. this study aims to investigate the p ...202133504030
evaluating angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-mediated sars-cov-2 entry across species.the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) pandemic represents a global threat, and the interaction between the virus and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ace2), the primary entry receptor for sars-cov-2, is a key determinant of the range of hosts that can be infected by the virus. however, the mechanisms underpinning ace2-mediated viral entry across species remains unclear. using infection assay, we evaluated sars-cov-2 entry mediated by ace2 of 11 different animal species ...202133610551
investigating the presence of sars cov-2 in free-living and captive animals.due to sars cov-2 recombination rates, number of infected people and recent reports of environmental contamination, the possibility of sars cov-2 transmission to animals can be expected. we tested samples of dominant free-living and captive wildlife species in croatia for the presence of anti-sars cov-2 antibodies and viral rna. in total, from june 2020 until february 2021, we tested blood, muscle extract and fecal samples of 422 free-living wild boars (sus scrofa), red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and ...202134064271
structural analysis of covid-19 spike protein in recognizing the ace2 receptor of different mammalian species and its susceptibility to viral infection.the pandemic covid-19 was caused by a novel coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) that infects humans through the binding of glycosylated sars-cov-2 spike 2 protein to the glycosylated ace2 receptor. the spike 2 protein recognizes the n-terminal helices of the glycosylated metalloprotease domain in the human ace2 receptor. to understand the susceptibility of animals for infection and transmission, we did sequence and structure-based molecular interaction analysis of 16 ace2 receptors from different mammali ...202133552834
atypical porcine pestivirus-a widespread virus in the swedish wild boar population.the recently identified causative agent of congenital tremor in domestic piglets, atypical porcine pestivirus (appv), was detected in serum from swedish wild boar. a previous study from sweden described appv in domestic piglets suffering from congenital tremor, but the appv situation in the wild boar population was unknown. in this study, 595 serum samples from wild boar originating from 13 counties in the south and central parts of sweden, collected between 2000 and 2018, were analysed for the ...202134331830
detection of pestivirus a (bovine viral diarrhea virus 1) in free-living wild boars in brazil.bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) is a major pathogen in cattle herds. considering the epidemiological importance of pestiviruses and the process of wild boar invasion in brazil, this study aimed to investigate the presence of bvdv in free-living boars. forty-nine free-living wild boars were collected by exotic wildlife controller agents in 2017 and 2018. the presence of bvdv antibodies was evaluated in 42 serum samples using the virus neutralization test, and the detection of bvdv rna was perf ...202133638128
serologic survey for west nile virus in wild boars (sus scrofa) in poland.serum samples obtained from 474 wild boars (sus scrofa) were collected from june 2017 to september 2018 from various areas of northern and southern poland. serum samples were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. however, west nile virus (wnv) antibodies were not detected. previous studies on wnv in poland have focused on experimental evidence and the presence of wnv antibodies in wild birds, horses, and humans, indicating a need for more surveys of domestic and wild mammals in poland.202133635970
genome variability of classical swine fever virus during the 2018-2020 epidemic in japan.although rna viruses exhibit extensive sequence diversity, the mutation rate must be limited to ensure protein functions that maintain the viral life cycle. here, we compared the whole genome sequences of 150 isolates of classical swine fever virus (csfv), obtained from a single epidemic that occurred in japan during 2018-2020. after the detection of the first case, the disease spread among both farm pigs and wild boars and caused severe impact on the pig industry. to evaluate the diversificatio ...202134058522
comparative analysis of swine leukocyte antigen gene diversity in european farmed pigs.in europe, swine represent economically important farm animals and furthermore have become a preferred preclinical large animal model for biomedical studies, transplantation and regenerative medicine research. the need for typing of the swine leukocyte antigen (sla) is increasing with the expanded use of pigs as models for human diseases and organ-transplantation experiments and their use in infection studies and for design of veterinary vaccines. in this study, we characterised the sla class i ...202134028065
phylogenetic and phylodynamic analysis of a classical swine fever virus outbreak in japan (2018-2020).after 26 years, another classical swine fever virus (csfv) outbreak in domestic pigs and wild boars occurred in japan 2018. herein, we investigated the entry and the spatial dynamics of the csfv outbreak in japan using the nearly complete genomes of strains isolated from both wild boars and domestic pigs during this epidemic. phylogenetic analysis showed that the most recent common ancestor (mrca) of the japanese lineage emerged 146 days (95% highest posterior density (hpd): 85-216 days) before ...202133890426
the potential negative impacts of the classical swine fever virus on wild boar population in gifu prefecture, japan.there is a possibility that classical swine fever (csf) virus outbreak has negative impacts on wild boar. to adequately manage native wild boar populations, wildlife managers need to gather the field data on wild boar and implement population management practices. we aimed to report the relative abundance index of wild boar before and after this outbreak. our results showed that relative abundance index declined from 2017 (8.88 wild boars/100 trap days) to 2019 (2.03 wild boars/100 trap days), b ...202133775990
subgrouping and analysis of relationships between classical swine fever virus identified during the 2018-2020 epidemic in japan by a novel approach using shared genomic variants.classical swine fever (csf) is a worldwide devastating disease of the pig industry caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). in september 2018, an outbreak of csf occurred in japan where the disease had been eradicated and was officially designated a csf-free country since 2015. following the detection of the first 2018 case on a farm in gifu prefecture, the disease spread among both farm pigs and wild boars and still continues. epigenome analysis using whole-genome information is helpful in ...202133730417
efficacy of oral vaccine against classical swine fever in wild boar and estimation of the disease dynamics in the quantitative approach.classical swine fever virus (csfv) in the wild boar population has been spreading in japan, alongside outbreaks on pigs, since classical swine fever (csf) reemerged in september 2018. the vaccination using oral bait vaccine was initially implemented in gifu prefecture in march 2019. in the present study, antibodies against csfv in wild boar were assessed in 1443 captured and dead wild boars in gifu prefecture. after the implementation of oral vaccination, the increase of the proportion of seropo ...202133672749
a putative novel hepatitis e virus genotype 3 subtype identified in rabbit, germany 2016.hepatitis e is an emerging viral disease that is the leading cause of viral hepatitis in the world. the vast majority of hepatitis e cases in developed countries are caused by zoonotic genotypes 3 and 4 of hepatitis e virus (hev) for which pig and wild boar and to lesser extent rabbits are the main reservoir. according to recent reports rabbits are a source of human hev infection and highlight the risk of zoonotic foodborne transmission. here we report the molecular analysis of a novel hev strai ...202134205182
molecular detection of porcine cytomegalovirus (pcmv) in wild boars from northeastern patagonia, argentina.porcine cytomegalovirus (pcmv) is a recognized pathogen of domestic swine that is widely distributed around the world. pcmv is the etiological agent of inclusion body rhinitis and has also been associated with other diseases that cause substantial losses in swine production. wild boar populations can act as reservoirs of numerous infectious agents that affect pig livestock, including pcmv. the aim of this work was to assess the circulation of this virus in free-living wild boars that inhabit nor ...202133593665
pseudorabies virus infection in hunting dogs in oita, japan: report from a prefecture free from aujeszky's disease in domestic pigs.we isolated two pseudorabies virus (prv) isolates (designated ot-1 and ot-2) from two hunting dogs exhibiting neurological manifestations after eating the flesh of wild boar hunted in oita prefecture, kyushu island, japan. the isolates corresponded to a previously reported prv (my-1 strain) isolated from a hunting dog in neighboring miyazaki prefecture, and it clustered into genotype ii based on the glycoprotein c sequence. our results suggest that this common prv strain may have been maintained ...202133583864
the presence of antibodies against pseudorabies virus in wild boars (sus scrofa) in korea.the control and elimination of pseudorabies (pr) is one of the most important goals in the pig industry. after the first pr outbreak in korea in 1986, all pigs infected with pr virus (prv) were removed, and a vaccination program for pigs was implemented. no pr has occurred in korea since 2010, and vaccination was discontinued after 2013. information on the seroprevalence of prv in pigs, including wild boars (sus scrofa), is important for evaluating the pr status in a country. in this study, 2.65 ...202133480578
dispersal and land cover contribute to pseudorabies virus exposure in invasive wild pigs.we investigated the landscape epidemiology of a globally distributed mammal, the wild pig (sus scrofa), in florida (u.s.), where it is considered an invasive species and reservoir to pathogens that impact the health of people, domestic animals, and wildlife. specifically, we tested the hypothesis that two commonly cited factors in disease transmission, connectivity among populations and abundant resources, would increase the likelihood of exposure to both pseudorabies virus (prv) and brucella sp ...202133447876
exposure of wild boar to influenza a viruses in bavaria: analysis of seroprevalences and antibody subtype specificity before and after the panzootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses a (h5n8).swine influenza a viruses (s-iav) circulate in wild boar populations worldwide. subtypes primarily reflect those actually present within the respective pig industry. accordingly, infections with swine h1n1, h1n2 and h3n2 have been reported for several regions of germany. as pigs are susceptible not only to s-iav but also to avian and human influenza a viruses, it is necessary to consider the possibility that new reassortant viruses with pandemic potential may arise in these new hosts. therefore, ...202133987931
genetic analysis of porcine parvoviruses detected in south korean wild boars.porcine parvovirus 1 (ppv1) is a major cause of reproductive failure in pigs. to date, six additional porcine parvoviruses (ppv2-ppv7) have been identified. in this study, we detected 11 ppv1 strains, five ppv3 strains, three ppv4 strains, six ppv5 strains, five ppv6 strains, and one ppv7 strain in korean wild boars. ppv1, -3, and -5, and ppv6 from korean wild boars harbor conserved motifs within the ca2+ binding loop and the catalytic center of the pla1 motif. intra-species recombination among ...202133999261
seroprevalence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus in animals in kagoshima prefecture, japan, and development of gaussia luciferase immunoprecipitation system to detect specific igg antibodies.we conducted a seroprevalence investigation of the healthy population of animals in kagoshima prefecture, an area in which severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (sfts) is endemic. of 104 domestic cat and 114 dog samples, 2 (1.9%) and 11 (9.6%) were positive for anti-sfts virus (sftsv) igg by indirect elisa, respectively. viral rna was detected in one dog (0.9%) by rt-pcr. of the 102 wild boar (sus scrofa) and 107 deer (cervus nippon) samples tested, 55 (53.9%) and 37 (34.7%) were positive ...202134218054
isolation and characterization of mammalian orthoreovirus type 3 from a fecal sample from a wild boar in japan.mammalian orthoreoviruses (mrvs) have been identified in various mammalian species, including humans, bats, and pigs. however, isolation and complete genome sequences of mrvs from wild boars have not yet been reported. in this study, we isolated, sequenced, and analyzed an mrv from a free-living wild boar in japan using the porcine-sapelovirus-resistant cell line n1380. complete and empty virus particles were obtained from the n1380 cell culture supernatants, and complete genome sequences were o ...202133839921
isolation and characterization of a subtype 4b of hepatitis e virus using a plc/prf/5 cell-derived cell line resistant to porcine sapelovirus infection.a human hepatocarcinoma cell line, plc/prf/5, is susceptible to hepatitis e virus (hev) infection and is used for isolating this virus. it is difficult to use this cell line for the isolation of hev directly from fecal specimens of swine or wild boar contaminated with porcine sapelovirus (psv), because psv infection results in rapid and extensive cytopathic effects in plc/prf/5 cells, interrupting the growth of hev. herein, we used a psv infection-resistant cell line, n1380 derived from plc/prf/ ...202133952773
molecular survey on kobuviruses in domestic and wild ungulates from northwestern italian alps.since the first identification in 1989 in humans, kobuviruses (kovs) have been identified from a wide range of animal species including carnivores, rodents, birds, ungulates, rabbits, and bats. several studies have described the identification of genetically related kovs in the fecal virome of domestic and wild animals suggesting a mutual exchange of viruses. by screening a total of 231 fecal samples from wild and domestic ungulates, kovs rna was detected in wild boars (3.2%; 2/63), chamois (4.6 ...202134195249
porcine teschovirus, sapelovirus, and enterovirus in swiss pigs: multiplex rt-pcr investigation of viral frequencies and disease association.porcine teschovirus (ptv), sapelovirus (psv-a), and enterovirus (ev-g) are enteric viruses that can infect pigs and wild boars worldwide. the viruses have been associated with several diseases, primarily gastrointestinal, neurologic, reproductive, and respiratory disorders, but also with subclinical infections. however, for most serotypes, proof of a causal relationship between viral infection and clinical signs is still lacking. in switzerland, there has been limited investigation of the occurr ...202134151653
mammalian orthoreovirus (mrv) is widespread in wild ungulates of northern italy.mammalian orthoreoviruses (mrvs) are emerging infectious agents that may affect wild animals. mrvs are usually associated with asymptomatic or mild respiratory and enteric infections. however, severe clinical manifestations have been occasionally reported in human and animal hosts. an insight into their circulation is essential to minimize the risk of diffusion to farmed animals and possibly to humans. the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of likely zoonotic mrvs in wild ungulate ...202133546342
assessment of risk factors of african swine fever in india: perspectives on future outbreaks and control strategies.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most important transboundary diseases of pigs. asf has been identified in india for the first time in domestic pigs from outbreaks reported in two of the northeastern states, arunachal pradesh and assam in 2020. a total of 11 asf outbreaks in different regions killed over 3700 pigs and devastated the economy of small-scale livestock owners of both the states. considering the first outbreak of asf in india, a generic risk assessment framework was determined ...202033322760
foodborne transmission of hepatitis a and hepatitis e viruses: a literature review.foodborne viruses have been recognized as a growing concern to the food industry and a serious public health problem. hepatitis a virus (hav) is responsible for the majority of viral outbreaks of food origin worldwide, while hepatitis e virus (hev) has also been gaining prominence as a foodborne viral agent in the last years, due to its zoonotic transmission through the consumption of uncooked or undercooked infected meat or derivatives. however, there is a lack of scientific reports that gather ...202033257099
classical swine fever virus npro antagonises irf3 to prevent ifn-independent tlr3 and rig-i-mediated apoptosis.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever, a notifiable disease of economic importance that causes severe leukopenia, fever and haemorrhagic disease in domesticated pigs and wild boar across the globe. csfv has been shown to antagonise the induction of type i ifn, partly through a function of its n-terminal protease (npro) which binds irf3 and targets it for proteasomal degradation. additionally, npro has been shown to antagonise apoptosis triggered by th ...202033328306
achievements and challenges of classical swine fever eradication in brazil.classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes one of the most critical diseases in the porcine industry worldwide. in brazil, the first description of the infection was reported in 1888, and the national recognition of the first free zone (fz) occurred in 2001. brazil has been recently recognized (2015-2016) by the world organisation for animal health (oie) with an fz involving 15 states and the federal district, corresponding to 95% of the industrial production of pigs in the country, and a non-fre ...202033227889
african swine fever virus structural protein p17 inhibits cell proliferation through er stress-ros mediated cell cycle arrest.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a highly pathogenic large dna virus that causes african swine fever (asf) in domestic pigs and wild boars. the p17 protein, encoded by the d117l gene, is a major transmembrane protein of the capsid and the inner lipid envelope. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of p17 on cell proliferation and the underlying mechanisms of action. the effects of p17 on cell proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, oxidative stress, and endoplasmic reticulum (er) ...202033374251
detection of african swine fever virus in free-ranging wild boar in southeast asia.african swine fever (asf) is a highly contagious and fatal viral disease affecting both domestic and wild suids. the virus was introduced to southeast asia in early 2019 and has since spread rapidly throughout the region. although significant efforts have been made to track and diagnose the disease in domestic pigs, very little is known about asf in free-ranging wild boar and their potential role in maintaining the disease within southeast asia. through a collaboration between government and non ...202033351995
distinct african swine fever virus shedding in wild boar infected with virulent and attenuated isolates.since the reappearance of african swine fever virus (asfv), the disease has spread in an unprecedented animal pandemic in eurasia. asf currently constitutes the greatest global problem for the swine industry. the wild boar (sus scrofa) in which the pathogen has established wild self-sustaining cycles, is a key reservoir for asfv, signifying that there is an urgent need to develop an effective vaccine against this virus. current scientific debate addresses whether live attenuated vaccines (lavs), ...202033339147
the contribution of insects to african swine fever virus dispersal: data from domestic pig farms in lithuania.outbreaks of african swine fever (asf) in domestic pig farms in lithuania typically begin in june and are detected through october, suggesting that insects might be involved in the transmission of the virus. entomological collecting was performed to obtain two data sets: from farms with asf outbreaks, and from farms without asf outbreaks but in an asf-infected area. target insects from the families muscidae, calliphoridae and tabanidae were analysed for the presence of asf virus (asfv) dna. musc ...202033314280
african swine fever: a permanent threat to indian pigs.india has 9 million pigs, of which 45% are in the north eastern (ne) states of india. viral diseases affecting pigs are a major concern of mortality causing huge loss to the pig farmers. one such disease is african swine fever (asf) that has already knocked the porous borders of ne states of india. asf is a highly contagious devastating disease of pigs and wild boars causing 100% mortality. the causative agent african swine fever virus (asfv) belongs to the genus asfivirus, family asfarviridae. ...202033281367
genetic analysis of african swine fever virus from the 2018 outbreak in south-eastern burundi.african swine fever (asf) is a contagious viral disease that causes high mortality, approaching 100%, in domestic pigs and wild boars. the disease has neither a cure nor a vaccine, and it is caused by an asf virus (asfv), the only member of the family asfarviridae, genus asfivirus, and the only known dna arbovirus. twenty-four genotypes of asfv have been described to date, and all of them have been described in africa. asf is endemic in burundi, and several outbreaks have been reported in the co ...202033251264
stability of african swine fever virus in soil and options to mitigate the potential transmission risk.understanding african swine fever virus (asfv) transmission is essential for strategies to minimize virus spread during an outbreak. asfv can survive for extended time periods in animal products, carcasses, and the environment. while the asfv genome was found in environments around infected farms, data on the virus survival in soil are scarce. we investigated different soil matrices spiked with asfv-positive blood from infected wild boar to see if asfv can remain infectious in the soil beneath i ...202033238521
the recombinant pseudorabies virus expressing african swine fever virus cd2v protein is safe and effective in mice.african swine fever (asf) leads to high mortality in domestic pigs and wild boar and is caused by the african swine fever virus (asfv). currently, no vaccine is commercially available for prevention, and the epidemic is still spreading. here, we constructed a recombinant pseudorabies virus (prv) (prv-δge/δgi/δtk-(cd2v)) that expresses the cd2v protein of asfv and evaluated its effectiveness and safety as a vaccine candidate in mice.202033198749
rapid detection of african swine fever virus using cas12a-based portable paper diagnostics.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a dsdna virus responsible for a severe, highly contagious, and lethal disease affecting both domestic and wild pigs. asfv has brought enormous economic loss to a number of countries, and effective vaccine and therapy are still lacking. therefore, a rapid, sensitive, and field-deployable detection of asfv is important for disease surveillance and control. herein, we developed a cas12a-mediated portable paper assay to rapidly and precisely detect asfv. we identi ...202033824296
[meat hygiene of wild boar and deer biological hazard of game meat and hygienic slaughtering methods]. 202032611947
trading fear for food in the anthropocene: how ungulates cope with human disturbance in a multi-use, suburban ecosystem.resource distribution, predation risk and disturbance in space and time can affect how animals use their environment. to date few studies have assessed the spatiotemporal trade-off between resource acquisition and avoidance of risks and human disturbance in small protected areas embedded in an urban matrix. a better understanding of the forage-safety trade-off in urban protected areas (upa) is key to the design of evidence-based approaches to deal with the ever-increasing human-wildlife impacts ...202032610236
animal aggregations promote emergent aquatic plant production at the aquatic-terrestrial interface.the roles mobile animals and abiotic processes play as vectors for resource transfers between ecosystems ("subsidies") are well studied, but the idea that resources from animals with limited mobility may be transported across boundaries through intermediate taxa remains unexplored. aquatic plants ("macrophytes") are globally distributed and may mediate transfers of aquatic-derived nutrients from aggregations of aquatic animals to terrestrial ecosystems when consumed by terrestrial herbivores. we ...202032602173
prevalence and genetic diversity of atypical porcine pestivirus (appv) detected in south korean wild boars.atypical porcine pestivirus (appv), currently classified as pestivirus k, causes congenital tremor (ct) type a-ii in piglets. eighteen appv strains were identified from 2297 south korean wild boars captured in 2019. phylogenetic analysis of the structural protein e2 and nonstructural proteins ns3 and npro classified the appv viruses, including reference strains, into clades i, ii and iii. clade i was divided into four subclades; however, the strains belonging to the four subclades differed sligh ...202032599836
one year of african swine fever outbreak in china.african swine fever (asf) is a major threat to domestic pigs and wild boars. since 2018, asf outbreaks have been ongoing in china. as of august 3, 2019, a total of 151 asf clusters of outbreaks reported in china have caused severe economic losses for the industry, the pig farmers and pork producers, due to the lack of an efficacious vaccine. the present study aims to analyze the epidemiologic characteristics of asf outbreak that occurred in several regions across china during the period august 2 ...202032598922
whole-genome sequencing of european autochthonous and commercial pig breeds allows the detection of signatures of selection for adaptation of genetic resources to different breeding and production systems.natural and artificial directional selection in cosmopolitan and autochthonous pig breeds and wild boars have shaped their genomes and resulted in a reservoir of animal genetic diversity. signatures of selection are the result of these selection events that have contributed to the adaptation of breeds to different environments and production systems. in this study, we analysed the genome variability of 19 european autochthonous pig breeds (alentejana, bísara, majorcan black, basque, gascon, apul ...202032591011
attempts at the development of a recombinant african swine fever virus strain with abrogated ep402r, 9gl, and a238l gene structure using the crispr/cas9 system.african swine fever (asf) is a pressing economic problem in a number of eastern european countries. it has also depleted the chinese sow population by 50%. managing the disease relies on culling infected pigs or hunting wild boars as sanitary zone creation. the constraints on the development of an efficient vaccine are mainly the virus' mechanisms of host immune response evasion. the study aimed to adapt a field asfv strain to established cell lines and to construct recombinant african swine fev ...202032587905
risk factors for african swine fever incursion in romanian domestic farms during 2019.african swine fever (asf) entered georgia in 2007 and the eu in 2014. in the eu, the virus primarily spread in wild boar (sus scrofa) in the period from 2014-2018. however, from the summer 2018, numerous domestic pig farms in romania were affected by asf. in contrast to the existing knowledge on asf transmission routes, the understanding of risk factors and the importance of different transmission routes is still limited. in the period from may to september 2019, 655 romanian pig farms were incl ...202032576841
application of genetically engineered pigs in biomedical research.progress in genetic engineering over the past few decades has made it possible to develop methods that have led to the production of transgenic animals. the development of transgenesis has created new directions in research and possibilities for its practical application. generating transgenic animal species is not only aimed towards accelerating traditional breeding programs and improving animal health and the quality of animal products for consumption but can also be used in biomedicine. anima ...202032575461
predicting spread and effective control measures for african swine fever-should we blame the boars?an ongoing, continually spreading, outbreak of african swine fever (asf), following its identification in georgia in 2007, has resulted in 17 european and 12 asian countries reporting cases by april 2020, with cases occurring in both wild boar and domestic pigs. curtailing further spread of asf requires understanding of the transmission pathways of the disease. asf is self-sustaining in the wild boar population, and they have been implicated as one of the main drivers of transmission within euro ...202032564507
isolation of leptospira serovar pomona from a crested porcupine (hystrix cristata, l., 1758).pathogenic leptospira is widespread in rodents, the most studied reservoir and the main hosts involved in its transmission. in italy, among rodents, hystrix cristata (crested porcupine) is the largest species and it is distributed all over the country. in this paper, the isolation and characterization of pathogenic leptospira spp. from the kidney of h. cristata is reported for the first time. during autumn 2018, leptospira detection by real-time pcr and isolation were performed from kidneys of t ...202032558332
identification of eqtls associated with lipid metabolism in longissimus dorsi muscle of pigs with different genetic backgrounds.intramuscular fat content and its fatty acid composition affect porcine meat quality and its nutritional value. the present work aimed to identify genomic variants regulating the expression in the porcine muscle (longissimus dorsi) of 45 candidate genes for lipid metabolism and fatty acid composition in three experimental backcrosses based on the iberian breed. expression genome-wide association studies (egwas) were performed between the muscle gene expression values, measured by real-time quant ...202032555447
genetic diversity of enterovirus g detected in faecal samples of wild boars in japan: identification of novel genotypes carrying a papain-like cysteine protease sequence.the genetic diversity of enterovirus g (ev-g) was investigated in the wild-boar population in japan. ev-g-specific reverse transcription pcr demonstrated 30 (37.5 %) positives out of 80 faecal samples. of these, viral protein 1 (vp1) fragments of 20 samples were classified into g1 (3 samples), g4 (1 sample), g6 (2 samples), g8 (4 samples), g11 (1 sample), g12 (7 samples), g14 (1 sample) and g17 (1 sample), among which 11 samples had a papain-like cysteine protease (pl-cp) sequence, believed to b ...202032553066
transcriptome, spliceosome and editome expression patterns of the porcine endometrium in response to a single subclinical dose of salmonella enteritidis lipopolysaccharide.endometrial infections at a young age can lead to fertility issues in adulthood. bacterial endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharide (lps), can participate in long-term molecular changes even at low concentrations. lipopolysaccharide plays a crucial role in the progression of septic shock, inflammation and auto-immune diseases. the aim of this study was to describe transcriptomic modulations in the porcine endometrium, induced in vivo by a single subclinical dose of lps from salmonella enteritidis. ...202032545766
total mercury levels in the muscle and liver of livestock and game animals in poland, 2009-2018.the bioaccumulation of mercury (hg) in the food chain may pose a threat to human health. the risk of dietary hg intake is mostly caused by the consumption of fish and seafood, therefore the knowledge on the exposure from land animal products is limited. in our article, we summarized the results of analyses of hg in muscle tissue and liver of different livestock and game animals obtained during ten years of official monitoring that was carried out in poland from 2009 to 2018. the majority of the ...202032540547
genome-wide association study of bone mineral density trait among three pig breeds.leg weakness (lw) issues are a great concern for pig breeding industry. and it also has a serious impact on animal welfare. to dissect the genetic architecture of limb-and-hoof firmness in commercial pigs, a genome-wide association study was conducted on bone mineral density (bmd) in three sow populations, including duroc, landrace and yorkshire. the bmd data were obtained by ultrasound technology from 812 pigs (including duroc 115, landrace 243 and yorkshire 454). in addition, all pigs were gen ...202032538338
complete genome characterization of porcine circovirus 3 recovered from wild boars in southern brazil.in the present study, the complete nucleotide sequence of porcine circovirus 3 (pcv3) recovered from wild boars lymph nodes is described. the full genome was named pcv3-wb/br/rs and comprises 2,000 nucleotides with two open reading frames (orfs) with a stem-loop motif in intergenic region. the orfs are oriented in opposite directions and encode the putative capsid (cap) and replicase (rep) proteins. based on amino acid motif analysis, pcv3-wb/br/rs as well as most of the sequences from wild boar ...202032530113
impaired t-cell responses in domestic pigs and wild boar upon infection with a highly virulent african swine fever virus strain.since african swine fever (asf) first appeared in the caucasus region in 2007, it has spread rapidly and is now present in numerous european and asian countries. in europe, mainly wild boar populations are affected and pose a risk for domestic pigs. in asia, domestic pigs are almost exclusively affected. an effective and safe vaccine is not available, and correlates of protection are far from being understood. therefore, research on immune responses, immune dysfunction and pathogenesis is mandat ...202032530090
transcription from a gene desert in a melanoma porcine model.the genetic mechanisms underlying cutaneous melanoma onset and progression need to be further understood to improve patients' care. several studies have focused on the genetic determinism of melanoma development in the melim pig, a biomedical model of cutaneous melanoma. the objective of this study was to better describe the influence of a particular genomic region on melanoma progression in the melim model. indeed, a large region of the sus scrofa chromosome 1 has been identified by linkage and ...202032529263
genetic diversity of porcine circovirus isolated from korean wild boars.in korea, three genotypes of porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2a, pcv2b, and pcv2d) have been identified on domestic pig farms, while two genotypes (pcv2a and pcv2b) have been identified in wild boar populations. here, we investigated genotype diversity and genotypic shift in 91 pcv2 isolates from 1340 wild boars captured in south korea between 2013 and 2017. phylogenetic analyses based on the complete orf2 showed that the 91 pcv2 strains were detected as four genotypes by qpcr screening assay: pcv ...202032526932
total pancreatectomy and pancreatic allotransplant in a porcine experimental model.the main objective of this experimental study was to evaluate the feasibility of diabetes induction by total pancreatectomy and pancreatic allotransplant after diabetes induction by total pancreatectomy. the secondary objective was to evaluate metabolic (c-peptide, glycemia) and inflammatory (lactate and platelet levels) parameters after diabetes induction by total pancreatectomy and pancreatic allotransplant after total pancreatectomy.202032519619
characterization of the bacterial microbiota composition and evolution at different intestinal tract in wild pigs (sus scrofa ussuricus).commensal microorganisms are essential to the normal development and function of many aspects of animal biology, including digestion, nutrient absorption, immunological development, behaviors, and evolution. the specific microbial composition and evolution of the intestinal tracts of wild pigs remain poorly characterized. this study therefore sought to assess the composition, distribution, and evolution of the intestinal microbiome of wild pigs. for these analyses, 16s rrna v3-v4 regions from fi ...202032518722
radiocesium concentrations in wild boars captured within 20 km of the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant.the fukushima daiichi nuclear power plant (fdnpp) accident in 2011 released large amounts of artificial radioactive substances into the environment. in this study, we measured the concentration of radiocesium (134cs + 137cs) in 213 muscle samples from wild boars (sus scrofa) captured in tomioka town, which is located within 20 km of the fdnpp. the results showed that 210 (98.6%) muscle samples still exceeded the regulatory radiocesium limit (100 bq/kg) for general foods. radiocesium (134cs + 137 ...202032518319
long-term determinants of tuberculosis in the ungulate host community of doñana national park.animal tuberculosis (tb) is endemic in wild boar (sus scrofa), red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama) and cattle in south and central spain. in order to clarify the processes that operate in the medium and long-term, we studied tb at the wildlife-livestock interface in doñana national park for 14 years (2006-2018) in relation to host density, stochastic factors (rainfall) and environmental features (e.g., aggregation points such as waterholes). wild boar showed the highest prevalence ...202032516963
haplotype-based genome-wide association studies reveal new loci for haematological and clinical-biochemical parameters in large white pigs.we report haplotype-based gwass for 33 blood parameters measured in 843 italian large white pigs. in the single-trait analysis, a total of 30 qtl for number of basophils, six erythrocyte traits (haemoglobin, haematocrit, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular volume and red blood cell count) and two clinical-biochemical traits (alkaline phosphatase and ca2+ contents) were identified. in the multiple-trait analysis, a total of five qtl affected ...202032511786
genome-wide detection of copy number variants in european autochthonous and commercial pig breeds by whole-genome sequencing of dna pools identified breed-characterising copy number states.in this study, we identified copy number variants (cnvs) in 19 european autochthonous pig breeds and in two commercial breeds (italian large white and italian duroc) that represent important genetic resources for this species. the genome of 725 pigs was sequenced using a breed-specific dna pooling approach (30-35 animals per pool) obtaining an average depth per pool of 42×. this approach maximised cnv discovery as well as the related copy number states characterising, on average, the analysed br ...202032510676
spatial genetic structure and historical demography of east asian wild boar.pleistocene climatic fluctuations may have had a profound impact on the evolutionary history of many species. the geographical pattern of european wild boar (sus scrofa) is clearly studied, and it was greatly influenced by ancient climatic events, especially the last glacial maximum. previous research on genetic variation has mainly focused on the origin and distribution histories of domestic pigs. however, some questions have not been answered, including those concerning the genetic diversity, ...202032510675
comparative pathology and pathogenesis of african swine fever infection in swine.african swine fever (asf) is a viral disease that affects animals of the suidae family, and soft ticks from the genus ornithodoros can also be infected by the asf virus (asfv). the disease was first described in africa at the beginning of the twentieth century as an acute disease characterized by high mortality and fatal hemorrhages. asf has caused outbreaks in numerous countries and it continues to be devastating nowadays for the porcine sector in those countries affected, and a massive threat ...202032509811
isolation and characterization of mammalian orthoreoviruses using a cell line resistant to sapelovirus infection.porcine sapelovirus (psv) is a causative agent of acute diarrhoea, pneumonia and reproductive disorders in swine. since psv infection interrupts the growth of other viruses due to its high replication capability in cell culture, the prevention of psv replication is a keystone to the isolation of non-psv agents from psv-contaminated samples. in the present study, we established the psv infection-resistant cell line n1380 and isolated three mammalian orthoreoviruses (mrv) strains, sr1521, sr1677 a ...202032496007
description of a new species of dermacentor koch, 1844 (acari: ixodidae) from the mountains of laos and thailand.dermacentor pasteuri n. sp. (acari: ixodidae) is described based on adults ex wild boar and vegetation from laos and thailand. adults of d. pasteuri n. sp. are similar to those of d. compactus neumann, 1901, but can be distinguished by the shape of conscutum in the male, development of dorsal cornua in the female, size and shape of spurs on coxae and coloration of leg segments in both sexes.202032495191
protist enteroparasites in wild boar (sus scrofa ferus) and black iberian pig (sus scrofa domesticus) in southern spain: a protective effect on hepatitis e acquisition?several studies have independently evaluated the occurrence of hepatitis e virus (hev) and enteroparasites in swine, but no surveys have been conducted to jointly assess the prevalence and genetic diversity of enteroparasites in pigs and wild boars, their sympatric transmission between hosts, and their potential interaction with hev.202032493465
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