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subgenomic flavivirus rna (sfrna) associated with asian lineage zika virus identified in three species of ugandan bats (family pteropodidae).serological cross-reactivity among flaviviruses makes determining the prior arbovirus exposure of animals challenging in areas where multiple flavivirus strains are circulating. we hypothesized that prior infection with zikv could be confirmed through the presence of subgenomic flavivirus rna (sfrna) of the 3' untranslated region (utr), which persists in tissues due to xrn-1 stalling during rna decay. we amplified zikv sfrna but not ns5 from three experimentally-infected jamaican fruit bats, sup ...202133863991
egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) were resistant to experimental inoculation with avian-origin influenza a virus of subtype h9n2, but are susceptible to experimental infection with bat-borne h9n2 virus.influenza a viruses (iav) of subtype h9n2, endemic in world-wide poultry holdings, are reported to cause spill-over infections to pigs and humans and have also contributed substantially to recent reassortment-derived pre-pandemic zoonotic viruses of concern, such as the asian h7n9 viruses. recently, a h9n2 bat influenza a virus was found in egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus), raising the question of whether this bat species is a suitable host for iav. here, we studied the susceptibility ...202133919890
genomic features of humoral immunity support tolerance model in egyptian rousette bats.bats asymptomatically harbor many viruses that can cause severe human diseases. the egyptian rousette bat (erb) is the only known reservoir for marburgviruses and sosuga virus, making it an exceptional animal model to study antiviral mechanisms in an asymptomatic host. with this goal in mind, we constructed and annotated the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, finding an expansion on immunoglobulin variable genes associated with protective human antibodies to different viruses. we also annotated t ...202134010652
biological characteristics and permissiveness to viruses of diploid kidney cells strain from the bat nathusius' pipistrelle (pipistrellus nathusii keyserling & blasius, 1839; chiroptera: microchiroptera: vespertilionidae).bats are an epidemiologically important natural reservoir of viruses of various taxonomic groups, including causative agents of especially dangerous infections of humans and animals. considering the relevance of arbovirus infections, it seems advisable to study the spectrum of the sensitivity of cells derived from bats inhabiting and migrating on the territory of the russian federation to causative agents of vector-borne diseases of animals.the study aimed to obtain a diploid strain of cells fro ...202133683063
severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 natural animal reservoirs and experimental models: systematic review.the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (sars-cov-2) outbreak has been rapidly spreading worldwide, causing serious global concern. the role that animal hosts play in disease transmission is still understudied and researchers wish to find suitable animal models for fundamental research and drug discovery. in this systematic review, we aimed to compile and discuss all articles that describe experimental or natural infections with sars-cov-2, from the initial discovery of the v ...202033206434
human-pathogenic kasokero virus in field-collected ticks.kasokero virus (kasv; genus orthonairovirus) was first isolated in 1977 at uganda virus research institute from serum collected from rousettus aegyptiacus bats captured at kasokero cave, uganda. during virus characterization studies at the institute, 4 laboratory-associated infections resulted in mild to severe disease. although orthonairoviruses are typically associated with vertebrate and tick hosts, a tick vector of kasv never has been reported. we tested 786 ornithodoros (reticulinasus) fain ...202033219649
distribution, number, and certain neurochemical identities of infracortical white matter neurons in the brains of three megachiropteran bat species.a large population of infracortical white matter neurons, or white matter interstitial cells (wmics), are found within the subcortical white matter of the mammalian telencephalon. we examined wmics in three species of megachiropterans, megaloglossus woermanni, casinycteris argynnis, and rousettus aegyptiacus, using immunohistochemical and stereological techniques. immunostaining for neuronal nuclear marker (neun) revealed substantial numbers of wmics in each species-m. woermanni 124,496 wmics, c ...202032103488
rousettus aegyptiacus bats do not support productive nipah virus replication.nipah virus (niv) is a bat-borne zoonotic pathogen that can cause severe respiratory distress and encephalitis upon spillover into humans. niv is capable of infecting a broad range of hosts including humans, pigs, ferrets, dogs, cats, hamsters, and at least 2 genera of bats. little is known about the biology of niv in the bat reservoir. in this study, we evaluate the potential for the egyptian fruit bat (efb), rousettus aegyptiacus, to serve as a model organism for studying niv in bats. our data ...202031682727
retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in echolocating and non-echolocating bats.bats are nocturnal mammals known for their ability to echolocate, yet all bats can see, and most bats of the family pteropodidae (fruit bats) do not echolocate - instead they rely mainly on vision and olfaction to forage. we investigated whether echolocating bats, given their limited reliance on vision, have poorer spatial resolving power (srp) than pteropodids and whether tongue click echolocating fruit bats differ from non-echolocating fruit bats in terms of visual performance. we compared the ...202032818939
asymptomatic infection of marburg virus reservoir bats is explained by a strategy of immunoprotective disease tolerance.marburg virus (marv) is among the most virulent pathogens of primates, including humans. contributors to severe marv disease include immune response suppression and inflammatory gene dysregulation ("cytokine storm"), leading to systemic damage and often death. conversely, marv causes little to no clinical disease in its reservoir host, the egyptian rousette bat (erb). previous genomic and in vitro data suggest that a tolerant erb immune response may underlie marv avirulence, but no significant e ...202033157026
wing: a suitable nonlethal tissue type for repeatable and rapid telomere length estimates in bats.telomeres are used increasingly in ecology and evolution as biomarkers for ageing and environmental stress, and are typically measured from dna extracted from nonlethally sampled blood. however, obtaining blood is not always possible in field conditions and only limited amounts can be taken from small mammals, such as bats, which moreover lack nucleated red blood cells and hence yield relatively low amounts of dna. as telomere length can vary within species according to age and tissue, it is imp ...202033049101
past and current advances in marburg virus disease: a review.marburg virus (marv), along with the ebola virus, belongs to the family of filovirus and is cause of a lethal and severely affecting hemorrhagic fever. the marburgvirus genus includes two viruses: marv and ravn. marv has been recognized as one of utmost importance by the world health organization (who). the case fatality rate of the virus ranges from 24.0 to 88.0% which demonstrates its lethal nature and the need for its widespread information. the first case of the marburgvirus disease (mard) w ...202032920568
haematological, serum biochemical and electrophoretic data on healthy captive egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus).bats play a key role as reservoir hosts of many emerging viral diseases with zoonotic potential. however, little is known about the laboratory reference intervals (ris) of bats, especially egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus). the aim of this study was to obtain haematological, biochemical and electrophoretic ris from captive fruit bats. blood was collected from 21 r. aegyptiacus (11 females and 10 males). complete blood cell count was performed using an impedance cell counter followed by ...202032838610
sars-cov-2 in fruit bats, ferrets, pigs, and chickens: an experimental transmission study.in december, 2019, a novel zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus emerged in china. the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (sars-cov-2) became pandemic within weeks and the number of human infections and severe cases is increasing. we aimed to investigate the susceptibilty of potential animal hosts and the risk of anthropozoonotic spill-over infections.202032838346
six reference-quality genomes reveal evolution of bat adaptations.bats possess extraordinary adaptations, including flight, echolocation, extreme longevity and unique immunity. high-quality genomes are crucial for understanding the molecular basis and evolution of these traits. here we incorporated long-read sequencing and state-of-the-art scaffolding protocols1 to generate, to our knowledge, the first reference-quality genomes of six bat species (rhinolophus ferrumequinum, rousettus aegyptiacus, phyllostomus discolor, myotis myotis, pipistrellus kuhlii and mo ...202032699395
visual adaptability and retinal characterization of the egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus, pteropodidae): new insights into photoreceptors spatial distribution and melanosomal activity.our study was conducted to characterize the retinal structure of the egyptian fruit bat, rousettus aegyptiacus to determine the distribution of photoreceptors and melanosomal populations in various retinal zones. also, we paid attention to the specific structural and functional adaptations related to their nocturnal habits. we analyzed the retinae of 12 adult male egyptian fruit bats using morphometrical, histological, ultrastructural, and immunoblotting standard techniques. histological finding ...202032563026
isolation of candidatus bartonella rousetti and other bat-associated bartonellae from bats and their flies in zambia.bat-associated bartonellae, including bartonella mayotimonensis and candidatus bartonella rousetti, were recently identified as emerging and potential zoonotic agents, respectively. however, there is no report of bat-associated bartonellae in zambia. thus, we aimed to isolate and characterize bartonella spp. from bats and bat flies captured in zambia by culturing and pcr. overall, bartonella spp. were isolated from six out of 36 bats (16.7%), while bartonella dna was detected in nine out of 19 b ...202032545824
ectoparasitic bat flies (eucampsipoda hyrtlii) detected on the egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus) in antalya, turkey.the aim of this study was to report on bat flies collected from a fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus geoffroy) which was found on the ground for an unknown reason, and was brought to a private veterinary clinic in antalya. bat flies on the bat that were brought to the clinic were sampled during examination of the bat. fly samples were stored in glass tubes containing 70% alcohol and then refrigerated (+4 °c). species identification was made by using morphological characters under a stereo microsco ...202032482046
bat thermoregulation in the heat: limits to evaporative cooling capacity in three southern african bats.high environmental temperatures pose significant physiological challenges related to energy and water balance for small endotherms. although there is a growing literature on the effect of high temperatures on birds, comparable data are scarcer for bats. those data that do exist suggest that roost microsite may predict tolerance of high air temperatures. to examine this possibility further, we quantified the upper limits to heat tolerance and evaporative cooling capacity in three southern african ...202032364970
egyptian rousette ifn-ω subtypes elicit distinct antiviral effects and transcriptional responses in conspecific cells.bats host a number of viruses that cause severe disease in humans without experiencing overt symptoms of disease themselves. while the mechanisms underlying this ability to avoid sickness are not known, deep sequencing studies of bat genomes have uncovered genetic adaptations that may have functional importance in the antiviral response of these animals. egyptian rousette bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) are the natural reservoir hosts of marburg virus (marv). in contrast to humans, these bats do no ...202032231668
experimental infection of egyptian rousette bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) with sosuga virus demonstrates potential transmission routes for a bat-borne human pathogenic paramyxovirus.in august 2012, a wildlife biologist became severely ill after becoming infected with a novel paramyxovirus, termed sosuga virus. in the weeks prior to illness, the patient worked with multiple species of bats in south sudan and uganda, including egyptian rousette bats (erbs: rousettus aegyptiacus). a follow-up study of ugandan bats found multiple wild-caught erbs to test positive for sosv in liver and spleen. to determine the competency of these bats to act as a natural reservoir host for sosv ...202032119657
a novel poxvirus isolated from an egyptian fruit bat in israel.an egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus) from the zoological gardens, at tel aviv, israel, showed pox-like clinical signs including vesicular and nodular skin lesions on the wings. cell culture isolation, histopathology, electron microscopy and molecular analysis, revealed the presence of a novel bat poxvirus. future research is needed to determine whether this virus can affect human health.202032100464
spatial networks differ when food supply changes: foraging strategy of egyptian fruit bats.animals are faced with a range of ecological constraints that shape their behavioural decisions. habitat features that affect resource abundance will also have an impact, especially as regards spatial distribution, which will in turn affect associations between the animals. here we utilised a network approach, using spatial and genetic data, to describe patterns in use of space (foraging sites) by free-ranging egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) at the dakhla oasis in egypt. we observed ...202032097434
isolation of angola-like marburg virus from egyptian rousette bats from west africa.marburg virus (marv) causes sporadic outbreaks of severe marburg virus disease (mvd). most mvd outbreaks originated in east africa and field studies in east africa, south africa, zambia, and gabon identified the egyptian rousette bat (erb; rousettus aegyptiacus) as a natural reservoir. however, the largest recorded mvd outbreak with the highest case-fatality ratio happened in 2005 in angola, where direct spillover from bats was not  shown. here, collaborative studies by the centers for disease c ...202031980636
anatomical features of the tongue of two chiropterans endemic in the egyptian fauna; the egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus) and insectivorous bat (pipistrellus kuhlii).the current study aimed to investigate the tongue (lingual) morphometry, histology, and histochemistry of two chiropterans endemic in the egyptian fauna, and having different feeding preferences. the tongues of nine adult individuals of each species were utilized in our investigation. the tongue of fruit-eating bat was observed relatively longer than the one of insect-eating bat. grossly, the insect-eating bat had a lingual prominence on the dorsum of lingual body, while the fruit-eating bat had ...202031955907
computed tomography lung volume differs between vertical and inverted positioning for egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus).this prospective study characterizes the impact of positioning on the pulmonary volume and pulmonary atelectasis in egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus). the soft tissue appearance of atelectactic pulmonary parenchyma can obscure or mask pulmonary pathology. soft tissue within healthy lung parenchyma caused by atelectasis can efface the margins of pathology, such as pulmonary metastasis or pneumonia, due to overlapping attenuation profiles. pulmonary atelectasis is an unwanted side effect ...202031926521
detection of novel orthoreovirus genomes in shrew (crocidura hirta) and fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus).orthoreoviruses have been indentified in several mammals, however, there is no information about orthoreoviruses in shrews. in this study, we screened wild animals in zambia, including shrews, rodents, and bats for the detection of orthoreoviruses. two orthoreovirus rna genomes were detected from a shrew intestinal-contents (1/24) and a bat colon (1/96) sample by reverse-transcription (rt)-pcr targeting the rna-dependent rna polymerase gene of orthoreoviruses. phylogenetic analyses revealed that ...202031866632
rousette bat dendritic cells overcome marburg virus-mediated antiviral responses by upregulation of interferon-related genes while downregulating proinflammatory disease mediators.dysregulated and maladaptive immune responses are at the forefront of human diseases caused by infection with zoonotic viral hemorrhagic fever viruses. elucidating mechanisms of how the natural animal reservoirs of these viruses coexist with these agents without overt disease, while permitting sufficient replication to allow for transmission and maintenance in a population, is important for understanding the viral ecology and spillover to humans. the egyptian rousette bat (erb) has been identifi ...201931801842
activation of rnase l in egyptian rousette bat-derived roni/7 cells is dependent primarily on oas3 and independent of mavs signaling.bats are reservoirs for many rna viruses that are highly pathogenic in humans yet relatively apathogenic in the natural host. it has been suggested that differences in innate immunity are responsible. the antiviral oas-rnase l pathway is well characterized in humans, but there is little known about its activation and antiviral activity in bats. during infection, oass, upon sensing double-stranded rna (dsrna), produce 2'-5' oligoadenylates (2-5a), leading to activation of rnase l which degrades v ...201931719180
characterization of bifidobacterium species in feaces of the egyptian fruit bat: description of b. vespertilionis sp. nov. and b. rousetti sp. nov.fifteen bifidobacterial strains were obtained from faeces of rousettus aegyptiacus; after grouping them by rapd pcr only eight were selected and characterized. analysis of 16s rrna and of five housekeeping (hsp60, rpob, clpc, dnaj, dna g) genes revealed that these eight strains were classified into five clusters: cluster i (rst 8 and rst 16t), cluster ii (rst 9t and rst 27), cluster iii (rst 7 and rst 11), cluster iv (rst 19), cluster v (rst 17) were closest to bifidobacterium avesanii dsm 10068 ...201931585749
long-term and persistent vocal plasticity in adult bats.bats exhibit a diverse and complex vocabulary of social communication calls some of which are believed to be learned during development. this ability to produce learned, species-specific vocalizations - a rare trait in the animal kingdom - requires a high-degree of vocal plasticity. bats live extremely long lives in highly complex and dynamic social environments, which suggests that they might also retain a high degree of vocal plasticity in adulthood, much as humans do. here, we report persiste ...201931358755
survey of hepatocystis parasites of fruit bats in the amurum forest reserve, nigeria, identifies first host record for rousettus aegyptiacus.parasites of the genus hepatocystis are close relatives of plasmodium that frequently infect epauletted fruit bats across west and east africa. our understanding of susceptible hosts and prevalence of infection of hepatocystis remains fragmented. non-invasive sampling of bat assemblages in representative habitats critically contribute to haemosporidian parasite distribution maps. here, we report on a survey of hepatocystis parasite infections in bats undertaken over two consecutive years in a pr ...201931298168
paramyxo- and coronaviruses in rwandan bats.a high diversity of corona- and paramyxoviruses have been detected in different bat species at study sites worldwide, including africa, however no biosurveillance studies from rwanda have been reported. in this study, samples from bats collected from caves in ruhengeri, rwanda, were tested for the presence of corona- and paramyxoviral rna using reverse transcription pcr assays. positive results were further characterized by dna sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. in addition to morphological i ...201931269631
bats are unusually insensitive to brief low-frequency tones.bats use brief calls for echolocation, suggesting that they might be more sensitive to brief sounds than non-echolocating mammals. to investigate this possibility, absolute thresholds for brief tones were determined for four species of bats: the common vampire bat (desmodus rotundus) and the greater spear-nosed bat (phyllostomus hastatus), both of which use frequency-modulated calls, the egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus), an echolocator that uses tongue-clicks rather than laryngeal call ...201931147738
marburgvirus in egyptian fruit bats, zambia.we detected marburg virus genome in egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) captured in zambia in september 2018. the virus was closely related phylogenetically to the viruses that previously caused marburg outbreaks in the democratic republic of the congo. this finding demonstrates that zambia is at risk for marburg virus disease.201931146800
recent advances in marburgvirus research.marburgviruses are closely related to ebolaviruses and cause a devastating disease in humans. in 2012, we published a comprehensive review of the first 45 years of research on marburgviruses and the disease they cause, ranging from molecular biology to ecology. spurred in part by the deadly ebola virus outbreak in west africa in 2013-2016, research on all filoviruses has intensified. not meant as an introduction to marburgviruses, this article instead provides a synopsis of recent progress in ma ...201931131088
food for sex in bats revealed as producer males reproduce with scrounging females.food sharing is often evolutionarily puzzling, because the provider's benefits are not always clear. sharing among kin may increase indirect fitness [1], but when non-kin are involved, different mechanisms were suggested to act. occasionally, "tolerated theft" [2, 3] is observed, merely because defending a resource is not cost effective. sharing may also be explained as "costly signaling" [4, 5], where individuals signal their high qualities by distributing acquired resources, as has been sugges ...201931130455
a metaanalysis of bat phylogenetics and positive selection based on genomes and transcriptomes from 18 species.historically, the evolution of bats has been analyzed using a small number of genetic loci for many species or many genetic loci for a few species. here we present a phylogeny of 18 bat species, each of which is represented in 1,107 orthologous gene alignments used to build the tree. we generated a transcriptome sequence of hypsignathus monstrosus, the african hammer-headed bat, and additional transcriptome sequence for rousettus aegyptiacus, the egyptian fruit bat. we then combined these data w ...201931113885
spindle cell tumor in a brown long-eared bat (plecotus auritus).most reports of neoplasia in bats are in captive egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus), a megachiropteran species. only three reports of neoplasia in microchiropteran species have been reported. we report the detection of a tumor in a wild brown long-eared bat (plecotus auritus), a microchiropteran species, in england. histolopathology indicated the mass was a spindle cell tumor, likely of smooth muscle origin, which was confirmed by immunohistochemistry.201931081737
comparative analysis of serologic cross-reactivity using convalescent sera from filovirus-experimentally infected fruit bats.with the exception of reston and bombali viruses, the marburgviruses and ebolaviruses (family filoviridae) cause outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever in sub-saharan africa. the egyptian rousette bat (erb) is a natural reservoir host for the marburgviruses and evidence suggests that bats are also natural reservoirs for the ebolaviruses. although the search for the natural reservoirs of the ebolaviruses has largely involved serosurveillance of the bat population, there are no validated serological ...201931040343
studying the microbiota of bats: accuracy of direct and indirect samplings.given the recurrent bat-associated disease outbreaks in humans and recent advances in metagenomics sequencing, the microbiota of bats is increasingly being studied. however, obtaining biological samples directly from wild individuals may represent a challenge, and thus, indirect passive sampling (without capturing bats) is sometimes used as an alternative. currently, it is not known whether the bacterial community assessed using this approach provides an accurate representation of the bat microb ...201930847068
clinical, histopathologic, and immunohistochemical characterization of experimental marburg virus infection in a natural reservoir host, the egyptian rousette bat (rousettus aegyptiacus).egyptian rousette bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) are natural reservoir hosts of marburg virus (marv), and ravn virus (ravv; collectively called marburgviruses) and have been linked to human cases of marburg virus disease (mvd). we investigated the clinical and pathologic effects of experimental marv infection in egyptian rousettes through a serial euthanasia study and found clear evidence of mild but transient disease. three groups of nine, captive-born, juvenile male bats were inoculated subcutan ...201930832364
discovery and characterization of bukakata orbivirus (reoviridae:orbivirus), a novel virus from a ugandan bat.while serological and virological evidence documents the exposure of bats to medically-important arboviruses, their role as reservoirs or amplifying hosts is less well-characterized. we describe a novel orbivirus (reoviridae:orbivirus) isolated from an egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus leachii) trapped in 2013 in uganda and named bukakata orbivirus. this is the fifth orbivirus isolated from a bat, however genetic information had previously only been available for one bat-associated orbiv ...201930832334
co-circulation and excretion dynamics of diverse rubula- and related viruses in egyptian rousette bats from south africa.the egyptian rousette bat (rousettus aegyptiacus) has previously been implicated as the natural host of a zoonotic rubulavirus; however, its association with rubulaviruses has been studied to a limited extent. urine, spleen, and other organs collected from the r. aegyptiacus population within south africa were tested with a hemi-nested rt-pcr assay targeting a partial polymerase gene region of viruses from the avula- and rubulavirus genera. urine was collected over a 14-month period to study the ...201930626055
antibody-mediated virus neutralization is not a universal mechanism of marburg, ebola, or sosuga virus clearance in egyptian rousette bats.although bats are increasingly being recognized as natural reservoir hosts of emerging zoonotic viruses, little is known about how they control and clear virus infection in the absence of clinical disease. here, we test >50 convalescent sera from egyptian rousette bats (erbs) experimentally primed or prime-boosted with marburg virus, ebola virus, or sosuga virus for the presence of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies, using infectious reporter viruses. after serum neutralization testing, we c ...201930590775
a viral metagenomic survey identifies known and novel mammalian viruses in bats from saudi arabia.bats are implicated as natural reservoirs for a wide range of zoonotic viruses including sars and mers coronaviruses, ebola, marburg, nipah, hendra, rabies and other lyssaviruses. accordingly, many one health surveillance and viral discovery programs have focused on bats. in this report we present viral metagenomic data from bats collected in the kingdom of saudi arabia [ksa]. unbiased high throughput sequencing of fecal samples from 72 bat individuals comprising four species; lesser mouse-taile ...201930969980
sars-like coronavirus wiv1-cov does not replicate in egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus).severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-like wiv1-coronavirus (cov) was first isolated from rhinolophus sinicus bats and can use the human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ace2) receptor. in the current study, we investigate the ability of wiv1-cov to infect rousettus aegyptiacus bats. no clinical signs were observed throughout the experiment. furthermore, only four oropharyngeal swabs and two respiratory tissues, isolated on day 3 post inoculation, were found positive for viral rna. two out of ...201830572566
productive propagation of rift valley fever phlebovirus vaccine strain mp-12 in rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats.rift valley fever phlebovirus (rvfv), the causative agent of an emerging zoonotic disease in africa and arabia, can infect a variety of species, predominantly ruminants, camelids, and humans. while clinical symptoms are mostly absent in adult ruminants and camelids, rvfv infection may lead to a serious, sometimes fatal disease in humans. virus transmissions between individuals and between species mainly occur through mosquito bites, but direct or even indirect contact with infectious materials m ...201830513679
human exposure to novel bartonella species from contact with fruit bats.twice a year in southwestern nigeria, during a traditional bat festival, community participants enter designated caves to capture bats, which are then consumed for food or traded. we investigated the presence of bartonella species in egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) and bat flies (eucampsipoda africana) from these caves and assessed whether bartonella infections had occurred in persons from the surrounding communities. our results indicate that these bats and flies harbor bartonella s ...201830457529
transcriptomics reveal antiviral gene induction in the egyptian rousette bat is antagonized in vitro by marburg virus infection.the egyptian rousette bat (erb) is the only known marburg virus (marv) reservoir host. erbs develop a productive marv infection with low viremia and shedding but no overt disease, suggesting this virus is efficiently controlled by erb antiviral responses. this dynamic would contrast with humans, where marv-mediated interferon (ifn) antagonism early in infection is thought to contribute to the severe, often fatal disease. the newly-annotated erb genome and transcriptome have now enabled us to use ...201830400182
survey of ebola viruses in frugivorous and insectivorous bats in guinea, cameroon, and the democratic republic of the congo, 2015-2017.to clarify the role of bats in the ecology of ebola viruses, we assessed the prevalence of ebola virus antibodies in a large-scale sample of bats collected during 2015-2017 from countries in africa that have had previous ebola outbreaks (guinea, the democratic republic of the congo) or are at high risk for outbreaks (cameroon). we analyzed 4,022 blood samples of bats from >12 frugivorous and 27 insectivorous species; 2-37 (0.05%-0.92%) bats were seropositive for zaire and 0-30 (0%-0.75%) bats fo ...201830307845
marburg virus viral protein 35 inhibits protein kinase r activation in a cell type-specific manner.protein kinase r (pkr) is a key antiviral protein involved in sensing and restricting viral infections. here we analyzed the ability of marburg virus (marv) viral protein 35 (vp35) to inhibit pkr activation in human and bat cells. similar to the related ebola and lloviu viruses, marv vp35 was able to inhibit pkr activation in 293t cells. in contrast, we found that marv vp35 did not inhibit human or bat pkr activation in human glioblastoma u-251-mg cells or a rousettus aegyptiacus cell line. addi ...201830165526
a novel adenovirus isolated from the egyptian fruit bat in south africa is closely related to recent isolates from china.recently a number of novel adenoviruses have been isolated from diverse bat species and from diverse geographical locations. we describe the isolation of a novel adenovirus (family adenoviridae, genus mastadenovirus) from a pool of liver and spleen tissue of an apparently healthy wild-caught egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus) in south africa. genetically the virus is most closely related to four mastadenoviruses recently isolated in china, from miniopterus schreibersi and rousettus lesch ...201829942032
holy immune tolerance, batman!bats are reservoir hosts of numerous viruses that cause severe pathology in humans. how bats cope with such pathogens remains elusive. in a recent issue of cell, pavlovich et al. (2018) describe several key adaptations in innate immune-related genes that suggest that the egyptian rousette fruit bat relies on immune tolerance mechanisms to manage viral infections.201829924972
seroprevalence of filovirus infection of rousettus aegyptiacus bats in zambia.bats are suspected to play important roles in the ecology of filoviruses, including ebolaviruses and marburgviruses. a cave-dwelling fruit bat, rousettus aegyptiacus, has been shown to be a reservoir of marburgviruses. using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with the viral glycoprotein antigen, we detected immunoglobulin g antibodies specific to multiple filoviruses in 158 of 290 serum samples of r aegyptiacus bats captured in zambia during the years 2014-2017. in particular, 43.8% of the bat ...201829889270
identification of group a rotaviruses from zambian fruit bats provides evidence for long-distance dispersal events in africa.group a rotavirus (rva) is a major cause of diarrhea in children worldwide. although rva infects many animals, little is known about rva in bats. the present study investigated the genetic diversity of rva in zambian bats. we identified rva from two straw-colored fruit bats (eidolon helvum) and an egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus), and analyzed the genome sequences of these strains. genome segments of the rva strains from zambian e. helvum showed 97%-99% nucleotide sequence identity wit ...201829792990
marburg virus infection in egyptian rousette bats, south africa, 2013-20141.we detected a high seroprevalence of marburg virus (marv) antibodies in fruit bats in south africa; 19.1% of recaptured bats seroconverted. the marv rna isolated closely resembled the 1975 ozolin strain. these findings indicate endemic marv circulation in bats in south africa and should inform policies on marv disease risk reduction.201829774854
the egyptian rousette genome reveals unexpected features of bat antiviral immunity.bats harbor many viruses asymptomatically, including several notorious for causing extreme virulence in humans. to identify differences between antiviral mechanisms in humans and bats, we sequenced, assembled, and analyzed the genome of rousettus aegyptiacus, a natural reservoir of marburg virus and the only known reservoir for any filovirus. we found an expanded and diversified klrc/klrd family of natural killer cell receptors, mhc class i genes, and type i interferons, which dramatically diffe ...201829706541
3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (alpha-chlorohydrin) disrupts spermatogenesis and causes spermatotoxicity in males of the egyptian fruit-bat (rousettus aegyptiacus).we evaluated the sterilizing effect of 3-monochloropropane-1, 2-diol (3-mcpd) in male egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus). we used three groups. one was treated with 70 mg/kg 3-mcpd for 4 days. the second group was treated with 3-mcpd as a bait formulation (known concentration of 3-mcpd mixed with a known amount of food). the third group was untreated controls. we compared the weights of the reproductive organs, histology of the testes, occurrence of spermatogenesis, and the count, motil ...201829595063
iron storage disease (hemochromatosis) and hepcidin response to iron load in two species of pteropodid fruit bats relative to the common vampire bat.hepcidin is the key regulator of iron homeostasis in the body. iron storage disease (hemochromatosis) is a frequent cause of liver disease and mortality in captive egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus), but reasons underlying this condition are unknown. hereditary hemochromatosis in humans is due to deficiency of hepcidin or resistance to the action of hepcidin. here, we investigated the role of hepcidin in iron metabolism in one species of pteropodid bat that is prone to iron storage dise ...201829594459
evaluation of injectable anaesthesia with five medetomidine-midazolam based combinations in egyptian fruit bats ( rousettus aegyptiacus).egyptian fruit bats are increasingly used as model animals in neuroscience research. our aim was to characterize suitable injectable anaesthesia for this species, possibly replacing inhalant anaesthesia, thus minimizing occupational health hazards. eight bats were randomly assigned by a crossover design for subcutaneously administered combinations of medetomidine-midazolam with: saline (mm-sal), ketamine (mm-ket), fentanyl (mm-fen), morphine (mm-mor), or butorphanol (mm-but). the anaesthetic dep ...201829448876
mapping the distribution of language related genes foxp1, foxp2 and cntnap2 in the brains of vocal learning bat species.genes including foxp2, foxp1 and cntnap2, have been implicated in human speech and language phenotypes, pointing to a role in the development of normal language-related circuitry in the brain. although speech and language are unique human phenotypes, a comparative approach is possible by addressing language-relevant traits in animal model systems. one such trait, vocal learning, represents an essential component of human spoken language, and is shared by cetaceans, pinnipeds, elephants, some bir ...201829297931
neutralizing antibodies against flaviviruses, babanki virus, and rift valley fever virus in ugandan bats.introduction:a number of arboviruses have previously been isolated from naturally-infected east african bats, however the role of bats in arbovirus maintenance is poorly understood. the aim of this study was to investigate the exposure history of ugandan bats to a panel of arboviruses.materials and methods:insectivorous and fruit bats were captured from multiple locations throughout uganda during 2009 and 2011-2013. all serum samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies against west nile viru ...201829511459
development of a reverse genetics system for sosuga virus allows rapid screening of antiviral compounds.sosuga virus (sosv) is a recently discovered zoonotic paramyxovirus isolated from a single human case in 2012; it has been ecologically and epidemiologically associated with transmission by the egyptian rousette bat (rousettus aegyptiacus). bats have long been recognized as sources of novel zoonotic pathogens, including highly lethal paramyxoviruses like nipah virus (niv) and hendra virus (hev). the ability of sosv to cause severe human disease supports the need for studies on sosv pathogenesis ...201829522528
antibody responses to marburg virus in egyptian rousette bats and their role in protection against infection.egyptian rousette bats (erbs) are reservoir hosts for the marburg virus (marv). the immune dynamics and responses to marv infection in erbs are poorly understood, and limited information exists on the role of antibodies in protection of erbs against marv infection. here, we determine the duration of maternal immunity to marv in juvenile erbs, and evaluate the duration of the antibody response to marv in bats naturally or experimentally infected with the virus. we further explore whether antibodi ...201829439384
tissue distribution of the mers-coronavirus receptor in bats.middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov) has been shown to infect both humans and dromedary camels using dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (dpp4) as its receptor. the distribution of dpp4 in the respiratory tract tissues of humans and camels reflects mers-cov tropism. apart from dromedary camels, insectivorous bats are suggested as another natural reservoir for mers-like-covs. in order to gain insight on the tropism of these viruses in bats, we studied the dpp4 distribution in the respirator ...201728446791
highly diverse and antimicrobial susceptible escherichia coli display a naïve bacterial population in fruit bats from the republic of congo.bats are suspected to be a reservoir of several bacterial and viral pathogens relevant to animal and human health, but studies on escherichia coli in these animals are sparse. we investigated the presence of e. coli in tissue samples (liver, lung and intestines) collected from 50 fruit bats of five different species (eidolon helvum, epomops franqueti, hypsignathus monstrosus, myonycteris torquata, rousettus aegyptiacus) of two different areas in the republic of congo between 2009 and 2010. to as ...201728700648
retinal ganglion cell topography and spatial resolving power in african megachiropterans: influence of roosting microhabitat and foraging.megachiropteran bats (megabats) show remarkable diversity in microhabitat occupation and trophic specializations, but information on how vision relates to their behavioral ecology is scarce. using stereology and retinal wholemounts, we measured the topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells and determined the spatial resolution of eight african megachiropterans with distinct roosting and feeding ecologies. we found that species roosting in open microhabitats have a pronounced streak of h ...201727277932
discovery of african bat polyomaviruses and infrequent recombination in the large t antigen in the polyomaviridae.bat species represent natural reservoirs for a number of high-consequence human pathogens. the present study investigated the diversity of polyomaviruses (pyvs) in zambian insectivorous and fruit bat species. we describe the complete genomes from four newly proposed african bat pyv species employing the recently recommended criteria provided by the polyomaviridae study group of the international committee on taxonomy of viruses. a comprehensive phylogenetic and recombination analysis was perform ...201728430100
molecular detection of viruses in kenyan bats and discovery of novel astroviruses, caliciviruses and rotaviruses.this is the first country-wide surveillance of bat-borne viruses in kenya spanning from 2012-2015 covering sites perceived to have medium to high level bat-human interaction. the objective of this surveillance study was to apply a non-invasive approach using fresh feces to detect viruses circulating within the diverse species of kenyan bats. we screened for both dna and rna viruses; specifically, astroviruses (astvs), adenoviruses (advs), caliciviruses (calvs), coronaviruses (covs), flaviviruses ...201728393313
egyptian rousette bats maintain long-term protective immunity against marburg virus infection despite diminished antibody levels.although bats are natural reservoir hosts for numerous zoonotic viruses, little is known about the long-term dynamics of the host immune response following infection and how these viruses are maintained in nature. the egyptian rousette bat (erb) is a known reservoir host for marburg virus (marv). following infection of erbs with marv, virus-specific igg antibodies are induced but rapidly wane and by 3 months post-infection the bats are seronegative. to determine whether reinfection of erbs plays ...201728821722
ebola virus field sample collection.sampling wildlife for ebolaviruses presents the researcher with a multitude of challenges, foremost of which is safety. throughout the methods described in this chapter, personal safety and personal protective equipment (ppe) will be reiterated for each methodology. the methods described here are those used to successfully detect and isolate marburgviruses from their natural reservoir, rousettus aegyptiacus, and therefore should be applicable for diagnostic testing for ebolaviruses via rt-pcr, e ...201728573636
isolation of a novel orthobunyavirus from bat flies (eucampsipoda africana).the bunyaviridae family comprises viruses causing diseases of public and veterinary health importance, including viral haemorrhagic and arboviral fevers. we report the isolation, identification and genome characterization of a novel orthobunyavirus, named wolkberg virus (wbv), from wingless bat fly ectoparasites (eucampsipoda africana) of egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) in south africa. complete genome sequence data of wbv suggests it is most closely related to two bat viruses (mojuí ...201728488954
innate immune responses of bat and human cells to filoviruses: commonalities and distinctions.marburg (marv) and ebola (ebov) viruses are zoonotic pathogens that cause severe hemorrhagic fever in humans. the natural reservoir of marv is the egyptian rousette bat (rousettus aegyptiacus); that of ebov is unknown but believed to be another bat species. the egyptian rousette develops subclinical productive infection with marv but is refractory to ebov. interaction of filoviruses with hosts is greatly affected by the viral interferon (ifn)-inhibiting domains (iid). our study was aimed at char ...201728122983
comparative phylogeography of african fruit bats (chiroptera, pteropodidae) provide new insights into the outbreak of ebola virus disease in west africa, 2014-2016.both ebolavirus and marburgvirus were detected in several fruit bat species of the family pteropodidae, suggesting that this taxon plays a key role in the life cycle of filoviruses. after four decades of zaire ebolavirus (zebov) outbreaks in central africa, the virus was detected for the first time in west africa in 2014. to better understand the role of fruit bats as potential reservoirs and circulating hosts between central and west africa, we examine here the phylogeny and comparative phyloge ...201727746072
bats are rare reservoirs of staphylococcus aureus complex in gabon.the colonization of afro-tropical wildlife with staphylococcus aureus and the derived clade staphylococcus schweitzeri remains largely unknown. a reservoir in bats could be of importance since bats and humans share overlapping habitats. in addition, bats are food sources in some african regions and can be the cause of zoonotic diseases. here, we present a cross-sectional survey employing pharyngeal swabs of captured and released bats (n=133) in a forest area of gabon. we detected low colonizatio ...201727894991
filoviruses and bats.while reston and lloviu viruses have never been associated with human disease, the other filoviruses cause outbreaks of hemorrhagic fever characterised by person-to-person transmission and high case fatality ratios. cumulative evidence suggests that bats are the most likely reservoir hosts of the filoviruses. ecological investigations following marburg virus disease outbreaks associated with entry into caves inhabited by rousettus aegyptiacus bats led to the identification of this bat species as ...201728603449
isolated case of marburg virus disease, kampala, uganda, 2014.in september 2014, a single fatal case of marburg virus was identified in a healthcare worker in kampala, uganda. the source of infection was not identified, and no secondary cases were identified. we describe the rapid identification, laboratory diagnosis, and case investigation of the third marburg virus outbreak in uganda.201728518032
modelling filovirus maintenance in nature by experimental transmission of marburg virus between egyptian rousette bats.the egyptian rousette bat (erb) is a natural reservoir host for marburg virus (marv); however, the mechanisms by which marv is transmitted bat-to-bat and to other animals are unclear. here we co-house marv-inoculated donor erbs with naive contact erbs. marv shedding is detected in oral, rectal and urine specimens from inoculated bats from 5-19 days post infection. simultaneously, marv is detected in oral specimens from contact bats, indicating oral exposure to the virus. in the late study phase, ...201728194016
tongue-driven sonar beam steering by a lingual-echolocating fruit bat.animals enhance sensory acquisition from a specific direction by movements of head, ears, or eyes. as active sensing animals, echolocating bats also aim their directional sonar beam to selectively "illuminate" a confined volume of space, facilitating efficient information processing by reducing echo interference and clutter. such sonar beam control is generally achieved by head movements or shape changes of the sound-emitting mouth or nose. however, lingual-echolocating egyptian fruit bats, rous ...201729244805
habitat use, but not gene flow, is influenced by human activities in two ecotypes of egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus).understanding the ecological, behavioural and evolutionary response of organisms to changing environments is of primary importance in a human-altered world. it is crucial to elucidate how human activities alter gene flow and what are the consequences for the genetic structure of a species. we studied two lineages of the egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus) throughout the contact zone between mesic and arid ecozones in the middle east to evaluate the species' response to the growing proport ...201728950408
refractometric urine specific gravity of free-living egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus).in both human and veterinary medicine, urine specific gravity (usg) is commonly measured by refractometry to indirectly reflect the osmolality of urine to thereby evaluate the kidney's ability to concentrate or dilute urine according to physiologic need and certain disease conditions. however, for accurate interpretation of the significance of any value, knowledge of the expected usg for the healthy species in question is required. it is generally believed that fruit bats, and egyptian fruit bat ...201728920781
a single bat species in cameroon harbors multiple highly divergent papillomaviruses in stool identified by metagenomics analysis.a number of pvs have been described in bats but to the best of our knowledge not from feces. using a previously described netovir protocol, eidolon helvum pooled fecal samples (eh) were treated and sequenced by illumina next generation sequencing technology. two complete genomes of novel pvs (ehpv2 and ehpv3) and 3 partial sequences (batpv61, batpv890a and batpv890b) were obtained and analysis showed that the ehpv2 and ehpv3 major capsid proteins cluster with and share 60-64% nucleotide identity ...201632289018
bat flies (diptera: nycteribiidae and streblidae) infesting cave-dwelling bats in gabon: diversity, dynamics and potential role in polychromophilus melanipherus transmission.evidence of haemosporidian infections in bats and bat flies has motivated a growing interest in characterizing their transmission cycles. in gabon (central africa), many caves house massive colonies of bats that are known hosts of polychromophilus dionisi parasites, presumably transmitted by blood-sucking bat flies. however, the role of bat flies in bat malaria transmission remains under-documented.201627286888
experimental inoculation of egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) with ebola virus.colonized egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus), originating in south africa, were inoculated subcutaneously with ebola virus (ebov). no overt signs of morbidity, mortality, or gross lesions were noted. bats seroconverted by day 10-16 post inoculation (p.i.), with the highest mean anti-ebov igg level on day 28 p.i. ebov rna was detected in blood from one bat. in 16 other tissues tested, viral rna distribution was limited and at very low levels. no seroconversion could be demonstrated in an ...201626805873
no evidence for the involvement of the argasid tick ornithodoros faini in the enzootic maintenance of marburgvirus within egyptian rousette bats rousettus aegyptiacus.the cave-dwelling egyptian rousette bat (erb; rousettus aegyptiacus) was recently identified as a natural reservoir host of marburgviruses. however, the mechanisms of transmission for the enzootic maintenance of marburgviruses within erbs are unclear. previous ecological investigations of large erb colonies inhabiting python cave and kitaka mine, uganda revealed that argasid ticks (ornithodoros faini) are hematophagous ectoparasites of erbs. yet, their potential role as transmission vectors for ...201626944044
isolation of a novel fusogenic orthoreovirus from eucampsipoda africana bat flies in south africa.we report on the isolation of a novel fusogenic orthoreovirus from bat flies (eucampsipoda africana) associated with egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) collected in south africa. complete sequences of the ten dsrna genome segments of the virus, tentatively named mahlapitsi virus (mahlv), were determined. phylogenetic analysis places this virus into a distinct clade with baboon orthoreovirus, bush viper reovirus and the bat-associated broome virus. all genome segments of mahlv contain a ...201627011199
a retrospective study of the lesions associated with iron storage disease in captive egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus).egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) are one of many species within zoologic collections that frequently develop iron storage disease. the goals of this retrospective multi-institutional study were to determine the tissue distribution of iron storage in captive adult egyptian fruit bats and the incidence of intercurrent neoplasia and infection, which may be directly or indirectly related to iron overload. tissue sections from 83 adult egyptian fruit bats were histologically evaluated by u ...201627010264
retrospective evaluation of cases of neoplasia in a captive population of egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus).reports of neoplasia in chiroptera species are rare. (6, 10) this retrospective study describes five types of neoplasia identified within a captive population of male egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) housed in a zoo from 2004 through november of 2014. tumor types identified include fibrosarcoma, cutaneous lymphoma, benign focal bronchioloalveolar neoplasm, anaplastic sarcoma, and sebaceous epithelioma. to the author's knowledge, aside from a recent report of focal brochioloalveolar ad ...201526056887
a recently discovered pathogenic paramyxovirus, sosuga virus, is present in rousettus aegyptiacus fruit bats at multiple locations in uganda.in august 2012, a wildlife biologist became ill immediately following a 6-wk field trip to collect bats and rodents in south sudan and uganda. after returning to the us, the biologist was admitted to the hospital with multiple symptoms including fever, malaise, headache, generalized myalgia and arthralgia, stiffness in the neck, and sore throat. soon after admission, the patient developed a maculopapular rash and oropharynx ulcerations. the patient remained hospitalized for 14 d. several suspect ...201525919464
the baara (biological automated radiotracking) system: a new approach in ecological field studies.radiotracking is an important and often the only possible method to explore specific habits and the behaviour of animals, but it has proven to be very demanding and time-consuming, especially when frequent positioning of a large group is required. our aim was to address this issue by making the process partially automated, to mitigate the demands and related costs. this paper presents a novel automated tracking system that consists of a network of automated tracking stations deployed within the ...201525714910
de novo transcriptome reconstruction and annotation of the egyptian rousette bat.the egyptian rousette bat (rousettus aegyptiacus), a common fruit bat species found throughout africa and the middle east, was recently identified as a natural reservoir host of marburg virus. with ebola virus, marburg virus is a member of the family filoviridae that causes severe hemorrhagic fever disease in humans and nonhuman primates, but results in little to no pathological consequences in bats. understanding host-pathogen interactions within reservoir host species and how it differs from h ...201526643810
analysis of cathepsin and furin proteolytic enzymes involved in viral fusion protein activation in cells of the bat reservoir host.bats of different species play a major role in the emergence and transmission of highly pathogenic viruses including ebola virus, sars-like coronavirus and the henipaviruses. these viruses require proteolytic activation of surface envelope glycoproteins needed for entry, and cellular cathepsins have been shown to be involved in proteolysis of glycoproteins from these distinct virus families. very little is currently known about the available proteases in bats. to determine whether the utilizatio ...201525706132
biannual birth pulses allow filoviruses to persist in bat populations.filoviruses ebolavirus (ebov) and marburgvirus (marv) cause haemorrhagic fevers with high mortality rates, posing significant threats to public health. to understand transmission into human populations, filovirus dynamics within reservoir host populations must be understood. studies have directly linked filoviruses to bats, but the mechanisms allowing viral persistence within bat populations are poorly understood. theory suggests seasonal birthing may decrease the probability of pathogen persist ...201525673678
social grooming in bats: are vampire bats exceptional?evidence for long-term cooperative relationships comes from several social birds and mammals. vampire bats demonstrate cooperative social bonds, and like primates, they maintain these bonds through social grooming. it is unclear, however, to what extent vampires are special among bats in this regard. we compared social grooming rates of common vampire bats desmodus rotundus and four other group-living bats, artibeus jamaicensis, carollia perspicillata, eidolon helvum and rousettus aegyptiacus, u ...201526445502
genomic analysis of codon usage shows influence of mutation pressure, natural selection, and host features on marburg virus evolution.the marburg virus (marv) has a negative-sense single-stranded rna genome, belongs to the family filoviridae, and is responsible for several outbreaks of highly fatal hemorrhagic fever. codon usage patterns of viruses reflect a series of evolutionary changes that enable viruses to shape their survival rates and fitness toward the external environment and, most importantly, their hosts. to understand the evolution of marv at the codon level, we report a comprehensive analysis of synonymous codon u ...201526306510
oral shedding of marburg virus in experimentally infected egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus).marburg virus (marburg marburgvirus; marv) causes sporadic outbreaks of marburg hemorrhagic fever (mhf) in africa. the egyptian fruit bat (rousettus aegyptiacus) has been identified as a natural reservoir based most-recently on the repeated isolation of marv directly from bats caught at two locations in southwestern uganda where miners and tourists separately contracted mhf from 2007-08. despite learning much about the ecology of marv through extensive field investigations, there remained unansw ...201525375951
experimental inoculation of egyptian rousette bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) with viruses of the ebolavirus and marburgvirus genera.the egyptian rousette bat (rousettus aegyptiacus) is a natural reservoir for marburgviruses and a consistent source of virus spillover to humans. cumulative evidence suggests various bat species may also transmit ebolaviruses. we investigated the susceptibility of egyptian rousettes to each of the five known ebolaviruses (sudan, ebola, bundibugyo, taï forest, and reston), and compared findings with marburg virus. in a pilot study, groups of four juvenile bats were inoculated with one of the ebol ...201526120867
lack of marburg virus transmission from experimentally infected to susceptible in-contact egyptian fruit bats.egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) were inoculated subcutaneously (n = 22) with marburg virus (marv). no deaths, overt signs of morbidity, or gross lesions was identified, but microscopic pathological changes were seen in the liver of infected bats. the virus was detected in 15 different tissues and plasma but only sporadically in mucosal swab samples, urine, and fecal samples. neither seroconversion nor viremia could be demonstrated in any of the in-contact susceptible bats (n = 14) up ...201525838270
mapping the zoonotic niche of marburg virus disease in africa.marburg virus disease (mvd) describes a viral haemorrhagic fever responsible for a number of outbreaks across eastern and southern africa. it is a zoonotic disease, with the egyptian rousette (rousettus aegyptiacus) identified as a reservoir host. infection is suspected to result from contact between this reservoir and human populations, with occasional secondary human-to-human transmission.201525820266
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