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detection of virus-related sequences associated with potential etiologies of hepatitis in liver tissue samples from rats, mice, shrews, and bats.hepatitis is a major global health concern. however, the etiology of 10-20% hepatitis cases remains unclear. some hepatitis-associated viruses, like the hepatitis e virus, are zoonotic pathogens. rats, shrews, and bats are reservoirs for many zoonotic pathogens. therefore, understanding the virome in the liver of these animals is important for the investigation of the etiologies of hepatitis and monitoring the emerging zoonotic viruses. in this study, viral metagenomics and pcr methods were used ...202134177835
composition of gut and oropharynx bacterial communities in rattus norvegicus and suncus murinus in china.rattus norvegicus and suncus murinus are important reservoirs of zoonotic bacterial diseases. an understanding of the composition of gut and oropharynx bacteria in these animals is important for monitoring and preventing such diseases. we therefore examined gut and oropharynx bacterial composition in these animals in china.202033129337
helminth fauna of small mammals from public parks and urban areas in bangkok metropolitan with emphasis on community ecology of infection in synanthropic rodents.in 2018, extensive field studies of diversity and prevalence of helminth infection in synanthropic rodents and non-rodent small mammals from public parks and citified areas in the bangkok metropolitan were conducted. rattus rattus complex was the dominant small mammal in public parks. of the 197 animals, 147 individuals were infected with one or more species of helminths, yielding an infection prevalence of 74.6%. twenty-five species of helminths were recovered during necropsy. pterygodermatites ...202033001253
genetic diversity and phylogeography of thottapalayam thottimvirus (hantaviridae) in asian house shrew (suncus murinus) in eurasia.murid and cricetid rodents were previously believed to be the principal reservoir hosts of hantaviruses. recently, however, multiple newfound hantaviruses have been discovered in shrews, moles, and bats, suggesting a complex evolutionary history. little is known about the genetic diversity and geographic distribution of the prototype shrew-borne hantavirus, thottapalayam thottimvirus (tpmv), carried by the asian house shrew (suncus murinus), which is widespread in asia, africa, and the middle ea ...202032974220
glp-1 receptors are involved in the glp-1 (7-36) amide-induced modulation of glucose homoeostasis, emesis and feeding in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).glp-1 receptor agonists are used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes but they may reduce appetite and cause nausea and emesis. we investigated if glp-1 (7-36) amide can modulate glucose homoeostasis, emesis and feeding via an exendin (9-39)-sensitive mechanism in suncus murinus. the effect of glp-1 (7-36) amide on glucose homeostasis was examined using an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. in conscious fasted animals, food and water consumption and behavior were measured for 1 h following ...202032871177
seroprevalence of wenzhou virus in china.wenzhou virus (wenv) was first identified in rodents and asian house shrews in wenzhou, zhejiang province, china. however, little is known about the prevalence of wenv infections in humans in china. to determine the threat that wenv may pose to humans, we determine the seroprevalence of wenv in healthy individuals in china in this study. cross-reactivities of nucleoprotein (np) were detected between lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (lcmv) and wenv using western blot and elisa assy. the prevale ...202032838285
pcr-based screening and phylogenetic analysis of rat pegivirus (rpgv) carried by rodents in china.rodent-borne pegiviruses were initially identified in serum samples from desert wood-rats in 2013, and subsequently in serum samples from commensal rats in 2014. however, the prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of rodent pegiviruses in china are poorly understood. in this study, we screened serum samples collected from wild rats in southern china between 2015 and 2016 for the presence of rat pegivirus (rpgv) by pcr. among the 314 serum samples from murine rodents (rattus norvegicus, ratt ...202032713889
characterization of a novel rat hepatitis e virus isolated from an asian musk shrew (suncus murinus).the asian musk shrew (shrew) is a new reservoir of a rat hepatitis e virus (hev) that has been classified into genotype hev-c1 in the species orthohepevirus c. however, there is no information regarding classification of the new rat hev based on the entire genome sequences, and it remains unclear whether rat hev transmits from shrews to humans. we herein inoculated nude rats (long-evans rnu/rnu) with a serum sample from a shrew trapped in china, which was positive for rat hev rna, to isolate and ...202032630296
corrination of a glp-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control without emesis.glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (glp-1r) agonists used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus often produce nausea, vomiting, and in some patients, undesired anorexia. notably, these behavioral effects are caused by direct central glp-1r activation. herein, we describe the creation of a glp-1r agonist conjugate with modified brain penetrance that enhances glp-1r-mediated glycemic control without inducing vomiting. covalent attachment of the glp-1r agonist exendin-4 (ex4) to dicyanocobinamide (cbi), ...202032553160
evaluation of repeated or acute treatment with cannabidiol (cbd), cannabidiolic acid (cbda) or cbda methyl ester (hu-580) on nausea and/or vomiting in rats and shrews.when acutely administered intraperitoneally, the non-psychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol (cbd), its acidic precursor cannabidiolic acid (cbda) and a stable methyl ester of cbda (hu-580) reduce lithium chloride (licl)-induced conditioned gaping in male rats (a selective preclinical model of acute nausea) via activation of the serotonin 1a (5-ht1a) receptor.202032488349
a second-generation glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist mitigates vomiting and anorexia while retaining glucoregulatory potency in lean diabetic and emetic mammalian models.to develop a conjugate of vitamin b12 bound to the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (glp-1r) agonist exendin-4 (ex4) that shows reduced penetrance into the central nervous system while maintaining peripheral glucoregulatory function.202032410372
evidence of natural infection of orientia tsutsugamushi in vectors and animal hosts - risk of scrub typhus transmission to humans in puducherry, south india.scrub typhus infection is endemic in india and reported to be the major cause for acute encephalitis syndrome (aes) in humans. periodic occurrence of scrub typhus cases and presence of pathogen in rodents were also reported in areas with human cases of scrub typhus in puducherry.202032189679
invasive plants facilitated by socioeconomic change harbor vectors of scrub typhus and spotted fever.ecological determinants of most emerging vector-borne diseases are understudied, particularly for neglected tropical disease. moreover, although socioeconomic impacts can have significant downstream effects on human risks to vector-borne diseases via a change in land cover, particularly facilitating the invasion of exotic plants, related studies remains very scarce. scrub typhus and spotted fever are neglected diseases emerging around the globe and are transmitted by chigger mites and ticks infe ...202031961870
gdf15 induces anorexia through nausea and emesis.growth differentiation factor 15 (gdf15) is a cytokine that reduces food intake through activation of hindbrain gfral-ret receptors and has become a keen target of interest for anti-obesity therapies. elevated endogenous gdf15 is associated with energy balance disturbances, cancer progression, chemotherapy-induced anorexia, and morning sickness. we hypothesized that gdf15 causes emesis and that its anorectic effects are related to this function. here, we examined feeding and emesis and/or emetic ...202031928886
the brain-penetrating, orally bioavailable, ghrelin receptor agonist hm01 ameliorates motion-induced emesis in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).hm01, a novel, orally bioavailable, brain-penetrating agonist of ghrelin receptors, ameliorates emesis in suncus murinus. this study compared hm01's activity against motion sickness with that of the less brain-penetrating ghrelin receptor agonist, hm02.202031722444
molecular identification, characterization, and structure analysis of house musk shrew (suncus murinus) leptin.house musk shrew (suncus murinus), a small experimental animal with low body fat, may be a possible model for human lipodystrophy. leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone thought to have an important role in the pathophysiology of lipodystrophy. the objectives of this study were to clarify the structure and distribution of suncus leptin.201931453164
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus among urban rodents, house shrews, and patients in guangzhou, southern china.the transmission of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) between humans and animals has been identified in a number of countries. in this study, mrsa in urban rodents and shrews in a community was investigated. further, comparisons of mrsa isolates from rodents, shrews, and humans were conducted to evaluate the relationships of these isolates from different origins.201931345215
generation and characterization of suncus murinus intestinal organoid: a useful tool for studying motilin secretion.motilin, a 22-amino-acid peptide produced in the upper small intestine, induces strong gastric contraction in fasted state. in many rodents, motilin and its cognate receptors exist as pseudogenes, which has delayed motilin research in the past decades. recently, the house musk shrew (suncus murinus) was developed as a useful model for studying motilin and gastrointestinal motility. however, due to a lack of motilin-producing cell lines and difficulties in culturing small intestinal cells, the re ...201931293061
molecular cloning and analysis of suncus murinus group iia secretary phospholipase a2 expression.the intestinal epithelial monolayer forms a mucosal barrier between the gut microbes and the host tissue. the mucosal barrier is composed of mucins and antimicrobial peptides and proteins (amps). several animal studies have reported that paneth cells, which occupy the base of intestinal crypts, play an important role in the intestinal innate immunity by producing amps, such as lysozyme, reg3 lectins, α-defensins, and group iia secretory phospholipase a2 (giia spla2). the house musk shrew (suncus ...201931278953
comparison of the gut microbiotas of laboratory and wild asian house shrews (suncus murinus) based on cloned 16s rrna sequences.the asian house shrew, suncus murinus, is an insectivore (eulipotyphla, mammalia) and an important laboratory animal for life-science studies. the gastrointestinal tract of suncus is simple: the length of the entire intestine is very short relative to body size, the large intestine is quite short, and there are no fermentative chambers such as the forestomach or cecum. these features imply that suncus has a different nutritional physiology from those of humans and mice, but little is known about ...201931217361
detection of hepatitis b virus-like nucleotide sequences in liver samples from murine rodents and asian house shrews.in recent years, hepatitis b virus (hbv) has been detected in some species of animals. in this study, we found hbv-like nucleotide sequences in murine rodents and asian house shrews (suncus murinus) collected in china. a total of 801 animals were trapped. we found that 0.48% (3/624) of the murine rodents and 1.69% (3/177) of asian house shrews were positive for hbv-like dna. detection of hbv-like dna in brown rats (rattus norvegicus), rice-field rat (rattus losea), and asian house shrews indicat ...201931216240
use of a microelectrode array to record extracellular pacemaker potentials from the gastrointestinal tracts of the icr mouse and house musk shrew (suncus murinus).the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal (gi) tract is governed by pacemaker electrical potentials, also termed slow waves, which are calcium currents generated by interstitial cells of cajal (iccs). malfunction of pacemaker rhythms contributes to a number of clinically challenging gastrointestinal motility disorders.201931125825
novel hepacivirus in asian house shrew, china. 201930701456
identification and characterization of an antimicrobial peptide, lysozyme, from suncus murinus.lysozyme is one of the most prominent antimicrobial peptides and has been identified from many mammalian species. however, this enzyme has not been studied in the order insectivora, which includes the most primitive placental mammals. here, we done the lysozyme cdna from suncus murinus (referred to as suncus, its laboratory name) and compare the predicted amino acid sequence to those from other mammalian species. quantitative pcr analysis revealed a relatively higher expression of this gene in t ...201930680460
hematological and biochemical reference values of asian house shrews (suncus murinus) in bangladesh.determining reference values for hematological and biochemical parameters of asian house shrew (suncus murinus) is important for wildlife research to protect human health in surrounding communities. this study aimed to establish the reference values for selected hematology and serum clinical chemistry analyses that may contribute to research on shrew in future.201931749590
characteristics of muscle fiber-type distribution in moles.moles are a strictly fossorial soricomorpha species and possess a suite of specialized adaptations to subterranean life. however, the contractile function of skeletal muscles in moles remains unclear. we compared muscle fiber-type distribution in two mole species (the large japanese mole and lesser japanese mole) with that in four other soricomorpha species that are semi-fossorial, terrestrial, or semi-aquatic (the japanese shrew-mole, house shrew, japanese white-toothed shrew, and japanese wate ...201930376699
the distribution of nerves supplying the testis, epididymis and accessory sex glands of suncus murinus.chronic testicular pain remains an important challenge for urologists. investigation of the innervation of male gonads thus becomes essential for deepening our understanding of their regulatory roles in male reproductive physiology and pathophysiology. studies of testicular innervation are mainly limited to the intratesticular peptidergic nerves of the testis by immunohistochemical and acetylcholinesterase histochemical investigations in some animals. little is known about the detailed, overall ...201930206773
detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine bocaviruses carried by murine rodents and house shrews in china.bocaparvovirus infections of humans and both wild and domestic animals have been widely reported around the world. in this study, we detected and genetically characterized porcine bocavirus (pbov) carried by murine rodents (rattus norvegicus, rattus tanezumi, and rattus losea) and house shrews (suncus murinus) in china. between may 2015 and may 2017, 496 murine rodents and 23 house shrews were captured in four chinese provinces. nested polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the preval ...201930179306
molecular characterization of pathogenic leptospira sp. in small mammals captured from the human leptospirosis suspected areas of selangor state, malaysia.leptospirosis is caused by the spirochetal bacterium leptospira of which rodents are considered the most important reservoir. this study aims to determine and characterize virulent leptospira species among rodents and small mammals found in human settlements and recreational spots within the hulu langat and gombak districts of selangor, malaysia; regions that frequently report probable human leptospirosis cases. molecular analysis revealed an overall leptospira detection rate of 14.3% among the ...201830145261
anti-emetic action of the brain-penetrating new ghrelin agonist, hm01, alone and in combination with the 5-ht3 antagonist, palonosetron and with the nk1 antagonist, netupitant, against cisplatin- and motion-induced emesis in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).ghrelin has well-known activity to stimulate appetite and weight gain. evidence suggests that ghrelin may also have effects in reducing chemotherapy-induced emesis via growth hormone secretagogue receptors (ghs-r1a) in the brain. however, it is not known whether the stimulation of ghs-r1a has broad inhibitory anti-emetic effects. in the present studies, we used suncus murinus to investigate the potential of the new and novel orally bioavailable brain-penetrating ghs-r1a mimetic, hm01 (1-[(1s)-1- ...201830127745
risk of maritime introduction of plague from madagascar to mayotte.plague is a rodent-borne disease caused by yersinia pestis. most human infections are bubonic plague, as a result of being bitten by infected rodent fleas. madagascar, democratic republic of congo and peru are the three most affected countries. plague was introduced into eastern madagascar in 1898 by boat from india. it is estimated that the risk of introduction of plague from madagascar to neighboring islands is very high due to the maritime links. we conducted a study of plague reservoirs and ...201830075098
occurrence of orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiological agent of scrub typhus in animal hosts and mite vectors in areas reporting human cases of acute encephalitis syndrome in the gorakhpur region of uttar pradesh, india.outbreaks of acute encephalitis syndrome (aes) with high fatality and disability, are reported every year in the gorakhpur region of uttar pradesh, india, with the etiology of >60% of the cases being attributed to scrub typhus. in the present study, the prevalence of orientia tsutsugamushi, the etiological agent of scrub typhus, was investigated among animal hosts and their ectoparasitic trombiculid mites prevalent in aes-reported areas of gorakhpur. a total of 154 rodents/shrews were collected ...201830016222
prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal helminths in free-ranging asian house shrew (suncus murinus) in bangladesh.asian house shrew (suncus murinus), a widely distributed small mammal in the south asian region, can carry helminths of zoonotic importance. the aim of the study was to know the prevalence and diversity of gastrointestinal (gi) helminths in free-ranging asian house shrew (s. murinus) in bangladesh.201829805224
geographical distribution and relative risk of anjozorobe virus (thailand orthohantavirus) infection in black rats (rattus rattus) in madagascar.hantavirus infection is a zoonotic disease that is associated with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome and cardiopulmonary syndrome in human. anjozorobe virus, a representative virus of thailand orthohantavirus (thaiv), was recently discovered from rodents in anjozorobe-angavo forest in madagascar. to assess the circulation of hantavirus at the national level, we carried out a survey of small terrestrial mammals from representative regions of the island and identified environmental factors ass ...201829743115
small-scale spatial analysis of intermediate and definitive hosts of angiostrongylus cantonensis.angiostrongyliasis is a food-borne parasitic zoonosis. human infection is caused by infection with the third-stage larvae of angiostrongylus cantonensis. the life cycle of a. cantonensis involves rodents as definitive hosts and molluscs as intermediate hosts. this study aims to investigate on the infection status and characteristics of spatial distribution of these hosts, which are key components in the strategy for the prevention and control of angiostrongyliasis.201830318019
corrigendum: anti-emetic action of the brain-penetrating new ghrelin agonist, hm01, alone and in combination with the 5-ht3 antagonist, palonosetron and with the nk1 antagonist, netupitant, against cisplatin- and motion-induced emesis in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).[this corrects the article doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00869.].201830310382
the prevalence and genomic characteristics of hepatitis e virus in murine rodents and house shrews from several regions in china.urban rodents and house shrews are closely correlated in terms of location with humans and can transmit many pathogens to them. hepatitis e has been confirmed to be a zoonotic disease. however, the zoonotic potential of rat hev is still unclear. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and genomic characteristics of hepatitis e virus (hev) in rodents and house shrews.201830577796
a molecular epidemiological investigation of carriage of the adeno-associated virus in murine rodents and house shrews in china.to investigate the prevalence of the adeno-associated virus (aav) in murine rodents and house shrews in 4 provinces of china.201830404084
gabaergic and glutamatergic neurons in the brain regulate phase ii of migrating motor contractions in the suncus murinus.gastric contractions exhibit characteristic motor patterns in the fasted state, known as migrating motor contractions (mmc). mmc consist of three periodically repeated phases (phase i, ii and iii) and are known to be regulated by hormones and the autonomic and enteric nervous systems. however, the central regulation of gastric contractions in the fasted state is not completely understood. here, we have examined the central effects of motilin, ghrelin, γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) and l-glutamate s ...201830787212
study of termination of postprandial gastric contractions in humans, dogs and suncus murinus: role of motilin- and ghrelin-induced strong contraction.stomach contractions show two types of specific patterns in many species, that is migrating motor contraction (mmc) and postprandial contractions (ppcs), in the fasting and fed states respectively. we found gastric ppcs terminated with migrating strong contractions in humans, dogs and suncus. in this study, we reveal the detailed characteristics and physiological implications of these strong contractions of ppc.201828786555
detection and genetic characterization of diverse bartonella genotypes in the small mammals of singapore.bartonella species are arthropod-borne bacterial pathogens that infect numerous mammalian species. small mammals play an important role as natural reservoirs of many bartonella species, maintaining the greatest diversity of bartonella described to date. although bartonella research has been conducted in southeast asia, no studies have been undertaken on small mammals in singapore. here, we report the detection and description of bartonella in small mammals in singapore during the period of novem ...201829235263
detection and phylogenetic analysis of torque teno virus (ttv) carried by murine rodents and house shrews in china.between may 2015 and may 2017, 496 animals (473 murine rodents and 23 house shrews) were captured in six regions of china. a total of 22.8% (113/496) of throat swabs, 29.1% (142/488) of fecal samples and 23.8% (54/227) of serum samples tested positive for rodent torque teno virus 3 (rottv3). the positive rate in rattus norvegicus was higher than the rate in rattus tanezumi and rattus losea. of 23 house shrews, one throat swab and one serum sample were positive for rottv3. ten murine rodents were ...201829407376
further investigation of the effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine, 8-oh-dpat and doi to mediate contraction and relaxation responses in the intestine and emesis in suncus murinus.5-ht receptors are implicated in many gastrointestinal disorders. however, the precise role of 5-ht in mediating gi responses in suncus murnius is still unclear. therefore in this study, the effects of 5-ht and its agonists were investigated in suncus. the involvement of 5-ht2creceptors in mediating emesis was also investigated. the ability of 5-ht and its agonists/antagonists at 5-ht1aand 5-ht2to modify gi motility was investigated in vitro and in vivo. way100635 (a 5-ht1aantagonist) inhibited ...201829277716
brain activation by h1antihistamines challenges conventional view of their mechanism of action in motion sickness: a behavioral, c-fos and physiological study insuncus murinus(house musk shrew).motion sickness occurs under a variety of circumstances and is common in the general population. it is usually associated with changes in gastric motility, and hypothermia, which are argued to be surrogate markers for nausea; there are also reports that respiratory function is affected. as laboratory rodents are incapable of vomiting,suncus murinuswas used to model motion sickness and to investigate changes in gastric myoelectric activity (gma) and temperature homeostasis using radiotelemetry, w ...201728659825
using a whole-mount immunohistochemical method to study the innervation of the biliary tract in suncus murinus.this work describes the whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining method in detail, using neurofilament protein antibody to label the innervation of the biliary tract in suncus murinus (s. murinus ). first, the specimen was dissected from s. murinus and fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde (pfa). second, an enzymatic treatment and potential endogenous peroxidase inactivation were performed. the specimen was then exposed to the primary antibody, anti-neurofilament protein antibody, for 3-6 days. it was t ...201728654062
selective inhibition of small-diameter axons using infrared light.novel clinical treatments to target peripheral nerves are being developed which primarily use electrical current. recently, infrared (ir) light was shown to inhibit peripheral nerves with high spatial and temporal specificity. here, for the first time, we demonstrate that ir can selectively and reversibly inhibit small-diameter axons at lower radiant exposures than large-diameter axons. we provide a mathematical rationale, and then demonstrate it experimentally in individual axons of identified ...201728607402
monoclonal suncus antibodies: generation of fusion partners to producesuncus-suncushybridomas.we used suncus (suncus murinus; house musk shrew) to generate partner cells for cell fusion to produce suncus monoclonal antibodies. suncus are insectivores that are genetically distant to rodents, and recognize antigens and epitopes that are not immunogenic in mice and rats, which are the animals most commonly used in basic life science research and from which monoclonal antibodies are usually produced. to date, monoclonal antibodies from suncus have not been generated due to the lack of a plas ...201728522882
action of bacopa monnieri to antagonize cisplatin-induced emesis in suncus murinus (house musk shrew).bacopa monnieri (bm, family scrophulariaceae) is used in several traditional systems of medicine for the management of epilepsy, depression, neuropathic pain, sleep disorders and memory deficits. the present study investigated the potential of bm methanol (bm-metfr) and bm n-butanol fractions (bm-butfr) to reduce chemotherapy-induced emesis in suncus murinus (house musk shrew). cisplatin (30 mg/kg, i.p.) reliably induced retching and/or vomiting over a 2 day period. bm-metfr (10-40 mg/kg, s.c.) ...201728363413
improved starch digestion of sucrase-deficient shrews treated with oral glucoamylase enzyme supplements.although named because of its sucrose hydrolytic activity, this mucosal enzyme plays a leading role in starch digestion because of its maltase and glucoamylase activities. sucrase-deficient mutant shrews, suncus murinus, were used as a model to investigate starch digestion in patients with congenital sucrase-isomaltase deficiency.starch digestion is much more complex than sucrose digestion. six enzyme activities, 2 α-amylases (amy), and 4 mucosal α-glucosidases (maltases), including maltase-gluc ...201728267073
identification of the sexually dimorphic gastrin-releasing peptide system in the lumbosacral spinal cord that controls male reproductive function in the mouse and asian house musk shrew (suncus murinus).several regions of the brain and spinal cord control male reproductive function. we previously demonstrated that the gastrin-releasing peptide (grp) system, located in the lumbosacral spinal cord of rats, controls spinal centers to promote penile reflexes during male copulatory behavior. however, little information exists on the male-specific spinal grp system in animals other than rats. the objective of this study was to examine the functional generality of the spinal grp system in mammals usin ...201727804131
the asian house shrew suncus murinus as a reservoir and source of human outbreaks of plague in madagascar.identifying key reservoirs for zoonoses is crucial for understanding variation in incidence. plague re-emerged in mahajanga, madagascar in the 1990s but there has been no confirmed case since 1999. here we combine ecological and genetic data, from during and after the epidemics, with experimental infections to examine the role of the shrew suncus murinus in the plague epidemiological cycle. the predominance of s. murinus captures during the epidemics, their carriage of the flea vector and their ...201729155827
estimation of body surface area in the musk shrew ( suncus murinus): a small animal for testing chemotherapy-induced emesis.several cancer chemotherapies cause nausea and vomiting, which can be dose-limiting. musk shrews are used as preclinical models for chemotherapy-induced emesis and for antiemetic effectiveness. unlike rats and mice, shrews possess a vomiting reflex and demonstrate an emetic profile similar to humans, including acute and delayed phases. as with most animals, dosing of shrews is based on body weight, while translation of such doses to clinically equivalent exposure requires doses based on body sur ...201728948895
the important role of ghrelin on gastric contraction in suncus murinus.ghrelin, a peptide hormone produced in the stomach, has been known to be involved in the regulation of gastric contraction in humans and rodents. to elucidate the detailed mechanisms of ghrelin on gastric contractions, we used suncus murinus, a recently established small animal model for gastrointestinal motility. s. murinus produces motilin, a family peptide of ghrelin, and its stomach anatomy and physiological patterns of gastric contractions, in fed and fasted states, are closely similar to h ...201728652536
underlying mechanism of the cyclic migrating motor complex in suncus murinus: a change in gastrointestinal ph is the key regulator.in the fasted gastrointestinal (gi) tract, a characteristic cyclical rhythmic migrating motor complex (mmc) occurs in an ultradian rhythm, at 90-120 min time intervals, in many species. however, the underlying mechanism directing this ultradian rhythmic mmc pattern is yet to be completely elucidated. therefore, this study aimed to identify the possible causes or factors that involve in the occurrence of the fasting gastric contractions by using suncus murinus a small model animal featuring almos ...201728082431
expression patterns of fgf8 and shh in the developing external genitalia of suncus murinus.reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions and several signalling pathways regulate the development of the genital tubercle (gt), an embryonic primordium of external genitalia. the morphology of the adult male external genitalia of the asian house musk shrew suncus murinus (hereafter, laboratory name: suncus) belonging to the order eulipotyphla (the former order insectivora or soricomorpha) differs from those of mice and humans. however, the developmental process of the suncus gt and its reg ...201727845689
epizootiological study of rodent-borne hepatitis e virus hev-c1 in small mammals in hanoi, vietnam.there is concern about the zoonotic potential of rodent-borne hepatitis e virus, designated as hev-c1. however, epizootiological information about hev-c1 is limited. to address this issue, serum samples from 443 small mammals captured at 5 sites in hanoi, vietnam, were examined for anti-hev-c1 igg antibodies. in addition, livers of seropositive animals were examined for viral rna. anti-hev-c1 antibodies were detected in 57 (12.9%) of the 443 serum samples. seropositive animals were found in all ...201727795461
discovery of a highly divergent coronavirus in the asian house shrew from china illuminates the origin of the alphacoronaviruses.although shrews are one of the largest groups of mammals little is known about their role in the evolution and transmission of viral pathogens including coronaviruses. we captured 266 asian house shrews (suncus murinus) in jiangxi and zhejiang provinces, china, during 2013-2015. coronavirus (cov) rna was detected in 24 asian house shrews, with an overall prevalence of 9.02%. complete viral genome sequences were successfully recovered from the rna positive samples. the newly discovered shrew cov ...201728637760
detection and characterization of three zoonotic viruses in wild rodents and shrews from shenzhen city, china.diverse species of rodents and shrews, which are abundant worldwide, harbor a variety of viruses; some of these are closely related to human viruses and possess zoonotic potential. previously studies have demonstrated that the mammarenavirus and hantavirus carried by rodents or shrews could cause diseases in human population. to determine the distribution of zoonotic viruses in shenzhen city, the major city in southern china with a high population density, we analyzed 225 rodents (rattus norvegi ...201728721632
the importance of systematic approaches in the study of emesis.nausea and vomiting are among the most basic of human experiences and unfortunately accompany a wide variety of clinical treatments as side effects. despite decades of research, the neural mechanisms of nausea and vomiting (emesis) remain elusive. trpv1 represents a possibly overlooked and understudied pharmacological target with anti-emetic potential.201727227036
the involvement of trpv1 in emesis and anti-emesis.diverse transmitter systems (e.g. acetylcholine, dopamine, endocannabinoids, endorphins, glutamate, histamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, substance p) have been implicated in the pathways by which nausea and vomiting are induced and are targets for anti-emetic drugs (e.g. 5-hydroxytryptamine3 and tachykinin nk1 antagonists). the involvement of trpv1 in emesis was discovered in the early 1990s and may have been overlooked previously as trpv1 pharmacology was studied in rodents (mice, rats) lacking an e ...201727227028
lymphatic architecture of suncus murinus (house musk shrew) palatum.the architecture of craniocervical lymphatic vessels in rodents has been examined previously. in the present study, we evaluated the distribution of collecting lymphatic vessels in the palate of suncus, which is known to retain the prototype of placental mammals and is more similar to humans in terms of jaw bone morphology when compared with rodents. three-dimensional reconstructed images of the suncus palatum revealed that the collecting lymphatic vessels were connected to each other via smalle ...201730234246
small mammalian remains from the late holocene deposits on ishigaki and yonaguni islands, southwestern japan.yuichiro nishioka, ryohei nakagawa, shin nunami, and satoshi hirasawa (2016) small mammalian remains were newly discovered from the late quaternary sediments of the yaeyama region (ishigaki and yonaguni islands) in the southwestern-most part of japan. we examined these materials based on taxonomical and chronological approaches, in order to reconstruct the past fauna in this region. accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon dating indicates that the mammalian assemblages from ishigaki and yonagu ...201631966150
contractile effect of tachykinins on suncus murinus (house musk shrew) isolated ileum.recent studies used suncus murinus to investigate the anti-emetic potential of nk(1) tachykinin receptor antagonists. however, the pharmacology of tachykinin receptors in this species has not been fully characterized. in the present studies, therefore, we examined a range of tachykinin receptor agonists for a capacity to induce contractions of the isolated ileum. the tachykinin nk1 receptor preferring agonists substance p, septide and [sar9met(o2)11] substance p, and the tachykinin nk2 preferrin ...201618582934
gonadectomy-induced histological changes in the hypothalamic neurosecretory system of the musk shrew, suncus murinus l. 20164723196
emergence of a sylvatic enzootic formosan ferret badger-associated rabies in taiwan and the geographical separation of two phylogenetic groups of rabies viruses.taiwan had been declared rabies-free in humans and domestic animals for five decades until july 2013, when surprisingly, three formosan ferret badgers (fb) were diagnosed with rabies. since then, a variety of wild carnivores and other wildlife species have been found dead, neurologically ill, or exhibiting aggressive behaviors around the island. to determine the affected animal species, geographic areas, and environments, animal bodies were examined for rabies by direct fluorescent antibody test ...201626711025
[investigation of antimicrobial resistance of klebsiella pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from rat-like animals around a hospital in guangzhou].to investigate antimicrobial resistance of klebsiella pneumoniae and pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in fecal samples from rat-like animals.201627222186
goblet cells are involved in translocation of staphylococcal enterotoxin a in the intestinal tissue of house musk shrew (suncus murinus).to elucidate an entry site of staphylococcal enterotoxin a (sea), which is a major toxin for staphylococcal foodborne poisoning, into gastrointestinal tissue using a house musk shrew model.201626669704
involvement of transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1, (trpv1)-expressing vagal nerve in the inhibitory effect of gastric acidification on exogenous motilin-induced gastric phase iii contractions in suncus murinus.gastric acidification inhibits motilin-induced gastric phase iii contractions. however, the underlying mechanism has not been thoroughly investigated. here, we studied the inhibitory mechanism by gastric acidification on motilin-induced contraction in suncus murinus (s. murinus).201626860510
molecular detection and phylogenetic characteristics of herpesviruses in rectal swab samples from rodents and shrews in southern china.herpesviruses (hvs) can cause asymptomatic, benign, or fatal infections in a variety of animal species. however, the prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of hvs in rodents and shrews in china are poorly understood. we thus performed a molecular detection and phylogenetic analysis of rat and shrew hvs in southern china between 2012 and 2014. seventeen (6.7%) of 255 rectal swab specimens from rats and six (6.7%) of 90 rectal swab specimens from shrews tested positive for hvs. phylogenetic a ...201627171015
detection of novel adenoviruses in fecal specimens from rodents and shrews in southern china.the prevalence and phylogenetic characteristics of advs in rodents and shrews in china are still unknown. to explore the epidemiological characteristics of rodent and shrew advs in southern china, 255 fecal samples derived from four rodent species and 90 from shrews were collected in xiamen and guangzhou city of southern china. amplification of a 314-324-bp fragment from the dna polymerase gene of advs was attempted by using a nested pcr. twenty-nine (11.4 %) specimens from rodents and one (1.1  ...201626980673
abundance & distribution of trombiculid mites & orientia tsutsugamushi, the vectors & pathogen of scrub typhus in rodents & shrews collected from puducherry & tamil nadu, india.human cases of scrub typhus are reported every year from puducherry and adjoining areas in southern india. however, information on the presence of causative agent, orientia tsutsugamushi, and its vectors is lacking. hence, the objective of the study was to find out the vector as well as pathogen distribution in rodents and shrews present in the scrub typhus-reported areas in southern india.201628474626
profile of antiemetic activity of netupitant alone or in combination with palonosetron and dexamethasone in ferrets and suncus murinus (house musk shrew).chemotherapy-induced acute and delayed emesis involves the activation of multiple pathways, with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht; serotonin) playing a major role in the initial response. substance p tachykinin nk1 receptor antagonists can reduce emesis induced by disparate emetic challenges and therefore have a clinical utility as broad inhibitory anti-emetic drugs. in the present studies, we investigate the broad inhibitory anti-emetic profile of a relatively new nk1 receptor antagonist, netupitant, ...201627630563
innervation of extrahepatic biliary tract, with special reference to the direct bidirectional neural connections of the gall bladder, sphincter of oddi and duodenum in suncus murinus, in whole-mount immunohistochemical study.sphincter of oddi dysfunction is one of the most important symptoms in post-cholecystectomy syndrome. using either electrical or mechanical stimulation and retrogradely transported neuronal dyes, it has been demonstrated that there are direct neural pathways connecting gall bladder and the sphincter of oddi in the australian opossum and the golden hamster. in the present study, we employed whole-mount immunohistochemistry staining to observe and verify that there are two different plexuses of th ...201626179953
diet analysis of small mammal pests: a comparison of molecular and microhistological methods.knowledge of what pest species are eating is important to determine their impact on stored food products and to plan management strategies accordingly. in this study, we investigated the food habits of 2 rodents, rattus rattus (ship rat) and mus musculus castaneus (house mouse) as well as an insectivore, suncus murinus (shrew), present in human dwellings. both a microhistological approach and a dna barcoding approach were used in the present study. following dna extraction, amplification was per ...201627001489
serotonin-induced contractile responses of esophageal smooth muscle in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-ht) is a regulatory factor in motility of the gastrointestinal tract including the esophagus. although we proposed that vagal cholinergic and mast cell-derived non-cholinergic components including serotonin coordinately shorten the esophagus, the precise mechanism of serotonin-induced contractions in the suncus esophagus is still unclear. therefore, the aims of this study were to determine characteristics of contractile responses induced by serotonin and to iden ...201627194102
cannabinoid 2 (cb2) receptor agonism reduces lithium chloride-induced vomiting in suncus murinus and nausea-induced conditioned gaping in rats.we aimed to investigate the potential anti-emetic and anti-nausea properties of targeting the cannabinoid 2 (cb2) receptor. we investigated the effect of the selective cb2 agonist, hu-308, on lithium chloride- (licl) induced vomiting in suncus murinus (s. murinus) and conditioned gaping (nausea-induced behaviour) in rats. additionally, we determined whether these effects could be prevented by pretreatment with am630 (a selective cb2 receptor antagonist/inverse agonist). in s. murinus, hu-308 (2. ...201627263826
impact of electrical stimulation of the stomach on gastric distension-induced emesis in the musk shrew.gastric electrical stimulation (ges) is implicated as a potential therapy for difficult-to-treat nausea and vomiting; however, there is a lack of insight into the mechanisms responsible for these effects. this study tested the relationship between acute ges and emesis in musk shrews, an established emetic model system.201627072787
the proximal gastric corpus is the most responsive site of motilin-induced contractions in the stomach of the asian house shrew.the migrating motor complex (mmc) is responsible for emptying the stomach during the interdigestive period, in preparation for the next meal. it is known that gastric phase iii of mmc starts from the proximal stomach and propagates the contraction downwards. we hypothesized that a certain region of the stomach must be more responsive to motilin than others, and that motilin-induced strong gastric contractions propagate from that site. stomachs of the suncus or asian house shrew, a small insectiv ...201627062028
classification of suncus murinus species complex (soricidae: crocidurinae) in peninsular malaysia using image analysis and machine learning approaches.taxonomists frequently identify specimen from various populations based on the morphological characteristics and molecular data. this study looks into another invasive process in identification of house shrew (suncus murinus) using image analysis and machine learning approaches. thus, an automated identification system is developed to assist and simplify this task. in this study, seven descriptors namely area, convex area, major axis length, minor axis length, perimeter, equivalent diameter and ...201628155645
comparative anatomy of gastrin-releasing peptide pathways in the trigeminal sensory system of mouse and the asian house musk shrewsuncus murinus.gastrin-releasing peptide (grp) has recently been identified as an itch-signaling molecule in the primary afferents and spinal cord of rodents. however, little information exists on the expression and localization of grp in the trigeminal somatosensory system other than in rats. we examined the generality of the trigeminal grp system in mammals using two distinct species, suncus as a model of specialized placental mammals known to have a well-developed trigeminal sensory system and mice as a rep ...201628127106
the complete mitogenome of asian house shrews, suncus murinus (soricidae).the asian house shrew, suncus murinus belongs to the family soricidae, and widely distributes in east, southeast and south asia, southwest island in the pacific ocean and east africa. in this study, the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of suncus murinus was determined. the mitogenome is 17,240 bp in length and contains 13 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal rna genes, 22 transfer rna genes, and a control region, with a base composition of 33.0% a, 32.7% t, 21.2% c and 13.1% g. the present st ...201624976048
effect of clomiphene citrate on the testis, epididymis and accessory sex glands of the musk shrew (suncus murinus l.).the effects of oral administration of clomiphene citrate (50 mg/kg body weight) on the testis, epididymis and accessory sex glands of the musk shrew were investigated. the drug induced duration-dependent alterations in the weight and histology of these organs. the drug produced significant reduction in testicular weight with severe degenerative changes in seminiferous tubules; leydig cells were also atrophied. however, no significant change was found in the levels of protein, rna and dna in the ...20166614857
phenotypic changes of aadc-only-immunoreactive cells in the alimentary canal of the laboratory shrew, suncus murinus, induced by systemic administration of monoamine precursors.in order to elucidate the function of anti-aromatic acid decarboxylase (aadc)-only-positive cells in the alimentary canal, 5-hydroxy-l-tryptophan (5-htp) or l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) was intraperitoneally injected into the laboratory shrew, suncus murinus, and immunohistochemical studies were conducted on continuous sections of the alimentary canal using specific antisera against tyrosine hydroxylase (th), aadc, dopamine (da), and serotonin (5-ht). aadc-only-positive cells localized ...201526639565
ghrelin is an essential factor for motilin-induced gastric contraction in suncus murinus.motilin was discovered in the 1970s as the most important hormone for stimulating strong gastric contractions; however, the mechanisms by which motilin causes gastric contraction are not clearly understood. here, we determined the coordinated action of motilin and ghrelin on gastric motility during fasted and postprandial contractions by using house musk shrew (suncus murinus; order: insectivora, suncus named as the laboratory strain). motilin-induced gastric contractions at phases i and ii of t ...201526441238
dsp-1053, a novel serotonin reuptake inhibitor with 5-ht1a partial agonistic activity, displays fast antidepressant effect with minimal undesirable effects in juvenile rats.enhancement of serotonergic neurotransmission has been the main stream of treatment for patients with depression. however, delayed therapeutic onset and undesirable side effects are major drawbacks for conventional serotonin reuptake inhibitors. here, we show that dsp-1053, a novel serotonin reuptake inhibitor with 5-ht1a partial agonistic activity, displays fast antidepressant efficacy with minimal undesirable effects, especially nausea and emesis in animal models. dsp-1053 bound human serotoni ...201526171224
motilin stimulates gastric acid secretion in coordination with ghrelin in suncus murinus.motilin and ghrelin constitute a peptide family, and these hormones are important for the regulation of gastrointestinal motility. in this study, we examined the effect of motilin and ghrelin on gastric acid secretion in anesthetized suncus (house musk shrew, suncus murinus), a ghrelin- and motilin-producing mammal. we first established a gastric lumen-perfusion system in the suncus and confirmed that intravenous (i.v.) administration of histamine (1 mg/kg body weight) stimulated acid secretion. ...201526115342
motilin stimulates pepsinogen secretion in suncus murinus.motilin and ghrelin are gastrointestinal hormones that stimulate the migrating motor complex (mmc) of gastrointestinal motility during the fasting state. in this study, we examined the effect of motilin and ghrelin on pepsinogen secretion in anesthetized suncus (house musk shrew, suncus murinus), a ghrelin- and motilin-producing mammal. by using a gastric lumen-perfusion system, we found that the intravenous administration of carbachol and motilin stimulated pepsinogen secretion, the latter in a ...201525957475
patterning of mammalian heterodont dentition within the upper and lower jaws.mammalian heterodont dentition is differentiated into incisors, canines, premolars, and molars in the mesial-distal direction, in both the upper and lower jaws. although all the lower teeth are rooted in the mandible, the upper incisors are rooted in the premaxilla and the upper canine and the teeth behind it are in the maxilla. the present study uncovers ontogenetic backgrounds to these shared and differing mesiodistal patterns of the upper and lower dentition. to this end, we examined the dent ...201525801220
regulation of longitudinal esophageal motility in the house musk shrew (suncus murinus).suncus murinus (house musk shrew; suncus) is a species of insectivore that has an ability to vomit. although longitudinal movement of the esophagus would be related to the emetic response, regulatory mechanisms for the suncus esophageal motility are unclear. therefore, the aim of the present study was to clarify components that regulate esophageal motility in the suncus. an isolated segment of the suncus esophagus was placed in an organ bath, and longitudinal mechanical responses were recorded u ...201525694232
isolation and characterization of a novel arenavirus harbored by rodents and shrews in zhejiang province, china.to determine the biodiversity of arenaviruses in china, we captured and screened rodents and shrews in wenzhou city, zhejiang province, a locality where hemorrhagic fever diseases are endemic in humans. accordingly, arenaviruses were detected in 42 of 351 rodents from eight species, and in 12 of 272 asian house shrews (suncus murinus), by rt-pcr targeting the l segment. from these, a single arenavirus was successfully isolated in cell culture. the virion particles exhibited a typical arenavirus ...201525506671
rikkunshito induces gastric relaxation via the β-adrenergic pathway in suncus murinus.rikkunshito (rkt) is a gastroprotective herbal medicine. in this study, we investigated the role of rkt in the relaxation of the gastric body (fundus and corpus) and antrum.201525846270
complete genome sequence of a novel mutation of seoul virus isolated from suncus murinus in the fujian province of china.suncus murinus has been identified as the host for seoul virus (seov). here, we report the complete genome sequence of seov strain fj372/2013, which was isolated from the lung tissue of suncus murinus in the fujian province of china. a mutation a38c was observed in an open reading fragment of the middle segment.201525838472
certain biochemical observations on the testes and male sex accessory glands of two insectivores, suncus murinus sindensis anderson and hemiechinus auritus collaris gray. 20154458380
synergy between cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, and δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol in the regulation of emesis in the suncus murinus (house musk shrew).smoked marijuana contains over 100 different cannabinoids, including the psychoactive compound δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (thc) and cannabidiol (cbd). thc, cbd, and its acidic precursor, cannabidiolic acid (cbda), have all been shown to have antiemetic properties in the suncus murinus (s. murinus; house musk shrew). here we show that when subthreshold antiemetic doses of cbd (2.5 mg/kg ip) or cbda (0.05 mg/kg ip) are combined with a subthreshold antiemetic dose of thc (1 mg/kg ip) in the s. murinus ...201526030435
effect of selective inhibition of monoacylglycerol lipase (magl) on acute nausea, anticipatory nausea, and vomiting in rats and suncus murinus.to determine the role of the endocannabinoid, 2-arachodonyl glycerol (2-ag), in the regulation of nausea and vomiting.201525085768
dietary competition between the alien asian musk shrew (suncus murinus) and a re-introduced population of telfair's skink (leiolopisma telfairii).re-introduction of rare species to parts of their historical range is becoming increasingly important as a conservation strategy. telfair's skinks (leiolopisma telfairii), once widespread on mauritius, were until recently found only on round island. there it is vulnerable to stochastic events, including the introduction of alien predators that may either prey upon it or compete for food resources. consequently, skinks have been introduced to ile aux aigrettes, another small mauritian island that ...201424033506
delineation of vagal emetic pathways: intragastric copper sulfate-induced emesis and viral tract tracing in musk shrews.signals from the vestibular system, area postrema, and forebrain elicit nausea and vomiting, but gastrointestinal (gi) vagal afferent input arguably plays the most prominent role in defense against food poisoning. it is difficult to determine the contribution of gi vagal afferent input on emesis because various agents (e.g., chemotherapy) often act on multiple sensory pathways. intragastric copper sulfate (cuso4) potentially provides a specific vagal emetic stimulus, but its actions are not well ...201424430885
field assessment of orientia tsutsugamushi infection in small mammals and its association with the occurrence of human scrub typhus in taiwan.we conducted an extensive study in taiwan of orientia tsutsugamushi (ot) infection in small wild mammals. field trapping was carried out at six districts in eastern and western taiwan as well as various offshore islands during the period 2006-2010. a total of 1061 specimens representing 11 rodent species were captured. the presence of ot infection was assessed by indirect immunofluorescence assay and polymerase chain reaction assays of 56-kda type-specific antigen gene. the chigger infestation r ...201424361181
biodiversity and evolution of imjin virus and thottapalayam virus in crocidurinae shrews in zhejiang province, china.the recent discovery of numerous hantaviruses in insectivores has provided a new view of hantavirus biodiversity and evolution. to determine the presence and genetic diversity of imjin virus (mjnv) and thottapalayam virus (tpmv) in insectivores in zhejiang province, china, we captured and performed virus screening of 32 ussuri white-toothed shrews (crocidura lasiura) and 105 asian house shrews (suncus murinus) in different coastal regions. hantavirus genome (s, m, and l segments) sequences were ...201424874196
the placentation of eulipotyphla-reconstructing a morphotype of the mammalian placenta.placentation determines the developmental status of the neonate, which can be considered as the most vulnerable stage in the mammalian life cycle. in this respect, the different evolutionary and ecological adaptations of marsupial and placental mammals have most likely been associated with the different reproductive strategies of the two therian clades. the morphotypes of marsupial and placental neonates, as well as the placental stem species pattern of marsupialia, have already been reconstruct ...201424797275
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