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innovative molecular diagnosis of trichinella species based on β-carbonic anhydrase genomic sequence.trichinellosis is a helminthic infection where different species of trichinella nematodes are the causative agents. several molecular assays have been designed to aid diagnostics of trichinellosis. these assays are mostly complex and expensive. the genomes of trichinella species contain certain parasite-specific genes, which can be detected by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) methods. we selected β-carbonic anhydrase (β-ca) gene as a target, because it is present in many parasites genomes but abs ...201626639312
study on the occurrence of trichinella spp. in raccoon dogs in brandenburg, germany.in recent years the raccoon dog population in germany has risen dramatically and a steady westward expansion can still be seen. in addition to the highest trichinella prevalence in wild boar and the most reported trichinella cases in domestic swine from backyard farms, the north-eastern part of germany also has the highest raccoon dog density in the country. due to their distinct scavenging behavior, raccoon dogs play a significant role as trichinella reservoir. therefore, to increase the knowle ...201627133501
matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-9: a realiable marker for inflammation in early human trichinellosis.matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) are involved in many physiological and pathological processes. as regards parasitic infections, the role of these proteins has been particularly studied in malaria, neurocysticercosis and angiostrongyloidosis. recently, we evaluated serum levels of mmp-9 and -2 (gelatinases) in mice experimentally infected with trichinella spiralis or trichinella pseudospiralis, which cause different degrees of myositis and we found their significant increase in the former and, a ...201627117947
the dynamics of trichinella spiralis epidemiology: out to pasture?the great public health success in prevention of human trichinellosis has resulted in a decades-long decline in the incidence and health impact of this zoonosis. the important elements of this achievement include improvement in animal husbandry practices, meat inspection, consumer education, and medical care. most outbreaks now involve consumption of infected game. however, domestic pork still accounts for many outbreaks, mostly in eastern europe and argentina, where traditional small, "backyard ...201627061788
nonencapsulated trichinella pseudospiralis infection impairs follicular helper t cell differentiation with subclass-selective decreases in antibody responses.infectious microorganisms often modify host immunity to escape from immune elimination. trichinella is a unique nematode of the helminth family, whose members parasitize the muscle cells inside the host without robust eliminative reactions. there are several species of trichinella; some develop in muscle cells that become encapsulated (e.g., trichinella spiralis) and others in cells that do not encapsulate (e.g., trichinella pseudospiralis). it has already been established that trichinella infec ...201627736779
trichinella pseudospiralis an elusive nematode.trichinella pseudospiralis is one of the three species whose larvae do not encapsulate after muscle cell differentiation, and the only one infecting both mammals and birds. more than 40 years after its discovery, the epidemiology remains, at least in part, still enigmatic. the aim of this work was to reconsider the current knowledge on the t. pseudospiralis epidemiology by collecting the information available in the literature and in the website of the international trichinella reference center. ...201627113211
the first report of trichinella pseudospiralis presence in domestic swine and t. britovi in wild boar in bosnia and herzegovina.the balkans is endemic for nematodes of the genus trichinella in both domestic and wild animals. the high prevalence of these zoonotic pathogens in animals linked with the food habits to consume raw meat and meat derived products resulted in a very high prevalence of trichinellosis in humans living in this european region. in spite of numerous epidemiological investigations carried out in this region, very few information is available on the trichinella species circulating in bosnia and herzegov ...201526204186
first report of trichinella pseudospiralis in a red fox in mainland britain.active surveillance of red foxes for trichinella has been undertaken in mainland britain since 1999. post-mortems are carried out, followed by a magnetic stirrer method for sample digestion based on european commission (ec) regulation 216/2014 (which amends 2075/2005). initially samples are tested in batches of 20 foxes and in december 2013, for the first time under the surveillance programme, a batch tested positive for trichinella at the animal and plant health agency, york. further individual ...201525659659
first finding of trichinella pseudospiralis in the neotropical region.prior to this study, only encapsulated species of trichinella had been found in south america, i.e., t. spiralis and t. patagoniensis. here we report the molecular identification of a non-encapsulated isolate of trichinella from a domestic pig in argentina. the multiplex pcr technique and the analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear dna sequences revealed that it belongs to t. pseudospiralis, which parasitises birds and mammals from australian, nearctic, and palaearctic regions. interestingly, the ...201525620294
genetic evidence of interspecies introgression of mitochondrial genomes between trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi under natural conditions.trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by trichinella muscle larvae (ml) through ingestion of raw or undercooked meat. to date, 12 taxa are recognized in this genus, of which four are circulating in europe (trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi and trichinella pseudospiralis). t. spiralis and t. britovi circulate in european wildlife and occur simultaneously in the same host species. the possibility of hybrid formation between t. britovi and t. spiralis has hardly be ...201526458526
trichinella pseudospiralis in the iberian peninsula.nematode worms of the genus trichinella are zoonotic parasites circulating in most continents, including europe. in spain, trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are highly prevalent in wildlife but seldom in domestic pigs. in portugal, only t. britovi was documented in wild carnivores. in the period 2006-2013 in spain, 384 (0.0001%) pigs and 1399 (0.20%) wild boars (sus scrofa) were positive for trichinella spp. larvae, which were identified as t. spiralis or t. britovi. in 2014, trichine ...201525913596
high prevalence of trichinella pseudospiralis in florida panthers (puma concolor coryi).parasites of the genus trichinella are zoonotic nematodes common in carnivores throughout the world. we determined the prevalence and species of trichinella infections in florida panthers (puma concolor coryi).201525649739
trichinella pseudospiralis vs. t. spiralis thymidylate synthase gene structure and t. pseudospiralis thymidylate synthase retrogene sequence.thymidylate synthase is a housekeeping gene, designated ancient due to its role in dna synthesis and ubiquitous phyletic distribution. the genomic sequences were characterized coding for thymidylate synthase in two species of the genus trichinella, an encapsulating t. spiralis and a non-encapsulating t. pseudospiralis.201424716800
matrix metalloproteinase (mmp)-2 and mmp-9 as inflammation markers of trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis infections in mice.trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis exhibit differences in the host-parasite relationship such as the inflammatory response in parasitized muscles. several studies indicate that matrix metalloproteinases (mmps) represent a marker of inflammation since they regulate inflammation and immunity. the aim of this study was to evaluate the serum levels of gelatinases (mmp-9 and mmp-2) in mice experimentally infected with t. spiralis or t. pseudospiralis, to elucidate the involvement of ...201425124689
first report of trichinella pseudospiralis in poland, in red foxes (vulpes vulpes).nematode worms of the genus trichinella are one of the most widespread zoonotic pathogens. natural transmission between hosts can only occur through the ingestion of infected meat. to date, two trichinella species are known to be etiological agents of disease among domestic animals and wildlife in poland: t. spiralis and t. britovi. in the last decades, since the administration of an oral vaccination against rabies, the red fox population in poland has increased exponentially. the study area cov ...201323666649
differential immunological responses induced by infection with female muscle larvae and newborn larvae of trichinella pseudospiralis.trichinella pseudospiralis infection can modulate the immunological response of autoimmune and allergic diseases leading to the amelioration of these diseases. the present study was undertaken to compare immunity induced by adult worms and muscle larvae. higher eosinophilia was observed from newborn larva (nbl) infection than from adult females while higher levels of ige were observed in adult female infections over those induced by nbl. the igg1 response to es antigen was more prominent in infe ...201323433605
unique antigenic gene expression at different developmental stages of trichinella pseudospiralis.parasite-induced and parasite-regulated larval capsule formation and host immunosuppression are two major characteristics that are unique in trichinella spp. infections, but the molecule(s) and mechanism(s) that mediate these processes remain largely unknown. trichinella pseudospiralis and trichinella spiralis, are obviously different with respect to these two characteristics. a comparative study of these two species, in particular their antigen expression profiles at different developmental sta ...201323433603
trichinella nativa in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) of germany and poland: possible different origins.in germany and poland, the high population density of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is considered a public health risk since this wild canid is one of the main reservoirs of trichinella spp. in 2010 in poland, a program to monitor the prevalence of trichinella spp. in the red fox population was launched. after two years, trichinella spp. larvae were detected in 44 (2.7%) out of 1634 foxes tested. in germany in the period 2002-2011, trichinella spp. larvae were in 27 foxes. the trichinella species ...201324011650
susceptibility of laboratory rodents to trichinella papuae.members of the genus trichinella are small nematodes that can infect a wide range of animal hosts. however, their infectivity varies depending on the parasite and host species combination. in this study, we examined the susceptibility of 4 species of laboratory rodents, i.e., mice, rats, hamsters, and gerbils to trichinella papuae, an emerging non-encapsulated trichinella species. trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis were also included in this study for comparison. fifteen animals ...201324516265
early detection of trichinella spiralis in muscle of infected mice by real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer pcr.real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer (fret) pcr and melting curve analysis using newly developed fluorophore-labeled hybridization probes were applied for the detection of trichinella spiralis dna in muscle of mice following oral inoculation with 300 t. spiralis larvae. the developed assay could detect and differentiate t. spiralis, trichinella papuae, and trichinella pseudospiralis dnas by the different melting temperatures (tm). the assay had a detection limit of 5 × 10(2) positive ...201323808975
real-time pcr as a surveillance tool for the detection of trichinella infection in muscle samples from wildlife.trichinella nematodes are the causative agent of trichinellosis, a meat-borne zoonosis acquired by consuming undercooked, infected meat. although most human infections are sourced from the domestic environment, the majority of trichinella parasites circulate in the natural environment in carnivorous and scavenging wildlife. surveillance using reliable and accurate diagnostic tools to detect trichinella parasites in wildlife hosts is necessary to evaluate the prevalence and risk of transmission f ...201222541794
Spatial distribution of Trichinella britovi, T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis of domestic pigs and wild boars (Sus scrofa) in Hungary.Trichinellosis is a foodborne disease caused by the consumption of raw meat and raw meat-derived products from swine, horse and some game animals infected with nematode worms of the genus Trichinella. Between June 2006 and February 2011, 16 million domestic pigs and 0.22 million wild boars (Sus scrofa) were tested for Trichinella sp. in Hungary. Trichinella infection was not found in any pigs slaughtered for public consumption. Nevertheless, Trichinella spiralis was detected in four backyard pig ...201221852037
first reports of trichinella pseudospiralis in wild boars (sus scrofa) of italy.trichinella pseudospiralis is a non-encapsulated species infecting both mammals and birds. in italy, this parasite was reported only in two night-birds of prey of central italy. in january 2010, trichinella larvae were detected in three wild boars (sus scrofa) of two regions of northern italy by enzymatic digestion. the parasites were identified as t. pseudospiralis by multiplex-pcr. the first infected wild boar was hunted in the emilia romagna region and the other two infected wild boars were b ...201121296503
Differential detection of Trichinella papuae, T. spiralis and T. pseudospiralis by real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer PCR and melting curve analysis.Trichinellosis caused by nematodes of Trichinella spp. is a zoonotic foodborne disease. Three Trichinella species of the parasite including Trichinella spiralis, Trichinella papuae and Trichinella pseudospiralis, have been etiologic agents of human trichinellosis in Thailand. Definite diagnosis of this helminthiasis is based on a finding of the Trichinella larva (e) in a muscle biopsy. The parasite species or genotype can be determined using molecular methods, e.g., polymerase chain reaction (PC ...201122037059
infection of non-encapsulated species of trichinella ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis involving suppression of th17 and th1 response.epidemiological and experimental studies have indicated that helminth infections can ameliorate autoimmune diseases. the present study investigated the amelioration effect of the trichinella pseudospiralis infection on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (eae), a t-cell-mediated autoimmune disease of central nervous system (cns), and expression kinetics of th17 and th1 cytokine which play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of eae. the results indicated that the infection of helminth t. pse ...201020661746
development of cellular immune response of mice to infection with low doses of trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi and trichinella pseudospiralis larvae.the murine cellular immune response to the infection with ten larvae of encapsulating (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi) and non-encapsulating species (trichinella pseudospiralis) was studied. both t. spiralis and t. britovi stimulated the proliferation of splenic t and b lymphocytes during the intestinal phase of infection, but t. spiralis activated the proliferative response also at the muscle phase, particularly in b cells. non-encapsulating t. pseudospiralis stimulated the prolifera ...201020967464
molecular cloning and characterization of transgelin-like proteins mainly transcribed in newborn larvae of trichinella spp.a cdna library was constructed from trichinella pseudospiralis muscle larvae. one cdna clone, designated tp4, contained a cdna transcript of 783bp in length, with a single open reading frame that encoded 153 amino acids (16,793da as the estimated molecular mass). the predicted amino acid sequence of tp4 showed that the clone had a calponin homology domain and was approximately 50% identical to the transgelin-like proteins (calponin-family members) present in bombyx mori or tribolium castaneum. a ...201021242032
hypoglycaemia induced by trichinella infection is due to the increase of glucose uptake in infected muscle cells.the present study investigates how trichinella infection induces host hypoglycaemia and explores a potential relationship between infection and the insulin signalling pathway. the results showed that mice infected with trichinella spiralis or trichinella pseudospiralis exhibited a temporary decrease in blood glucose level between 8 and 28 days p.i. and the kinetics of the glucose levels corresponded to the process of muscle larval growth and development. histochemical results showed that glycoge ...200918838075
long-term survey on trichinella prevalence in wildlife of slovakia.in slovakia, monitoring the prevalence of trichinella spp. in wildlife was performed since 2000 in the main reservoir animals, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (sus scrofa), using artificial digestion method as recommended by international commission on trichinellosis. the results of investigation performed in 5270 red foxes showed that trichinella infection is widespread across slovakia and prevalence increased significantly from 4.9% in 2000 to 20.5% in 2007. recently, a higher trichi ...200919042089
cloning and analysis of a trichinella pseudospiralis muscle larva secreted serine protease gene.nematode parasites of the genus trichinella are intracellular and distinct life cycle stages invade intestinal epithelial and skeletal muscle cells. within the genus, trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis exhibit species-specific differences with respect to host-parasite complex formation and host immune modulation. parasite excretory-secretory (es) proteins play important roles at the host-parasite interface and are thought to underpin these differences in biology. serine protease ...200919054614
synanthropic trichinella infection in finland.the first three human trichinellosis cases in finland were recorded around 1890, and altogether eight cases were registered until 2008. the first infected finnish swine was found in 1954. from the early 1980s, an increasing trend in the number of infected swine was seen, with the highest number registered in 1996, after which a decrease has been observed. infected pigs were found yearly until 2004. since 1954, all slaughtered pigs have been tested for trichinella, regardless of subsequent export ...200919054618
trichinella pseudospiralis in pig from croatia.trichinella spiralis and trichinella britovi are species that are frequently found in domestic pigs and various sylvatic animals in croatia. during routine trichinoscopy, non-encapsulated larvae were detected in the muscle tissue of a domestic pig. artificial digestion revealed a larvae burden of 602 muscle larvae per gram of tissue. tissue section analysis confirmed the presence of non-encapsulated larvae. multiplex pcr identified the larvae as t. pseudospiralis. this observation is consistent ...200919054619
comparison of three artificial digestion methods for detection of non-encapsulated trichinella pseudospiralis larvae in pork.in a ring trial involving five laboratories (a, b, c, d, and e), three different methods of artificial digestion were compared for the detection of non-encapsulated trichinella pseudospiralis larvae in minced meat. each sample panel consisted of ten 1g minced pork samples. all samples in each panel were derived from a bulk meat preparation with a nominal value of either 7 or 17 larvae per g (lpg). samples were tested for the number of muscle larvae using the magnetic stirrer method (labs a, b, a ...200919062196
survival of north american genotypes of trichinella in frozen pork.north american genotypes of trichinella spiralis (t-1), trichinella nativa (t-2), trichinella pseudospiralis (t-4), trichinella murrelli (t-5), and trichinella t-6 were examined for susceptibility to freezing in pork using time-temperature combinations that have been proven to inactivate t. spiralis. infections were established in 3-month-old pigs of mixed sex and breed by oral inoculation of 10,000 muscle larvae (ml) (all genotypes, rodent-derived ml), 20,000 ml (t-1, t-4, and t-5; cat-derived ...200920003740
cloning and differential expression of manganese superoxide dismutase (mn-sod) of trichinella pseudospiralis.the complete coding sequence of manganese superoxide dismutase (mn-sod) of trichinella pseudospiralis (tp) was obtained and characterized for the first time by degenerative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and rapid amplification of complementary dna ends (race) reactions. the open reading frame of tp mn-sod contained 663 nucleotides, encoding 220 amino acid residues. this included the conserved histidine and aspartate residues for metal binding, cysteine residues for dis ...200817955260
spatial distribution of trichinella britovi, t. pseudospiralis and t. spiralis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in hungary.the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is considered one of the main reservoir of trichinella spp. in europe. as limited information on trichinella infection in wildlife of hungary is available, 2116 red foxes, representing more than 3% of the estimated fox population of the country, were screened to detect trichinella larvae by a digestion method. trichinella larvae from the 35 positive foxes were identified by a multiplex pcr as trichinella britovi (30 isolates, 85.7%), trichinella spiralis (4 isolates, ...200818657367
[trichinella pseudospiralis: systematic positon, biology, and epidemiological implication]. 200717657959
genetic relationships among trichinella pseudospiralis isolates from australian, nearctic, and palearctic regions.the study of the genetic polymorphism of pathogens is important for phylogenetic and biogeographic studies and, in the case of foodborne pathogens, to trace the origin of food infection. since its discovery in 1972, the nonencapsulated species trichinella pseudospiralis has been detected in mammals and birds, and human infection has occurred, in some cases resulting in death. we studied dna polymorphism among ten t. pseudospiralis isolates from the palearctic, nearctic, and australian regions, s ...200717687567
comparative analysis of the excretory-secretory proteome of the muscle larva of trichinella pseudospiralis and trichinella spiralis.the nematodes trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis are both intracellular parasites of skeletal muscle cells and induce profound alterations in the host cell resulting in a re-alignment of muscle-specific gene expression. while t. spiralis induces the production of a collagen capsule surrounding the host-parasite complex, t. pseudospiralis exists in a non-encapsulated form and is also characterised by suppression of the host inflammatory response in the muscle. these observed diff ...200717007860
molecular epidemiology of trichinella spp. in three baltic countries: lithuania, latvia, and estonia.meat of domestic pigs and wild boars has been the significant source of emerged human trichinellosis in lithuania, latvia, and estonia over the past two decades. however, there is very little known on the occurrence of trichinella spp. in main wildlife reservoirs and its transmission in domestic and sylvatic cycles in these countries. the present study demonstrated considerably higher endemicity of trichinella spp. in main sylvatic reservoirs (28.9-42% in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs ( ...200717013647
heat-inducible translationally controlled tumor protein of trichinella pseudospiralis: cloning and regulation of gene expression.to elucidate the mechanism of inducing translationally controlled tumor protein (tctp) in stress adaptation of adenophorean nematodes, the complete coding sequence of tctp of the infective-stage larvae of trichinella pseudospiralis was characterized. two cdna clones with different 3' untranslated region were identified. tp-tctp contained an open reading frame of 534 bp encoding 177 residues. the gene with five introns was expressed as histidine-tagged fusion protein having a molecular mass of 17 ...200717149606
[methods and tools for parasite differentiation within the genus trichinella].this review summarizes the major biological, biochemical and molecular methods which have been developed during last 20 years to distinguish parasites of the genus trichinella. from the time of the discovery of trichinella in 1835 until the 1970, it was assumed that trichinellosis was caused by a single species of parasite, trichinella spiralis. many biological parameters have been compared to differentiate the parasite, such as host specificity, geographical distribution, reproductive abilities ...200617432239
molecular cloning and characterization of an rcd1-like protein in excretory-secretory products of trichinella pseudospiralis.a cdna library was constructed from muscle larvae of trichinella pseudospiralis. a cdna clone, designated as tp8 contained a cdna transcript of 1326 bp length with a single open reading frame, which encoded 303 amino acid residues (34,187 da, estimated molecular mass). the predicted amino acid sequence of the clone had an identity of approximately 60% to the rcd1 (required cell differentiation 1) -like proteins among a wide range of organisms. real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction res ...200616899141
cloning and characterization of the cu/zn superoxide dismutase of trichinella pseudospiralis.copper/zinc (cu/zn) superoxide dismutase (sod) activity was identified for the first time in both crude somatic extracts (ce) and excretory/secretory (e/s) products of trichinella pseudospiralis. it was the dominant sod in infective-stage larvae. native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of ce and e/s products yielded a prominent band, which was cyanide-sensitive and was partly inhibited by hydrogen peroxide in sod assay. cytosolic cu/zn sod was cloned. the 471-bp full-length cdna sequence conta ...200616341881
cell-mediated response at the muscle phase of trichinella pseudospiralis and trichinella spiralis infections.the cell-mediated response in balb/c mice infected either by trichinella pseudospiralis or trichinella spiralis was compared at days 30-50 post-infection (muscle phase). the former species is non-encapsulated, whereas the latter is encapsulated in host muscles. the pattern of response against the two species was similar. both species elicited t(h)0 or t(h)1/t(h)2 response, with the last one being dominant. productions of interferon gamma (ifn-gamma), interleukin (il)-4 and il-5 were observed aft ...200616489472
trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis mixed infection in a wild boar (sus scrofa) of germany.a wild boar (sus scrofa) from the island usedom in mecklenburg-western pomerania (north-east germany) was detected as trichinella-positive during routine meat inspection. encapsulated and non-encapsulated larvae were detected in the muscle tissue by trichinoscopy. in the diaphragm, 922 larvae per g were detected by artificial digestion. muscle larvae displayed two different sizes of about 700 and 1100 microm. by a multiplex pcr analysis, larvae with a large size were identified as trichinella sp ...200616513281
molecular characterization of trichinella genotypes by inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction (issr-pcr).a bulk analysis of inter-simple sequence repeat-polymerase chain reaction (issr-pcr) provides a quick, reliable, and highly informative system for dna banding patterns that permit species identification. the present study evaluates the applicability of this system to trichinella species identification. after a single amplification carried out on a single larva with the primer 816([ca]nry) under high stringency conditions, which provide high reproducibility, we were able to identify by consistent ...200616884006
intestinal establishment and reproduction of adult trichinella spp. in single and mixed species infections in foxes (vulpes vulpes).intestinal establishment and reproduction of adult trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi and trichinella pseudospiralis were examined as single species or mixed species infections in foxes. this is the first study of intestinal dynamics of trichinella spp. in a carnivore model and the results suggest that the intestinal phase is relatively short as only very few worms were recovered 10 days post-inoculation (dpi). in mixed species infection with equal doses of t. nativa a ...200515925724
studies on vertical transmission of trichinella spp. in experimentally infected ferrets (mustela putorius furo), foxes (vulpes vulpes), pigs, guinea pigs and mice.vertical transmission of trichinella spiralis was evaluated in ferrets (n=21), foxes (n=11), pigs (n=12), guinea pigs (n=16), and mice (n=41). the placental barrier to be crossed by migratory trichinella larvae varies structurally in different animal species. ferrets and foxes have an endotheliochorial placenta structure, guinea pigs and mice a haemochorial, and pigs an epitheliochorial placenta. the non-encapsulating trichinella pseudospiralis larvae have an extended muscle migration prior to e ...200515925725
trichinella pseudospiralis infection is characterized by more continuous and diffuse myopathy than t. spiralis infection.a time course study was performed to reveal the sequence of histopathology after trichinella spiralis or t. pseudospiralis infection in mice. a cyst was formed in the former case by about 18 days post infection and prominent myopathy was restricted within the cyst. in the latter case, however, no typical cyst was formed, and myopathy spread diffusely over the infected muscle tissues occupying half the area of muscle sections. an electron microscope observation revealed that the disintegration of ...200515948011
the broad spectrum of trichinella hosts: from cold- to warm-blooded animals.in recent years, studies on trichinella have shown that the host range is wider than previously believed and new trichinella species and genotypes have been described. three classes of vertebrates are known to act as hosts, mammals, birds and reptiles, and infected vertebrates have been detected on all continents but antarctica. mammals represent the most important hosts and all trichinella species are able to develop in this vertebrate class. natural infections with trichinella have been descri ...200515970384
muscle distribution of sylvatic and domestic trichinella larvae in production animals and wildlife.only a few studies have compared the muscle distribution of the different trichinella genotypes. in this study, data were obtained from a series of experimental infections in pigs, wild boars, foxes and horses, with the aim of evaluating the predilection sites of nine well-defined genotypes of trichinella. necropsy was performed at 5, 10, 20 and 40 weeks post inoculation. from all host species, corresponding muscles/muscle groups were examined by artificial digestion. in foxes where all trichine ...200515979801
comparative dynamics and phenotype of the murine immune response to trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis.infection of nih mice with trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis results in qualitatively comparable immune responses. antigen-specific proliferation by mesenteric lymph node cells was transient and temporally associated with intestinal infection, but in contrast was sustained throughout infection by splenocytes. early cytokine production by mesenteric lymph node cells was dominated by interleukin 10, but also il-5 and il-4, with rapid resolution following parasite expulsion from t ...200515987341
trichinella pseudospiralis from a wild pig in texas.in december 2001, the routine inspection of a wild boar intended for human consumption revealed the presence of trichinella ssp. larvae. biological, morphological and genetic analyses demonstrated the parasite to be trichinella pseudospiralis. this is the second report of t. pseudospiralis in the united states and the first report of the parasite in a food animal species in the u.s.200515990234
changes in the eu legislation on trichinella inspection--new challenges in the epidemiology.the european union (eu) countries are searching for new ways to certify meat free of trichinella; however, with the expansion of the eu, the acceptance of a unilateral method is complicated by the variability of pig and human trichinellosis among eu countries, where significantly higher prevalence rates have been observed in the newly added eastern countries. several attempts have been made to define trichinella-free areas, but certification of trichinella-free pig production farms appears to be ...200516039781
differences and similarities of nurse cells in cysts of trichinella spiralis and t. pseudospiralis.the nurse cell in the cyst of trichinella spiralis comprises at least two kinds of cytoplasm, derived from muscle or satellite cells, as indicated by the pattern of staining using regular dye (haematoxylin and eosin, or toluidine blue), alkaline phosphatase (alp) expression, acid phosphatase (acp) expression and immunostaining with an anti-intermediate filament protein (desmin or keratin). muscle cells undergo basophilic changes following a t. spiralis infection and transform to the nurse cells, ...200414972031
molecular cloning and characterisation of two kinds of proteins in excretory-secretory products of trichinella pseudospiralis.two genes encoding trichinella pseudospiralis excretory-secretory proteins related to the trichinella spiralis glycoproteins were cloned and the excretory-secretory proteins were characterised. a cloned gene, designated tp38 (ts43), contained a cdna transcript of 1035 bp, and the predicted amino acid sequence of the tp38 (ts43) pro-protein had a similarity of about 84% to that of the t. spiralis 43 kda glycoprotein. a cloned gene, designated tp53 (ts53), contained a cdna transcript of 1239 bp, a ...200415013739
minor interspecies variations in the sequence of the gp53 tsl-1 antigen of trichinella define species-specific immunodominant epitopes.among the trichinella tsl-1 antigens, whose antigenicity is generally due mainly to tyvelose-containing epitopes, gp53 is unusual in that its antigenicity is due mainly to protein epitopes. in the present study we mapped two of these epitopes, recognized by monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that specifically recognize gp53 from all encysting trichinella species (mab us9), or gp53 from trichinella spiralis alone (mab us5). based on previously published sequences of this glycoprotein [mol. biochem. par ...200415163539
trichinella pseudospiralis foci in sweden.in sweden, the prevalence of trichinella infection in domestic pigs has greatly decreased since the 1970s, with no reports in the past 4 years. however, infected wild animals continue to be found. the objective of the present study was to identify the species of trichinella present in animals of sweden, so as to contribute to the knowledge on the distribution area and hosts useful for the prevention and control of this zoonosis. in the period 1985-2003, trichinella larvae were detected in the mu ...200415482889
first record of trichinella pseudospiralis in the slovak republic found in domestic focus.infection of trichinella spp. is widespread among wildlife in slovakia and the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the main reservoir of trichinella britovi. trichinella spiralis has been rarely documented in sylvatic and domestic animals of this country. during routine examination of domestic pigs at the slaughter, trichinella larvae were detected by artificial digestion in a domestic pig of a large-scale breeding farm in eastern slovakia. the parasite has been identified by molecular (pcr) and biochemi ...200415725537
a family history of deoxyribonuclease ii: surprises from trichinella spiralis and burkholderia pseudomallei.deoxyribonuclease iialpha (dnase iialpha) is an acidic endonuclease found in lysosomes and nuclei, and it is also secreted. though its caenorhabditis elegans homolog, nuc-1, is required for digesting dna of apoptotic cell corpses and dietary dna, it is not required for viability. however, dnase iialpha is required in mice for correct development and viability, because undigested cell corpses lead to lesions throughout the body. recently, we showed that, in contrast to previous reports, active dn ...200312594037
molecular expression and characterization of a homologue of host cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor from trichinella spp.a homologue of cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (mif) from complementary dna (cdna) of trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis was expressed in escherichia coli and characterized. the sequence analysis indicated that the predicted amino acid sequence has an identity of 57 and 44% with the mif of nematodes trichuris trichiura and brugia malayi respectively, and 41 and 40% with that of a human and a mouse, respectively. the identity in sequences of cdna and amino acids b ...200312880250
up-regulation of the 31 kda dehydroascorbate reductase in the modified skeletal muscle cell (nurse cell) during trichinella spp. infection.ascorbic acid (aa) is an important factor of defence against oxidative stress. aa is maintained in the reduced functional form by glutathione (gsh)-dependent dehydroascorbate (dha) reducing enzymes, including the cytosolic glutaredoxin, the microsomal protein disulphide isomerase, and a dha reductase of 31 kda, hereafter referred to as dhar, purified from rat liver cytosol and human red cells. as these mechanisms have rarely been studied in parasites, we looked for the possible presence of this ...200313129525
tolerance to low temperatures of domestic and sylvatic trichinella spp. in rat muscle tissue.the present study was designed to investigate the tolerance to low temperatures of 9 trichinella isolates in rat muscle tissue. nine groups of 24 rats were infected with encapsulated trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella murrelli, trichinella t6, trichinella nelsoni, and 3 nonencapsulated trichinella pseudospiralis strains. six rats from each of the groups were necropsied at 5, 10, 20, and 40 wk postinfection (wpi). muscle tissues containing trichinella larva ...200314533685
biochemical analysis of encapsulated and non-encapsulated species of trichinella (nematoda, trichinellidae) from cold- and warm-blooded animals reveals a high genetic divergence in the genus.multilocus enzyme electrophoresis was used to analyse genetic variation in the genus trichinella. twenty-eight isolates belonging to eight species and six genotypes were analysed for 12 enzyme systems, producing 19 different phenotypes. according to jaccard's similarity index, the isolates clustered into two main groups, specifically, encapsulated species/genotypes and non-encapsulated species/genotypes. furthermore, the non-encapsulated species clustered into two other groups: the species infec ...200314557876
impeded establishment of the infective stage of trichinella in the intestinal mucosa of mice by passive transfer of an iga monoclonal antibody.our previous study showed that the iga monoclonal antibody (mab) husm-tb1 forms immunoprecipitates on the cuticular surface of infective larvae of trichinella britovi, and that intraperitoneal injection of this mab to mice 5 hr before challenge infection confers a high level of protection against intestinal t. britovi. the same treatment produced a similar effect in balb/c mice inoculated orally with trichinella pseudospiralis larvae, indicating that the effects may be seen upon most members of ...200314665753
molecular cloning and characterization of a novel protein of trichinella pseudospiralis excretory-secretory products.a novel excretory-secretory (es) protein of trichinella pseudospiralis was produced. a cdna library was constructed from mrna of muscle larvae at 30 days post infection (p.i.) and immunoscreened with the antibody against es products. a clone, designated tp22-3, contained a cdna transcript of 815 bp in length with a single open reading frame which encoded 244-amino acids (28407 da in the estimated molecular mass). a database search revealed that no sequences had a homology to this predicted prote ...200212015829
associations between trichinella species and host species in finland.examination of 627 wild animals--raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides), red foxes (vulpes vulpes), european lynxes (lynx lynx), brown bears (ursus arctos), wolves (canis lupus), and badgers (meles meles)--revealed trichinella spp. the prevalence varied according to geographical region of finland (north; southwest, sw; and southeast, se) and was the highest among lynxes (70%, sw). the risk of trichinellosis was higher in the se (odds ratio, or, 19.4) and sw regions (or 14.3), as compared with t ...200212053985
comparison of cholinesterase activities in the excretion-secretion products of trichinella pseudospiralis and trichinella spiralis muscle larvae.the presence of cholinesterases (che) is reported in t. pseudospiralis excretion-secretion products (esp) by spectrophotometric method, using acetylthiocholine (atci) and butyrilthiocholine (btci) as substrates. by inhibition assays, we found that t. pseudospiralis release both acetyl- and butiryl-cholinesterases (ache and bche, respectively). the sedimentation coefficientes of these enzymes were determined by sucrose density gradient. we studied the in vivo che secretion by immunoblot assays us ...200212116861
trichinella zimbabwensis n.sp. (nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in zimbabwe also infecting mammals.since 1995, trichinella larvae have been detected in 39.5% of farmed crocodiles (crocodylus niloticus) in zimbabwe. morphological, biological, biochemical and molecular studies carried out on one isolate from a farmed crocodile in 2001 support the conclusion that this parasite belongs to a new species, which has been named trichinella zimbabwensis n.sp. this species, whose larvae are non-encapsulated in host muscles, infects both reptiles and mammals. the morphology of adults and larvae is simil ...200212464425
trichinella pseudospiralis populations of the palearctic region and their relationship with populations of the nearctic and australian regions.since few non-encapsulated isolates of trichinella have been studied to date, their level of differentiation from encapsulated species and the taxonomic value of the observed polymorphisms remain to be determined. to this end, biological, biochemical and molecular data from 11 isolates of trichinella pseudospiralis and one isolate of trichinella papuae were examined using the broad group of encapsulated species and genotypes for comparison. single-worm cross-breeding experiments and reproductivi ...200111226457
sylvatic and domestic trichinella spp. in wild boars; infectivity, muscle larvae distribution, and antibody response.thirty-six wild boars were inoculated with trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella pseudospiralis (ussr), t. pseudospiralis (usa), t. pseudospiralis (aust), trichinella murrelli, trichinella t6, and trichinella nelsoni. the wild boars were killed at 5 and 10 wk postinoculation (pi), and the number of muscle larvae per g (lpg) of tissue was determined for 18 muscles or muscle groups. five weeks pi, all trichinella genotypes had established as muscle larvae, but ...200111318560
secretion of the novel trichinella protein tsj5 by t. spiralis and t. pseudospiralis muscle larvae.the trichinella tsj5 gene is preferentially expressed in muscle larvae of trichinella spiralis and encodes a novel protein. previous observations have shown tsj5 to be expressed at higher levels in encapsulating species than in non-encapsulating species and down-regulation of gene expression in t. pseudospiralis to be correlated with a lower protein abundance in the muscle larva of this species. in the present study we have determined the full-length cdna sequence of the tsj5 homologue in t. pse ...200111420106
epidemiology of human and animal trichinellosis in italy since its discovery in 1887.the epidemiology of trichinellosis in italy is characterised by a sylvatic cycle present only on the mainland. the domestic cycle probably never existed, though a domestic focus occurred on the island of sicily between 1933 and 1946. the red fox is the main reservoir, with the prevalence of infection ranging from 0.0% in lowlands to 60% in the alps. the main etiological agent is trichinella britovi. trichinella pseudospiralis has been detected in two birds. from 1948 to march 2000, trichinellosi ...200111484328
the detection of encapsulated and non-encapsulated species of trichinella suggests the existence of two evolutive lines in the genus.in recent years, the discovery of many non-encapsulated isolates of trichinella, designated trichinella pseudospiralis and the identification of a new non-encapsulated species, trichinella papuae, has revealed that the biomass of the genus trichinella does not only include the well known encapsulated species (t. spiralis, t. nativa, t. britovi, t. murrelli, and t. nelsoni) but also includes geographically disseminated, non-encapsulated species that represent important biological entities in the ...200111484376
expression of myod and myogenin in muscles of mice experimentally infected with trichinella spiralis or trichinella pseudospiralis.we developed a detection system for myogenic regulatory factors such as myod and myogenin. adapting the method we performed a longitudinal analysis of such regulatory factors after infection with t. spiralis and t. pseudospiralis. myod and myogenin were expressed from the early phase of cystogenesis in t. spiralis infection. the expression returned to the normal level after 18 days from the infection when the cyst was complete. in t. pseudospiralis infection, they were also expressed from the ea ...200111484382
new patterns of trichinella infection.human and animal trichinellosis should be considered as both an emerging and reemerging disease. the reemergence of the domestic cycle has been due to an increased prevalence of trichinella spiralis, which has been primarily related to a breakdown of government veterinary services and state farms (e.g., in countries of the former ussr, bulgaria, romania), economic problems and war (e.g., in countries of the former yugoslavia), resulting in a sharp increase in the occurrence of this infection in ...200111516583
molecular cloning and characterization of a 21 kda protein secreted from trichinella pseudospiralis.recombinant protein was produced from the cdna library of trichinella pseudospiralis, which seemed to form part of the excretory-secretory (es) products. the library was constructed from cdna of muscle larvae at 1 month post-infection, and immunoscreened with antibody against t. pseudospiralis es products. a clone, designated tp21-3, contained a cdna transcript of 657 bp in length with a single open reading frame, which encoded 172 amino acids (19617 da in the estimated molecular mass). the pred ...200111551318
dna-binding activity in the excretory-secretory products of trichinella pseudospiralis (nematoda: trichinelloidea).a novel dna-binding peptide of mr approximately 30 kda was documented for the first time in the excretory-secretory (e-s) products of the infective-stage larvae of trichinella pseudospiralis. larvae recovered from muscles of infected mice were maintained for 48 h in dmem medium. e-s products of worms extracted from the medium were analysed for dna-binding activity by the electrophoretic mobility shift assay (emsa). multiple dna-protein complexes were detected. a comparison of the mr of proteins ...200111578094
[the influence of intensity of trichinella invasion on the phagocytosis of candida albicans by mice macrophages].experiments were carried out on male balb/c mice, weighing 20 g. the candida cells (candida albicans l 45) were killed by heat-treatment and obsonized with mouse serum. macrophages were obtained from the peritoneal cavity. phagocytosis was executed by incubation 0,2 ml of suspension of macrophages with 0,2 ml of candida suspension. microscopic slides with cell smear were preparated. the phagocytic index and the percentage of phagocytizing macrophages were calculeted. it was found that infection ...200116886407
trichinella murrelli n. sp: etiological agent of sylvatic trichinellosis in temperate areas of north america.trichinella t5, collected from sylvatic carnivores in north america, was identified previously as a different phenotype of trichinella, with an uncertain taxonomic level due to the availability of only 2 isolates. cross-breeding experiments carried out with single female and male larvae of 2 strains of trichinella t5, with single female and male larvae of 2 strains of trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella pseudospiralis, trichinella nelsoni, and trichinella t ...200010701576
infectivity, persistence, and antibody response to domestic and sylvatic trichinella spp. in experimentally infected pigs.groups of pigs were inoculated with genotypes of trichinella belonging to: trichinella spiralis, trichinella nativa, trichinella britovi, trichinella pseudospiralis (from caucasus), t. pseudospiralis (from usa), trichinella murrelli, trichinella sp. (from north america), and trichinella nelsoni. the pigs were sacrificed between 5 and 40weeks p.i., and the number of muscle larvae per gram (l.p.g.) of tissue was determined as an average of 18 muscles. all trichinella genotypes were infective for p ...200010704604
single-stranded endonuclease activity in the excretory--secretory products of trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis.a novel acidic extracellular single-stranded endonuclease was demonstrated for the first time in the excretory-secretory (e-s) products of 2 species of trichinella. unlike the double-stranded endonuclease reported earlier, the single-stranded molecule is divalent cation independent and is detected in both t. spiralis and t. pseudospiralis e-s products. it hydrolysed single-stranded dna and rna at comparable rates. the single-stranded endonuclease was sensitive to inhibition by zn2+ and to high c ...200010840982
trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis: developmental patterns of enzymes involved in thymidylate biosynthesis and pyrimidine salvage.thymidylate synthase, dihydrofolate reductase and dutpase specific activities were found to remain at a high and constant level in crude extracts from adult worms of trichinella spiralis, as well as from muscle larvae of both trichinella spiralis (isolated 1-24 months after infection) and trichinella pseudospiralis (isolated 5.5-13 months after infection). the results obtained with trichinella pseudospiralis muscle larvae isolated with the use of pepsin did not differ from those obtained when pe ...200010874722
suppression of multiple sclerosis in the rat during infection with trichinella pseudospiralis.injection of the rat with guinea pig myelin basic protein (mbp) induces an inflammatory demyelination that leads to development of a condition mimicking human multiple sclerosis (ms), including severe depressions in mobility, coordination, and strength in the affected animal. this model was used to observe and compare the antiinflammatory effects of the intestinal and late migratory phases of infection with trichinella pseudospiralis on development of mbp-induced, ms-like debilitation in rats. a ...200010958467
trichinella pseudospiralis outbreak in france.four persons became ill with trichinellosis after eating meat from a wild boar hunted in camargue, france. nonencapsulated larvae of trichinella pseudospiralis were detected in meat and muscle biopsy specimens. the diagnoses were confirmed by molecular typing. surveillance for the emerging t. pseudospiralis should be expanded.200010998388
[cloning and characteristics of rapd-markers from the genome of the parasitic nematodes trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis]. 200011033809
dna fingerprints of trichinella as revealed by restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-strand conformational polymorphism (rflp-sscp).a method was developed for gene fingerprinting, combining the principles of restriction fragment length polymorphism and single-strand conformational polymorphism (pcr-rflp-sscp). taking advantage of this method, we analysed the genotypes of 20 isolates from five species of trichinella (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi, trichinella nativa, trichinella murrelli and trichinella pseudospiralis) and two uncertain genotypes (trichinella t6 and trichinella t8). target genes for the analysis i ...200011040092
epidemiology of trichinellosis in asia and the pacific rim.the epidemiology of trichinellosis, species of trichinella present and the food and eating habits of people affected in asia and the pacific rim are reviewed with emphasis on japan, china and thailand. trichinella seems to be prevalent throughout this region although outbreaks of trichinellosis have not been reported in some areas. major outbreaks of the disease have been reported primarily in china and thailand. this is the result of three factors: (1) china and thailand are highly endemic area ...200011099839
factors affecting the flow among domestic, synanthropic and sylvatic cycles of trichinella.nematodes of the genus trichinella are maintained in nature by sylvatic or domestic cycles. the sylvatic cycle is widespread on all continents, from frigid to torrid zones, and it is maintained by cannibalism and scavenging behavior of carnivores. trichinella is primarily a parasite of carnivorous mammals, although one non-encapsulated species, trichinella pseudospiralis, has also been detected in birds. the anaerobic metabolism of larvae in nurse cells allows their survival in extremely decayed ...200011099840
[trichinella pseudospiralis--a possible trichinellosis pathogen in russia]. 199911221006
polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) for the identification of trichinella isolates.in the present study, polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (pcr-rflp) analysis was developed to identify 5 species (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi, trichinella nativa, trichinella nelsoni and trichinella pseudospiralis) and 3 phenotypes of uncertain taxonomic status (trichinella t5, t6, and t8). eleven restriction endonucleases were used to restrict 3 dna fragments (1) a 2800 bp fragment of the 43 kda excretory-secretory (e-s) protein gene, (2) a 1250 bp ...199910028536
a novel cdna clone encoding a specific excretory/secretory antigen of larval trichinella pseudospiralis.a cdna library for trichinella pseudospiralis was constructed to study the expression of specific antigens. four positive clones were identified using antibodies against the excretory/secretory (es) products of the nematode as probe. sequence analysis showed that they contained identical cdna inserts of 606 bp, including a 5' non-translated region of 96 bp, a core translated segment of 408 bp and a poly(a)+ 3' terminus. it encoded a novel 136-amino-acid polypeptide. southern blot analysis indica ...199910431734
trichinella pseudospiralis in sedentary night-birds of prey from central italy.trichinella pseudospiralis has been isolated from carnivorous and carrion-feeding mammals and birds in eastern europe, asia, australia, and north america, suggesting its cosmopolitan distribution. we conducted a survey to detect this parasite in raptorial and carrion-feeding birds in italy, examining muscles from 205 animals by artificial digestion. we isolated from the breast muscle 1 larva from a tawny owl (strix aluco) and 2 larvae from a little owl (athene noctua). these larvae were identifi ...199910461966
identification of trichinella isolates by polymerase chain reaction--restriction fragment length polymorphism of the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i gene.we developed a polymerase chain reaction based approach using restriction fragment length polymorphisms of the mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i to identify nine genotypes (trichinella spiralis, trichinella britovi-european strains, trichinella britovi-japanese strains, trichinella nativa, trichinella nelsoni, trichinella t5, trichinella t6, trichinella t8 and trichinella pseudospiralis) in the genus trichinella. partial mitochondrial cytochrome c-oxidase subunit i genes of nine genot ...199910501621
trichinella papuae n.sp. (nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from domestic and sylvatic swine of papua new guinea.encapsulated and non-encapsulated species of the genus trichinella are widespread in sylvatic animals in almost all zoogeographical regions. in sylvatic animals from tasmania (australian region), only the non-encapsulated species trichinella pseudospiralis has been reported. between 1988 and 1998, non-encapsulated larvae of trichinella were detected in five domestic pigs and six wild boars from a remote area of papua new guinea. morphological, biological, and molecular studies carried out on one ...199910616929
a multiplex pcr for unequivocal differentiation of all encapsulated and non-encapsulated genotypes of trichinella.we have developed a single pcr test for the simple and unequivocal differentiation of all currently recognised genotypes of trichilnella. partial dna sequence data were generated from internal transcribed spacers its1 and its2, and from the expansion segment v region of the ribosomal dna repeat from five species of trichinella and two additional genotypes, designated t5 and t6. five different pcr primer sets were identified which, when used simultaneously in a multiplex pcr, produce a unique ele ...199910616932
comparison of the inflammatory responses of mice infected with american and australian trichinella pseudospiralis or trichinella spiralis.this study was designed to determine if the tasmanian devil isolate of trichinella pseudospiralis suppressed inflammation as does the original isolate. while adult worm numbers were similar in all groups, lower enteritis occurred in devil isolate-infected mice compared with mice infected with the original isolate of t. pseudospiralis or with trichinella spiralis. diaphragm muscle inflammation was greater in t. spiralis-infected than in mice infected with either isolate of t. pseudospiralis or co ...19989512999
[the effect of an invasion by trichinella spiralis and trichinella pseudospiralis on the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle tissue in the white mouse].the ultrastructure of striated muscular tissue was studied in experiments with three groups of white mice: those infected with t. spiralis, t. pseudospiralis, and in those uninfected (controls). there was a heterogeneity of changes in the striated muscular tissue during 35-day infection. deep damages to the contractile, trophic, energetic, supporting, and membranous apparatuses of muscle fibers are responsible for subcellular structural changes. at the same time compensatory and adaptative proce ...19989608200
[genetic variability of trichinella spiralis oven, 1835, and trichinella pseudospiralis garkavi, 1972, detected by polymerase chain reaction with random primers].dna polymorphisms in two parasitic nematode species, trichinella spiralis oven, 1835, and trichinella pseudospiralis garkavi, 1972, were revealed via random amplification of polymorphic dna by the polymerase chain reaction (rapd pcr). the diagnostic value of seven 10-bp oligonucleotide primers was evaluated, and the extent of the homology between the genomes of the two species was estimated. the intraspecific variation of rapd markers was revealed in larvae of both species isolated from experime ...19989612694
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