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chemical composition and antifungal activity of essential oils from medicinal plants of kazakhstan.the composition of essential oils from leaves of kazakhstan medicinal plants was analysed by gc-ms. the major compounds identified were 1,8-cineole (34.2%), myrcene (19.1%) and α-pinene (9.4%) in ajania fruticulosa; 1,8-cineole (21.0%), β-thujone (11.0%), camphor (8.5%), borneol (7.3%) and α-thujone (6.5%), in achillea nobilis; camphor (47.3%), 1,8-cineole (23.9%), camphene (9.8%) and β-thujone (6.0%) in artemisia terrae-albae; 1,8-cineole(55.8%) and β-pinene (6.2%) in hyssopus ambiguus; α-thuye ...201727879146
a mini-survey of moulds and mycotoxins in locally grown and imported wheat grains in nigeria.a preliminary survey involving limited sample size was conducted to determine the spectrum of moulds and mycotoxins in wheat grains from flour mills and local markets in nigeria. fourteen wheat samples were analyzed for moulds using standard mycological methods and for toxic fungal metabolites using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method. fusarium (range of incidence 12.5-61.7%) dominated in the wheat grains though species of aspergillus (range of incidence 2.24-3.86%) were als ...201727905064
endophytic fungi from selected varieties of soybean (glycine max l. merr.) and corn (zea mays l.) grown in an agricultural area of argentina.endophytic fungi are ubiquitous and live within host plants without causing any noticeable symptoms of disease. little is known about the diversity and function of fungal endophytes in plants, particularly in economically important species. the aim of this study was to determine the identity and diversity of endophytic fungi in leaves, stems and roots of soybean and corn plants and to determine their infection frequencies. plants were collected in six areas of the provinces of buenos aires and e ...201727045749
synthesis, characterization and antifungal efficacy of c-coordinated o-carboxymethyl chitosan cu(ii) complexes.a novel type of o-carboxymethyl chitosan schiff bases (o-cspx) was synthesized via a condensation reaction. after the coordination reaction of cupric ions, cu(ii) complexes (o-cspx-cu) were achieved. the theoretical structure of o-cspx-cu calculated by gaussian 09 reveals that the copper ions underwent dsp(2) hybridization, coordinated by the carbon atom in the p-π conjugate group and the oxygen atoms in the acetate ion. then, the structures were confirmed by ft-ir, (1)h nmr, cp-mas (13)c nmr, e ...201728115106
production and characterization of a novel antifungal chitinase identified by functional screening of a suppressive-soil metagenome.through functional screening of a fosmid library, generated from a phytopathogen-suppressive soil metagenome, the novel antifungal chitinase-named chi18h8 and belonging to family 18 glycosyl hydrolases-was previously discovered. the initial extremely low yield of chi18h8 recombinant production and purification from escherichia coli cells (21 μg/g cell) limited its characterization, thus preventing further investigation on its biotechnological potential.201728137256
fcrav2, a gene with rogdi domain involved in fusarium head blight and crown rot on durum wheat caused by fusarium culmorum.fusarium culmorum is a soil-borne fungal pathogen able to cause foot and root rot and fusarium head blight on small grain cereals, particularly on wheat and barley. it causes significant yield and quality loss and results in the contamination of kernels with type b trichothecene mycotoxins. knowledge on pathogenicity factors of this fungus is still limited. a transposon tagging approach based on the mimp1/impala double component system has allowed us to select a mutant altered in multiple metabo ...201728322011
synthesis and antifungal activity of novel myrtenal-based 4-methyl-1,2,4-triazole-thioethers.a series of novel myrtenal derivatives bearing 1,2,4-triazole moiety were designed and synthesized by multi-step reactions in an attempt to develop potent antifungal agents. their structures were confirmed by using uv-vis, ftir, nmr, and esi-ms analysis. antifungal activity of the target compounds was preliminarily evaluated by the in vitro method against fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum, physalospora piricola, alternaria solani, cercospora arachidicola, and gibberella zeae at 50 µg/ml. com ...201728125042
a tomatinase-like enzyme acts as a virulence factor in the wheat pathogen fusarium graminearum.during their interactions with plants, fungal pathogens employ large numbers of pathogenesis-associated molecules including secreted effectors and enzymes that can degrade various defence compounds. however, in many cases, in planta targets of pathogen-produced enzymes remain unknown. we identified a gene in the wheat pathogen fusarium graminearum, encoding a putative enzyme that shows 84% sequence identity to fotom1, a tomatinase produced by the tomato pathogen fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycoper ...201728109774
transcription factor xpp1 is a switch between primary and secondary fungal metabolism.fungi can produce a wide range of chemical compounds via secondary metabolism. these compounds are of major interest because of their (potential) application in medicine and biotechnology and as a potential source for new therapeutic agents and drug leads. however, under laboratory conditions, most secondary metabolism genes remain silent. this circumstance is an obstacle for the production of known metabolites and the discovery of new secondary metabolites. in this study, we describe the dual r ...201728074041
evidence of an unidentified extracellular heat-stable factor produced by lysobacter enzymogenes (oh11) that degrade fusarium graminearum ph1 hyphae.lysobacter enzymogenes oh11 produces heat-stable antifungal factor (hsaf) and lytic enzymes possessing antifungal activity. this study bio-prospected for other potential antifungal factors besides those above. the cells and extracellular metabolites of l. enzymogenes oh11 and the mutants δchia, δchib, δchic, δclp, δpks, and δpila were examined for antifungal activity against fusarium graminearum ph1, the causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb). results evidenced that oh11 produces an unidenti ...201728213660
ptr2 peptide transporters in fusarium graminearum influence secondary metabolite production and sexual development.putative proton coupled di-peptide transporters, ptr2s, are found in filamentous fungi in different numbers and their function during fungal development and plant infection is unresolved. in fusarium graminearum, the cause of head blight in cereals, we identified four putative ptr2 transporters (fgptr2a-d). the genes did not cluster together in phylogenetic analyses and only fgptr2a and fgptr2c were able to complement a ptr2 deficient yeast mutant in uptake of di-peptides. all fgptr2s are contin ...201728390508
the insect-derived antimicrobial peptide metchnikowin targets fusarium graminearum β(1,3)glucanosyltransferase gel1, which is required for the maintenance of cell wall integrity.antimicrobial peptides (amps) are essential components of the insect innate immune system. their diversity provides protection against a broad spectrum of microbes and they have several distinct modes of action. insect-derived amps are currently being developed for both medical and agricultural applications, and their expression in transgenic crops confers resistance against numerous plant pathogens. the antifungal peptide metchnikowin (mtk), which was originally discovered in the fruit fly dros ...201727811341
synthesis of 1,2,3-triazole hydrazide derivatives exhibiting anti-phytopathogenic activity.a series of new 1,2,3-triazole derivatives have been prepared and screened for their antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi using the mycelium growth inhibition method in vitro. the results indicated that the 1,2,3-triazole hydrazide scaffold displayed significant antifungal activity. compound 6ad exhibited the most potent anti-phytopathogenic activity, with ec50 values of 0.18, 0.35, 0.37 and 2.25 μg ml(-1) against rhizoctonia solani, sclerotinia sclerotiorum, fusarium graminearum, a ...201727750151
synthesis and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles and chitosan effect on fusarium head blight and oxidative activity in wheat.the main aim of present study was to prepare chitosan (cs) and chitosan nanoparticles (cs/nps) to evaluate their antifungal and oxidative activity. cs/nps were prepared based on the ionic gelation of cs with tripolyphosphate (tpp) anions by using centrifugation and ph change. the obtained nanoparticles (nps) were characterized by size and zeta potential analysis. the antifungal activity of the cs and cs/nps were evaluated on the fusarium graminearum, which causes fusarium head blight (fhb) on wh ...201728414109
transcriptomics of cereal-fusarium graminearum interactions: what we have learned so far.the ascomycete fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum causes the globally important fusarium head blight (fhb) disease on cereal hosts such as wheat, barley and maize. in addition to reducing grain yield, infection by this pathogen causes major quality losses. in particular, the contamination of food and feed with the f. graminearum trichothecene toxin deoxynivalenol (don) can have many adverse short- and long-term effects on human and animal health. during the last decade, the interaction between ...201728411402
a barley udp-glucosyltransferase inactivates nivalenol and provides fusarium head blight resistance in transgenic wheat.fusarium head blight is a disease of cereal crops that causes severe yield losses and mycotoxin contamination of grain. the main causal pathogen, fusarium graminearum, produces the trichothecene toxins deoxynivalenol or nivalenol as virulence factors. nivalenol-producing isolates are most prevalent in asia but co-exist with deoxynivalenol producers in lower frequency in north america and europe. previous studies identified a barley udp-glucosyltransferase, hvugt13248, that efficiently detoxifies ...201728407119
genome-wide functional characterization of putative peroxidases in the head blight fungus fusarium graminearum.reactive oxygen species (ros) are associated with various developmental processes and host-pathogen interactions in pathogenic fungi. peroxidases are a group of ros-detoxifying enzymes that are involved in the oxidative stress response and in a variety of physiological processes. in this study, we performed a genome-wide functional characterization of putative peroxidase genes in fusarium graminearum, a head blight pathogen of cereal crops. we identified 31 putative peroxidase genes and generate ...201728387997
linoleic acid isomerase gene fglai12 affects sensitivity to salicylic acid, mycelial growth and virulence of fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is the major causal agent of fusarium head blight in wheat, a serious disease worldwide. linoleic acid isomerase (lai) catalyses the transformation of linoleic acid (la) to conjugated linoleic acid (cla), which is beneficial for human health. we characterised a cis-12 lai gene of f. graminearum (fgsg_02668; fglai12), which was downregulated by salicylic acid (sa), a plant defence hormone. disruption of fglai12 in f. graminearum resulted in decreased accumulation of cis-9,tra ...201728387243
a fungal catalase reacts selectively with the 13s fatty acid hydroperoxide products of the adjacent lipoxygenase gene and exhibits 13s-hydroperoxide-dependent peroxidase activity.the genome of the fungal plant pathogen fusarium graminearum harbors six catalases, one of which has the sequence characteristics of a fatty acid peroxide-metabolizing catalase. we cloned and expressed this hemoprotein (designated as fg-cat) along with its immediate neighbor, a 13s-lipoxygenase (cf. brodhun et al., plos one, e64919, 2013) that we considered might supply a fatty acid hydroperoxide substrate. indeed, fg-cat reacts abruptly with the 13s-hydroperoxide of linoleic acid (13s-hpode) wi ...201728363790
l-threonine and its analogue added to autoclaved solid medium suppress trichothecene production by fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum produces trichothecene mycotoxins under certain nutritional conditions. when l-thr and its analogue l-allo-threonine were added to brown rice flour solid medium before inoculation, trichothecene production after 4 days of incubation was suppressed. a time-course analysis of gene expression demonstrated that l-thr suppressed transcription of tri6, a trichothecene master regulator gene, and a terpene cyclase tri5 gene. regulation of trichothecene biosynthesis by altering major ...201728357472
rna editing during sexual development occurs in distantly related filamentous ascomycetes.rna editing is a posttranscriptional process that modifies rna molecules leading to transcript sequences that differ from their template dna. a-to-i editing was found to be widely distributed in nuclear transcripts of metazoa, but was detected in fungi only recently in a study of the filamentous ascomycete fusarium graminearum that revealed extensive a-to-i editing of mrnas in sexual structures (fruiting bodies). here, we searched for putative rna editing events in rna-seq data from sordaria mac ...201728338982
predicting deoxynivalenol in oats under conditions representing scandinavian production regions.deoxynivalenol (don) in cereals, produced by fusarium fungi, cause poisoning in humans and animals. fusarium infections in cereals are favoured by humid conditions. host species are susceptible mainly during the anthesis stage. infections are also positively correlated with a regional history of fusarium infections, frequent cereal production and non-tillage field management practices. here, previously developed process-based models based on relative air humidity, rain and temperature conditions ...201728332416
time-course expression qtl atlas of the global transcriptional response of wheat to fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight is a devastating disease of small grain cereals such as bread wheat (triticum aestivum). the pathogen switches from a biotrophic to a nectrotrophic lifestyle in course of disease development forcing its host to adapt its defence strategies. using a genetical genomics approach we illustrate genome-wide reconfigurations of genetic control over transcript abundances between two decisive time points after inoculation with the causative pathogen fusarium graminearum. whole transc ...201728332274
synthesis and bioactivities of phenazine-1-carboxylic acid derivatives based on the modification of pca carboxyl group.phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (pca) as a natural product widely exists in microbial metabolites of pseudomonads and streptomycetes and has been registered for the fungicide against rice sheath blight in china. to find higher fungicidal activities compounds and study the effects on fungicidal activities after changing the carboxyl group of pca, we synthesized a series of pca derivatives by modifying the carboxyl group of pca and their structures were confirmed by (1)h nmr and hrms. most compounds e ...201728320617
fitness of three chemotypes of fusarium graminearum species complex in major winter wheat-producing areas of china.in china, fusarium head blight is caused mainly by the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc), which produces trichothecene toxins. the fgsc is divided into three chemotypes: 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-adon), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-adon), and nivalenol (niv). in order to predict the geographical changes in the distribution of these chemotype populations in major winter wheat-producing areas in china, the biological characteristics of twenty randomly selected isolates from each of the th ...201728306726
the complete genome sequence of a double-stranded rna mycovirus from fusarium graminearum strain hn1.the complete nucleotide sequence of a double-stranded rna (dsrna) mycovirus, fusarium graminearum dsrna virus 5 (fgv5), was identified and characterized. the fgv5 genome comprises two dsrna genome segments of 2030 bp and 1740 bp. fgv5 dsrna1 contains a single open reading frame (orf1), which is predicted to encode a protein of 613 amino acids (aa) with a molecular mass of 70.4 kda and has a conserved rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) motif. fgv5 dsrna2 is predicted to contain two discontinuous ...201728299481
functional characterization of cytochrome p450 monooxygenases in the cereal head blight fungus fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is a prominent plant pathogenic fungus causing fusarium head blight in major cereal crops worldwide. to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying fungal development and virulence, large collections of f. graminearum mutants have been constructed. cytochrome p450 monooxygenases (p450s) are widely distributed in organisms and are involved in a diverse array of molecular/metabolic processes; however, no systematic functional analysis of p450s has been attempted in filament ...201728296081
structural reorganization of the fungal endoplasmic reticulum upon induction of mycotoxin biosynthesis.compartmentalization of metabolic pathways to particular organelles is a hallmark of eukaryotic cells. knowledge of the development of organelles and attendant pathways under different metabolic states has been advanced by live cell imaging and organelle specific analysis. nevertheless, relatively few studies have addressed the cellular localization of pathways for synthesis of fungal secondary metabolites, despite their importance as bioactive compounds with significance to medicine and agricul ...201728287158
genetic mapping and haplotype analysis of a locus for quantitative resistance to fusarium graminearum in soybean accession pi 567516c.a major novel quantitative disease resistance locus, qrfg_gm06, for fusarium graminearum was genetically mapped to chromosome 6. genomic-assisted haplotype analysis within this region identified three putative candidate genes. fusarium graminearum causes seed, root rot, and seedling damping-off in soybean which contributes to reduced stands and yield. a cultivar magellan and pi 567516c were identified with low and high levels of partial resistance to f. graminearum, respectively. quantitative di ...201728275816
exploiting sp2-hybridization in the development of potent 1,5-a-l-arabinanase inhibitors.the synthesis of potent inhibitors of gh93 arabinanases as well as a synthesis of a chromogenic substrate to measure gh93 arabinanase activity is described. an insight into the reasons behind the potency of the inhibitors was gained through x-ray crystallographic analysis using the arabinanase arb93a from fusarium graminearum. these compounds lay a foundation for future inhibitor development as well as for the use of the chromogenic substrate in biochemical studies of gh93 arabinanases.201728266777
characterization of the two-speed subgenomes of fusarium graminearum reveals the fast-speed subgenome specialized for adaption and infection.fusarium head blight, caused by fusarium graminearum, is one of the most severe diseases on wheat and barley worldwide. although the genomic data of several strains were published, the intragenomic variation of f. graminearum was not well characterized. here, we sequenced three chinese strains and conducted genome-wide comparisons. our data revealed that all the sequenced strains were distinct from each other and over 350 genes were functionally lost in each of them. variants of each strain were ...201728261228
landscape of genomic diversity and host adaptation in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is one of the main causal agents of the fusarium head blight, a worldwide disease affecting cereal cultures, whose presence can lead to contaminated grains with chemically stable and harmful mycotoxins. resistant cultivars and fungicides are frequently used to control this pathogen, and several observations suggest an adaptation of f. graminearum that raises concerns regarding the future of current plant disease management strategies. to understand the genetic basis as well ...201728231761
a gin4-like protein kinase gil1 involvement in hyphal growth, asexual development, and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is the main causal agent of fusarium head blight (fhb) on wheat and barley. in a previous study, a gin4-like protein kinase gene, gil1, was found to be important for plant infection and sexual reproduction. in this study we further characterized the functions of gil1 kinase in different developmental processes. the δgil1 mutants were reduced in growth, conidiation, and virulence, and formed whitish and compact colonies. although phialide formation was rarely observed in the ...201728212314
optimization for the production of deoxynivalenoland zearalenone by fusarium graminearum usingresponse surface methodology.fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (don) and zearalenone (zen) are the mostcommon contaminants in cereals worldwide, causing a wide range of adverse health effects onanimals and humans. many environmental factors can affect the production of these mycotoxins.here, we have used response surface methodology (rsm) to optimize the fusarium graminearumstrain 29 culture conditions for maximal toxin production. three factors, medium ph, incubationtemperature and time, were optimized using a box-behnken ...201728208576
tawrky70 transcription factor in wheat qtl-2dl regulates downstream metabolite biosynthetic genes to resist fusarium graminearum infection spread within spike.a semi-comprehensive metabolomics was used to identify the candidate metabolites and genes to decipher mechanisms of resistance in wheat near-isogenic lines (nils) containing qtl-2dl against fusarium graminearum (fg). metabolites, with high fold-change in abundance, belonging to hydroxycinnamic acid amides (hcaas): such as coumaroylagmatine, coumaroylputrescine and fatty acids: phosphatidic acids (pas) were identified as resistance related induced (rri) metabolites in rachis of resistant nil (ni ...201728198421
deoxynivalenol exposure in norway, risk assessments for different human age groups.deoxynivalenol (don) is the most common mycotoxin in norwegian cereals, and don is detected in most samples of crude cereal grain and cereal food commodities such as flour, bran, and oat flakes. the norwegian scientific committee for food safety assessed the risk for adverse effects of deoxynivalenol (don) in different age groups of the domestic population. this review presents the main results from the risk assessment, supplemented with some recently published data. impairment of the immune sys ...201728165414
genome-wide exonic small interference rna-mediated gene silencing regulates sexual reproduction in the homothallic fungus fusarium graminearum.various ascomycete fungi possess sex-specific molecular mechanisms, such as repeat-induced point mutations, meiotic silencing by unpaired dna, and unusual adenosine-to-inosine rna editing, for genome defense or gene regulation. using a combined analysis of functional genetics and deep sequencing of small noncoding rna (srna), mrna, and the degradome, we found that the sex-specifically induced exonic small interference rna (ex-sirna)-mediated rna interference (rnai) mechanism has an important rol ...201728146558
the cyclase-associated protein fgcap1 has both protein kinase a-dependent and -independent functions during deoxynivalenol production and plant infection in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is a causal agent of wheat scab and a producer of the trichothecene mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don). the expression of trichothecene biosynthesis (tri) genes and don production are mainly regulated by the cyclic adenosine monophosphate-protein kinase a (camp-pka) pathway and two pathway-specific transcription factors (tri6 and tri10). interestingly, deletion mutants of tri6 show reduced expression of several components of camp signalling, including the fgcap1 adenylate-bindin ...201728142217
a bacillus sp. strain with antagonistic activity against fusarium graminearum kills microcystis aeruginosa selectively.cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanohabs) cause severe environmental problems, economic losses and threaten human health seriously. in the present study, a bacillus sp. strain, designated as af-1, with strong antagonistic activity against plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum was isolated from purple soil. bacillus sp. af-1 selectively killed microcystis aeruginosa at low cell density (1.6×10(3)cfu/ml), and showed the strongest bactericidal activity against m. aeruginosa nies-843 (a ...201728104332
annotation of fusarium graminearum (ph-1) version 5.0.fusarium graminearum floral infections are a major risk to the global supply of safe cereal grains. we report updates to the ph-1 reference genome and significant improvements to the annotation. changes include introduction of legacy annotation identifiers, new gene models, secretome and effectorp predictions, and inclusion of extensive untranslated region (utr) annotations.201728082505
occurrence of mycotoxins in wheat grains exposed to fungicides on fusarium head blight control in southern brazil.mycotoxins occurrence in wheat grains impose risks to human and animal health. the southern brazil has favorable weather conditions for fusarium graminearum infections and consequently for mycotoxins accumulation on grains. the goal of this study was to evaluate the behavior of new wheat commercial genotypes to fusarium head blight (fhb), to control performance of new fungicide formulations and their relationship with mycotoxins concentration in grains. the manly mycotoxin occurrence on wheat gr ...201728080216
characterization of fusarium graminearum isolates recovered from wheat samples from argentina by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: phenotypic diversity and detection of specific markers of aggressiveness.fusarium graminearum is the primary causal agent of fusarium head blight of wheat in argentina. this disease affects crop yields and grain quality also reducing the wheat end-use, and causing mycotoxin contamination. the aim of this work was to analyze the phenotypic characteristics associated with phenotypic diversity and aggressiveness of 34 f. graminearum sensu stricto isolates recovered from argentinean fields in the 2008 growing season using the fourier transform infrared (ftir) dried film ...201728064121
multiplex detection of fusarium species.multiplex pcr is a powerful method to detect, identify, and quantify the mycotoxigenic fungus by targeting the amplification of genes associated with mycotoxin production and detection, identification, and quantification of fusarium species. as compared with uniplex pcr, it has several advantages such as low cost, shortened time, and simultaneous amplification of more than two genes (in only one reaction tube). here, we describe multiplex pcr-based detection and identification of trichothecene-, ...201727924545
duplications in the 3' termini of three segments of fusarium graminearum virus china 9.the hypovirulence-inducing fusarium graminearum virus china 9 (fgv-ch9) was described recently and is closely related to the fusarium graminearum mycovirus-2 (fgv2). both viruses share common properties of viruses belonging to the family chrysoviridae. re-sequencing of fgv-ch9 revealed duplications of the 3' non-coding regions of segments 2 and 3. both duplications are arranged in a head-to-tail array, are attached to the complete terminus, and do not affect the encoded gene. an internal duplica ...201727888409
metabolo-transcriptome profiling of barley reveals induction of chitin elicitor receptor kinase gene (hvcerk1) conferring resistance against fusarium graminearum.we report plausible disease resistance mechanisms induced by barley resistant genotype ci89831 against fusarium head blight (fhb) based on metabolo-transcriptomics approach. we identified hvcerk1 as a candidate gene for fhb resistance, which is functional in resistant genotype ci9831 but non-functional in susceptible cultivars h106-371 and zhedar-2. for the first time, we were able to show a hierarchy of regulatory genes that regulated downstream biosynthetic genes that eventually produced resis ...201727844244
identification and characterization of a fusarium head blight resistance gene taact in wheat qtl-2dl.fusarium head blight (fhb) resistance in wheat is considered to be polygenic in nature. cell wall fortification is one of the best resistance mechanisms in wheat against fusarium graminearum which causes fhb. metabolomics approach in our study led to the identification of a wide array of resistance-related (rr) metabolites, among which hydroxycinnamic acid amides (hcaas), such as coumaroylagmatine and coumaroylputrescine, were the highest fold change rr metabolites in the rachis of a resistant n ...201727663684
antifungal metabolites from schinopsis balansae engl (anacardiaceae): isolation, identification and evidences of their mode of action on fusarium graminearum schwabe.an antifungal activity-directed fractionation of leaf constituents from schinopsis balansae on fusarium graminearum yielded a fraction mainly made of a mixture of four 3-n-heptadec(en)ylcatechols (palk). the palk fraction showed on macroconidia germination a mic100 value of 500 μg/ml which was twofold higher than that required for prothioconazole (mic100 = 250 μg/ml). sublethal concentrations of palk modify the morphogenesis in germinating macroconidia, and decreased fungal production of h2o2 an ...201727806649
multiple minor qtls are responsible for fusarium head blight resistance in chinese wheat landrace haiyanzhong.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe, is a devastating disease in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). use of host resistance is one of the most effective strategies to minimize the disease damage. haiyanzhong (hyz) is a chinese wheat landrace that shows a high level of resistance to fhb spread within a spike (type ii resistance). to map the quantitative trait loci (qtls) in hyz and identify markers tightly linked to the qtls for fhb resistance, a population of 172 recombi ...201727676181
fusarium and aspergillus mycotoxins contaminating wheat silage for dairy cattle feeding in uruguay.wheat is one of the most important cultivated cereals in uruguay for human consumption; however, when harvest yields are low, wheat is usually used in ensiling for animal feeding. ensiling is a forage preservation method that allows for storage during extended periods of time while maintaining nutritional values comparable to fresh pastures. silage is vulnerable to contamination by spoilage molds and mycotoxins because ensilage materials are excellent substrates for fungal growth. the aim of the ...201727522933
larval western bean cutworm feeding damage encourages the development of gibberella ear rot on field corn.a 2 year study was conducted to determine whether western bean cutworm (striacosta albicosta smith) (wbc) larval feeding damage increases severity of the fungal disease gibberella ear rot [fusarium graminearum (schwein.) petch] in field corn (zea mays l.). the effect of a quinone-outside inhibiting fungicide, pyraclostrobin, on gibberella ear rot severity and mycotoxin production, both with and without wbc pressure, was also evaluated. the impact of each variable was assessed individually and in ...201727158946
wheat seeds harbour bacterial endophytes with potential as plant growth promoters and biocontrol agents of fusarium graminearum.the role of endophytic communities of seeds is still poorly characterised. the purpose of this work was to survey the presence of bacterial endophytes in the seeds of a commercial wheat cultivar widely sown in argentina and to look for plant growth promotion features and biocontrol abilities against fusarium graminearum among them. six isolates were obtained from wheat seeds following a culture-dependent protocol. four isolates were assignated to paenibacillus genus according to their 16s rrna s ...201727242141
the plant response induced in wheat ears by a combined attack of sitobion avenae aphids and fusarium graminearum boosts fungal infection and deoxynivalenol production.the pathogen fusarium graminearum, producer of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, and sitobion avenae aphids both reside on wheat ears. we explored the influence of an earlier aphid infestation on the expression profile of specific molecular markers associated with f. graminearum infection. using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, we followed the expression of wheat defence genes on s. avenae infestation and explored the effect on a subsequent f. graminearum infect ...201726918628
identification of a novel mycovirus isolated from rhizoctonia solani (ag 2-2 iv) provides further information about genome plasticity within the order tymovirales.the complete genome of a novel mycovirus, named rhizoctonia solani flexivirus 1 (rsfv-1), which infects an avirulent strain of rhizoctonia solani ag 2-2 iv, was sequenced and analyzed. its rna genome consists of 10,621 nucleotides, excluding the poly-a tail, and encodes a single protein of 3477 amino acids. the identification of conserved motifs of methyltransferase, helicase and rna-dependent rna polymerase revealed its relatedness to members of the alphavirus-like superfamily of positive-stran ...201727734236
reevaluation of two quantitative trait loci for type ii resistance to fusarium head blight in wheat germplasm pi 672538.fusarium head blight (fhb), mainly caused by fusarium graminearum, is a destructive disease in wheat. a population consisting of 229 f2 and f2:3 plants derived from the cross pi 672538 × l661 was used to evaluate the reactions to fhb. the fhb resistance data distribution in the f2 population indicates that some quantitative trait loci (qtls) were controlling the fhb resistance in pi 672538. we further detected two major qtls (qfhs-2b, qfhs-3b) from analysis of the resistance data and the pcr-amp ...201727571309
effects of temperature and glycerol and methanol-feeding profiles on the production of recombinant galactose oxidase in pichia pastoris.optimization of protein production from methanol-induced pichia pastoris cultures is necessary to ensure high productivity rates and high yields of recombinant proteins. we investigated the effects of temperature and different linear or exponential methanol-feeding rates on the production of recombinant fusarium graminearum galactose oxidase (ec 1.1.3.9) in a p. pastoris mut(+) strain, under regulation of the aox1 promoter. we found that low exponential methanol feeding led to 1.5-fold higher vo ...201724493559
poly-γ-glutamic acid productivity of bacillus subtilis bse1 has positive function in motility and biocontrol against fusarium graminearum.in this study, we investigate the relationship between γ-pga productivity and biocontrol capacity of bacillus subtilis bse1; one bacterial isolate displayed 62.14% biocontrol efficacy against fusarium root rot. the γ-pga yield assay, motility assay, wheat root colonization assay, and biological control assay were analysed in different γ-pga yield mutants of bse1. the pgsb (pga-synthase-capb gene) deleted mutant of bse1 reduced γ-pga yield and exhibited apparent decline of in vitro motile ability ...201728664519
chemical composition and antifungal activity of the essential oil of zhumeria majdae, heracleum persicum and eucalyptus sp. against some important phytopathogenic fungi.application of essential oils of medicinal plants is considered a safe and acceptable method for plant disease management to protect plants from pathogenic microorganisms. thus, in recent study, essential oils (eos) from zhumeria majdae, heracleum persicum (two iranian endemic plants) and eucalyptus sp. were assayed for their antifungal potential against ten phytopathogenic fungi, including fusarium graminearum, fusarium asiaticum, fusarium redolens f.sp. dianthus, fusarium verticillioides, fusa ...201728757068
the binding mechanism between azoles and fgcyp51b, sterol 14α-demethylase of fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is the main pathogen of fusarium head blight (fhb), a worldwide plant disease and one of the major wheat diseases in china. the control of the fhb is mainly dependent on the application of dmis fungicides. fungal sterol 14α-demethylase enzymes (cyp51) are the main target for dmis fungicides. in order to investigate the binding mechanism between azoles and cyp51b in f.graminearum, the molecular modeling study and biological evaluation were performed.201728719051
bacillomycin d produced by bacillus amyloliquefaciens is involved in the antagonistic interaction with the plant pathogenic fungus fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum (teleomorph: ascomycota, hypocreales, gibberella, gibberella zeae) is a destructive fungal pathogen that threatens the production and quality of wheat and barley worldwide. controlling this toxin-producing pathogen is a significant challenge. in the present study, the commercially available strain bacillus amyloliquefaciens (bacteria, firmicutes, bacillales, bacillus) fzb42 showed strong activity against f. graminearum the lipopeptide, bacillomycin d, produced by fzb42, was ...201728733288
a review of conventional pcr assays for the detection of selected phytopathogens of wheat.infection of phyllosphere (stems, leaves, husks, and grains) by pathogenic fungi reduces the wheat yield and grain quality. detection of the main wheat pathogenic fungi provides information about species composition and allows effective and targeted plant treatment. since conventional procedures for the detection of these organisms are unreliable and time consuming, diagnostic dna-based methods are required. nucleic acid amplification technologies are independent of the morphological and biochem ...201728772274
c-coordinated o-carboxymethyl chitosan metal complexes: synthesis, characterization and antifungal efficacy.a novel type of o-carboxymethyl chitosan schiff bases (o-cspx) was synthesized via a condensation reaction. after the coordination reaction of cupric ions, zinc ions and nickel ions, metal complexes (o-cspx-m) were achieved. the theoretical structure of o-cspx-m calculated by gaussian 09 reveals that the copper ions and nickel ions underwent dsp(2) hybridization, the zinc ions underwent sp(3) hybridization, and they all coordinated by the carbon atom in the p-π conjugate group. then, the structu ...201728774807
the antibiotic polymyxin b exhibits novel antifungal activity against fusarium species.the genus fusarium comprises many species, including fusarium oxysporum, fusarium solani, fusarium graminearum and fusarium verticillioides, and causes severe infections in plants and humans. in clinical settings, fusarium is the third most frequent mould to cause invasive fungal infections after aspergillus and the mucorales. f. solani and f. oxysporum are the most prevalent fusarium spp. causing clinical disease. however, few effective antifungal drugs are available to treat human and plant fu ...201728433743
screening of wheat endophytes as biological control agents against fusarium head blight using two different in vitro tests.in order to find biological control agents (bcas) for the management of fusarium head blight (fhb), a major disease on wheat crops worldwide, 86 microorganisms isolated from inner tissues of wheat plants were discriminated for their ability to inhibit the growth of fusarium graminearum and fusarium culmorum by in vitro dual culture assays. a group of 22 strains appeared very effective to inhibit f. graminearum (inhibition of 30-51%) and they were also globally effective in controlling f. culmoru ...201728647118
comparative analysis of the composition and active property evaluation of certain essential oils to assess their potential applications in active food packaging.the antifungal, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity of four commercial essential oils (eos) (thyme, clove, rosemary, and tea tree) from romanian production were studied in order to assess them as bioactive compounds for active food packaging applications. the chemical composition of the oils was determined with the folin-ciocâlteu method and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and flame ionization detectors, and it was found that they respect the afnor/iso standard limits. the ...201728772407
functional characterization of a soluble nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase from fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight is a devastating disease in wheat caused by some fungal pathogens of the fusarium genus mainly f. graminearum, due to accumulation of toxic trichothecenes. most of the trichothecene biosynthetic pathway has been mapped, although some proteins of the pathway remain uncharacterized, including an nadph-cytochrome p450 reductase. we subcloned a f. graminearum cytochrome p450 reductase that might be involved in the trichothecene biosynthesis. it was expressed heterologously in e. ...201728690182
growth suppression of fusarium culmorum, fusarium poae and fusarium graminearum by 5-n-alk(en)ylresorcinols from wheat and rye bran.alk(en)ylresorcinols (ar), a class of phenolic lipids, are regarded as antifungal compounds showing high potential for the use in plant protection, especially against fusarium head blight (fhb). in view of the very limited knowledge of the activity of single ar against fusarium species, the antifungal effect of crude extracts, fractions and isolated homologues from wheat and rye bran was determined. it was shown that the saturated ar are the active compounds in the extracts, whereas the presence ...201728784549
variability of composition and effects of essential oils from rhanterium adpressum coss. & durieu against mycotoxinogenic fusarium strains.the antifungal potency of the essential oils of rhanterium adpressum was evaluated against four mycotoxigenic strains of the genus fusarium. the essential oils were obtained, separately, by hydro-distillation of the aerial parts of r. adpressum (leaves and flowers). the parts were collected during the period of bloom (3 months) for 3 years. the gc-ms analysis revealed thirty-six compounds for the essential oils, divided into four classes of chemical compounds, with variable percentages according ...201728707037
trans-cinnamic and chlorogenic acids affect the secondary metabolic profiles and ergosterol biosynthesis by fusarium culmorum and f. graminearum sensu stricto.plant-derived compounds limiting mycotoxin contamination are currently of major interest in food and feed production. however, their potential application requires an evaluation of their effects on fungal secondary metabolism and membrane effects. in this study, different strains of fusarium culmorum and f. graminearum sensu stricto were exposed to trans-cinnamic and chlorogenic acids on solid yes media. fusaria produced phenolic acids, whose accumulation was lowered by exogenous phenolic compou ...201728640190
candidate gene based association mapping in fusarium culmorum for field quantitative pathogenicity and mycotoxin production in wheat.quantitative traits are common in nature, but quantitative pathogenicity has received only little attention in phytopathology. in this study, we used 100 fusarium culmorum isolates collected from natural field environments to assess their variation for two quantitative traits, aggressiveness and deoxynivalenol (don) production on wheat plants grown in four different field environments (location-year combinations). seventeen fusarium graminearum pathogenicity candidate genes were assessed for the ...201728525967
screening of lactic acid bacteria for anti-fusarium activity and optimization of incubation conditions.anti-fusarium activities of lactic acid bacteria (lab) lactobacillus plantarum 299v, l. plantarum nrrl-4496, and lactobacillus rhamnosus vt1 were determined by a microdilution assay developed in this study against fusarium graminearum 08/rg/bf/51. a cell-free lactobacillus culture supernatant (cflcs) of l. rhamnosus vt1 had the highest anti-fusarium activity. response surface methodology was used to optimize the incubation conditions for production of cflcs. a box-behnken factorial design was us ...201728853625
a-to-i rna editing is developmentally regulated and generally adaptive for sexual reproduction in neurospora crassa.although fungi lack adenosine deaminase acting on rna (adar) enzymes, adenosine to inosine (a-to-i) rna editing was reported recently in fusarium graminearum during sexual reproduction. in this study, we profiled the a-to-i editing landscape and characterized its functional and adaptive properties in the model filamentous fungus neurospora crassa a total of 40,677 a-to-i editing sites were identified, and approximately half of them displayed stage-specific editing or editing levels at different ...201728847945
the selective antifungal activity of drosophila melanogaster metchnikowin reflects the species-dependent inhibition of succinate-coenzyme q reductase.insect-derived antifungal peptides have a significant economic potential, particularly for the engineering of pathogen-resistant crops. however, the nonspecific antifungal activity of such peptides could result in detrimental effects against beneficial fungi, whose interactions with plants promote growth or increase resistance against biotic and abiotic stress. the antifungal peptide metchnikowin (mtk) from drosophila melanogaster acts selectively against pathogenic ascomycota, including fusariu ...201728811531
pka activity is essential for relieving the suppression of hyphal growth and appressorium formation by mosfl1 in magnaporthe oryzae.in the rice blast fungus magnaporthe oryzae, the camp-pka pathway regulates surface recognition, appressorium turgor generation, and invasive growth. however, deletion of cpka failed to block appressorium formation and responses to exogenous camp. in this study, we generated and characterized the cpk2 and cpka cpk2 mutants and spontaneous suppressors of cpka cpk2 in m. oryzae. our results demonstrate that cpka and cpk2 have specific and overlapping functions, and pka activity is essential for ap ...201728806765
the cereal pathogen fusarium pseudograminearum produces a new class of active cytokinins during infection.the fungal pathogen fusarium pseudograminearum causes important diseases of wheat and barley. during a survey of secondary metabolites produced by this fungus, a novel class of cytokinins, herein termed fusarium cytokinins, was discovered. cytokinins are known for their growth promoting and anti-senescence activities and the production of a cytokinin mimic by what was once considered a necrotrophic pathogen that promotes cell death and senescence challenges the simple view that this pathogen inv ...201728802024
synergistic effect of different plant cell wall degrading enzymes is important for virulence of fusarium graminearum.endo-polygalacturonases (pgs) and xylanases have been shown to play an important role during pathogenesis of some fungal pathogens of dicot plants, whilst their role in monocot pathogens is less defined. pg1 and xyr1 genes of the wheat pathogen fusarium graminearum encode the main pg and the major regulator of xylanase production, respectively. single and double disrupted mutants for these genes were obtained to assess their contribution to fungal infection. compared to wild-type strain, the ∆pg ...201728800710
expression of hopai interferes with map kinase signalling in magnaporthe oryzae.the pmk1 and mps1 map kinases are essential for appressorium formation and plant infection in magnaporthe oryzae. however, their exact roles during invasive growth are not clear because pmk1 and mps1 mutants are defective in penetration. to further characterize their functions after penetration, in this study we expressed the pseudomonas syringae effector hopai known to inactivate plant map kinases in m. oryzae. constitutive expression of hopai with the rp27 or trpc promoter resulted in defects ...201728799700
in vitro evaluation of sub-lethal concentrations of plant-derived antifungal compounds on fusaria growth and mycotoxin production.phytopathogenic fungi can lead to significant cereal yield losses, also producing mycotoxins dangerous for human and animal health. the fungal control based on the use of synthetic fungicides can be complemented by "green" methods for crop protection, based on the use of natural products. in this frame, the antifungal activities of bergamot and lemon essential oils and of five natural compounds recurrent in essential oils (citronellal, citral, cinnamaldehyde, cuminaldehyde and limonene) have bee ...201728758914
nicotinamide mononucleotide and related metabolites induce disease resistance against fungal phytopathogens in arabidopsis and barley.nicotinamide mononucleotide (nmn), a precursor of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nad), is known to act as a functional molecule in animals, whereas its function in plants is largely unknown. in this study, we found that nmn accumulated in barley cultivars resistant to phytopathogenic fungal fusarium species. although nmn does not possess antifungal activity, pretreatment with nmn and related metabolites enhanced disease resistance to fusarium graminearum in arabidopsis leaves and flowers and ...201728743869
genome-wide identification and analysis of the mads-box gene family in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).the mads-box genes encode transcription factors with key roles in plant growth and development. a comprehensive analysis of the mads-box gene family in bread wheat (triticum aestivum) has not yet been conducted, and our understanding of their roles in stress is rather limited. here, we report the identification and characterization of the mads-box gene family in wheat. a total of 180 mads-box genes classified as 32 mα, 5 mγ, 5 mδ, and 138 mikc types were identified. evolutionary analysis of the ...201728742823
regulatory roles of introns in fungicide sensitivity of fusarium graminearum.although the roles of introns have been much debated in eukaryotic organisms, none of them have been functionally characterized in fusarium graminearum. in this study, we characterized the roles of introns in regulation of fungicide-sensitivity of f. graminearum. β2 tub, cyp51a and myosin-5 are important target genes of benzimidazoles, triazoles and cyanoacrylates, respectively. to explore the sensitivity regulation functions of introns in target genes, several detailed deletion studies were com ...201728730650
a transposon-directed epigenetic change in zmcct underlies quantitative resistance to gibberella stalk rot in maize.a major resistance quantitative trait locus, qrfg1, significantly enhances maize resistance to gibberella stalk rot, a devastating disease caused by fusarium graminearum. however, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unknown. we adopted a map-based cloning approach to identify the resistance gene at qrfg1 and examined the dynamic epigenetic changes during qrfg1-mediated maize resistance to the disease. a cct domain-containing gene, zmcct, is the causal gene at the qrfg1 locus and a polymor ...201728722229
recombinant lipase from gibberella zeae exhibits broad substrate specificity: a comparative study on emulsified and monomolecular substrate.using the classical emulsified system and the monomolecular film technique, the substrate specificity of recombinant gibberella zeae lipase (rgzel) that originates from gibberella zeae was characterized in detail. under the emulsified reaction system, both phospholipase and glycolipid hydrolytic activities were observed, except for the predominant lipase activity. the optimum conditions for different activity exhibition were also determined. compared with its lipase activity, a little higher rat ...201728718792
chrysogine biosynthesis is mediated by a two-module nonribosomal peptide synthetase.production of chrysogine has been reported from several fungal genera including penicillium, aspergillus, and fusarium. anthranilic acid and pyruvic acid, which are expected precursors of chrysogine, enhance production of this compound. a possible route for the biosynthesis using these substrates is via a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps). through comparative analysis of the nrpss from genome-sequenced producers of chrysogine we identified a candidate nrps cluster comprising five additional ...201728708398
plant lignans inhibit growth trichothecene biosynthesis in fusarium graminearum. 201728699242
differences in fusarium species in brown midrib sorghum and in air populations in production fields.several fusarium species cause sorghum [sorghum bicolor (l.) moench] grain mold, resulting in deterioration and mycotoxin production in the field and during storage. fungal isolates from air (2005-2006), and from leaves and grain from wild-type and brown midrib (bmr)-6 and bmr12 plants (2002-2003), were collected from two locations. compared with wild-type, bmr plants have reduced lignin content, altered cell wall composition and different levels of phenolic intermediates. multilocus maximum lik ...201728686087
rna editing of the amd1 gene is important for ascus maturation and ascospore discharge in fusarium graminearum.ascospores are the primary inoculum in the wheat scab fungus fusarium graminearum that was recently shown to have sexual stage-specific a-to-i rna editing. one of the genes with premature-stop-codons requiring a-to-i editing to encode full-length functional proteins is amd1 that encodes a protein with a major facilitator superfamily (mfs) domain. here, we characterized the functions of amd1 and its uag to ugg editing event. the amd1 deletion mutant was normal in growth and conidiation but defect ...201728676631
the pkr regulatory subunit of pka is involved in regulating growth, sexual and asexual development, and pathogenesis in fusarium graminearum.fusarium graminearum is a causal agent of the wheat scab disease and a producer of deoxynivalenol (don) mycotoxins. treatment with exogenous camp increased its don production. to better understand the role of the camp-pka pathway in f. graminearum, in this study we functionally characterized the pkr gene encoding the regulatory subunit of pka. mutants deleted of pkr were viable but had severe defects in growth, conidiation, and plant infection. the pkr mutant produced compact colonies with short ...201728665481
cytogenetic mapping of a major locus for resistance to fusarium head blight and crown rot of wheat on thinopyrum elongatum 7el and its pyramiding with valuable genes from a th. ponticum homoeologous arm onto bread wheat 7dl.a major locus for resistance to different fusarium diseases was mapped to the most distal end of th. elongatum 7el and pyramided with th. ponticum beneficial genes onto wheat 7dl. perennial triticeae species of the thinopyrum genus are among the richest sources of valuable genes/qtl for wheat improvement. one notable and yet unexploited attribute is the exceptionally effective resistance to a major wheat disease worldwide, fusarium head blight, associated with the long arm of thinopyrum elongatu ...201728656363
the fgsrp1 sr-protein gene is important for plant infection and pre-mrna processing in fusarium graminearum.the versatile functions of sr (serine/arginine-rich) proteins in pre-mrna splicing and processing are modulated by reversible phosphorylation. previous studies showed that fgprp4, the only protein kinase among spliceosome components, is important for intron splicing and the fgsrp1 sr protein is phosphorylated at five conserved sites in fusarium graminearum. in this study, we showed that the fgsrp1 deletion mutant rarely produced conidia and caused only limited symptoms on wheat heads and corn si ...201728654215
deoxynivalenol biomarkers in the urine of uk vegetarians.deoxynivalenol (don) is produced by fusarium graminearum and is one of the most commonly occurring trichothecenes. vegetarians are alleged to be a high-risk group for don exposure due to high intakes of cereals susceptible to the growth of the mycotoxin. this study provides the levels of don and de-epoxi deoxynivalenol (dom-1) in urine analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (lc-ms) in uk vegetarians. over two consecutive days, morning urine samples were collected from 32 vegetarians ...201728640201
oxidation of c18 hydroxy-polyunsaturated fatty acids to epoxide or ketone by catalase-related hemoproteins activated with iodosylbenzene.small catalase-related hemoproteins with a facility to react with fatty acid hydroperoxides were examined for their potential mono-oxygenase activity when activated using iodosylbenzene. the proteins tested were a fusarium graminearum 41 kd catalase hemoprotein (fg-cat, gene fgsg_02217), a pseudomonas fluorescens pfl01 catalase (37.5 kd, accession number wp_011333788.1), and a mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis 33 kd catalase (gene map-2744c). 13-hydroxy-octadecenoic acids (which are norm ...201728631071
geographic distribution of phylogenetic species of the fusarium graminearum species complex and their 8-ketotrichothecene chemotypes on wheat spikes in iran.isolates of the fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc, n = 446) were collected from wheat spikes from northern and western regions of iran with a history of fusarium head blight (fhb) occurrences. the trichothecene mycotoxin genotypes/chemotypes, the associated phylogenetic species, and geographical distribution of these isolates were analyzed. two phylogenetic species, fusarium asiaticum and f. graminearum, were identified and were found to belong to sequence characterized amplified region ...201728612272
screening of deoxynivalenol producing strains and elucidation of possible toxigenic molecular mechanism.in this study, seven strains of fusarium graminearum were isolated from wheat, of which six were identified to produce deoxynivalenol and the production of deoxynivalenol was assessed. f. graminearum strain fg1 was noted to produce 1.0 μg/g deoxynivalenol during the incubation period in the czapek yeast broth, while none was detected in f. graminearum strain fg2. hence, the differences in proteomes and transcriptomes of fg1 and fg2 were compared to analyze the mechanism underlying deoxynivalenol ...201728587179
qrfg3, a novel quantitative resistance locus against gibberella stalk rot in maize.a quantitative trait locus  qrfg3 imparts recessive resistance to maize gibberella stalk rot. qrfg3 has been mapped into a 350-kb interval and could reduce the disease severity index by ~26.6%. gibberella stalk rot, caused by the fungal pathogen fusarium graminearum, severely affects maize yield and grain quality worldwide. to identify more resistance quantitative trait loci (qtls) against this disease, we analyzed a recombinant inbred line (ril) population derived from a cross between resistant ...201728555262
the impact of zearalenone on the meiotic progression and primordial follicle assembly during early oogenesis.zearalenone (zea) is a mycotoxin produced by fusarium graminearum. it can cause abnormal reproductive function by acting as an environmental estrogen. research has traditionally focused on acute and chronic injury on mammalian reproductive capacity after zea treatment. little research has been done studying the effects of zea exposure on early oogenesis. in this study, we investigate the effects of zea exposure on meiotic entry, dna double-strand breaks (dsbs), and primordial follicle assembly d ...201728552778
identification and trichothecene genotypes of fusarium graminearum species complex from wheat in taiwan.fusarium head blight (fhb) of wheat caused by fusarium graminearum species complex (fgsc) is a devastating disease worldwide. the pathogens not only reduce the yield of wheat, but also impact the quality of wheat by contamination with trichothecene mycotoxins. a systematic investigation on the pathogens of fhb in taiwan is lacking. here, molecular and morphological approaches were used to identify species of the taiwanese fgsc isolates and determine their trichothecene genotypes.201728510187
effect of trichoderma harzianum on maize rhizosphere microbiome and biocontrol of fusarium stalk rot.fusarium stalk rot (fsr) caused by fusarium graminearum (fg) significantly affects the productivity of maize grain crops. application of agrochemicals to control the disease is harmful to environment. in this regard, use of biocontrol agent (bca) is an alternative to agrochemicals. although trichoderma species are known as bca, the selection of host-pathogen specific trichoderma is essential for the successful field application. hence, we screened a total of 100 trichoderma isolates against fg, ...201728496167
similarities between reproductive and immune pistil transcriptomes of arabidopsis species.independent lines of evidence suggest that members from ancient and polymorphic gene families such as defensins and receptor-like kinases mediate intercellular communication during both the immune response and reproduction. here, we report a large-scale analysis to investigate the extent of overlap between these processes by comparing differentially expressed genes (degs) in the pistil transcriptomes of arabidopsis thaliana and arabidopsis halleri during self-pollination and interspecific pollin ...201728483878
aspergillus ficuum phytase activity is inhibited by cereal grain components.in the current study, we report for the first time that grain components of barley, rice, wheat and maize can inhibit the activity of aspergillus ficuum phytase. the phytase inhibition is dose dependent and varies significantly between cereal species, between cultivars of barley and cultivars of wheat and between fusarium graminearum infected and non-infected wheat grains. the highest endpoint level of phytase activity inhibition was 90%, observed with grain protein extracts (gpe) from f. gramin ...201728472144
a spatial temporal analysis of the fusarium graminearum transcriptome during symptomless and symptomatic wheat infection.fusarium head blight of wheat is one of the most serious and hazardous crop diseases worldwide. here, a transcriptomic investigation of fusarium graminearum reveals a new model for symptomless and symptomatic wheat infection. the predicted metabolic state and secretome of f. graminearum were distinct within symptomless and symptomatic wheat tissues. transcripts for genes involved in the biosynthesis of the mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol, plus other characterized and putative secondary metabolite clus ...201728466509
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