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metabolite profiling and volatiles of pineapple wine and vinegar obtained from pineapple waste.vinegar is an inexpensive commodity, and economic considerations require that a relatively low-cost raw material be used for its production. an investigation into the use of a new, alternative substrate - pineapple waste - is described. this approach enables the utilization of the pineapple's (ananas comosus) peels and core, which are usually discarded during the processing or consumption of the fruit. using physical and enzymatic treatments, the waste was saccharified, and the resulting substra ...201728372238
antibacterial mode of action of violacein from chromobacterium violaceum utm5 against staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa).violacein, violet pigment produced by chromobacterium violaceum, has attracted much attention recently due to its pharmacological properties including antibacterial activity. the present study investigated possible antibacterial mode of action of violacein from c. violaceum utm5 against staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa) strains. violet fraction was obtained by cultivating c. violaceum utm5 in liquid pineapple waste medium, extracted, and fractionated using ethyl ac ...201728361404
citrus psorosis virus coat protein-derived hairpin construct confers stable transgenic resistance in citrus against psorosis a and b syndromes.citrus psorosis virus (cpsv) is the causal agent of psorosis, a serious and widespread citrus disease. two syndromes of psorosis, psa and psb, have been described. psb is the most aggressive and rampant form. previously, we obtained pineapple sweet orange plants transformed with a hairpin construct derived from the cpsv coat protein gene (ihpcp). some of these plants were resistant to cpsv 90-1-1, a psa isolate homologous to the transgene. in this study, we found that expression of the ihpcp tra ...201727891561
isolation of saccharomyces cerevisiae from pineapple and orange and study of metal's effectiveness on ethanol production.in view of the anticipated shortage of the traditional supplies of fossil fuels, there is a great deal of interest in the production of ethanol as an alternative biofuel in recent years. the main objective of this research work was to isolate and characterize stress tolerant, high potential ethanol producing yeast strains from various fruit peel. two yeast isolates from pineapple (pa) and orange (or) have been isolated, characterized on the basis of morphological and physic-chemical characters a ...201728386473
genome sequence of lactobacillus paracasei strain lc-ikematsu, isolated from a pineapple in okinawa, japan.the draft genome sequence of lactobacillus paracasei strain lc-ikematsu, isolated from a pineapple in okinawa, was determined. the total length of the 87 contigs was 3.08 mb with a g+c content of 46.2% and 2,946 coding sequences. the genome analysis revealed its biosynthetic ability of 11 amino acids.201728153910
pineapple (ananas comosus l. merr.) wine production in angola: characterisation of volatile aroma compounds and yeast native flora.a pineapple vinification process was conducted through inoculated and spontaneous fermentation to develop a process suitable for a quality beverage during two successive vintages in huambo, angola. wines obtained with the conventional saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, were analysed by gas chromatography, and a total of 61 volatile constituents were detected in the volatile fraction and 18 as glycosidically bound aroma compounds. concentration levels of carbonyl and sulphur compounds were in agree ...201727783969
inducible expression of bs2 r gene from capsicum chacoense in sweet orange (citrus sinensis l. osbeck) confers enhanced resistance to citrus canker disease.transgenic expression of the pepper bs2 gene confers resistance to xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (xcv) pathogenic strains which contain the avrbs2 avirulence gene in susceptible pepper and tomato varieties. the avrbs2 gene is highly conserved among members of the xanthomonas genus, and the avrbs2 of xcv shares 96% homology with the avrbs2 of xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc), the causal agent of citrus canker disease. a previous study showed that the transient expression of pepper bs ...201728155188
plant proteases for bioactive peptides release: a review.proteins are a potential source of health promoting biomolecules with medical, nutraceutical and food applications. nowadays, bioactive peptides production, its isolation, characterization and strategies for its delivery to target sites are a matter of intensive research. in vitro and in vivo studies regarding the bioactivity of peptides has generated strong evidence of their health benefits. dairy proteins are considered the richest source of bioactive peptides, however proteins from animal and ...201728394630
monodispersed gold nanoparticles as a probe for the detection of hg2+ ions in water.gold nanoparticles were synthesized using ananas comosus as reducing agent. uv-visible spectra show the surface plasmon resonance peak at 544 nm. tem measurement shows that the formation of monodispersed spherical nanoparticles with average size of 7 nm. crystalline nature of the nanoparticles was evident from tem images and peaks in the xrd pattern. ftir analysis provides the presence of biomolecules responsible for the reduction and capping of the prepared gold nanoparticles. a selective and s ...201728380237
simple fabrication of pineapple root-like palladium-gold catalysts as the high-efficiency cathode in direct peroxide-peroxide fuel cells.pd-au/tic electrodes with various three-dimensional structures are obtained by the pulsed potential electro-deposition in pdcl2/haucl4 electrolytes. the morphologies of pd-au/tic composite catalysts are significantly dependent on the component of deposited solutions. the surface appearance of pd-au catalysts changes from rime-shaped structure, to feather-like construction, then to pineapple root-like structure and finally to flower-like configuration with the increase of pdcl2 content in electro ...201728342307
physicochemical changes of 'phulae' pineapple fruit treated with short-term anoxia during ambient storage.the effects of short-term anoxia exposure for 16h on physicochemical changes of 'phulae' pineapple fruit stored at ambient temperature (25±2°c) were investigated. the respiratory rate of the fruit was induced by the anoxia treatment. however, it retarded the increase in moisture loss and maintained both flesh and pulp colour by inhibiting polyphenol oxidase (ppo) activity of the both tissues. the anoxia exposure delayed the increase in total sugar content and enhanced total ascorbic acid content ...201728317739
using high hydrostatic pressures to retain the antioxidant compounds and to reduce the enzymatic activity of a pitaya-pineapple (stenocereus sp.-fragaria ananassa) beverage.pitaya (stenocereus sp.) is a fruit native to arid and semiarid areas of mexico. it has high antioxidant activity mainly due to its contents of betalains and phenolics, but its consumption is limited due to very short shelf-life and not very recognized flavor. a beverage of pitaya and pineapple was formulated to improve sensory properties. a high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) study at 400-600 mpa and 25 °c for 2-10 min was applied in the beverage and the effect on the contents of vitamin c, total p ...201728298674
sex pheromone of a coccoid insect with sexual and asexual lineages: fate of an ancestrally essential sexual signal in parthenogenetic females.sex pheromones play a central role in intersexual communication for reproduction in many organisms. particularly in insects, reproductive isolation that leads to speciation is often achieved by shifts of pheromone chemistries. however, the divergence and evolution of pheromones remain largely unknown. this study reveals a unique evolutionary consequence for terpenoid pheromones in coccoid insects. coccoids, such as mealybugs, show clear sexual dimorphism: males are dwarf and short-lived, whereas ...201728250102
influence of the fiber from agro-industrial co-products as functional food ingredient on the acceptance, neophobia and sensory characteristics of cooked sausages.the sensory analysis of new products is essential for subsequent acceptance by consumers, moreover in the functional food market. the acceptance and food neophobia of cooked sausages formulated with cactus pear fiber or pineapple pear fiber, as functional ingredient, was complemented with a sensory characterization by r-index and qualitative descriptive analysis (qda). female consumers aged between 40 and 50 years showed greater interest in the consumption of healthy foods, with a higher level o ...201728242937
the proteolytic system of pineapple stems revisited: purification and characterization of multiple catalytically active forms.crude pineapple proteases extract (aka stem bromelain; ec 3.4.22.4) is an important proteolytic mixture that contains enzymes belonging to the cysteine proteases of the papain family. numerous studies have been reported aiming at the fractionation and characterization of the many molecular species present in the extract, but more efforts are still required to obtain sufficient quantities of the various purified protease forms for detailed physicochemical, enzymatic and structural characterizatio ...201728238440
a comparative analysis of the chemical composition, anti-inflammatory, and antinociceptive effects of the essential oils from three species of mentha cultivated in romania.this work was aimed at correlating the chemotype of three mentha species cultivated in romania with an in vivo study of the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of essential oils. the selected species were mentha piperita l. var. pallescens (white peppermint), mentha spicata l. subsp. crispata (spearmint), and mentha suaveolens ehrh. (pineapple mint). qualitative and quantitative analysis of the essential oils isolated from the selected mentha species was performed by gas chromatography ...201728208614
management of oral secretions in neurological disease.sialorrhoea is a common and problematic symptom that arises from a range of neurological conditions associated with bulbar or facial muscle dysfunction. drooling can significantly affect quality of life due to both physical complications such as oral chapping, and psychological complications such as embarrassment and social isolation. thicker, tenacious oral and pharyngeal secretions may result from the drying management approach to sialorrhoea. the management of sialorrhoea in neurological dise ...201728188210
measuring population fluctuation of jatropha stem-borer [cophes notaticeps (marshall)] in the brazilian cerrado using a new trap.this study aimed to monitor the population fluctuation of cophes notaticeps (marshall) (coleoptera: curculionidae) in a jatropha (jatropha curcas l.) plantation in the federal district, brazil, through the use of a new trap, combined with different attractive lures and trap colors. the study was conducted at embrapa cerrados (planaltina/df) in a field trial with 720 plants. the new trap, named cpac16, was made with pvc pipes (100 mm in diameter) of about 40 cm in length, with a window (8 × 10 cm ...201728185606
phylogenomic relationship of feijoa (acca sellowiana (o.berg) burret) with other myrtaceae based on complete chloroplast genome sequences.given their distribution, importance, and richness, myrtaceae species comprise a model system for studying the evolution of tropical plant diversity. in addition, chloroplast (cp) genome sequencing is an efficient tool for phylogenetic relationship studies. feijoa [acca sellowiana (o. berg) burret; cn: pineapple-guava] is a myrtaceae species that occurs naturally in southern brazil and northern uruguay. feijoa is known for its exquisite perfume and flavorful fruits, pharmacological properties, o ...201728185042
comparison between titrimetric and spectrophotometric methods for quantification of vitamin c.vitamin c is usually quantified by titrimetric or chromatographic methods. however, these methods have limitations: food color interferes with the titrimetric method and the chromatographic method is costly. the aim of this study was to compare a spectrophotometric method, based on reduction of cupric ions in the presence of cuproine complex, with a titrimetric method, based on reduction of 2,6-dicholorophenolindophenol. linearity, precision, accuracy, and limits of detection (lod) and quantific ...201728159298
evidence of some natural products with  antigenotoxic effects. part 1: fruits and  polysaccharides.cancer is one of the leading causes of deaths worldwide. the agents capable of causing damage to genetic material are known  as genotoxins and, according to their mode of action, are classified into mutagens, carcinogens or teratogens. genotoxins are  involved in the pathogenesis of several chronic degenerative diseases including hepatic, neurodegenerative and cardiovascular  disorders, diabetes, arthritis, cancer, chronic inflammation and ageing. in recent decades, researchers have found novel ...201728157162
pesticide exposure and cholinesterase levels in migrant farm workers in thailand.in this study, we examined the effects of pesticides in migrant farm workers from cambodia after workplace exposure on fruit plantations in eastern thailand.201728139185
using a radial diffusion method to investigate the role of plasmin degradation of fibrin in a physical model of an early-phase wound.fibrin clot formation, which acts to stabilize a wound following injury, is among the key early aspects of dermal wound healing. this preliminary matrix is eventually degraded via a process known as fibrinolysis and replaced with a collagen-rich matrix that continues to be remodeled to minimize scarring. disruptions in these carefully coordinated events lead to certain undesirable conditions such as fibrosis and the formation of abnormal scars that are associated with excess amounts of collagen. ...201728135202
a method for measuring orientation within a magnetic resonance imaging scanner using gravity and the static magnetic field (vectorient).in mri brain imaging, subject motion limits obtainable image clarity. due to the hardware layout of an mri scanner, gradient excitations can be used to rapidly detect position. orientation, however, is more difficult to detect and is commonly calculated by comparing the position measurements of multiple spatially constrained points to a reference dataset. the result is increased size of the apparatus the subject must wear, which can influence the imaging workflow. in optical based methods marker ...201728129151
physiological characterization and comparative transcriptome analysis of white and green leaves of ananas comosus var. bracteatus.leaf coloration is one of the most important and attractive characteristics of ananas comosus var. bracteatus. the chimeric character is not stable during the in vitro tissue culturing. many regenerated plants lost economic values for the loss of the chimeric character of leaves. in order to reveal the molecular mechanisms involved in the albino phenotype of the leaf cells, the physiological and transcriptional differences between complete white (cwh) and green (cgr) leaf cells of a. comosus var ...201728095462
side streams of plant food processing as a source of valuable compounds: selected examples.industrial processing of plant-derived raw materials generates enormous amounts of by-products. on one hand, these by-products constitute a serious disposal issue because they often emerge seasonally and are prone to microbial decay. on the other hand, they are an abundant source of valuable compounds, in particular secondary plant metabolites and cell wall materials, which may be recovered and used to functionalize foods and replace synthetic additives with ingredients of natural origin. this r ...201728068488
therapeutic uses of pineapple-extracted bromelain in surgical care - a review.bromelain is an extract obtained from the pineapple plant and is used as a traditional folk remedy for several ailments. in this review, a comprehensive electronic database search was carried out to compile available literature on therapeutic implications of bromelain. pharmaceutical value of bromelain has been demonstrated in different surgical sub-specialties. diverse biological processes like anti-inflammatory, anti-oedematous, analgesic, anti-thrombotic, exfoliation etc. are involved in brom ...201728065968
enhanced swelling and responsive properties of pineapple peel carboxymethyl cellulose-g-poly(acrylic acid-co-acrylamide) superabsorbent hydrogel by the introduction of carclazyte.the superabsorbent hydrogels were synthesized by grafting acrylic acid and acrylamide onto pineapple peel carboxymethyl cellulose and effect of carclazyte introduction was compared. the structure and morphology of the superabsorbents were investigated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and field emission scanning electron microscopy. swelling behaviors of the superabsorbents were investigated in distilled water, 0.9% nacl solution, various salt and ph solutions, as we ...201728049294
callus cell, shoot and stem proliferation data from pineapple crown and banana inflorescence in vitro: biochemical and antioxidant properties.the data article contains the experimental data and images on the callus cell, shoot and stem proliferation from pineapple crown slice and banana inflorescence in vitro. investigated data are related to the research article "effects of benzylaminopurine and naphthalene acetic acid on proliferation and shoot growth of pineapple (ananas comosus l. merr) in vitro" alsaif et al. (2011) [1] and "plantlet production through development of competent multiple meristem cultures from male inflorescence of ...201728004025
study on optimization of process parameters for enhancing the multi-hydrolytic enzyme activity in garbage enzyme produced from preconsumer organic waste.the garbage enzymes produced from preconsumer organic waste containing multi hydrolytic enzyme activity which helps to solubilize the waste activated sludge. the continuous production of garbage enzyme and its scaling up process need a globe optimized condition. in present study the effect of fruit peel composition and sonication time on enzyme activity were investigated. garbage enzyme produced from 6g pineapple peels: 4g citrus peels pre-treated with ultrasound for 20min shows higher hydrolyti ...201728002780
early histological, hormonal, and molecular changes during pineapple (ananas comosus (l.) merrill) artificial flowering induction.natural flowering can cause serious scheduling problems in the pineapple (ananas comosus) industry and increase harvest costs. pineapple flowering is thought to be triggered by increased ethylene levels and artificial forcing of pineapple flowering is a common practice to promote flowering synchronisation. however, little is known about the early hormonal and molecular changes of pineapple flowering induction and development. here, we aimed to analyse the molecular, hormonal, and histological ch ...201727988471
sustainable biobutanol production from pineapple waste by using clostridium acetobutylicum b 527: drying kinetics study.present investigation explores the use of pineapple peel, a food industry waste, for acetone-butanol-ethanol (abe) production using clostridium acetobutylicum b 527. proximate analysis of pineapple peel shows that it contains 35% cellulose, 19% hemicellulose, and 16% lignin on dry basis. drying experiments on pineapple peel waste were carried out in the temperature range of 60-120°c and experimental drying data was modeled using moisture diffusion control model to study its effect on abe product ...201727939964
novel biocomposite of carboxymethyl chitosan and pineapple peel carboxymethylcellulose as sunscreen carrier.this study aims to prepare of biocomposite of carboxymethyl chitosan (cm-chitosan) and carboxymethylcellulose (cmc) from ananas comosus (pineapple) peel for use as broad spectrum sunscreen carrier. biocomposite was produced by using ferulic acid (fa), a plant extract, as crosslinker with the optimal ratio of cmc: cm-chitosan: fa at 1:2:4%w. ft-ir technique demonstrated that crosslinking may occur at amine group of cm-chitosan and carboxyl group of fa and hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl group o ...201727777081
prevalence of oral allergy syndrome in children with allergic diseases.the oral allergy syndrome (oas) is a particular type of food allergy rarely explored in the paediatric population that is already considered an adult problem.201727567321
heterologous expression of the plant cysteine protease bromelain and its inhibitor in pichia pastoris.expression of proteases in heterologous hosts remains an ambitious challenge due to severe problems associated with digestion of host proteins. on the other hand, proteases are broadly used in industrial applications and resemble promising drug candidates. bromelain is an herbal drug that is medicinally used for treatment of oedematous swellings and inflammatory conditions and consists in large part of proteolytic enzymes. even though various experiments underline the requirement of active cyste ...201727860461
chemical and antioxidant properties of snake tomato (trichosanthes cucumerina) juice and pineapple (ananas comosus) juice blends and their changes during storage.juice blends made from the mixture of snake tomato (trichosanthes cucumerina) and pineapple (ananas comosus) fruits were analyzed for ph, antioxidant properties, total titratable acidity, vitamin c, lycopene and total phenolic contents after different blend ratios were made. the addition of snake tomato juice increased the vitamin c, total carotene, lycopene and antioxidant properties of the juice blends. the radical scavenging properties of juice blends containing a higher ratio of snake tomato ...201727855888
the biochemical characterization, stabilization studies and the antiproliferative effect of bromelain against b16f10 murine melanoma cells.the current study aims to extract bromelain from different parts (stem, crown, peels, pulp and leaves) of ananas comosus var. comosus agb 772; to determine of optimum ph and temperature; to test bromelain stability in disodium edta and sodium benzoate, and to investigate its pharmacological activity on b16f10 murine melanoma cells in vitro. the highest enzymatic activity was found in bromelain extracted from the pulp and peel. the optimum bromelain ph among all studied pineapple parts was 6.0. t ...201727855525
organic amendments enhance pb tolerance and accumulation during micropropagation of daphne jasminea.the study investigated the effects of organic amendments: pineapple pulp (pp) and agar hydrolyzate (ah), on micropropagation and pb bioaccumulation and tolerance in a woody shrub daphne jasminea cultured in vitro. the amendments were analyzed for their content of carbohydrates, phenolic acids, and phytohormones and added at a dose of 10 ml l(-1) to the medium containing 1.0 mm lead nitrate. micropropagation coefficient increased by 10.2-16.6 % in pp and ah variants, respectively. growth toleranc ...201727815856
bromelain: from production to commercialisation.bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes found in pineapple (ananas comosus) plants. it can be found in several parts of the pineapple plant, including the stem, fruit, leaves and peel. high demand for bromelain has resulted in gradual increases in bromelain production. these increases have led to the need for a bromelain production strategy that yields more purified bromelain at a lower cost and with fewer production steps. previously, bromelain was purified by conventional centrifugation, ...201727790704
transcriptome profiling of the pineapple under low temperature to facilitate its breeding for cold tolerance.the pineapple (ananas comosus) is cold sensitive. most cultivars are injured during winter periods, especially in sub-tropical regions. there is a lack of molecular information on the pineapple's response to cold stress. in this study, high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and gene expression analysis were performed on plantlets of a cold-tolerant genotype of the pineapple cultivar 'shenwan' before and after cold treatment. a total of 1,186 candidate cold responsive genes were identified, and ...201727656892
effect of acoustically assisted treatments on vitamins, antioxidant activity, organic acids and drying kinetics of pineapple.the effects of the application of an acoustically assisted treatment on the vitamins (c, b1, b2, b3, and b5), the antioxidant activity (dpph, frap), the polyphenol and flavonoid contents, the organic acid contents (citric and malic) and drying kinetics of pineapple (ananas comosus var. perola) have been studied. treatments were carried out using two different soaking media: distilled water and pineapple juice at 30°c during 10, 20 and 30min without and with acoustic assistance (23.2w/l). after t ...201727639524
investigation of endophytic bacterial community in supposedly axenic cultures of pineapple and orchids with evidence on abundant intracellular bacteria.asepsis, defined as the absence of microbial contamination, is one of the most important requirements of plant micropropagation. in long-term micropropagated cultures, there may occasionally occur scattered microorganism growth in the culture medium. these microorganisms are common plant components and are known as latent endophytes. thus, the aim of this research was to investigate the presence of endophytic bacteria in asymptomatic pineapple and orchid microplants, which were cultivated in thr ...201727866249
ultrasound treatment on phenolic metabolism and antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut pineapple during cold storage.ultrasound treatment at different power output (0, 25 and 29w) and exposure time (10 and 15min) was used to investigate its effect on the phenolic metabolism enzymes, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of fresh-cut pineapple. following ultrasound treatment at 25 and 29w, the activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal) was increased significantly (p<0.05) by 2.0 and 1.9-fold, when compared to control. meanwhile, both the activity of polyphenol oxidase (ppo) and polyphenol peroxidas ...201727596416
effect of pineapple waste powder on probiotic growth, antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of yogurt.although many fruit by-products are good sources of nutrients, little is known about their prebiotic potential. this research was aimed at establishing the prebiotic effect of pineapple wastes on probiotics including lactobacillus (l.) acidophilus (atcc® 4356™), l. casei (atcc® 393™) and l. paracasei spp. paracasei (atcc® baa52™) and the subsequent release of antioxidant and antimutagenic peptides in yogurt during their growth. oven- and freeze- dried peel and pomace were milled separately into ...201627570295
in vitro physicochemical, phytochemical and functional properties of fiber rich fractions derived from by-products of six fruits.a comparative study was done on the health promoting and functional properties of the fibers obtained as by-products from six fruits viz., pomace of carambola (averrhoa carambola l.) and pineapple (ananas comosus l. merr), peels of watermelon (citrullus lanatus), burmese grape (baccurea sapida muell. arg) and khasi mandarin orange (citrus reticulata blanco), and blossom of seeded banana (musa balbisiana, abb). highest yield of fiber was obtained from burmese grape peel (bgpl, 79.94 ± 0.41 g/100  ...201627570274
dietary and non-dietary triggers of oral ulcer recurrences in behçet's disease.the nature and impact of food and other external triggers in recurrences of behçet's disease (bd)-related oral ulcers (ous) remain unknown. this survey investigated dietary and non-dietary triggers of bd-related ou recurrences.201627863145
pain in the early phase of pediatric pancreatitis (pineapple trial): pre-study protocol of a multinational prospective clinical trial.there are unexpectedly large differences between the incidences of acute pancreatitis (ap) as indicated by different hospitals. retrospective studies suggest that the reason behind this is the large differences that exist between the local managements of abdominal pain at emergency units. unfortunately, no evidence-based medicine (ebm) guidelines are available to give proper instruction concerning the necessity of serum pancreatic enzyme measurement during abdominal pain.201626641250
reverse micellar extraction of bromelain from pineapple peel--effect of surfactant structure.pineapple peel is generally disposed or used as compost. this study was focused on extracting bromelain from pineapple peel by using reverse micelles. it was found that gemini surfactant c12-8-c12·2br (octamethylene-α,ω-bis(dimethyldodecylammonium bromide)) showed distinctive advantage over its monomeric counterpart dtab (dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide); under optimized condition, the bromelain extracted with c12-8-c12·2br reverse micelle had an activity recovery of 163% and a purification f ...201626616974
ethanol determination in frozen fruit pulps: an application of quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance.this study reports the chemical composition of five types of industrial frozen fruit pulps (acerola, cashew, grape, passion fruit and pineapple fruit pulps) and compares them with homemade pulps at two different stages of ripening. the fruit pulps were characterized by analyzing their metabolic profiles and determining their ethanol content using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qnmr). in addition, principal component analysis (pca) was applied to extract more information from the nmr da ...201626578064
discovery of a sexual cycle in talaromyces amestolkiae.talaromyces amestolkiae is a common cosmopolitan species that has been cultured from indoor house dust, sputum and lungs from cystic fibrosis patients, indoor air, wheat, soil, pineapple, sculptures and manure. it was described as an asexual talaromyces species and was reported to produce black sclerotia. in this study we report on the induction of sexual reproductive structures in t. amestolkiae. the mating type of 18 t. amestolkiae strains was determined with mat-specific primers. subsequently ...201626577610
effects of pineapple byproduct and canola oil as fat replacers on physicochemical and sensory qualities of low-fat beef burger.pineapple byproduct and canola oil were evaluated as fat replacers on physicochemical and sensory characteristics of low-fat burgers. five treatments were performed: conventional (cn, 20% fat) and four low-fat formulations (10% fat): control (ct), pineapple byproduct (pa), canola oil (co), pineapple byproduct and canola oil (pc). higher water and fat retention and lower cooking loss and diameter reduction were found in burgers with byproduct addition. in raw burgers, byproduct incorporation redu ...201626562792
stability, purification, and applications of bromelain: a review.bromelain is a cysteine protease found in pineapple tissue. because of its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities, as well as its ability to induce apoptotic cell death, bromelain has proved useful in several therapeutic areas. the market for this protease is growing, and several studies exploring various properties of this molecule have been reported. this review aims to compile this data, and summarize the main findings on bromelain in the literature to date. the physicochemical properti ...201626518672
development of functional beverages from blends of hibiscus sabdariffa extract and selected fruit juices for optimal antioxidant properties.the demand for functional foods and drinks with health benefit is on the increase. the synergistic effect from mixing two or more of such drinks cannot be overemphasized. this study was carried out to formulate and investigate the effects of blends of two or more of pineapple, orange juices, carrot, and hibiscus sabdariffa extracts (hse) on the antioxidant properties of the juice formulations in order to obtain a combination with optimal antioxidant properties. experimental design was carried ou ...201627625770
environmental risk assessment of pesticides in the river madre de dios, costa rica using perpest, ssd, and mspaf models.this study assesses the ecological risks (era) of pesticides to aquatic organisms in the river madre de dios (rmd), which receives surface runoff water from banana, pineapple, and rice plantations on the caribbean coast of costa rica. water samples collected over 2 years at five sites in the rmd revealed a total of 26 pesticides. their toxicity risk to aquatic organisms was assessed using three recent era models. (1) the perpest model showed a high probability (>50 %) of clear toxic effects of p ...201627617335
potential role of bromelain in clinical and therapeutic applications.pineapple has been used as part of traditional folk medicine since ancient times and it continues to be present in various herbal preparations. bromelain is a complex mixture of protease extracted from the fruit or stem of the pineapple plant. although the complete molecular mechanism of action of bromelain has not been completely identified, bromelain gained universal acceptability as a phytotherapeutic agent due to its history of safe use and lack of side effects. bromelain is widely administe ...201627602208
lower tier toxicity risk assessment of agriculture pesticides detected on the río madre de dios watershed, costa rica.costa rica is a tropical country with one of the highest biodiversity on earth. it also has an intensive agriculture, and pesticide runoff from banana and pineapple plantations may cause a high toxicity risk to non-target species in rivers downstream the plantations. we performed a first tier risk assessment of the maximum measured concentrations of 32 pesticides detected over 4 years in the river madre de dios (rmd) and its coastal lagoon on the caribbean coast of costa rica. species sensitivit ...201627783250
an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy system for monitoring pineapple waste saccharification.electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (eis) has been used for monitoring the enzymatic pineapple waste hydrolysis process. the system employed consists of a device called advanced voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy &amp; potentiometry analyzer (avispa) equipped with a specific software application and a stainless steel double needle electrode. eis measurements were conducted at different saccharification time intervals: 0, 0.75, 1.5, 6, 12 and 24 h. partial least squares (pls) were used to mod ...201626861317
evaluation of the enzymatic activity and stability of commercial bromelain incorporated in topical formulations.bromelain is a mixture of proteolytic enzymes found in various tissues of the pineapple plant (ananas comosus) and other species of bromeliaceae. owing to its proteolytic activity, bromelain has been used in the food, medical, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, for its cell renewal, anti-ageing, whitening and anti-cellulite properties.201626833020
phyllotaxis: a framework for foam topological evolution.phyllotaxis describes the arrangement of florets, scales or leaves in composite flowers or plants (daisy, aster, sunflower, pinecone, pineapple). as a structure, it is a geometrical foam, the most homogeneous and densest covering of a large disk by voronoi cells (the florets), constructed by a simple algorithm: points placed regularly on a generative spiral constitute a spiral lattice, and phyllotaxis is the tiling by the voronoi cells of the spiral lattice. locally, neighboring cells are organi ...201626810397
pineapple by-product and canola oil as partial fat replacers in low-fat beef burger: effects on oxidative stability, cholesterol content and fatty acid profile.the effect of freeze-dried pineapple by-product and canola oil as fat replacers on the oxidative stability, cholesterol content and fatty acid profile of low-fat beef burgers was evaluated. five treatments were performed: conventional (cn, 20% fat) and four low-fat formulations (10% fat): control (ct), pineapple by-product (pa), canola oil (co), and pineapple by-product and canola oil (pc). low-fat cooked burgers showed a mean cholesterol content reduction of 9.15% compared to the cn. canola oil ...201626775152
leaf malate and succinate accumulation are out of phase throughout the development of the cam plant ananas comosus.in plants with crassulacean acid metabolism (cam), organic acids, mainly malate are crucial intermediates for carbon fixation. in this research we studied the circadian oscillations of three organic anions (malate, citrate, and succinate) in ananas comosus, assessing the effect of season and plant development stage. seasonal and plant development dependencies were observed. the circadian oscillations of malate and citrate were typical of cam pathways reported in the literature. citrate content w ...201626773544
dietary patterns and retinal vascular calibre in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.to examine the association between dietary patterns and retinal vascular calibre in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.201626749006
novel species and expanded distribution of ellipsoidal multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes.multicellular magnetotactic prokaryotes (mmps) are a peculiar group of magnetotactic bacteria, each comprising approximately 10-100 cells of the same phylotype. two morphotypes of mmp have been identified, including several species of globally distributed spherical mulberry-like mmps (s-mmps), and two species of ellipsoidal pineapple-like mmps (e-mmps) from china (qingdao and rongcheng cities). we recently collected e-mmps from mediterranean sea sediments (six-fours-les-plages) and drummond isla ...201626711721
antibacterial activity of papain and bromelain on alicyclobacillus spp.alicyclobacillus spp. are spore forming bacteria that are often related to the deterioration of acidic products such as beverages and citrus juices. after the process of industrial pasteurization, the spore produced by the bacteria can germinate and the microorganism can grow, causing sensory abnormalities in the product. alternative biopreservatives, such as the antimicrobial compounds, are of considerable importance to the food industry. papain and bromelain are proteolytic enzymes derived fro ...201626476327
modulation of lipopolysaccharide stimulated nuclear factor kappa b mediated inos/no production by bromelain in rat primary microglial cells.microglial cells act as the sentinel of the central nervous system .they are involved in neuroprotection but are highly implicated in neurodegeneration of the aging brain. when over-activated, microglia release pro-inflammatory factors, such as nitric oxide (no) and cytokines, which are critical in eliciting neuroinflammatory responses associated with neurodegenerative diseases. this study examined whether bromelain, the pineapple-derived extract, may exert an anti-inflammatory effect in primary ...201626459398
iron migration from undamaged and dented juice tinplate cans.iron migration from tinplate cans to pineapple drink was studied over time using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy, taking into consideration storage temperature, sell-by date and can condition (dented/undamaged). an organoleptic test, at the sell-by date, was also performed.201626402218
plasticity of crassulacean acid metabolism at subtropical latitudes: a pineapple case study.plants with the crassulacean acid metabolism (cam) express high-metabolic plasticity, to adjust to environmental stresses. this article hypothesizes that irradiance and nocturnal temperatures are the major limitations for cam at higher latitudes such as the azores (37°45'n). circadian cam expression in ananas comosus l. merr. (pineapple) was assessed by the diurnal pattern of leaf carbon fixation into l-malate at the solstices and equinoxes, and confirmed by determining maximal phosphoenolpyruva ...201626362993
molecularly imprinted calixarene fiber for solid-phase microextraction of four organophosphorous pesticides in fruits.calixarene was used as a functional monomer to fabricate a molecularly imprinted polymer (mip) by sol-gel technique for solid-phase microextraction (spme) of parathion-methyl and its structural analogs. the mip-coated fiber possessed excellent thermal and chemical stability as well as high extraction capacity. its selectivity and possible recognition mechanism were investigated. the similarities in molecular shape and functional group play a key role in the selective recognition of the imprinted ...201626304345
second generation bioethanol potential from selected malaysia's biodiversity biomasses: a review.rising global temperature, worsening air quality and drastic declining of fossil fuel reserve are the inevitable phenomena from the disorganized energy management. bioethanol is believed to clear out the effects as being an energy-derivable product sourced from renewable organic sources. second generation bioethanol interests many researches from its unique source of inedible biomass, and this paper presents the potential of several selected biomasses from malaysia case. as one of countries with ...201626253329
a comparative study on the effect of conventional thermal pasteurisation, microwave and ultrasound treatments on the antioxidant activity of five fruit juices.a comparative study on the effect of conventional thermal pasteurisation, microwave and ultrasound treatments on the phytochemical and antioxidant activities of juices from carambola (averrhoa carambola l.), black jamun (syzygium cumuni l.skeels.), watermelon (citrullus lanatus var lanatus), pineapple (ananas comosus l. merr) and litchi (litchi chinensis sonn.) was carried out. depending on the type of fruit sample and treatment, increase or decrease in phytochemical values was observed. overall ...201626190045
opportunities and challenges in application of forward osmosis in food processing.food processing and preservation technologies must maintain the fresh-like characteristics of food while providing an acceptable and convenient shelf life as well as assuring safety and nutritional value. besides, the consumers' demand for the highest quality convenience foods in terms of natural flavor and taste, free from additives and preservatives necessitated the development of a number of membrane-based non-thermal approaches to the concentration of liquid foods, of which forward osmosis h ...201625036521
cattle management practices and milk production on mixed smallholder organic pineapple farms in central uganda.a longitudinal study to assess animal management practices and milk production was conducted for a period of 12 months on 30 smallholder farms keeping dairy cattle and certified organic pineapple production in luwero and kayunga districts, based on questionnaire and on-farm collected data. farm sizes were 9.3 ± 6.7 acres in tethering system and 4.3 ± 2.6 acres in zero-grazing. fifty-four percent of the zero-grazing herds had animal housing facilities. all farmers in tethering system kept cows on ...201627539231
postharvest internal browning of pineapple fruit originates at the phloem.a typical symptom of postharvest chilling injury (pci) in pineapple fruit (ananas comosus (l.) merr.) is internal browning (ib) near the fruit core. since vascular bundles (vbs) are localized to this region, it was hypothesized that the vbs might be the site of ib. to test this, the anatomy and histochemistry of vbs during chilling stress in four pineapple cultivars with different levels of sensitivity to pci were examined. fruit were stored at 10°c for up to three weeks to stimulate translucenc ...201627517640
comparison of cheese and paneer whey for production of a functional pineapple beverage: nutraceutical properties and shelf life.whey, a dairy byproduct offers a challenging task in terms of its disposal. two functional beverages were produced by blending pineapple juice with cheese whey (w1b) and paneer whey (w2b) at different concentrations (10 %, 20 % and 30 %). the beverages were compared for physico-chemical, microbial and nutraceutical properties over a period of 60 days. whey addition significantly improved various physico-chemical parameters of the beverages. higher protein content in w1b and a higher mineral cont ...201627478211
usage of plant food supplements (pfs) for weight control in six european countries: results from the plantlibra pfs consumer survey 2011-2012.obesity is increasing worldwide and weight-control strategies, including the consumption of plant food supplements (pfs), are proliferating. this article identifies the herbal ingredients in pfs consumed for weight control and by overweight/obese dieters in six european countries, and explores the relationship between their consumption and their self-reported bmi.201627465483
a comprehensive and comparative gc-ms metabolomics study of non-volatiles in tanzanian grown mango, pineapple, jackfruit, baobab and tamarind fruits.tropical fruits contribute significantly to the total fruit intake worldwide. however, their metabolomes have not yet been investigated comprehensively, as most previous studies revealed only volatile and bulk compositions. this study compares non-volatile metabolites of five fruits grown in tanzania. a new methodology is developed for broad-spectrum gc-ms metabolomics in fruits using a new derivatization and a two dimensional peak deconvolution techniques. a total of 92 peaks were detected from ...201627451236
a magnetic tri-enzyme nanobiocatalyst for fruit juice clarification.the major complications in fruit juice quality improvement are the presence of polysaccharides components in the form of disrupted fruit cell wall and cell materials. hence, breakdown of cellulose along with pectin and starch is important for the juice processing. in this context, magnetic tri-enzyme nanobiocatalyst was prepared by simultaneously co-immobilizing three enzymes; α-amylase, pectinase and cellulase onto amino-functionalized magnetic nanoparticle by 60mm glutaraldehyde concentration ...201627451184
investigation of uterotonic properties of ananas comosus extracts.in folklore medicine ananas comosus (pineapple) is reputed to act as an abortifacient and in expectant women as a means of inducing labor. several reports have claimed abortifacient property of a. comosus fruit (ripe or unripe). ripe fruit has been used orally as traditional medicine in inducing abortion in kerala state of india while the juice of unripe fruit was used for abortion in bangladesh. however, scientific evidence supporting the efficacy of pineapple extracts in inducing uterine contr ...201627426506
pineapple waste extract for preventing oxidation in model food systems.pineapple (ananas comosus) is consumed in the form of chunks (canned), cubes, fruit salad, and also in juices, concentrates, and jams. in the processes to produce these products, the waste generated represents a high percentage of the total fruit. some studies have shown that residues of certain fruits, such as pineapple, have the same antioxidant activity as the fruit pulp. so although these residues are discarded, they could be used as an alternative source of polyphenols, as natural antioxida ...201627384012
the draft genome of md-2 pineapple using hybrid error correction of long reads.the introduction of the elite pineapple variety, md-2, has caused a significant market shift in the pineapple industry. better productivity, overall increased in fruit quality and taste, resilience to chilled storage and resistance to internal browning are among the key advantages of the md-2 as compared with its previous predecessor, the smooth cayenne. here, we present the genome sequence of the md-2 pineapple (ananas comosus (l.) merr.) by using the hybrid sequencing technology from two highl ...201627374615
evaluation of nutritional and antioxidant properties of the tropical fruits banana, litchi, mango, papaya, passion fruit and pineapple cultivated in réunion french island.much attention is paid to the beneficial action of fruits against obesity-related oxidative stress. this study evaluated nutritional and antioxidant properties of banana, litchi, mango, papaya, passion fruit and pineapple from réunion french island. results showed that total amounts of carbohydrates, vitamin c and carotenoids were 7.7-67.3g glucose equivalent, 4.7-84.9mg ascorbic acid equivalent and 26.6-3829.2μg β-carotene equivalent/100g fresh weight, respectively. polyphenols were detected as ...201627374527
sexual versus asexual reproduction: distinct outcomes in relative abundance of parthenogenetic mealybugs following recent colonization.asexual reproduction, including parthenogenesis in which embryos develop within a female without fertilization, is assumed to confer advantages over sexual reproduction, which includes a "cost of males." sexual reproduction largely predominates in animals, however, indicating that this cost is outweighed by the genetic and/or ecological benefits of sexuality, including the acquisition of advantageous mutations occurring in different individuals and the elimination of deleterious mutations. but t ...201627322381
characterization of a polyhydroxyalkanoate obtained from pineapple peel waste using ralsthonia eutropha.agro-industrial waste can be the production source of biopolymers such as polyhydroxyalkanoates. the aim of this study was to produce and characterize polyhydroxyalkanoates produced from pineapple peel waste fermentation processes. the methodology includes different pineapple peel waste fermentation conditions. the produced biopolymer was characterized using ftir, gc-ms and nmr. the best fermentation condition for biopolymer production was obtained using ph 9, carbon/nitrogen 11, carbon/phosphor ...201627316828
hyaluronic acid grafted plga copolymer nanoparticles enhance the targeted delivery of bromelain in ehrlich's ascites carcinoma.rapidly increasing malignant neoplastic disease demands immediate attention. several dietary compounds have recently emerged as strong anti-cancerous agents. among, bromelain (bl), a protease from pineapple plant, was used to enhance its anti-cancerous efficacy using nanotechnology. in lieu of this, hyaluronic acid (ha) grafted plga copolymer, having tumor targeting ability, was developed. bl was encapsulated in copolymer to obtain bl-copolymer nanoparticles (nps) that ranged between 140 to 281n ...201627287553
amyloidogenic behavior of different intermediate state of stem bromelain: a biophysical insight.stem bromelain, a cysteine proteases from ananas comosus is a widely accepted therapeutic drug with broad medicinal application. it exists as intermediate states at ph 2.0 and 10.0, where it encountered in gastrointestinal tract during adsorption (acidic ph) and in gut epithelium (alkaline ph), respectively. in this study, we monitored the thermal aggregation/amyloid formation of sb at different ph intermediate states. thermal treatment of stem bromelain at ph 10.0 favors the fibrillation in whi ...201627259642
molecular cloning and characterization of four genes encoding ethylene receptors associated with pineapple (ananas comosus l.) flowering.exogenous ethylene, or ethephon, has been widely used to induce pineapple flowering, but the molecular mechanism behind ethephon induction is still unclear. in this study, we cloned four genes encoding ethylene receptors (designated acers1a, acers1b, acetr2a, and acetr2b). the 5' flanking sequences of these four genes were also cloned by self-formed adaptor pcr and sitefinding-pcr, and a group of putative cis-acting elements was identified. phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that acers1a, acer ...201627252725
ananas comosus effect on perineal pain and wound healing after episiotomy: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial.ananas comosus has long been used for medical purposes. currently, we are experiencing an unprecedented interest in the use of complementary medicine as well as a growing attention to traditional products such as bromelain for wound healing and reducing pain.201627247780
current trends of tropical fruit waste utilization.recent rapid growth of the world's population has increased food demands. this phenomenon poses a great challenge for food manufacturers in maximizing the existing food or plant resources. nowadays, the recovery of health benefit bioactive compounds from fruit wastes is a research trend not only to help minimize the waste burden, but also to meet the intensive demand from the public for phenolic compounds which are believed to have protective effects against chronic diseases. this review is focu ...201627246698
comparison between brazilian agro-wastes and activated carbon as adsorbents to remove ni(ii) from aqueous solutions.this research was performed to find an alternative, low-cost, competitive, locally available and efficient adsorbent to treat nickel (ni) containing effluents. for this purpose, several brazilian agro-wastes like sugarcane bagasse (scb), passion fruit wastes (pfw), orange peel (op) and pineapple peel (pp) were compared with an activated carbon (ac). the adsorbents were characterized. effects of fundamental factors affecting the adsorption were investigated using batch tests. kinetic and equilibr ...201627232408
modified pineapple peel cellulose hydrogels embedded with sepia ink for effective removal of methylene blue.novel composite hydrogels based on pineapple peel cellulose and sepia ink were synthesized by homogeneous acetylation of cellulose in ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. the structure and morphology of the prepared hydrogels were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscope, x-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry. the effects of acetylation time, acetylation temperature, molar ratio of acet ...201627185109
anti-rheumatic activity of ananas comosus fruit peel extract in a complete freund's adjuvant rat model.rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, autoimmune and systemic inflammatory disease, which targets synovial joints leading to joint destruction mediated in part by migration of inflammatory cells into the synovial tissue.201627181794
use of honey associated with ananas comosus (bromelin) in the treatment of acute irritative cough.to evaluate the immediate improvement rate of irritative cough in patients treated with the combination of ananas comosus extract and honey (bromelin(®)) compared with the use of honey alone (placebo group).201627181342
formulation development of topical cream loaded with ananas comosus extract: in vivo evaluation for changes in skin barrier function using biophysical techniques.the prime objective of current investigation was to develop a topical skin care cream (w/o) loaded with ananas comosus extract versus placebo control, and evaluated non-invasively for changes in skin barrier function i.e., epidermal hydration levels and transepidermal water loss (tewl), on healthy human volunteers. active cream carrying 2% extract of ananas comosus in the internal phase of w/o emulsion was prepared while placebo contained no extract. stability assessment of both creams was perfo ...201627180442
nucleotides, micro- and macro-nutrients, limonoids, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamates composition in the phloem sap of sweet orange.currently, the global citrus production is declining due to the spread of huanglongbing (hlb). hlb, otherwise known as citrus greening, is caused by candidatus liberibacter asiaticus (clas) and is transmitted by the asian citrus psyllids (acp), diaphorina citri kuwayama. acp transmits clas bacterium while feeding on the citrus phloem sap. multiplication of clas in the phloem of citrus indicates that the sap contains all the essential nutrients needed for clas. in this study, we investigated the ...201627171979
insights into the key aroma compounds in mango (mangifera indica l. 'haden') fruits by stable isotope dilution quantitation and aroma simulation experiments.thirty-four aroma-active compounds, previously identified with high flavor dilution factors by application of an aroma extract dilution analysis, were quantified in tree-ripened fruits of mango (mangifera indica l. 'haden'). from the results, the odor activity value (oav) was calculated for each compound as the ratio of its concentration in the mangoes to its odor threshold in water. oavs > 1 were obtained for 24 compounds, among which ethyl 2-methylbutanoate (fruity; oav 2100), (3e,5z)-undeca-1 ...201627167034
new insights for diagnosis of pineapple fusariosis by maldi-tof ms technique.fusarium is one of the most economically important fungal genus, since it includes many pathogenic species which cause a wide range of plant diseases. morphological or molecular biology identification of fusarium species is a limiting step in the fast diagnosis and treatment of plant disease caused by these fungi. mass spectrometry by matrix-assisted laser/desorption ionisation-time-of-flight (maldi-tof)-based fingerprinting approach was applied to the fungal growth monitoring and direct detecti ...201627117163
effect of methyl butyrate aroma on the survival and viability of human breast cancer cells in vitro.aroma can have far reaching effects on mind, body and soul. pleasant aromas are known to have a soothing effect on the mind and are known to relieve stress and enhance concentration. recently, it has been demonstrated that aroma may also have some curative effects as well as benefits and can be used both for prophylaxis and therapy of diseases. our aim was to test our hypothesis whether aroma can cure or prevent cancer. methyl butyrate (mb) is the methyl ester of butyric acid having a characteri ...201627106628
comparative study of the physicochemical, compositional and functional properties of eight flours obtained from different plant materials found in colombia.the physicochemical, compositional and functional properties of flour from green plantains (musa acuminata) of the large green plantain variety, oyster mushrooms (pleorotus ostreatus), pineapple peel (ananas comosus) of the 'apple pineapple' variety, yellow peas (pisum sativum), chickpeas (cicer arietinum), whole grain rice (oryza sativa), whole grain corn (zea mays) and whole grain white quinoa (chenopodium quinoa) were evaluated by using one-way analysis of variance, pearson correlations and p ...201627091150
dietary supplementation of green synthesized manganese-oxide nanoparticles and its effect on growth performance, muscle composition and digestive enzyme activities of the giant freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii.the green synthesized mn3o4 nanoparticles (manganese-oxide nanoparticles) using ananas comosus (l.) peel extract was characterized by various techniques. hr-sem photograph showed that manganese-oxide nanoparticles (mn-oxide nps) were spherical in shape, with an average size of 40-50 nm. the zeta potential revealed the surface charge of mn-oxide nps to be negative. further, the mn-oxide nps were dietary supplemented for freshwater prawn macrobrachium rosenbergii. the experimental basal diets were ...201627049122
the physico-chemical properties of some citrus seeds and seed oils.the chemical properties, mineral contents, fatty acid and tocopherol contents of seed and seed oils of some citrus genus provided from several locations in turkey and saudi arabia were determined. while ca contents of seeds were between 5018 mg/kg (kütdiken lemon) and 7619 mg/kg (kinnow mandarin), k contents of seeds varied between 7007 mg/kg (orlando orange) and 10334 mg/kg (kinnow mandarin). glucose and fructose contents of citrus seed samples varied between 3.75 g/kg and 5.75 g/kg, and 4.09 g ...201627023319
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