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ice-binding proteins confer freezing tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana.lolium perenne is a freeze-tolerant perennial ryegrass capable of withstanding temperatures below -13 °c. ice-binding proteins (ibps) presumably help prevent damage associated with freezing by restricting the growth of ice crystals in the apoplast. we have investigated the expression, localization and in planta freezing protection capabilities of two l. perenne ibp isoforms, lpiri2 and lpiri3, as well as a processed ibp (lpafp). one of these isoforms, lpiri2, lacks a conventional signal peptide ...201727317906
first record of the root knot nematode, <i>meloidogyne</i> <i>minor</i> in new zealand with description, sequencing information and key to known species of <i>meloidogyne</i> in new zealand.meloidogyne minor karssen et al. 2004 was collected from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) growing in a sports ground in christchurch, new zealand. this is a new record for m. minor, the first report of this nematode occurring in new zealand, and the second report from the southern hemisphere (after chile). in general, the new zealand isolate of m. minor corresponds well to the descriptions of m. minor given by karssen et al. (2004). the new zealand isolate is characterized by having a fema ...201728187538
symb and symc, two membrane associated proteins, are required for epichloë festucae hyphal cell-cell fusion and maintenance of a mutualistic interaction with lolium perenne.cell-cell fusion in fungi is required for colony formation, nutrient transfer and signal transduction. disruption of genes required for hyphal fusion in epichloë festucae, a mutualistic symbiont of lolium grasses, severely disrupts the host interaction phenotype. they examined whether symb and symc, the e. festucae homologs of podospora anserina self-signaling genes idc2 and idc3, are required for e. festucae hyphal fusion and host symbiosis. deletion mutants of these genes were defective in hyp ...201727882646
improvement of phytoremediation of an aged petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil by rhodococcus erythropolis cd 106 strain.the aim of this study was to assess the impact of soil inoculation with the rhodococcus erythropolis cd 106 strain on the effectiveness of the phytoremediation of an aged hydrocarbon-contaminated (approx. 1% tph) soil using ryegrass (lolium perenne). the introduction of cd 106 into the soil significantly increased the biomass of ryegrass and the removal of hydrocarbons in planted soil. the fresh weight of the shoots and roots of plants inoculated with cd 106 increased by 49 and 30%, respectively ...201728103078
advances on the determination of thresholds of cu phytotoxicity in field-contaminated soils in central chile.to better determine phytotoxicity thresholds for metals in the soil, studies should use actual field-contaminated soil samples rather than metal-spiked soil preparations. however, there are surprisingly few such data available for cu phytotoxicity in field-contaminated soils. moreover, these studies differ from each other with regards to soil characteristics and experimental setups. this study aimed at more accurately estimating cu phytotoxicity thresholds using field-collected agricultural soil ...201728131477
effect of timing and type of supplementary grain on herbage intake, nitrogen utilization and milk production in dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture from evening to morning.the present study aimed to clarify the effect of timing and type of supplementary grain in grazing dairy cows on herbage dry matter intake (hdmi), nitrogen utilization and milk production. eight lactating cows were allowed to graze from evening to morning during three seasonal periods (spring, summer, autumn). they were randomly allocated to four treatments (timing: pre- (pre) or post-grazing (post), for large grain allotments consisting of 75% of daily grain offered; grain type: barley or corn) ...201727145745
cryopreservation of nili-ravi buffalo bull sperm in cryodiluent supplemented with lolium perenne protein preparations.semen from the nili-ravi buffalo bull, bubalus bubalis, shows poor survival after freeze storage compared to bovine (bos taurus and bos indicus) semen. freeze-susceptibility distinctions in these two genera have been attributed to differences in sperm membranes.201728376139
a review of perennial ryegrass endophytes and their potential use in the management of african black beetle in perennial grazing systems in australia.the major insect pest of australian cool temperate pastures is the root-feeding insect heteronychus arator (african black beetle, abb). significant pasture damage can occur even at low abb densities (11 individuals per square meter), and often re-sowing of the whole paddock is required. mitigation of the effects of pasture pests, and in particular subterranean species such as the larval form of abb, can be challenging. early detection is limited by the ability to visualize above-ground symptoms, ...201728154571
responses of plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acids to intravenous insulin tolerance tests in dairy cows during a 670-day lactation.the metabolic response of dairy cows undergoing an extended lactation to an insulin tolerance test (itt) was investigated. twelve multiparous holstein-friesian cows that calved in late winter in a pasture-based system were managed for a 670-d lactation by delaying rebreeding. four 5-wk experimental periods commenced at approximately 73, 217, 422, and 520 d in milk (dim). cows were offered a diet of perennial ryegrass (73 and 422 dim) or pasture hay and silage (217 and 520 dim) supplemented with ...201728131575
the effect of by-product inclusion level on milk production, nutrient digestibility and excretion, and rumen fermentation parameters in lactating dairy cows offered a pasture-based diet.the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of replacing barley and soybean meal with increasing levels of by-products on production, digestive, and metabolic parameters in early-mid lactation dairy cows offered perennial ryegrass-based pasture. forty-eight (32 multiparous and 16 primiparous) dairy cows that were 64 ± 24 d in milk were assigned to 1 of 4 pasture-based dietary treatments (n = 12) in a randomized block design experiment that ran for 70 d. treatments consisted of a p ...201727988110
using plant wax markers to estimate the diet composition of grazing holstein dairy cows.the objective of this study was to test whether diet selection of dairy cows under grazing conditions could be estimated using plant wax markers. furthermore, differences between 2 cow strains and the effect of concentrate supplementation on plant species selection were investigated. the experiment was a study with a crossover design performed on an organic farm with 12 swiss holstein cows and 12 new zealand holstein cows. both experimental periods consisted of a 21-d adaptation and a 7-d measur ...201727939548
[skin reactivity frequency to aeroallergens in patients with clinical symptoms of allergic disease].allergic diseases diagnosis must be based on adequate allergological anamnesis and an immunological sensitization test; the most sensitive and specific is the skin prick test.201728188708
how interacting fungal species and mineral nitrogen inputs affect transfer of nitrogen from litter via arbuscular mycorrhizal mycelium.in the karst landscape, widespread in the world including southern china, soil nutrient supply is strongly constrained. in such environments, arbuscular mycorrhizal (am) fungi may facilitate plant nutrient uptake. however, the possible role of different am fungal species, and their interactions, especially in transferring nitrogen (n) from litter to plant, is poorly understood. we conducted two microcosm experiments to investigate the role that two karst soil am fungi, glomus etunicatum and glom ...201728258426
prevalence of pollinosis in patients with allergic asthma, rhinitis and conjunctivitis in the south of mexico city 2007-2013.the prevalence of pollinosis has doubled in the past two decades. several studies suggest that up to 50% of adult residents of mexico city can present manifestations of respiratory allergy, and pollens from trees, grasses and weeds are a common cause. to determine the prevalence of their families and antigenic cross-reactivity allows us to offer appropriate diagnoses and treatments.201725177850
bacterial endophyte communities of three agricultural important grass species differ in their response towards management regimes.endophytic bacteria are critical for plant growth and health. however, compositional and functional responses of bacterial endophyte communities towards agricultural practices are still poorly understood. hence, we analyzed the influence of fertilizer application and mowing frequency on bacterial endophytes in three agriculturally important grass species. for this purpose, we examined bacterial endophytic communities in aerial plant parts of dactylis glomerata l., festuca rubra l., and lolium pe ...201728102323
do shallow soil, low water availability, or their combination increase the competition between grasses with different root systems in karst soil?uneven soil depth and low water availability are the key limiting factors to vegetation restoration and reconstruction in limestone soils such as in vulnerable karst regions. belowground competition will possibly increase under limited soil resources. here, we investigate whether low resource availability (including shallow soil, low water availability, and shallow soil and low water availability combined) stimulates the competition between grasses with different root systems in karst soil, by a ...201728283974
elymus repens biomass allocation and acquisition as affected by light and nutrient supply and companion crop competition.competitive crops are a central component of resource-efficient weed control, especially for problematic perennial weeds such as elymus repens competition not only reduces total weed biomass, but denial of resources can also change the allocation pattern - potentially away from the underground storage organs that make perennial weeds difficult to control. thus, the competition mode of crops may be an important component in the design of resource-efficient cropping systems. our aim was to determi ...201728025285
biocidal compounds from mentha sp. essential oils and their structure-activity relationships.essential oils from greek mentha species showed different chemical compositions for two populations of m. pulegium, characterized by piperitone and pulegone. mentha spicata essential oil was characterized by endocyclic piperitenone epoxide, piperitone epoxide, and carvone. the bioactivities of these essential oils and their components have been tested against insect pests (leptinotarsa decemlineata, spodoptera littoralis and myzus persicae), root-knot nematodes (meloydogine javanica) and plants ...201727770481
is the invasive species listronotus bonariensis (kuschel) (coleoptera: curculionidae) (argentine stem weevil) a threat to new zealand natural grassland ecosystems?listronotus bonariensis (argentine stem weevil) is a stem-boring weevil that has become a major pasture pest in new zealand, and cool climate turf grass in australia. this species is also frequently found in native tussock grassland in new zealand. laboratory and field trials were established to determine the risk posed to both seedlings and established plants of three native grass species compared to what happens with a common host of this species, hybrid ryegrass (l. perenne x l. multiflorum). ...201627507979
optimisation of slow-pyrolysis process conditions to maximise char yield and heavy metal adsorption of biochar produced from different feedstocks.the objective of this work was to identify biomass feedstocks and optimum pyrolysis process conditions to produce a biochar capable of adsorbing metals from polluted groundwater. taguchi experimental design was used to determine the effects of slow-pyrolysis process conditions on char yield and zinc adsorption. treatments were repeated using six candidate feedstocks (lolium perenne, lolium perenne fibre, miscanthus x giganteus, salix viminalis, fraxinus excelsior and picea sitchensis) and the re ...201627179953
prompt chlorophyll a fluorescence as a rapid tool for diagnostic changes in psii structure inhibited by salt stress in perennial ryegrass.perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) is one of the most popular grass species in europe. it is commonly used for establishing the lawns in urban areas, where the salt stress is one of the major environmental conditions limiting its growth. the basic aim of this study was the detailed in vivo analysis of the changes in photosynthetic efficiency, induced by salt stress, of two lawn varieties of perennial ryegrass and to find out the variety of better properties to create lawn on the soils contam ...201626878219
characterization of proanthocyanidins from seeds of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) and tall fescue (festuca arundinacea) by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne) and tall fescue (festuca arundinacea) are forage species of the grass family (poaceae) that are key components of temperate pasture-based agricultural systems. proanthocyanidins (pas) are oligomeric flavonoids that, when provided as part of a farm animal's diet, have been reported to improve animal production and health. up to now, forage grasses have been deemed not to produce pas. this paper reports for the first time the detection of polymerized pas in aque ...201627532250
ecotoxicological assessment of the potential impact on soil porewater, surface and groundwater from the use of organic wastes as soil amendments.this study aimed to assess the potential impact on soil porewater, surface and groundwater from the beneficial application of organic wastes to soil, using their eluates and acute bioassays with aquatic organisms and plants: luminescence inhibition of vibrio fischeri (15 and 30 min), daphnia magna immobilization (48 h), thamnocephalus platyurus survival (24 h), and seed germination of lolium perenne (7 d) and lactuca sativa (5 d). some organic wastes' eluates promoted high toxic responses, but t ...201626741879
comparing dislodgeable 2,4-d residues across athletic field turfgrass species and time.2,4-dimethylamine salt (2,4-d) is an herbicide commonly applied on athletic fields for broadleaf weed control that can dislodge from treated turfgrass. dislodge potential is affected by numerous factors, including turfgrass canopy conditions. building on previous research confirming herbicide-turfgrass dynamics can vary widely between species, field research was initiated in 2014 and 2015 in raleigh, nc, usa to quantify dislodgeable 2,4-d residues from dormant hybrid bermudagrass (cynodon dactyl ...201627936174
[effects of three industrial organic wastes as amendments on plant growth and the biochemical properties of a pb/zn mine tailings].a field trial was conducted in an abandoned pb/zn mine tailings to evaluate the effectiveness of three industrial wastes [sweet sorghum vinasse (ssv), medicinal herb residues (mhr) and spent mushroom compost (smc)] as organic amendments on plant growth, soil nutrients and enzyme activities, and heavy metal concentrations in plant tissues and the mine tailings. (1) the main findings were as follows: (1) the mean concentrations of diethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid (dtpa)-extractable cd, cu, pb ...201627078971
construction of high-density genetic linkage map and identification of flowering-time qtls in orchardgrass using ssrs and slaf-seq.orchardgrass (dactylis glomerata l.) is one of the most economically important perennial, cool-season forage species grown and pastured worldwide. high-density genetic linkage mapping is a valuable and effective method for exploring complex quantitative traits. in this study, we developed 447,177 markers based on slaf-seq and used them to perform a comparative genomics analysis. perennial ryegrass sequences were the most similar (5.02%) to orchardgrass sequences. a high-density linkage map of or ...201627389619
the grass pollen season 2014 in vienna: a pilot study combining phenology, aerobiology and symptom data.grasses (poaceae) are one of the largest plant families and are distributed worldwide. grass pollen allergy is one of the most important pollen allergies affecting large parts of the population worldwide. the grass pollen season itself is special since it is caused by the flowering of various grass species that present unique profiles of allergenicity, which assumingly plays a significant role and impact on grass pollen sensitization profiles for the allergy sufferer. the aim of this study, cond ...201627317132
impact of grassland management regimes on bacterial endophyte diversity differs with grass species.most plant species are colonized by endophytic bacteria. despite their importance for plant health and growth, the response of these bacteria to grassland management regimes is still not understood. hence, we investigated the bacterial community structure in three agricultural important grass species dactylis glomerata l., festuca rubra l. and lolium perenne l. with regard to fertilizer application and different mowing frequencies. for this purpose, above-ground plant material was collected from ...201626834040
leaf economics spectrum-productivity relationships in intensively grazed pastures depend on dominant species identity.plant functional traits are thought to drive variation in primary productivity. however, there is a lack of work examining how dominant species identity affects trait-productivity relationships. the productivity of 12 pasture mixtures was determined in a 3-year field experiment. the mixtures were based on either the winter-active ryegrass (lolium perenne) or winter-dormant tall fescue (festuca arundinacea). different mixtures were obtained by adding forb, legume, and grass species that differ in ...201627092237
impact of brassica and lucerne finishing feeds and intramuscular fat on lamb eating quality and flavor. a cross-cultural study using chinese and non-chinese australian consumers.use of forage brassicas (brassica napus) and lucerne (alfalfa; medicago sativa) as ruminant feeds has been linked to unacceptable flavors in sheepmeat. lambs from low and high intramuscular fat sires were allocated to one of four finishing feeds-perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne), lucerne, and two brassica forages-for a 6 week period. grilled loins (longissimus thoracis et lumborum) were subjected to chemical and sensory analysis by a trained panel and also evaluated by non-chinese and chinese ...201627523884
an epichloë festucae homologue of mob3, a component of the stripak complex, is required for the establishment of a mutualistic symbiotic interaction with lolium perenne.in both sordaria macrospora and neurospora crassa, components of the conserved stripak (striatin-interacting phosphatase and kinase) complex regulate cell-cell fusion, hyphal network development and fruiting body formation. interestingly, a number of epichloë festucae genes that are required for hyphal cell-cell fusion, such as noxa, noxr, proa, mpka and mkka, are also required for the establishment of a mutualistic symbiotic interaction with lolium perenne. to determine whether mobc, a homologu ...201627277141
quality characteristics, chemical composition, and sensory properties of butter from cows on pasture versus indoor feeding systems.this study evaluated the effects of 3 widely practiced cow feeding systems in the united states, europe, and southern hemisphere regions on the characteristics, quality, and consumer perception of sweet cream butter. fifty-four multiparous and primiparous friesian cows were divided into 3 groups (n=18) for an entire lactation. group 1 was housed indoors and fed a total mixed ration diet (tmr) of grass silage, maize silage, and concentrates; group 2 was maintained outdoors on perennial ryegrass-o ...201627771086
effects of concentrate crude protein content on nutrient digestibility, energy utilization, and methane emissions in lactating dairy cows fed fresh-cut perennial grass.although many studies have investigated mitigation strategies for methane (ch4) output from dairy cows fed a wide variety of diets, research on the effects of concentrate crude protein (cp) content on ch4 emissions from dairy cows offered fresh grass is limited. the present study was designed to evaluate the effects of cow genotype and concentrate cp level on nutrient digestibility, energy utilization, and ch4 emissions in dairy cows offered fresh-grass diets. twelve multiparous lactating dairy ...201627592423
effect of pasture versus indoor feeding systems on raw milk composition and quality over an entire lactation.the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different feeding systems on milk quality and composition. fifty-four multiparous and primiparous friesian lactating cows were divided into 3 groups (n=18) to study the effects of 3 feeding systems over a full lactation. group 1 was housed indoors and offered a total mixed ration diet (tmr), group 2 was maintained outdoors on a perennial ryegrass pasture (referred to as grass), and group 3 was also grazed outdoors on a perennial ryegrass/wh ...201627720161
effects of crude protein level in concentrate supplements on animal performance and nitrogen utilization of lactating dairy cows fed fresh-cut perennial grass.nitrogen pollution of air and ground water from grazing cattle is of increasing concern. although several studies have investigated mitigation strategies for nitrogen output from dairy cows fed conserved forages and concentrates, similar research on fresh-cut grass in addition to production parameters is limited. the current study, using 3dietary treatments and incorporating 2 genotypes, was designed to evaluate the effects of concentrate crude protein (cp) levels on animal production and nitrog ...201627522417
effects of pregrazing herbage mass in late spring on enteric methane emissions, dry matter intake, and milk production of dairy cows.few studies have examined the effects of fresh forage quality on enteric methane (ch4) emissions of dairy cows under grazing conditions. the aim of the current study was to evaluate the effects of 2 contrasting forage qualities induced by different pregrazing herbage masses in late spring on enteric ch4 emissions and milk production of grazing dairy cows. the experiment was conducted as a crossover design with 24 lactating holstein friesian dairy cows randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments in 2 ...201627497906
incorporating mixed rations and formulated grain mixes into the diet of grazing cows: effects on milk composition and coagulation properties, and the yield and quality of cheddar cheese.effects of different strategies for feeding supplements to grazing dairy cows on the composition and coagulation properties of milk and the subsequent yield and quality of cheddar cheese were measured. the experiment used milk from 72 holstein-friesian cows, averaging 45d in milk, fed according to 1 of 3 feeding strategies: (1) cows grazed a restricted allowance of perennial ryegrass pasture [approximately 14kg of dry matter (dm)/cow per day, to ground level] supplemented with milled wheat grain ...201627016826
pasture intake and milk production of dairy cows rotationally grazing on multi-species swards.increasing plant species diversity has been proposed as a means for enhancing annual pasture productivity and decreasing seasonal variability of pasture production facing more frequent drought scenarios due to climate change. few studies have examined how botanical complexity of sown swards affects cow performance. a 2-year experiment was conducted to determine how sward botanical complexity, from a monoculture of ryegrass to multi-species swards (mss) (grasses-legumes-forb), affect pasture chem ...201626948322
more milk from forage: milk production, blood metabolites, and forage intake of dairy cows grazing pasture mixtures and spatially adjacent monocultures.there is interest in the reincorporation of legumes and forbs into pasture-based dairy production systems as a means of increasing milk production through addressing the nutritive value limitations of grass pastures. the experiments reported in this paper were undertaken to evaluate milk production, blood metabolite concentrations, and forage intake levels of cows grazing either pasture mixtures or spatially adjacent monocultures containing perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne), white clover (trif ...201626923052
the multi-year cumulative effects of alternative stocking rate and grazing management practices on pasture productivity and utilization efficiency.the production and utilization of increased quantities of high quality pasture is of paramount importance in pasture-based milk production systems. the objective of this study was to evaluate the cumulative effects of alternative integrated grazing strategies, incorporating alternative stocking rate (sr) and grazing severities, on pasture productivity and grazing efficiency over multiple years within farm systems using perennial ryegrass dominant pastures. three whole-farm sr treatments were com ...201626898285
effect of increased concentrate allotment before evening grazing on herbage intake, nitrogen utilization and rumen fermentation in dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture.two experiments were conducted to elucidate the effect of increased concentrate allotment before evening grazing on herbage intake, nitrogen utilization and rumen fermentation in dairy cows. in experiment 1, nine lactating cows were grazed in the morning and evening sessions (2.5 h each). the cows were allocated to treatments of three concentrate allotment levels before the evening grazing session by altering proportions to daily total offered; 25%, 50% and 75%. daily herbage dry matter intake q ...201626805404
relationship of rumen fill and fermentation to diurnal and seasonal variation of herbage intake in dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture.to clarify the effect of digesta weight in the reticulorumen on diurnal and seasonal fluctuations in herbage intake, six ruminally cannulated, non-lactating dairy cows were grazed on perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture during morning and evening sessions in spring and autumn. the digesta weight of fresh matter, dry matter (dm) and fiber in the reticulorumen at the beginning and the end of each grazing session was lower in spring than in autumn (p < 0.01). although the digesta weight was simi ...201626608355
herbage intake and ruminal digestion of dairy cows grazed on perennial ryegrass pasture either in the morning or evening.this study aimed to clarify diurnal fluctuations of herbage intake, ruminal fermentation of herbage carbohydrates and proteins, and digesta particulate weight in the rumen of grazing dairy cows. six ruminally cannulated, non-lactating dairy cows were grazed on perennial ryegrass/white clover pasture either in the morning (04.00 to 08.00 hours) or the evening (16.00 to 20.00 hours). cows grazed in the evening spent more time (p < 0.01) and consumed more herbage (p < 0.01) compared with cows graze ...201626607997
milk production responses to different strategies for feeding supplements to grazing dairy cows.milk production responses of grazing cows offered supplements in different ways were measured. holstein-friesian cows, averaging 45 d in milk, were allocated into 8 groups of 24, with 2 groups randomly assigned to each of 4 feeding strategies. these were control: cows grazed a restricted allowance of perennial ryegrass pasture supplemented with milled wheat grain fed in the milking parlor and alfalfa hay offered in the paddock; fgm: same pasture and allowance as the control supplemented with a f ...201626585473
temporal dynamics of the metabolically active rumen bacteria colonizing fresh perennial ryegrass.this study investigated successional colonization of fresh perennial ryegrass (prg) by the rumen microbiota over time. fresh prg was incubated in sacco in the rumens of three holstein × friesian cows over a period of 8 h, with samples recovered at various times. the diversity of attached bacteria was assessed using 454 pyrosequencing of 16s rrna (cdna). results showed that plant epiphytic communities either decreased to low relative abundances or disappeared following rumen incubation, and that ...201626542074
massive analysis of cdna ends (mace) reveals a co-segregating candidate gene for lppg1 stem rust resistance in perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne).molecular markers including a potential resistance gene co-segregating with the lppg1 stem rust resistance locus in perennial ryegrass were identified by massive analysis of cdna ends (mace) transcriptome profiling. stem rust caused by puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola is a severe fungal disease in the forage crop perennial ryegrass and other grasses. the previously identified lppg1 locus confers efficient resistance against the pathogen. the aim of this study was to identify candidate genes ...201627435735
synthesis and herbicidal activity evaluation of novel α-amino phosphonate derivatives containing a uracil moiety.a series of novel α-amino phosphonate derivatives containing a uracil moiety 3a-3l were designed and synthesized by a lewis acid (magnesium perchlorate) catalyzed the kabachnik-fields reaction. the bioassays {in vitro, in vivo [glass house 1 (gh1) and glass house 2 (gh2)]} showed that most of compounds 3 exhibited excellent and selective herbicidal activities; for example, in gh1 test, compounds 3b, 3d, 3f, 3h and 3j showed excellent and wide spectrum herbicidal activities at the dose of 1000 g/ ...201626786699
isolation of n2 -fixing rhizobacteria from lolium perenne and evaluating their plant growth promoting traits.twenty one dinitrogen (n2 )-fixing bacteria were isolated from the rhizosphere of lolium perenne grown for more than 10 years without n-fertilization. the nearly complete sequence of the 16s rrna gene of each strain and pairwise alignments among globally aligned sequences of the 16s rrna genes clustered them into nine different groups. out of the 21 strains, 11 were members of genus bacillus, 3 belonged to each one of genera paenibacillus and pseudoxanthomonas, and the remaining 2 strains to eac ...201626781208
elevated temperatures and long drought periods have a negative impact on survival and fitness of strongylid third stage larvae.in grazing cattle, infections with gastrointestinal nematodes pose some of the most important health threats and subclinical infections result in considerable production losses. while there is little doubt that climate change will affect grazing ruminants directly, mean temperature increases of ∼ 3°c and longer drought stress periods in summer may also influence the free-living stages of parasitic nematodes. hostile climatic conditions reduce the number of l3s on pasture and therefore the refugi ...201626828893
characteristics of isolated lactic acid bacteria and their effects on the silage quality.four lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains isolated from common vetch, tall fescue and perennial ryegrass on the tibetan plateau were characterized, and their effects on the fermentation quality of italian ryegrass (lolium multiflorum lam.) silage were studied.201627764915
global transcriptome changes in perennial ryegrass during early infection by pink snow mould.lack of resistance to pink snow mould (microdochium nivale) is a major constraint for adaptation of perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) to continental regions with long-lasting snow cover at higher latitudes. almost all investigations of genetic variation in resistance have been performed using cold acclimated plants. however, there may be variation in resistance mechanisms that are functioning independently of cold acclimation. in this study our aim was to identify candidate genes involved i ...201627346054
levanase from bacillus subtilis hydrolyses β-2,6 fructosyl bonds in bacterial levans and in grass fructans.a levanase, levb, from bacillus subtilis 168, was expressed as a his6-tagged protein in escherichia coli. the enzyme was purified and characterised for its activity and substrate specificity. levb has a ph optimum of 6.0-6.5 and a maximum observed specific activity of 3 u mg(-1) using levan from erwinia herbicola as substrate. hydrolysis products were analysed by hpaec, tlc, and nmr using chicory root inulin, mixed linkage fructans purified from ryegrass (lolium perenne) and levan from e. herbic ...201626773563
induced systemic resistance responses in perennial ryegrass against magnaporthe oryzae elicited by semi-purified surfactin lipopeptides and live cells of bacillus amyloliquefaciens.the suppressive ability of several strains of cyclic lipopeptide-producing bacillus rhizobacteria to grey leaf spot disease caused by magnaporthe oryzae has been documented previously; however, the underlying mechanism(s) involved in the induced systemic resistance (isr) activity in perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) remains unknown. root-drench application of solid-phase extraction (spe)-enriched surfactin and live cells of mutant bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain fzb42-ak3 (produces surfac ...201525285593
biodegradation of atrazine by three transgenic grasses and alfalfa expressing a modified bacterial atrazine chlorohydrolase gene.the widespread use of atrazine and other s-triazine herbicides to control weeds in agricultural production fields has impacted surface and groundwater in the united states and elsewhere. we previously reported the cloning, sequencing, and expression of six genes involved in the atrazine biodegradation pathway of pseudomonas sp. strain adp, which is initiated by atza, encoding atrazine chlorohydrolase. here we explored the use of enhanced expression of a modified bacterial atrazine chlorohydrolas ...201525432082
b chromosomes and chromosome pairing in lolium perenne x festuca arundinacea hybrid. 20154517052
collaboration between grass seedlings and rhizobacteria to scavenge organic nitrogen in soils.plants require nitrogen (n) to make proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules. it is widely accepted that plants absorb inorganic forms of n to fill their needs. however, recently it has become clear that plants also have the capacity to absorb organic n from soils. in this paper we describe a new kind of symbiosis involving seed-vectored rhizobacteria and grasses that is targeted at enhancing acquisition of organic n from soils. our proposal is based on results of experiments on se ...201525564515
the fungal cell-wall integrity mapk cascade is crucial for hyphal network formation and maintenance of restrictive growth of epichloë festucae in symbiosis with lolium perenne.epichloë festucae is a mutualistic symbiont that systemically colonizes the intercellular spaces of lolium perenne leaves to form a highly structured and interconnected hyphal network. in an agrobacterium tumefaciens t-dna forward genetic screen, we identified a mutant tm1066 that had a severe host interaction phenotype, causing stunting and premature senescence of the host. molecular analysis revealed that the mutation responsible for this phenotype was in the cell-wall integrity (cwi) mitogen- ...201525303335
antifungal, phytotoxic, and cytotoxic activities of metabolites from epichloë bromicola, a fungus obtained from elymus tangutorum grass.the development of high-quality herbage is an important aspect of animal husbandry. inoculating beneficial fungi onto inferior grass is a feasible strategy for producing new varieties of high-quality herbage. epichloë bromicola is a candidate fungus that is isolated from elymus tangutorum. a total of 17 metabolites, 1-17, were obtained from e. bromicola, and their biological activities were assayed. metabolite 1 exhibited antifungal activities against alternaria alternata, fusarium avenaceum, bi ...201526395226
seasonal abundance and phenology of oebalus pugnax (hemiptera: pentatomidae) on graminaceous hosts in the delta region of mississippi.the rice stink bug, oebalus pugnax (f.), is a graminaceous feeder, and the most injurious insect pest of heading rice, oryza sativa l., in the united states. rice growers are aware of the economic importance of host grasses in o. pugnax abundance. however, the need for increased knowledge of host sequence relative to o. pugnax abundance is vital. densities of o. pugnax on 15 graminaceous hosts were evaluated in the central mississippi delta from april through august in 2011 and 2012. two cultiva ...201526314038
evaluation of the ryegrass stem rust model stemrust_g and its implementation as a decision aid.stemrust_g, a simulation model for epidemics of stem rust in perennial ryegrass grown to maturity as a seed crop, was validated for use as a heuristic tool and as a decision aid for disease management with fungicides. multistage validation had been used in model creation by incorporating previously validated submodels for infection, latent period duration, sporulation, fungicide effects, and plant growth. validation of the complete model was by comparison of model output with observed disease se ...201525098496
a simulation model for epidemics of stem rust in ryegrass seed crops.a simulation model (stemrust_g, named for stem rust of grasses) was created for stem rust (caused by puccinia graminis subsp. graminicola) in perennial ryegrass grown to maturity as a seed crop. the model has a daily time step and is driven by weather data and an initial input of disease severity from field observation. key aspects of plant growth are modeled. disease severity is modeled as rust population growth, where individuals are pathogen colonies (pustules) grouped in cohorts defined by d ...201525098493
silicon-induced systemic defense responses in perennial ryegrass against infection by magnaporthe oryzae.sustainable integrated disease management for gray leaf spot of perennial ryegrass may involve use of plant defense elicitors with compatible traditional fungicides to reduce disease incidence and severity. silicon (si) has previously been identified as a potential inducer or modulator of plant defenses against different fungal pathogens. to this end, perennial ryegrass was inoculated with the causal agent of gray leaf spot, magnaporthe oryzae, when grown in soil that was nonamended or amended w ...201525738553
herbage intake and milk production of late-lactation dairy cows offered a second-year chicory crop during summer.chicory (cichorum intybus l.) is a summer-active forage herb which has been proposed as an option to increase summer feed supply, increase dry matter intake, nutrient intake, and milk yield from nonirrigated dairy production systems in southern australia. dry matter intake, nutrient intake, milk yield, and yield of milk fat and protein of predominantly holstein-friesian dairy cows in late lactation consuming 3 herbage-based diets (4 replicates per treatment) were measured. the 3 grazed herbages ...201526409973
replacement of grass and maize silages with lucerne silage: effects on performance, milk fatty acid profile and digestibility in holstein-friesian dairy cows.in total, 20 multiparous holstein-friesian dairy cows received one of four diets in each of four periods of 28-day duration in a latin square design to test the hypothesis that the inclusion of lucerne in the ration of high-yielding dairy cows would improve animal performance and milk fatty acid (fa) composition. all dietary treatments contained 0.55 : 0.45 forage to concentrates (dry matter (dm) basis), and within the forage component the proportion of lucerne (medicago sativa), grass (lolium p ...201526242305
short communication: grazing pattern of dairy cows that were selected for divergent residual feed intake as calves.the aim of this study was to investigate and assess differences in the grazing pattern of 2 groups of mature dairy cows selected as calves for divergent residual feed intake (rfi). sixteen holstein-friesian cows (471±31kg of body weight, 100 d in milk), comprising 8 cows selected as calves (6-8 mo old) for low (most efficient: csclowrfi) and 8 cows selected as calves for high (least efficient: cschighrfi) rfi, were used for the purpose of this study. cows (n=16) were managed as a single group, a ...201526162793
application of long-chain alcohols as faecal markers to estimate diet composition of horses and cattle fed with herbaceous and woody species.utilization of long-chain alcohols (lcoh) as diet composition markers in horses and cattle was assessed in a study conducted with 12 mature crossbreed mares (385±47 kg bw) and six adult non-lactating cows (499±36 kg bw) of asturiana de los valles breed. the lcoh data were combined with alkane and long-chain fatty acid (lcfa) data to test the applicability of combining these markers to estimate diet composition. animals were randomly divided into groups of three animals and received a daily total ...201526160068
response of plasma glucose, insulin, and nonesterified fatty acids to intravenous glucose tolerance tests in dairy cows during a 670-day lactation.this experiment investigated the metabolic response of dairy cows undergoing an extended lactation to a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. the experiment used 12 multiparous holstein cows that calved in late winter in a seasonally calving pasture-based system and were managed for a 670-d lactation by delaying rebreeding. in each of four 5-wk experimental periods commencing at approximately 73, 217, 422, and 520 (±9.1) days in milk (dim), cows were offered a diet of perennial ...201525468690
evaluation of physical structure value in spring-harvested grass/clover silage and hay fed to heifers.the physical structure value of conserved grass/clover forages of spring harvest was evaluated by assessing effects of harvest time, conservation method, indf/ndf ratio and ndf intake (ndfi) per kg bw on chewing activity and fecal particle size in dairy heifers. a mixed sward consisting of ryegrass (lolium perenne), red clover (trifolium pratense) and white clover (trifolium repens) was harvested in 2009 on may 9 (early) and 25 (late), and both cuts were conserved as silage and hay. the early si ...201525245025
lambs fed fresh winter forage rape (brassica napus l.) emit less methane than those fed perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.), and possible mechanisms behind the difference.the objectives of this study were to examine long-term effects of feeding forage rape (brassica napus l.) on methane yields (g methane per kg of feed dry matter intake), and to propose mechanisms that may be responsible for lower emissions from lambs fed forage rape compared to perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.). the lambs were fed fresh winter forage rape or ryegrass as their sole diet for 15 weeks. methane yields were measured using open circuit respiration chambers, and were 22-30% smalle ...201525803688
enrichment of aliphatic, alicyclic and aromatic acids by oil-degrading bacteria isolated from the rhizosphere of plants growing in oil-contaminated soil from kazakhstan.three microbial strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of alfalfa (medicago sativa), grass mixture (festuca rubra, 75 %; lolium perenne, 20 %; poa pratensis, 10 %), and rape (brassica napus) on the basis of their high capacity to use crude oil as the sole carbon and energy source. these isolates used an unusually wide spectrum of hydrocarbons as substrates (more than 80), including n-alkanes with chain lengths ranging from c12 to c32, monomethyl- and monoethyl-substituted alkanes (c12-c23), ...201525592733
nitrous oxide emission factors for urine and dung from sheep fed either fresh forage rape (brassica napus l.) or fresh perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.).in new zealand, agriculture is predominantly based on pastoral grazing systems and animal excreta deposited on soil during grazing have been identified as a major source of nitrous oxide (n2o) emissions. forage brassicas (brassica spp.) have been increasingly used to improve lamb performance. compared with conventional forage perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.), a common forage in new zealand, forage brassicas have faster growth rates, higher dry matter production and higher nutritive value. ...201525407839
interrelations between herbage yield, α-tocopherol, β-carotene, lutein, protein, and fiber in non-leguminous forbs, forage legumes, and a grass-clover mixture as affected by harvest date.pastures with diverse botanical composition may enhance animal-derived product quality. a recent study demonstrated high vitamin concentrations and yields in some forb species. the objectives of the present study were to investigate interrelations between herbage yields, vitamin concentrations, protein and fiber contents and analyze the effect of harvest date. we hypothesized that interrelations would be similar across investigated forage species. four nonleguminous forbs: salad burnet (sanguiso ...201525573460
shifts in abundance and diversity of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea associated with land restoration in a semi-arid ecosystem.the grain to green project (ggp) is an unprecedented land restoration action in china. the project converted large areas (ca 10 million ha) of steep-sloped/degraded farmland and barren land into forest and grassland resulting in ecological benefits such as a reduction in severe soil erosion. it may also affect soil microorganisms involved in ammonia oxidization, which is a key step in the global nitrogen cycle. the methods for restoration that are typically adopted in semi-arid regions include a ...201526172994
aboveground endophyte affects root volatile emission and host plant selection of a belowground insect.plants emit specific blends of volatile organic compounds (vocs) that serve as multitrophic, multifunctional signals. fungi colonizing aboveground (ag) or belowground (bg) plant structures can modify voc patterns, thereby altering the information content for ag insects. whether ag microbes affect the emission of root volatiles and thus influence soil insect behaviour is unknown. the endophytic fungus neotyphodium uncinatum colonizes the aerial parts of the grass hybrid festuca pratensis × lolium ...201525284612
application of image analysis for grass tillering determination.tillering is defined as the process of above-ground shoot production by a single plant. the number of grass tillers is one of the most important parameters in ecology and breeding studies. the number of tillers is usually determined by manually counting the separated shoots from a single plant. unfortunately, this method is too time-consuming. in this study, a new method for counting grass tillers based on image analysis is presented. the usefulness of the method was evaluated for five grass spe ...201526446128
mexican propolis flavonoids affect photosynthesis and seedling growth.as a continuous effort to find new natural products with potential herbicide activity, flavonoids acacetin (1), chrysin (2) and 4',7-dimethylnarangenin (3) were isolated from a propolis sample collected in the rural area of mexico city and their effects on the photosynthesis light reactions and on the growth of lolium perenne, echinochloa crus-galli and physalis ixocarpa seedlings were investigated. acacetin (1) acted as an uncoupler by enhancing the electron transport under basal and phosphoryl ...201526318278
heat shock factor genes of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass in response to temperature stress by rna-seq analysis.heat shock factors (hsfs) are important regulators of stress-response in plants. however, our understanding of hsf genes and their responses to temperature stresses in two pooideae cool-season grasses, festuca arundinacea, and lolium perenne, is limited. here we conducted comparative transcriptome analyses of plant leaves exposed to heat or cold stress for 10 h. approximately, 30% and 25% of the genes expressed in the two species showed significant changes under heat and cold stress, respectivel ...201526793208
neotyphodium endophyte changes phytoextraction of zinc in festuca arundinacea and lolium perenne.the effect of neotyphodium endophytes on growth parameters and zinc (zn) tolerance and uptake was studied in two grass species of festuca arundinacea and lolium perenne. plants were grown under different zn concentrations (control, 200, 400, 800, and 1800 mg kg(-1)) in potted soil for 5 months. the results showed that the number of plant tillers was 85 and 51% greater in endophyte infected festuca (faei) and lolium (lpei), respectively, compared to their endophyte free (ef) plants. roots and sho ...201525495936
epichloë uncinata infection and loline content protect festulolium grasses from crickets (orthoptera: gryllidae).experiments with artificial diets demonstrated that black field cricket (teleogryllus commodus (walker)) and lepidogryllus sp. were highly responsive to presence of lolines in their diet-quantities of diet consumed declined exponentially with increasing loline concentration. amount consumed by black field cricket and lepidogryllus sp. on diet containing 5,600 µg/g lolines was only 8 and 2% relative to those on loline-free diet, respectively. additional experiments with festulolium seeds demonstr ...201526470191
pythium kandovanense sp. nov., a fungus-like eukaryotic micro-organism (stramenopila, pythiales) isolated from snow-covered ryegrass leaves.pythiumkandovanense sp. nov. (ex-type culture cctu 1813t = opu 1626t = cbs 139567t) is a novel oomycete species isolated from lolium perenne with snow rot symptoms in a natural grassland in east-azarbaijan province, iran. phylogenetic analyses based on sequence data from internal transcribed spacer (its)-rdna, coxi and coxii mitochondrial genes clustered our isolates in pythium group e as a unique, well supported clade. pythium kandovanense sp. nov. is phylogenetically and morphologically distin ...201525933619
bacterial rhizosphere and endosphere populations associated with grasses and trees to be used for phytoremediation of crude oil contaminated soil.different grasses and trees were tested for their growth in a crude oil contaminated soil. three grasses, lolium perenne, leptochloa fusca, brachiaria mutica, and two trees, lecucaena leucocephala and acacia ampliceps, were selected to investigate the diversity of hydrocarbon-degrading rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria. we found a higher number of hydrocarbon degrading bacteria associated with grasses than trees and that the endophytic bacteria were taxonomically different from rhizosphere as ...201525661008
bacteria on leaves: a previously unrecognised source of n2o in grazed pastures.nitrous oxide (n2o) emissions from grazed pastures are a product of microbial transformations of nitrogen and the prevailing view is that these only occur in the soil. here we show this is not the case. we have found ammonia-oxidising bacteria (aob) are present on plant leaves where they produce n2o just as in soil. aob (nitrosospira sp. predominantly) on the pasture grass lolium perenne converted 0.02-0.42% (mean 0.12%) of the oxidised ammonia to n2o. as we have found aob to be ubiquitous on gr ...201525012902
combined analysis of the chloroplast genome and transcriptome of the antarctic vascular plant deschampsia antarctica desv.antarctic hairgrass (deschampsia antarctica desv.) is the only natural grass species in the maritime antarctic. it has been researched as an important ecological marker and as an extremophile plant for studies on stress tolerance. despite its importance, little genomic information is available for d. antarctica. here, we report the complete chloroplast genome, transcriptome profiles of the coding/noncoding genes, and the posttranscriptional processing by rna editing in the chloroplast system.201424647560
plant species identity surpasses species richness as a key driver of n(2)o emissions from grassland.grassland ecosystems worldwide not only provide many important ecosystem services but they also function as a major source of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (n2o), especially in response to nitrogen deposition by grazing animals. to explore the role of plants as mediators of these emissions, we tested whether and how n2o emissions are dependent on grass species richness and/or specific grass species composition in the absence and presence of urine deposition. we hypothesized that: (i) n2o emis ...201423939815
[effects of sewage sludge compost on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of turfgrass].the effects of different dosages (0, 0.8%, 2%, 6% and 10%) of sewage sludge compost on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of three turfgrass, i. e., festuca arundinacea, lolium perenne and poa pratensis were studied. the results showed that the dosage of 6% had the optimal effects. the plant height, leaf area and dry biomass of three turfgrass increased significantly with the increasing sewage sludge compost dosage, while the root/shoot ratio decreased obviously. compared with the con ...201425757308
fate and transformation products of amine-terminated pamam dendrimers under ozonation and irradiation.this article deals with the degradation of a third-generation (g3) poly(amidoamine) (pamam) dendrimer under ozonation and irradiation. the identification and quantification of g3 pamam dendrimer and its transformation products has been performed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. the dendrimer was completely depleted by ozone in less than 1 min. the effect of ultraviolet irradiation was attributed to hydroxyl-mediated oxidation. t ...201424384376
the effect of high polyphenol oxidase grass silage on metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids and nitrogen across the rumen of beef steers.polyphenol oxidase (ppo) activity in red clover (trifolium pratense) has been reported to reduce both proteolysis and lipolysis, resulting in greater n use efficiency and protection of pufa across the rumen. although high levels of ppo have been reported in grasses such as cocksfoot (orchard grass; dactylis glomerata), no in vivo research has determined whether grass ppo elicits the same response as red clover ppo. to test the hypothesis that silage ensiled from grass with high levels of ppo pro ...201425349355
efficacy of biosolids in assisted phytostabilization of metalliferous acidic sandy soils with five grass species.the role of sewage sludge as an immobilising agent in the phytostabilization of metal-contaminated soil was evaluated using five grass species viz., dactylis glomerata l., festuca arundinacea schreb., f. rubra l., lolium perenne l., l. westerwoldicum l. the function of metal immobilization was investigated by monitoring ph, eh and cd, pb, and zn levels in column experiment over a period of 5-months. grasses grown on sewage sludge-amendments produced high biomass in comparison to controls. a sign ...201424912245
sublingual or subcutaneous immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis: an indirect analysis of efficacy, safety and cost.the standard of preventive care for poorly controlled seasonal allergic rhinitis (ar) is subcutaneous immunotherapy (scit) with allergen extracts, administered in a physician's office. as an alternative to scit, sublingual immunotherapy (slit) is now an option for patients with seasonal ar. oralair, a slit tablet containing freeze-dried allergen extracts of five grasses [cocksfoot (dactylis glomerata), meadow grass (poa pratensis), rye grass (lolium perenne), sweet vernal grass (anthoxanthum odo ...201424444390
antioxidant responses in carassius auratus and lolium perenne exposed to the laboratory pollution.experiments conducted in the laboratories can produce numerous wastes, which could potentially affect the health of the researchers. in this study, the antioxidant responses in liver of carassiua auratus and leaf of lolium perenne were investigated after chronic exposure to the air pollution in four different laboratories. the obtained data showed that oxidative stress was induced in some laboratories, as indicated by some significantly altered biochemical parameters. additionally, the toxicity ...201424561535
effect of concentrate feed level on methane emissions from grazing dairy cows.although the effect of nutrition on enteric methane (ch4) emissions from confined dairy cattle has been extensively examined, less information is available on factors influencing ch4 emissions from grazing dairy cattle. in the present experiment, 40 holstein-friesian dairy cows (12 primiparous and 28 multiparous) were used to examine the effect of concentrate feed level (2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 kg/cow per day; fresh basis) on enteric ch4 emissions from cows grazing perennial ryegrass-based swards ...201425173463
the role of the oregon state university endophyte service laboratory in diagnosing clinical cases of endophyte toxicoses.the oregon state university colleges of veterinary medicine and agricultural sciences instituted the endophyte service laboratory to aid in diagnosing toxicity problems associated with cool-season grasses in livestock. the endophyte (neotyphodium coenophalum) present in tall fescue (festuca arundinacea) produces ergopeptine alkaloids, of which ergovaline is the molecule used to determine exposure and toxicity thresholds for the vasoconstrictive conditions "fescue foot" and "summer slump". anothe ...201425017309
effects of partial mixed rations and supplement amounts on milk production and composition, ruminal fermentation, bacterial communities, and ruminal acidosis.late-lactation holstein cows (n=144) that were offered 15kg dry matter (dm)/cow per day of perennial ryegrass to graze were randomized into 24 groups of 6. each group contained a fistulated cow and groups were allocated to 1 of 3 feeding strategies: (1) control (10 groups): cows were fed crushed wheat grain twice daily in the milking parlor and ryegrass silage at pasture; (2) partial mixed ration (pmr; 10 groups): pmr that was isoenergetic to the control diet and fed twice daily on a feed pad; ( ...201424997657
forage fiber effects on particle size reduction, ruminal stratification, and selective retention in heifers fed highly digestible grass/clover silages.the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of ndf content in highly digestible grass/clover silage on particle size reduction, ruminal stratification, and selective retention in dairy heifers. the reduction in particle size from feed to feces was evaluated and related to feed intake, chewing activity, and apparent digestibility. four grass/clover harvests (mixtures of lolium perenne, trifolium pratense, and trifolium repens) were performed from early may to late august at differen ...201424671592
influence of different systems for feeding supplements to grazing dairy cows on milk fatty acid composition.this study investigated the effects of different strategies for feeding supplements to grazing dairy cows on the proportions of fatty acids in milk. two hundred and sixteen cows were fed supplementary grain and forage according to one of 3 different strategies; (1) control: cows grazed perennial ryegrass pasture (14 kg dry matter/d) supplemented with milled barley grain fed in the milking parlour and pasture silage offered in the paddock; (2) partial mixed ration 1 (pmr1): same pasture allotment ...201424560061
effects of chicory/perennial ryegrass swards compared with perennial ryegrass swards on the performance and carcass quality of grazing beef steers.an experiment investigated whether the inclusion of chicory (cichorium intybus) in swards grazed by beef steers altered their performance, carcass characteristics or parasitism when compared to steers grazing perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne). triplicate 2-ha plots were established with a chicory/ryegrass mix or ryegrass control. forty-eight belgian blue-cross steers were used in the first grazing season and a core group (n = 36) were retained for finishing in the second grazing season. the ex ...201424489708
milk production and enteric methane emissions by dairy cows grazing fertilized perennial ryegrass pasture with or without inclusion of white clover.an experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of white clover inclusion in grass swards (gwc) compared with grass-only (go) swards receiving high nitrogen fertilization and subjected to frequent and tight grazing on herbage and dairy cow productivity and enteric methane (ch4) emissions. thirty cows were allocated to graze either a go or gwc sward (n=15) from april 17 to october 31, 2011. fresh herbage [16 kg of dry matter (dm)/cow] and 1 kg of concentrate/cow were offered daily. herbage ...201424393178
milk production and composition of mid-lactation cows consuming perennial ryegrass-and chicory-based diets.dry matter intakes (dmi), nutrient selection, and milk production responses of dairy cows grazing 3 herbage-based diets offered at 2 allowances were measured. the 2 allowances were 20 (low) and 30 (high) kg of dry matter (dm)/cow per day and these were applied to 3 herbage types: perennial ryegrass (prg) and chicory (chic+) monocultures and a mixed sward of chicory and perennial ryegrass (mix). the chic+ diet was supplemented with alfalfa hay (approximately 2 kg of dm/cow per day) to maintain di ...201424290818
effect of pre-grazing herbage mass on dairy cow performance, grass dry matter production and output from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) pastures.a grazing study was undertaken to examine the effect of maintaining three levels of pre-grazing herbage mass (hm) on dairy cow performance, grass dry matter (dm) production and output from perennial ryegrass (lolium perenne l.) pastures. cows were randomly assigned to one of three pre-grazing hm treatments: 1150 - low hm (l), 1400 - medium hm (m) or 2000 kg dm/ha - high hm (h). herbage accumulation under grazing was lowest (p<0.01) on the l treatment and cows grazing the l pastures required more ...201424229787
soil application of biochar produced from biomass grown on trace element contaminated land.trace element (te) contamination of soils is a worldwide problem. however, although not considered safe anymore for food production without clean-up, many of these soils may still be used to produce biomass for non-food purposes such as biochar. exploring the suitability of such biochar for the amendment of low-fertility soil, we investigated growth and metal accumulation of ryegrass (lolium perenne, var. calibra) as well as soil microbial abundance on a non-contaminated soil after amendment wit ...201425163600
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