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selection of transformation-efficient barley genotypes based on tfa (transformation amenability) haplotype and higher resolution mapping of the tfa loci.the genetic substitution of transformation amenability alleles from 'golden promise' can facilitate the development of transformation-efficient lines from recalcitrant barley cultivars. barley (hordeum vulgare) cv. 'golden promise' is one of the most useful and well-studied cultivars for genetic manipulation. in a previous report, we identified several transformation amenability (tfa) loci responsible for agrobacterium-mediated transformation using the f2 generation of immature embryos, derived ...201728204911
sequence diversification in recessive alleles of two host factor genes suggests adaptive selection for bymovirus resistance in cultivated barley from east asia.two distinct patterns of sequence diversity for the recessive alleles of two host factors hvpdil5 - 1 and hveif4e indicated the adaptive selection for bymovirus resistance in cultivated barley from east asia. plant pathogens are constantly challenging plant fitness and driving resistance gene evolution in host species. little is known about the evolution of sequence diversity in host recessive resistance genes that interact with plant viruses. here, by combining previously published and newly ge ...201727830284
genome-wide association mapping in winter barley for grain yield and culm cell wall polymer content using the high-throughput compp technique.a collection of 112 winter barley varieties (hordeum vulgare l.) was grown in the field for two years (2008/09 and 2009/10) in northern italy and grain and straw yields recorded. in the first year of the trial, a severe attack of barley yellow mosaic virus (baymv) strongly influenced final performances with an average reduction of ~ 50% for grain and straw harvested in comparison to the second year. the genetic determination (gd) for grain yield was 0.49 and 0.70, for the two years respectively, ...201728301509
identification of an h2 o2 permeable pip aquaporin in barley and a serine residue promoting h2 o2 transport.a barley (hordeum vulgare) plasma membrane type aquaporin, hvpip2;5, was identified as an h2 o2 permeable aquaporin among 21 barley and rice pips examined in the heterologous expression system using saccharomyces cerevisiae. four tips were also detected as h2 o2 -transporting aquaporins among 15 barley and rice tips. influx of h2 o2 into yeast cells expressing hvpip2;5 was determined with a florescent-dye-based assay. indirect immunofluorescence indicated that the expression of hvpip2;5 protein ...201727595571
complete genome sequence of luteibacter rhizovicinus strain lj96t, isolated from the rhizosphere of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) in denmark.we present the complete genome sequence of luteibacter rhizovicinus type strain lj96t, a yellow-pigmented gammaproteobacterium isolated from the rhizosphere of barley (hordeum vulgare) johansen et al. (2005) , a species with numerous potential applications. the genome sequence was deposited to ncbi genbank with the accession number cp017480.201728123952
a new proteinaceous pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp) identified in ascomycete fungi induces cell death in solanaceae.pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) are detected by plant pattern recognition receptors (prrs), which gives rise to pamp-triggered immunity (pti). we characterized a novel fungal pamp, cell death inducing 1 (rccdi1), identified in the rhynchosporium commune transcriptome sampled at an early stage of barley (hordeum vulgare) infection. the ability of rccdi1 and its homologues from different fungal species to induce cell death in nicotiana benthamiana was tested following agroinfiltrati ...201728386988
regulation of the wheat map kinase phosphatase 1 by 14-3-3 proteins.plant map kinase phosphatases (mkps) are major regulators of mapk signaling pathways and play crucial roles in controlling growth, development and stress responses. the presence of several functional domains in plant mkps such as a dual specificity phosphatase catalytic domain, gelsolin, calmodulin-binding and serine-rich domains, suggests that mkps can interact with distinct cellular partners, others than mapks. in this report, we identified a canonical mode i 14-3-3-binding motif (574klpslp579 ...201728224917
heterogeneity of powdery mildew resistance revealed in accessions of the icarda wild barley collection.the primary genepool of barley comprises two subspecies - wild barley (hordeum vulgare subsp. spontaneum) and cultivated barley h. vulgare. subsp. vulgare. the former originated 5.5 million years ago in southwest asia and is the immediate ancestor of cultivated barley, which arose around 10,000 years ago. in this study, the specific resistance of a set of 146 wild barley accessions, maintained by the international center for agriculture research in the dry areas (icarda), to 32 isolates of barle ...201728261253
cereal immunity against powdery mildews targets rnase-like proteins associated with haustoria (ralph) effectors evolved from a common ancestral gene. 201728079937
reinforcing plant evolutionary genomics using ancient dna.improved understanding of ancient dna (adna) biochemical properties coupled with application of next generation sequencing (ngs) methods enabled sequencing and authenticating genomes of historical samples. this advancement ignited a revolution in plant evolutionary genomics by allowing direct observations of past molecular diversity. analyses of genomes sequenced from temporally distributed samples of gossypium sp., phytophthora infestans and arabidopsis thaliana improved our understanding of th ...201728160617
vulnerability of barley to african pathotypes of puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici and sources of resistance.the emergence of widely virulent pathotypes (e.g. ttksk in the ug99 race group) of the stem rust pathogen (puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici) in africa threaten wheat production on a global scale. while intensive research efforts have been advanced to address this threat in wheat, few studies have been conducted on barley even though pathotypes like ttksk are known to attack the crop. the main objectives of this study were to assess the vulnerability of barley to pathotype ttksk and identify poss ...201728398875
non-destructive determination of floral staging in cereals using x-ray micro computed tomography (µct).accurate floral staging is required to aid research into pollen and flower development, in particular male development. pollen development is highly sensitive to stress and is critical for crop yields. research into male development under environmental change is important to help target increased yields. this is hindered in monocots as the flower develops internally in the pseudostem. floral staging studies therefore typically rely on destructive analysis, such as removal from the plant, fixatio ...201728261319
analysis of plant pan-genomes and transcriptomes with get_homologues-est, a clustering solution for sequences of the same species.the pan-genome of a species is defined as the union of all the genes and non-coding sequences found in all its individuals. however, constructing a pan-genome for plants with large genomes is daunting both in sequencing cost and the scale of the required computational analysis. a more affordable alternative is to focus on the genic repertoire by using transcriptomic data. here, the software get_homologues-est was benchmarked with genomic and rna-seq data of 19 arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes and t ...201728261241
deletion-bias in dna double-strand break repair differentially contributes to plant genome shrinkage.in order to prevent genome instability, cells need to be protected by a number of repair mechanisms, including dna double-strand break (dsb) repair. the extent to which dsb repair, biased towards deletions or insertions, contributes to evolutionary diversification of genome size is still under debate. we analyzed mutation spectra in arabidopsis thaliana and in barley (hordeum vulgare) by pacbio sequencing of three dsb-targeted loci each, uncovering repair via gene conversion, single strand annea ...201728245065
evolutionary conservation of aba signaling for stomatal closure in ferns.aba-driven stomatal regulation reportedly evolved after the divergence of ferns, during the early evolution of seed plants approximately 360 mya. this hypothesis is based on the observation that the stomata of certain fern species are unresponsive to aba, but exhibit passive hydraulic control. however, aba-induced stomatal closure was detected in some mosses and lycophytes. here, we observed that a number of aba signaling and membrane transporter protein families diversified over the evolutionar ...201728232585
comparative structure-function characterization of the saposin-like domains from potato, barley, cardoon and arabidopsis aspartic proteases.the present study characterized the aspartic protease saposin-like domains of four plant species, solanum tuberosum (potato), hordeum vulgare l. (barley), cynara cardunculus l. (cardoon; artichoke thistle) and arabidopsis thaliana, in terms of bilayer disruption and fusion, and structure ph-dependence. comparison of the recombinant saposin-like domains revealed that each induced leakage of bilayer vesicles composed of a simple phospholipid mixture with relative rates arabidopsis>barley>cardoon>p ...201728212860
analysis of plant udp-arabinopyranose mutase (uam): role of divalent metals and structure prediction.udp-arabinopyranose mutase (uam) is a plant enzyme which interconverts udp-arabinopyranose (udp-arap; a six-membered sugar) to udp-arabinofuranose (udp-araf; a five-membered sugar). plant mutases belong to a small gene family called reversibly glycosylated proteins (rgps). so far, uam has been identified in oryza sativa (rice), arabidopsis thaliana and hordeum vulgare (barley). the enzyme requires divalent metal ions for catalytic activity. here, the divalent metal ion dependency of uams from o. ...201728192204
genome-wide identification, characterisation and expression profiles of calcium-dependent protein kinase genes in barley (hordeum vulgare l.).in plant cells, calcium-dependent protein kinases (cdpks) are important sensors of ca(2+) flux resulting from various environmental stresses like cold, drought or salt stress. previous genome sequence analysis and comparative studies in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana l.) and rice (oryza sativa l.) defined a multi-gene family of cdpks. here, we identified and characterised the cdpk gene complement of the model plant, barley (hordeum vulgare l.). comparative analysis encompassed phylogeny recon ...201727447459
influence of phylogenetic conservatism and trait convergence on the interactions between fungal root endophytes and plants.plants associate through their roots with fungal assemblages that impact their abundance and productivity. non-mycorrhizal endophytes constitute an important component of such fungal diversity, but their implication in ecosystem processes is little known. using a selection of 128 root-endophytic strains, we defined functional groups based on their traits and plant interactions with potential to predict community assembly and symbiotic association processes. in vitro tests of the strains' interac ...201727801904
free asparagine and sugars profile of cereal species: the potential of cereals for acrylamide formation in foods.cereals-based food is one of the major source of maillard reaction products in the diet. free amino acids and reducing sugars are considered to be the main precursors in the formation of these heat-induced compounds. in order to determine genetic resources with reduced potential for acrylamide formation, the content of sugars as well as free asparagine were analysed in a total of 30 cultivars of 10 varieties belonging to eight species (triticum aestivum var. lutescens, t. aestivum var. alba, t. ...201728150529
heavy metals in sludge during anaerobic sanitary landfill: speciation transformation and phytotoxicity.sanitary landfill persists as a predominant sludge disposal method in particular in china. in this study, successive subsurface sludge samples (0.3 m deep) were collected from a bioreactor landfill unit where an anaerobic process took place during a 500 d period. the sludge samples were analyzed for total concentrations of cadmium (cd), chromium (cr), copper (cu), nickel (ni), lead (pb) and zinc (zn) and their species distributions, together with selected sludge chemical properties. in addition, ...201728011427
systematic evaluation of chronic metal-mixture toxicity to three species and implications for risk assessment.metal contamination generally occurs as mixtures. however, it is yet unresolved how to address metal mixtures in risk assessment. therefore, using consistent methodologies, we have set up experiments to identify which mixture model applies best at low-level effects, i.e., the independent action (ia) or concentration addition (ca) reference model. the toxicity of metal mixtures (ni, zn, cu, cd, and pb) to daphnia magna, ceriodaphnia dubia, and hordeum vulgare was investigated in different waters ...201728339194
pyricularia graminis-tritici, a new pyricularia species causing wheat blast.pyricularia oryzae is a species complex that causes blast disease on more than 50 species of poaceous plants. pyricularia oryzae has a worldwide distribution as a rice pathogen and in the last 30 years emerged as an important wheat pathogen in southern brazil. we conducted phylogenetic analyses using 10 housekeeping loci for 128 isolates of p. oryzae sampled from sympatric populations of wheat, rice, and grasses growing in or near wheat fields. phylogenetic analyses grouped the isolates into thr ...201628232765
evidence for an early origin of vernalization responsiveness in temperate pooideae grasses.the ability of plants to match their reproductive output with favorable environmental conditions has major consequences both for lifetime fitness and geographic patterns of diversity. in temperate ecosystems, some plant species have evolved the ability to use winter nonfreezing cold (vernalization) as a cue to ready them for spring flowering. however, it is unknown how important the evolution of vernalization responsiveness has been for the colonization and subsequent diversification of taxa wit ...201627474116
phenoseeder - a robot system for automated handling and phenotyping of individual seeds.the enormous diversity of seed traits is an intriguing feature and critical for the overwhelming success of higher plants. in particular, seed mass is generally regarded to be key for seedling development but is mostly approximated by using scanning methods delivering only two-dimensional data, often termed seed size. however, three-dimensional traits, such as the volume or mass of single seeds, are very rarely determined in routine measurements. here, we introduce a device named phenoseeder, wh ...201627663410
bioinformatic prediction of transcription factor binding sites at promoter regions of genes for photoperiod and vernalization responses in model and temperate cereal plants.many genes involved in responses to photoperiod and vernalization have been characterized or predicted in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana), brachypodium (brachypodium distachyon), wheat (triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgare). however, little is known about the transcription regulation of these genes, especially in the large, complex genomes of wheat and barley.201627503086
in vitro inhibition of platelet aggregation by peptides derived from oat (avena sativa l.), highland barley (hordeum vulgare linn. var. nudum hook. f.), and buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum moench) proteins.bioactive compounds present in foods could have beneficial effects on human health. in this study, we report the capacity of peptides released from oat, highland barley, and buckwheat proteins after enzymatic digestion to inhibit platelet aggregation in vitro. all hydrolysates showed high antiplatelet activity, with ic50 values of 0.282mg/ml (oat flour gastrointestinal hydrolysate, 6h) to 2.496mg/ml (highland barley glutelin tryptic hydrolysate, 14h) in a dose-dependent manner. thirty-eight pept ...201626471595
herbivore-triggered electrophysiological reactions: candidates for systemic signals in higher plants and the challenge of their identification.in stressed plants, electrophysiological reactions (elrs) are presumed to contribute to long-distance intercellular communication between distant plant parts. because of the focus on abiotic stress-induced elrs in recent decades, biotic stress-triggered elrs have been widely ignored. it is likely that the challenge to identify the particular elr types (action potential [ap], variation potential, and system potential [sp]) was responsible for this course of action. thus, this survey focused on in ...201626872949
comprehensive analyses of the annexin gene family in wheat.annexins are an evolutionarily conserved multigene family of calcium-dependent phospholipid binding proteins that play important roles in stress resistance and plant development. they have been relatively well characterized in model plants arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (oryza sativa), but nothing has been reported in hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum) and barely (hordeum vulgare), which are the two most economically important plants.201627236332
a homolog of blade-on-petiole 1 and 2 (bop1/2) controls internode length and homeotic changes of the barley inflorescence.inflorescence architecture in small-grain cereals has a direct effect on yield and is an important selection target in breeding for yield improvement. we analyzed the recessive mutation laxatum-a (lax-a) in barley (hordeum vulgare), which causes pleiotropic changes in spike development, resulting in (1) extended rachis internodes conferring a more relaxed inflorescence, (2) broadened base of the lemma awns, (3) thinner grains that are largely exposed due to reduced marginal growth of the palea a ...201627208226
identification and functional analysis of the hvd14 gene involved in strigolactone signaling in hordeum vulgare.in this study, the barley hvd14 gene encoding α/β hydrolase, which is involved in strigolactone (sl) signaling, was identified. bioinformatics analysis revealed that the identified gene is an orthologue of the d14, atd14 and phdad2 genes that have been described in rice, arabidopsis thaliana and petunia, respectively. using tilling strategy, an hvd14.d mutant that carried the g725a transition, located in the second exon, was identified. this mutation led to the substitution of a highly conserved ...201627121184
extra- and intracellular distribution of cytokinins in the leaves of monocots and dicots.the plant hormones cytokinins are a convenient target of genetic manipulations that bring benefits in biotechnological applications. the present work demonstrates the importance of the subcellular compartmentalization of cytokinins on the model dicot plant arabidopsis thaliana and monocot crop hordeum vulgare. the method of protoplast and vacuole isolation combined with precise cytokinin analysis and recovery assay of a vacuolar marker protein were used to quantify the contents of individual cyt ...201626777983
transgenic barley overexpressing a cytokinin dehydrogenase gene shows greater tolerance to drought stress.together with auxins, cytokinins are the main plant hormones involved in many different physiological processes. given this knowledge, cytokinin levels can be manipulated by genetic modification in order to improve agronomic parameters of cereals in relation to, for example, morphology, yield, and tolerance to various stresses. the barley (hordeum vulgare) cultivar golden promise was transformed using the cytokinin dehydrogenase 1 gene from arabidopsis thaliana (atckx1) under the control of mild ...201626773738
a wheat r2r3-myb protein purple plant1 (tapl1) functions as a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis.transcriptional activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in vegetative tissues of monocotyledonous plants is mediated by cooperative activity of one component from each of the following two transcription factor families: myb encoded by purple plant1/colored aleurone1 (pl1/c1), and basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) encoded by red/booster (r1/b1). in the present study, putative pl cdna was cloned from the wheat (triticum aestivum) cultivar iksan370, which preferentially expresses anthocyanins in c ...201626692488
constans controls floral repression by up-regulating vernalization2 (vrn-h2) in barley.in barley (hordeum vulgare), photoperiod1 (ppd-h1) acts as a major positive regulator of flowering under long-day conditions, while vernalization2 (vrn-h2) is a strong repressor of flowering under long days before vernalization. by contrast, constans (co) plays a key role in the photoperiodic regulation of flowering in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). here, we study the role of the closest barley co homologs, hvco1 and hvco2, in the long day-dependent control of flowering and their interactio ...201626556793
gene targeting without dsb induction is inefficient in barley.double strand-break (dsb) induction allowed efficient gene targeting in barley (hordeum vulgare), but little is known about efficiencies in its absence. to obtain such data, an assay system based on the acetolactate synthase (als) gene was established, a target gene which had been used previously in rice and arabidopsis thaliana. expression of recombinases rad51 and rad54 had been shown to improve gene targeting in a. thaliana and positive-negative (p-n) selection allows the routine production o ...201628105032
genetic architecture of flowering phenology in cereals and opportunities for crop improvement.cereal crop species including bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.), rice (oryza sativa l.), and maize (zea mays l.) provide the bulk of human nutrition and agricultural products for industrial use. these four cereals are central to meet future demands of food supply for an increasing world population under a changing climate. a prerequisite for cereal crop production is the transition from vegetative to reproductive and grain-filling phases starting with flower initiat ...201628066466
nj cluster analysis of the snrk2, pyr/pyl/rcar, and abf genes in tibetan hulless barley.the abscisic acid (aba) signaling pathway is known as one of the most important signaling pathways in plants and is mediated by multiple regulators. the genes snrk2, pyr/pyl/rcar, and abf are relevant to both aba-dependent and -independent signaling pathways. to elucidate the profile of these genes from tibetan hulless barley (hordeum vulgare l. var. nudum hook. f.), we collected available sequences from rna-seq data, together with ncbi data from five other model plant species (arabidopsis thali ...201627819745
a flow cytometric method for estimating s-phase duration in plants.the duration of the dna synthesis stage (s phase) of the cell cycle is fundamental in our understanding of cell cycle kinetics, cell proliferation, and dna replication timing programs. most s-phase duration estimates that exist for plants are based on indirect measurements. we present a method for directly estimating s-phase duration by pulse-labeling root tips or actively dividing suspension cells with the halogenated thymidine analog 5-ethynl-2'-deoxyuridine (edu) and analyzing the time course ...201627697785
identification of a new oat β-amylase by functional proteomics.oat (avena sativa l.) seed extracts exhibited a high degree of catalytic activity including amylase activities. proteins in the oat seed extracts were optimized for their amylolytic activities. oat extract with amylolytic activity was separated by sds-page and a major protein band with an apparent molecular mass of 53 kda was subjected to tryptic digestion. the generated amino acid sequences were analyzed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (lc/esi/ms/ms) and database searches. the ...201626455400
host-preferential fusarium graminearum gene expression during infection of wheat, barley, and maize.fusarium graminearum is a broad host pathogen threatening cereal crops in temperate regions around the world. to better understand how f. graminearum adapts to different hosts, we have performed a comparison of the transcriptome of a single strain of f. graminearum during early infection (up to 4 d post-inoculation) of barley, maize, and wheat using custom oligomer microarrays. our results showed high similarity between f. graminearum transcriptomes in infected wheat and barley spike tissues. qu ...201626693688
identification of regulated proteins in naked barley grains (hordeum vulgare nudum) after fusarium graminearum infection at different grain ripening stages.we analyzed the effect of fusarium graminearum infection on field-grown naked barley (hordeum vulgare nudum). the ears were inoculated with f. graminearum spores during anthesis. in the course of ripening, grains in five phenological growth stages of naked barley from milk ripe to plant death were sampled. the albumin and globulin proteins of inoculated grains and untreated (control) grains were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. forty-five spots composing of proteins that were ch ...201626612662
enhanced waterlogging tolerance in barley by manipulation of expression of the n-end rule pathway e3 ligase proteolysis6.increased tolerance of crops to low oxygen (hypoxia) during flooding is a key target for food security. in arabidopsis thaliana (l.) heynh., the n-end rule pathway of targeted proteolysis controls plant responses to hypoxia by regulating the stability of group vii ethylene response factor (erfvii) transcription factors, controlled by the oxidation status of amino terminal (nt)-cysteine (cys). here, we show that the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) erfvii berf1 is a substrate of the n-end rule pathway ...201625657015
magnaporthe oryzae effectors moheg13 and moheg16 interfere with host infection and moheg13 counteracts cell death caused by magnaporthe-nlps in tobacco.adapted pathogens are able to modulate cell responses of their hosts most likely due to the activity of secreted effector molecules thereby enabling colonisation by ostensible nonhost pathogens. it is postulated that host and nonhost pathogens of a given plant species differ in their repertoire of secreted effector molecules that are able to suppress plant resistance. we pursued the strategy of identifying novel effectors of magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of blast disease, by comparing the ...201626883226
an lrr/malectin receptor-like kinase mediates resistance to non-adapted and adapted powdery mildew fungi in barley and wheat.pattern recognition receptors (prrs) belonging to the multigene family of receptor-like kinases (rlks) are the sensing devices of plants for microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns released from microbial organisms. here we describe rnr8 (for required for non-host resistance 8) encoding hvlemk1, a lrr-malectin domain-containing transmembrane rlk that mediates non-host resistance of barley to the non-adapted wheat powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici. transgenic barley ...201628018377
an e3 ligase affects the nlr receptor stability and immunity to powdery mildew.following the detection of pathogen cognate effectors, plant nod-like receptors (nlrs) trigger isolate-specific immunity that is generally associated with cell death. the regulation of nlr stability is important to ensure effective immunity. in barley (hordeum vulgare), the allelic mildew locus a (mla) receptors mediate isolate-specific disease resistance against powdery mildew fungus (blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei). currently, how mla stability is controlled remains unknown. here, we identifi ...201627780896
tempered mlo broad-spectrum resistance to barley powdery mildew in an ethiopian landrace.recessive mutations in the mlo gene confer broad spectrum resistance in barley (hordeum vulgare) to powdery mildew (blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei), a widespread and damaging disease. however, all alleles discovered to date also display deleterious pleiotropic effects, including the naturally occurring mlo-11 mutant which is widely deployed in europe. recessive resistance was discovered in eth295, an ethiopian landrace, which was developmentally controlled and quantitative without spontaneous c ...201627404990
the barley (hordeum vulgare) cellulose synthase-like d2 gene (hvcsld2) mediates penetration resistance to host-adapted and nonhost isolates of the powdery mildew fungus.cell walls and cellular turgor pressure shape and suspend the bodies of all vascular plants. in response to attack by fungal and oomycete pathogens, which usually breach their host's cell walls by mechanical force or by secreting lytic enzymes, plants often form local cell wall appositions (papillae) as an important first line of defence. the involvement of cell wall biosynthetic enzymes in the formation of these papillae is still poorly understood, especially in cereal crops. to investigate the ...201627352228
a barley skp1-like protein controls abundance of the susceptibility factor racb and influences the interaction of barley with the barley powdery mildew fungus.in an increasing number of plant-microbe interactions, it has become evident that the abundance of immunity-related proteins is controlled by the ubiquitin-26s proteasome system. in the interaction of barley with the biotrophic barley powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh), the rac/rop [rat sarcoma-related c3 botulinum toxin substrate/rat sarcoma homologue (rho) of plants] guanosine triphosphatase (gtpase) hvracb supports the fungus in a compatible interaction. by contrast, b ...201625893638
increased yield stability of field-grown winter barley (hordeum vulgare l.) varietal mixtures through ecological processes.crop variety mixtures have the potential to increase yield stability in highly variable and unpredictable environments, yet knowledge of the specific mechanisms underlying enhanced yield stability has been limited. ecological processes in genetically diverse crops were investigated by conducting field trials with winter barley varieties (hordeum vulgare), grown as monocultures or as three-way mixtures in fungicide treated and untreated plots at three sites. mixtures achieved yields comparable to ...201627375312
haplotype divergence and multiple candidate genes at rphq2, a partial resistance qtl of barley to puccinia hordei.rphq2, a minor gene for partial resistance to puccinia hordei , was physically mapped in a 188 kbp introgression with suppressed recombination between haplotypes of rphq2 and rphq2 barley cultivars.201626542283
polycistronic artificial mirna-mediated resistance to wheat dwarf virus in barley is highly efficient at low temperature.infection of wheat dwarf virus (wdv) strains on barley results in dwarf disease, imposing severe economic losses on crop production. as the natural resistance resources against this virus are limited, it is imperative to elaborate a biotechnological approach that will provide effective and safe immunity to a wide range of wdv strains. because vector insect-mediated wdv infection occurs during cool periods in nature, it is important to identify a technology which is effective at lower temperature ...201626136043
isolation and fine mapping of rps6: an intermediate host resistance gene in barley to wheat stripe rust.we uncouple host and nonhost resistance in barley to puccinia striiformis ff. spp. hordei and tritici . we isolate, fine map, and physically anchor rps6 to chromosome 7h in barley. a plant may be considered a nonhost of a pathogen if all known genotypes of a plant species are resistant to all known isolates of a pathogen species. however, if a small number of genotypes are susceptible to some known isolates of a pathogen species this plant may be considered an intermediate host. barley (hordeum ...201626754419
overexpression of a barley aquaporin gene, hvpip2;5 confers salt and osmotic stress tolerance in yeast and plants.we characterized an aquaporin gene hvpip2;5 from hordeum vulgare and investigated its physiological roles in heterologous expression systems, yeast and arabidopsis, under high salt and high osmotic stress conditions. in yeast, the expression of hvpip2;5 enhanced abiotic stress tolerance under high salt and high osmotic conditions. arabidopsis plants overexpressing hvpip2;5 also showed better stress tolerance in germination and root growth under high salt and high osmotic stresses than the wild t ...201627818670
the hvnramp5 transporter mediates uptake of cadmium and manganese, but not iron.the natural resistance associated macrophage protein (nramp) represents a transporter family for metal ions in all organisms. here, we functionally characterized a member of nramp family in barley (hordeum vulgare), hvnramp5. this member showed different expression patterns, transport substrate specificity, and cellular localization from its close homolog in rice (oryza sativa), osnramp5, although hvnramp5 was also localized to the plasma membrane. hvnramp5 was mainly expressed in the roots and ...201627621428
native isolate of trichoderma: a biocontrol agent with unique stress tolerance properties.species of trichoderma are widely recognized for their biocontrol abilities, but seldom studied collectively, for their plant growth promotion, abiotic stress tolerance and bioremediation properties. our study is a concentrated effort to establish the potential of native isolate trichoderma harzianum ksnm (t103) to tolerate biotic (root pathogens) and abiotic stresses [high salt (100-1000 mm); heavy metal (chromium, nickel and zinc: 1-10 mm); pesticides: malathion (100-600 ppm), carbofuran (100- ...201627339311
proteome-based analysis of colloidal instability enables the detection of haze-active proteins in beer.colloidal haze is a serious quality defect of bright beers that considerably reduces their shelf life and is thought to be triggered by hordeins, a class of proline-rich barley proteins. in this work, the proteomes of fresh and old beers were investigated in bottled pilsners and compared to the protein inventory of haze to identify specific haze-active proteins. haze isolates dissolved in rehydration buffer contained high concentrations of proteins and sugars but provided protein gels with weak ...201627515584
barley plants over-expressing the nac transcription factor gene hvnac005 show stunting and delay in development combined with early senescence.the plant-specific nac transcription factors have attracted particular attention because of their involvement in stress responses, senescence, and nutrient remobilization. the hvnac005 gene of barley encodes a protein belonging to subgroup nac-a6 of the nac family. this study shows that hvnac005 is associated with developmental senescence. it was significantly up-regulated following aba treatment, supported by aba-responsive elements in its promoter, but it was not up-regulated during dark-induc ...201627436280
a developmental switch of gene expression in the barley seed mediated by hvvp1 (viviparous-1) and hvgamyb interactions.the accumulation of storage compounds in the starchy endosperm of developing cereal seeds is highly regulated at the transcriptional level. these compounds, mainly starch and proteins, are hydrolyzed upon germination to allow seedling growth. the transcription factor hvgamyb is a master activator both in the maturation phase of seed development and upon germination, acting in combination with other transcription factors. however, the precise mechanism controlling the switch from maturation to ge ...201626858366
virulent diuraphis noxia aphids over-express calcium signaling proteins to overcome defenses of aphid-resistant wheat plants.the russian wheat aphid, diuraphis noxia, an invasive phytotoxic pest of wheat, triticum aestivum, and barley, hordeum vulgare, causes huge economic losses in africa, south america, and north america. most acceptable and ecologically beneficial aphid management strategies include selection and breeding of d. noxia-resistant varieties, and numerous d. noxia resistance genes have been identified in t. aestivum and h. vulgare. north american d. noxia biotype 1 is avirulent to t. aestivum varieties ...201626815857
qtl underlying some agronomic traits in barley detected by snp markers.increasing the yield of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is a main breeding goal in developing barley cultivars. a high density genetic linkage map containing 1894 snp and 68 ssr markers covering 1375.8 cm was constructed and used for mapping quantitative traits. a late-generation double haploid population (dh) derived from the huaai 11 × huadamai 6 cross was used to identify qtls and qtl × environment interactions for ten traits affecting grain yield including length of main spike (msl), spikelet nu ...201627388211
proteomic analysis of mature barley grains from c-hordein antisense lines.hordeins are the major storage proteins in barley grains and are responsible for their low nutritional quality. previously, antisense c-hordein barley lines were generated and were shown to contain a more balanced amino acid composition and an altered storage protein profile. in the present study, a proteomic approach that combined two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-de) and mass spectrometry was used to (1) identify the changes in the protein profile of non-storage proteins (salt soluble fra ...201626976333
commercial crop yields reveal strengths and weaknesses for organic agriculture in the united states.land area devoted to organic agriculture has increased steadily over the last 20 years in the united states, and elsewhere around the world. a primary criticism of organic agriculture is lower yield compared to non-organic systems. previous analyses documenting the yield deficiency in organic production have relied mostly on data generated under experimental conditions, but these studies do not necessarily reflect the full range of innovation or practical limitations that are part of commercial ...201627552217
rubisco catalytic properties and temperature response in crops.rubisco catalytic traits and their thermal dependence are two major factors limiting the co2 assimilation potential of plants. in this study, we present the profile of rubisco kinetics for 20 crop species at three different temperatures. the results largely confirmed the existence of significant variation in the rubisco kinetics among species. although some of the species tended to present rubisco with higher thermal sensitivity (e.g. oryza sativa) than others (e.g. lactuca sativa), interspecifi ...201627329223
demethylase inhibitor fungicide resistance in pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres associated with target site modification and inducible overexpression of cyp51.pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres is the cause of net form of net blotch (nfnb), an economically important foliar disease in barley (hordeum vulgare). net and spot forms of net blotch are widely controlled using site-specific systemic fungicides. although resistance to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors and quinone outside inhibitors has been addressed before in net blotches, mechanisms controlling demethylation inhibitor resistance have not yet been reported at the molecular level. here we report ...201627594852
the wheat mediator subunit tamed25 interacts with the transcription factor taeil1 to negatively regulate disease resistance against powdery mildew.powdery mildew, caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici, is a major limitation for the production of bread wheat (triticum aestivum). however, to date, the transcriptional regulation of bread wheat defense against powdery mildew remains largely unknown. here, we report the function and molecular mechanism of the bread wheat mediator subunit 25 (tamed25) in regulating the bread wheat immune response signaling pathway. three homoalleles of tamed25 from bread wheat ...201626813794
differential transcriptomic responses to fusarium graminearum infection in two barley quantitative trait loci associated with fusarium head blight resistance.fusarium graminearum causes fusarium head blight (fhb), a major disease problem worldwide. resistance to fhb is controlled by quantitative trait loci (qtl) of which two are located on barley chromosomes 2h bin8 and 6h bin7. the mechanisms of resistance mediated by fhb qtl are poorly defined.201627206761
diversity and evolution of disease resistance genes in barley (hordeum vulgare l.).plant disease resistance genes (r-genes) play a critical role in the defense response to pathogens. barley is one of the most important cereal crops, having a genome recently made available, for which the diversity and evolution of r-genes are not well understood. the main objectives of this research were to conduct a genome-wide identification of barley coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding site, leucine-rich repeat (cnl) genes and elucidate their evolutionary history. we employed a hidden markov mod ...201627168720
the entner-doudoroff pathway is an overlooked glycolytic route in cyanobacteria and plants.glucose degradation pathways are central for energy and carbon metabolism throughout all domains of life. they provide atp, nad(p)h, and biosynthetic precursors for amino acids, nucleotides, and fatty acids. it is general knowledge that cyanobacteria and plants oxidize carbohydrates via glycolysis [the embden-meyerhof-parnas (emp) pathway] and the oxidative pentose phosphate (opp) pathway. however, we found that both possess a third, previously overlooked pathway of glucose breakdown: the entner ...201627114545
barley disease susceptibility factor racb acts in epidermal cell polarity and positioning of the nucleus.rho gtpases are regulators of cell polarity and immunity in eukaryotes. in plants, rho-like rac/rop gtpases are regulators of cell shaping, hormone responses, and responses to microbial pathogens. the barley (hordeum vulgare l.) rac/rop protein racb is required for full susceptibility to penetration by blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (bgh), the barley powdery mildew fungus. disease susceptibility factors often control host immune responses. here we show that racb does not interfere with early mic ...201627056842
complete genome sequence of the barley pathogen xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens dsm 18974t (atcc 19319t).we report here the complete 4.7-mb genome sequence of xanthomonas translucens pv. translucens dsm 18974(t), which causes black chaff disease on barley (hordeum vulgare). genome data of this x. translucens type strain will improve our understanding of this bacterial species.201627908994
fine mapping of barley locus rps6 conferring resistance to wheat stripe rust.barley resistance to wheat stripe rust has remained effective for a long time and, therefore, the genes underlying this resistance can be a valuable tool to engineer durable resistance in wheat. wheat stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is a major disease of wheat that is causing large economic losses in many wheat-growing regions of the world. deployment of pst resistance genes has been an effective strategy for controlling this pathogen, but many of these genes ha ...201626875072
application of the kombucha 'tea fungus' for the enhancement of antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory properties of ten herbal teas.ten herbal teas (acacia arabica, aegle marmelos flower, a. marmelos root bark, aerva lanata, asteracantha longifolia, cassia auriculata, hemidesmus indicus, hordeum vulgare, phyllanthus emblica, tinospora cordifolia) were fermented with the kombucha 'tea fungus'. the ph values of the fermented beverages ranged from 4.0 to 6.0 by day 7, while the titratable acidity ranged from 2.5 to 5.0g/ml (p<0.05). gallic acid had statistically significantly increased (p<0.05) in almost all the samples by day ...201626471559
barley genes as tools to confer abiotic stress tolerance in crops.barley is one of the oldest cultivated crops in the world with a high adaptive capacity. the natural tolerance of barley to stress has led to increasing interest in identification of stress responsive genes through small/large-scale omics studies, comparative genomics, and overexpression of some of these genes by genetic transformation. two major categories of proteins involved in stress tolerance are transcription factors (tfs) responsible from the re-programming of the metabolism in stress env ...201627536305
the barley powdery mildew candidate secreted effector protein csep0105 inhibits the chaperone activity of a small heat shock protein.pathogens secrete effector proteins to establish a successful interaction with their host. here, we describe two barley (hordeum vulgare) powdery mildew candidate secreted effector proteins, csep0105 and csep0162, which contribute to pathogen success and appear to be required during or after haustorial formation. silencing of either csep using host-induced gene silencing significantly reduced the fungal haustorial formation rate. interestingly, both cseps interact with the barley small heat shoc ...201525770154
dryland soil chemical properties and crop yields affected by long-term tillage and cropping sequence.information on the effect of long-term management on soil nutrients and chemical properties is scanty. we examined the 30-year effect of tillage frequency and cropping sequence combination on dryland soil olsen-p, k, ca, mg, na, so4-s, and zn concentrations, ph, electrical conductivity (ec), and cation exchange capacity (cec) at the 0-120 cm depth and annualized crop yield in the northern great plains, usa. treatments were no-till continuous spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) (ntcw), spring til ...201526171303
influence of bacterial n-acyl-homoserine lactones on growth parameters, pigments, antioxidative capacities and the xenobiotic phase ii detoxification enzymes in barley and yam bean.bacteria are able to communicate with each other and sense their environment in a population density dependent mechanism known as quorum sensing (qs). n-acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) are the qs signaling compounds of gram-negative bacteria which are frequent colonizers of rhizospheres. while cross-kingdom signaling and ahl-dependent gene expression in plants has been confirmed, the responses of enzyme activities in the eukaryotic host upon ahls are unknown. since ahl are thought to be used as ...201525914699
co-infection with two strains of brome mosaic bromovirus reveals common rna recombination sites in different hosts.we have previously reported intra-segmental crossovers in brome mosaic virus (bmv) rnas. in this work, we studied the homologous recombination of bmv rna in three different hosts: barley (hordeum vulgare), chenopodium quinoa, and nicotiana benthamiana that were co-infected with two strains of bmv: russian (r) and fescue (f). our work aimed at (1) establishing the frequency of recombination, (2) mapping the recombination hot spots, and (3) addressing host effects. the f and r nucleotide sequences ...201527774290
the wrky45-2 wrky13 wrky42 transcriptional regulatory cascade is required for rice resistance to fungal pathogen.blast caused by fungal magnaporthe oryzae is a devastating disease of rice (oryza sativa) worldwide, and this fungus also infects barley (hordeum vulgare). at least 11 rice wrky transcription factors have been reported to regulate rice response to m. oryzae either positively or negatively. however, the relationships of these wrkys in the rice defense signaling pathway against m. oryzae are unknown. previous studies have revealed that rice wrky13 (as a transcriptional repressor) and wrky45-2 enha ...201525624395
structure and function of the bacterial root microbiota in wild and domesticated barley.the microbial communities inhabiting the root interior of healthy plants, as well as the rhizosphere, which consists of soil particles firmly attached to roots, engage in symbiotic associations with their host. to investigate the structural and functional diversification among these communities, we employed a combination of 16s rrna gene profiling and shotgun metagenome analysis of the microbiota associated with wild and domesticated accessions of barley (hordeum vulgare). bacterial families com ...201525732064
abscisic acid negatively interferes with basal defence of barley against magnaporthe oryzae.plant hormones are well known regulators which balance plant responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. we investigated the role of abscisic acid (aba) in resistance of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) against the plant pathogenic fungus magnaporthe oryzae.201525604965
broadly conserved fungal effector bec1019 suppresses host cell death and enhances pathogen virulence in powdery mildew of barley (hordeum vulgare l.).the interaction of barley, hordeum vulgare l., with the powdery mildew fungus blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei is a well-developed model to investigate resistance and susceptibility to obligate biotrophic pathogens. the 130-mb blumeria genome encodes approximately 540 predicted effectors that are hypothesized to suppress or induce host processes to promote colonization. blumeria effector candidate (bec)1019, a single-copy gene encoding a putative, secreted metalloprotease, is expressed in haustor ...201525938194
analysis of expressed sequence tags from cdna library of fusarium culmorum infected barley (hordeum vulgare l.) roots.fusarium culmorum is one of the most common and globally important causal agent of root and crown rot diseases of cereals. these diseases cause grain yield loss and reduced grain quality in barley. in this study, we have analyzed an expressed sequence tag (est) database derived from f. culmorum infected barley root tissues available at the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi). the 2294 sequences were assembled into 1619 non-redundant sequences consisting of 359 contigs and 1260 s ...201525780278
paradox of plant growth promotion potential of rhizobacteria and their actual promotion effect on growth of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) under salt stress.from the rhizosphere of two salt tolerant plant species, hordeum secalinum and plantago winteri growing in a naturally salt meadow, 100 strains were isolation on enrichment media for various plant growth-promoting (pgp) functions (acc deaminase activity, auxin synthesis, calcium phosphate mobilization and nitrogen fixation). based on the taxonomic affiliation of the isolated bacteria and their enrichment medium 22 isolates were selected to test their growth promotion effect on the crop barley (h ...201526640049
expression and characterization of a cytosolic glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase isoform from barley (hordeum vulgare) roots.in plant cells, glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase (g6pdh-ec 1.1.1.49) regulates the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (oppp), a metabolic route involved in the production of nadph for various biosynthetic processes and stress response. in this study, we report the overexpression of a cytosolic g6pdh isoform from barley (hordeum vulgare) roots in bacteria, and the biochemical characterization of the purified recombinant enzyme (hvcy-g6pdh). a full-length cdna coding for a cytosolic isoform of g ...201525888782
the fungal core effector pep1 is conserved across smuts of dicots and monocots.the secreted fungal effector pep1 is essential for penetration of the host epidermis and establishment of biotrophy in the ustilago maydis-maize pathosystem. previously, pep1 was found to be an inhibitor of apoplastic plant peroxidases, which suppresses the oxidative burst, a primary immune response of the host plant and enables fungal colonization. to investigate the conservation of pep1 in other pathogens, genomes of related smut species were screened for pep1 orthologues. pep1 proteins were p ...201525628012
enhancing t-dna transfer efficiency in barley (hordeum vulgare l.) cells using extracellular cellulose and lectin.a major limitation of transforming barley tissues by agrobacterium tumefaciens is the low frequency of t-dna transfer due to recalcitrance of barley as a host. the effect of extracellular cellulose and lectin on agrobacterium transformation efficiency was investigated in this study. barley callus cultures were transformed with the agl1 strain containing the vector pbi121 in the presence of 10 mg ml(-1) cellulose or 0.001, 0.05 and 0.1 mg ml(-1) lectin. addition of cellulose significantly (p ≤ 0. ...201525935223
barley (hordeum vulgare l.) transformation using immature embryos.barley is a major crop species, and also has become a genetic model for the small grain temperate cereals. a draft barley genome sequence has recently been completed, opening many opportunities for candidate gene isolation and functionality testing. thanks to the development of customizable endonucleases, also site-directed genome modification recently became feasible for higher plants, which marks the beginning of a new era of genetic engineering. the development of improved binary vectors and ...201525300832
the effect of application of micromycetes on plant growth, as well as soybean and barley yields.the possibility of application of micromycetes (strains penicillium bilaiae pb14, aureobasidium pullulans ya05 and rhodotorula mucilaginosa yr07) to increase yields of soybean (glycine max cv almaty) and barley (hordeum vulgare cv arna) was estimated. it was shown that the most positive effect on germination energy and seed germination after seed treatment with liquid culture, supernatant and filtrate, is achieved at 1:5 dilution. in studying the influence of cell-associated and extracellular bi ...201526677462
sire1 retrotransposons in barley (hordeum vulgare l.).sireviruses are genera of copia ltr retrotransposons with a unique genome structure among retrotransposons. barley (hordeum vulgare l.) is an economically important plant. in this study, we used mature barley embryos, 10-day-old roots and 10-day-old leaves derived from the same barley plant to investigate sire) retrotransposon movements by inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (irap) technique. we found polymorphism rates between 0-64% among embryos, roots and leaves. polymorphism rates w ...201526410931
carbon nanotubes and graphene modified screen-printed carbon electrodes as sensitive sensors for the determination of phytochelatins in plants using liquid chromatography with amperometric detection.nanomaterials are of great interest for the development of electrochemical sensors. multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene were used to modify the working electrode surface of different screen-printed carbon electrodes (spce) with the aim of improving the sensitivity of the spce and comparing it with the conventional glassy carbon electrode. to assay the usability of these sensors, a hplc methodology with amperometric detection was developed to analyze several phytochelatins in plants of hor ...201526212803
chemiluminescence during rice seed imbibition at different temperatures.the chemiluminescence (cl) of rice (oryza sativa l.) seeds at different temperatures and the cl spectra of rice seed, caryopses and seed coat were studied during early imbibition. compared with the cl of barley (hordeum vulgare l.) and soybean (glycine max l. merr.) seeds, the cl of rice seeds had a non-linear, logarithmic-like increase of intensity in the temperature range 30-50 degrees c. the van't hoff coefficient q(10) = i(t+10)/i(t) was equal to 2. the emission spectrum of whole rice seed, ...201516100741
exceptionally high levels of genetic diversity in wheat curl mite (acari: eriophyidae) populations from turkey.recent research on the wheat curl mite species complex has revealed extensive genetic diversity that has distinguished several genetic lineages infesting bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and other cereals worldwide. turkey is the historical region of wheat and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) domestication and diversification. the close relationship between these grasses and the wheat curl mite provoked the question of the genetic diversity of the wheat curl mite in this region. the scope of the st ...201526470350
the genetic basis of composite spike form in barley and 'miracle-wheat'.inflorescences of the tribe triticeae, which includes wheat (triticum sp. l.) and barley (hordeum vulgare l.) are characterized by sessile spikelets directly borne on the main axis, thus forming a branchless spike. 'compositum-barley' and tetraploid 'miracle-wheat' (t. turgidum convar. compositum (l.f.) filat.) display noncanonical spike-branching in which spikelets are replaced by lateral branch-like structures resembling small-sized secondary spikes. as a result of this branch formation 'mirac ...201526156223
the use of the ph1b mutant to induce recombination between the chromosomes of wheat and barley.intensive breeding has led to a narrowing in the genetic base of our major crops. in wheat, access to the extensive gene pool residing in its many and varied relatives (some cultivated, others wild) is hampered by the block on recombination imposed by the ph1 (pairing homoeologous 1) gene. here, the ph1b mutant has been exploited to induced allosyndesis between wheat chromosomes and those of both hordeum vulgare (cultivated barley) and h. chilense (a wild barley). a number of single chromosome h ...201525852713
a fermented barley and soybean formula enhances skin hydration.skin hydration is one of the primary aims of beauty and anti-aging treatments. barley (hordeum vulgare) and soybean (glycine max) are major food crops, but can also be used as ingredients for the maintenance of skin health. we developed a natural product-based skin treatment using a barley and soybean formula (bs) incorporating yeast fermentation, and evaluated its skin hydration effects as a dietary supplement in a clinical study. participants ingested a placebo- (n = 33) or bs- (3 g/day) conta ...201526388675
proteomics, peptidomics, and immunogenic potential of wheat beer (weissbier).wheat beer is a traditional light-colored top-fermenting beer brewed with at least 50% malted (e.g., german weissbier) or unmalted (e.g., belgian witbier) wheat (triticum aestivum) as an adjunct to barley (hordeum vulgare) malt. for the first time, we explored the proteome of three weissbier samples, using both 2d electrophoresis (2de)-based and 2de-free strategies. overall, 58 different gene products arising from barley, wheat, and yeast (saccharomyces spp.) were identified in the protein fract ...201525793656
functional characterisation of an intron retaining k(+) transporter of barley reveals intron-mediated alternate splicing.intron retention in transcripts and the presence of 5' and 3' splice sites within these introns mediate alternate splicing, which is widely observed in animals and plants. here, functional characterisation of the k(+) transporter, hvhkt2;1, with stably retained introns from barley (hordeum vulgare) in yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae), and transcript profiling in yeast and transgenic tobacco (nicotiana tabacum) is presented. expression of intron-retaining hvhkt2;1 cdna (hvhkt2;1-i) in trk1, trk2 ...201525631371
fungi and the natural occurrence of deoxynivalenol and fumonisins in malting barley (hordeum vulgare l.).the industrial use of barley grain has experienced continuous growth, mainly due to its economic importance for malt production. from a technological perspective, fungal persistence can reduce product marketability and cause economic losses. in this sense, the aim of the present study was to determine the presence and identification of mycoflora and the occurrence of deoxynivalenol (don) and fumonisins (fbs) in malting barley. the samples presented a low count of fungal colonies, with values ran ...201525977017
the dynamics of cereal cyst nematode infection differ between susceptible and resistant barley cultivars and lead to changes in (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan levels and hvcslf gene transcript abundance.heterodera avenae (cereal cyst nematode, ccn) infects the roots of barley (hordeum vulgare) forming syncytial feeding sites. in resistant host plants, relatively few females develop to maturity. little is known about the physiological and biochemical changes induced during ccn infection. responses to ccn infection were investigated in resistant (rha2) and susceptible barley cultivars through histological, compositional and transcriptional analysis. two phases were identified that influence ccn v ...201525737227
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