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short oligogalacturonides induce pathogen resistance-associated gene expression in arabidopsis thaliana.oligogalacturonides (ogs) are important components of damage-associated molecular pattern (damp) signaling and influence growth regulation in plants. recent studies have focused on the impact of long ogs (degree of polymerization (dp) from 10-15), demonstrating the induction of plant defense signaling resulting in enhanced defenses to necrotrophic pathogens. to clarify the role of trimers (trimeric ogs, dp3) in damp signaling and their impact on plant growth regulation, we performed a transcript ...201728103793
the stress granule component g3bp is a novel interaction partner for the nuclear shuttle proteins of the nanovirus pea necrotic yellow dwarf virus and geminivirus abutilon mosaic virus.stress granules (sgs) are structures within cells that regulate gene expression during stress response, e.g. viral infection. in mammalian cells assembly of sgs is dependent on the ras-gap sh3-domain-binding protein (g3bp). the c-terminal domain of the viral nonstructural protein 3 (nsp3) of semliki forest virus (sfv) forms a complex with mammalian g3bp and sequesters it into viral rna replication complexes in a manner that inhibits the formation of sgs. the binding domain of nsp3 to hsg3bp was ...201727693920
cascade of chromosomal rearrangements caused by a heterogeneous t-dna integration supports the double-stranded break repair model for t-dna integration.transferred dna (t-dna) from agrobacterium tumefaciens can be integrated into the plant genome. the double-stranded break repair (dsbr) pathway is a major model for t-dna integration. from this model, we expect that two ends of a t-dna molecule would invade into a single dna double-stranded break (dsb) or independent dsbs in the plant genome. we call the later phenomenon a heterogeneous t-dna integration, which has never been observed. in this work, we demonstrated it in an arabidopsis t-dna ins ...201728244154
re-sequencing transgenic plants revealed rearrangements at t-dna inserts, and integration of a short t-dna fragment, but no increase of small mutations elsewhere.transformation resulted in deletions and translocations at t-dna inserts, but not in genome-wide small mutations. a tiny t-dna splinter was detected that probably would remain undetected by conventional techniques. we investigated to which extent agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation is mutagenic, on top of inserting t-dna. to prevent mutations due to in vitro propagation, we applied floral dip transformation of arabidopsis thaliana. we re-sequenced the genomes of five primary transf ...201728155116
t-6b allocates more assimilation product for oil synthesis and less for polysaccharide synthesis during the seed development of arabidopsis thaliana.as an agrobacterium tumefaciens t-dna oncogene, t-6b induces the development of tumors and the enation syndrome in vegetative tissues of transgenic plants. most of these effects are related to increases in soluble sugar contents. to verify the potential roles of t-6b in the distribution of carbon in developing seeds, not in vegetative tissues, we fused an endosperm-specific promoter to the t-6b gene for expression in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana plants.201728127400
multifaceted roles of the ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor chrgf in development, pathogenesis, and stress responses of colletotrichum higginsianum.the infection process of colletotrichum higginsianum, which causes a disease of crucifers, involves several key steps: conidial germination, appressorial formation, appressorial penetration, and invasive growth in host tissues. in this study, the chrgf gene encoding a ras guanine-nucleotide exchange factor protein was identified by screening t-dna insertion mutants generated from agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation that were unable to cause disease on the host arabidopsis thaliana. ...201728026997
targeted mutagenesis in the medicinal plant salvia miltiorrhiza.crispr/cas9 is a powerful genome editing tool that has been extensively used in model plants and crops, such as arabidopsis thaliana, rice, wheat, and soybean. here, we report the use of crispr/cas9 to precisely knock out the committed diterpene synthase gene (smcps1) involved in tanshinone biosynthesis in salvia miltiorrhiza, a traditional chinese medicinal herb with significant pharmacological activities, such as vasorelaxation, protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury, and antiarrhythmi ...201728256553
transgenic expression of fungal accessory hemicellulases in arabidopsis thaliana triggers transcriptional patterns related to biotic stress and defense response.the plant cell wall is an abundant and renewable resource for lignocellulosic applications such as the production of biofuel. due to structural and compositional complexities, the plant cell wall is, however, recalcitrant to hydrolysis and extraction of platform sugars. a cell wall engineering strategy to reduce this recalcitrance makes use of microbial cell wall modifying enzymes that are expressed directly in plants themselves. previously, we constructed transgenic arabidopsis thaliana constit ...201728253318
[azospirillum brasilense az39 labeled with gfp in arabidopsis thaliana roots]. 201728343859
live imaging of root-bacteria interactions in a microfluidics setup.plant roots play a dominant role in shaping the rhizosphere, the environment in which interaction with diverse microorganisms occurs. tracking the dynamics of root-microbe interactions at high spatial resolution is currently limited because of methodological intricacy. here, we describe a microfluidics-based approach enabling direct imaging of root-bacteria interactions in real time. the microfluidic device, which we termed tracking root interactions system (tris), consists of nine independent c ...201728348235
exploiting the aglycon promiscuity of glycosyltransferase bs-yjic from bacillus subtilis and its application in synthesis of glycosides.glycosylation is a prominent biological mechanism for structural and functional diversity of natural products. uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases with aglycon promiscuity are generally recognised as effective biocatalysts for glycodiversification of natural products for practical applications. in this study, the aglycon promiscuity of glycosyltransferase bs-yjic from bacillus subtilis 168 was explored. bs-yjic, with uridine diphosphate glucose (udpg) as sugar donor, exhibited rob ...201728315700
beneficial rhizobacterium bacillus amyloliquefaciens sqr9 induces plant salt tolerance through spermidine production.the inoculation of plants with plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) has been an effective strategy for enhancing plant salt tolerance to diminish the loss of agricultural productivity caused by salt stress, but the signal transmitted from bacteria to the plant under salt stress is poorly understood. in this study, the salt tolerance of arabidopsis thaliana and zea mays was enhanced by inoculation with bacillus amyloliquefaciens sqr9. using dialysis bags with different molecular weight cu ...201728291380
microbial interactions in the phyllosphere increase plant performance under herbivore biotic stress.the phyllosphere supports a tremendous diversity of microbes and other organisms. however, little is known about the colonization and survival of pathogenic and beneficial bacteria alone or together in the phyllosphere across the whole plant life-cycle under herbivory, which hinders our ability to understand the role of phyllosphere bacteria on plant performance. we addressed these questions in experiments using four genetically and biogeographically diverse accessions of arabidopsis thaliana, t ...201728163703
translocation of bacillus thuringiensis in phaseolus vulgaris tissues and vertical transmission in arabidopsis thaliana.to demonstrate the ability of bacillus thuringiensis to penetrate as spore-crystal complex to the internal tissues of bean plants, and keep its insecticidal activity. to test the vertical transmission of the spore-crystal complex in arabidopsis thaliana.201728129468
analysis of plant growth-promoting properties of bacillus amyloliquefaciens ucmb5113 using arabidopsis thaliana as host plant.this study showed that bacillus amyloliquefaciens ucmb5113 colonizing arabidopsis roots changed root structure and promoted growth implying the usability of this strain as a novel tool to support sustainable crop production. root architecture plays a crucial role for plants to ensure uptake of water, minerals and nutrients and to provide anchorage in the soil. the root is a dynamic structure with plastic growth and branching depending on the continuous integration of internal and environmental f ...201727541497
natural variation in life history strategy of arabidopsis thaliana determines stress responses to drought and insects of different feeding guilds.plants are sessile organisms and, consequently, are exposed to a plethora of stresses in their local habitat. as a result, different populations of a species are subject to different selection pressures leading to adaptation to local conditions and intraspecific divergence. the annual brassicaceous plant arabidopsis thaliana is an attractive model for ecologists and evolutionary biologists due to the availability of a large collection of resequenced natural accessions. accessions of a. thaliana ...201728295823
ectopic expression of the wild grape wrky transcription factor vqwrky52 in arabidopsis thaliana enhances resistance to the biotrophic pathogen powdery mildew but not to the necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea.wrky transcription factors are known to play important roles in plant responses to biotic stresses. we previously showed that the expression of the wrky gene, vqwrky52, from chinese wild vitis quinquangularis was strongly induced 24 h post inoculation with powdery mildew. in this study, we analyzed the expression levels of vqwrky52 following treatment with the defense related hormones salicylic acid (sa) and methyl jasmonate, revealing that vqwrky52 was strongly induced by sa but not ja. we char ...201728197166
molecular profiles of contrasting shade response strategies in wild plants: differential control of immunity and shoot elongation.plants growing at high densities elongate their shoots to reach for light, a response known as the shade avoidance syndrome (sas). phytochrome-mediated detection of far-red light reflection from neighboring plants activates growth-promoting molecular pathways leading to sas however, it is unknown how plants that complete their life cycle in the forest understory and are shade tolerant prevent sas when exposed to shade. here, we show how two wild geranium species from different native light envir ...201728138015
three pectin methylesterase inhibitors protect cell wall integrity for arabidopsis immunity to botrytis.infection by necrotrophs is a complex process that starts with the breakdown of the cell wall (cw) matrix initiated by cw-degrading enzymes and results in an extensive tissue maceration. plants exploit induced defense mechanisms based on biochemical modification of the cw components to protect themselves from enzymatic degradation. the pectin matrix is the main cw target of botrytis cinerea, and pectin methylesterification status is strongly altered in response to infection. the methylesterifica ...201728082716
mechanisms and strategies of plant defense against botrytis cinerea.biotic factors affect plant immune responses and plant resistance to pathogen infections. despite the considerable progress made over the past two decades in manipulating genes, proteins and their levels from diverse sources, no complete genetic tolerance to environmental stresses has been developed so far in any crops. plant defense response to pathogens, including botrytis cinerea, is a complex biological process involving various changes at the biochemical, molecular (i.e. transcriptional) an ...201728056558
genome-wide association analysis reveals distinct genetic architectures for single and combined stress responses in arabidopsis thaliana.plants are commonly exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses. we used 350 arabidopsis thaliana accessions grown under controlled conditions. we employed genome-wide association analysis to investigate the genetic architecture and underlying loci involved in genetic variation in resistance to: two specialist insect herbivores, pieris rapae and plutella xylostella; and combinations of stresses, i.e. drought followed by p. rapae and infection by the fungal pathogen botrytis cinerea followed by infest ...201727604707
immune responses induced by oligogalacturonides are differentially affected by avrpto and loss of bak1/bkk1 and pepr1/pepr2.plants possess an innate immune system capable of restricting invasion by most potential pathogens. at the cell surface, the recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) and/or damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) by pattern recognition receptors (prrs) represents the first event for the prompt mounting of an effective immune response. pathogens have evolved effectors that block mamp-triggered immunity. the pseudomonas syringae effector avrpto abolishes immunity triggered ...201727118426
absence of cu-zn superoxide dismutase bcsod1 reduces botrytis cinerea virulence in arabidopsis and tomato plants, revealing interplay among reactive oxygen species, callose and signalling pathways.plants activate responses against pathogens, including the oxidative burst. necrotrophic pathogens can produce reactive oxygen species (ros) that benefit the colonization process. previously, we have demonstrated that tomato plants challenged with botrytis cinerea accumulate ros and callose, together with the induction of genes involved in defence, signalling and oxidative metabolism. here, we studied the infection phenotype of the δbcsod1 strain in both tomato and arabidopsis plants. this mutan ...201726780422
identification of lipopolysaccharide-interacting plasma membrane-type proteins in arabidopsis thaliana.lipopolysaccharide (lps) is an amphiphatic bacterial glycoconjugate found on the external membrane of gram-negative bacteria. this endotoxin is considered as a microbe-associated molecular pattern (mamp) molecule and has been shown to elicit defense responses in plants. here, lps-interacting proteins from arabidopsis thaliana plasma membrane (pm)-type fractions were captured and identified in order to investigate those involved in lps perception and linked to triggering of innate immune response ...201727936405
infection of non-host model plant species with the narrow-host-range cacao swollen shoot virus.cacao swollen shoot virus (cssv) is a major pathogen of cacao (theobroma cacao) in africa, and long-standing efforts to limit its spread by the culling of infected trees have had very limited success. cssv is a particularly difficult virus to study, as it has a very narrow host range, limited to several tropical tree species. furthermore, the virus is not mechanically transmissible, and its insect vector can only be used with difficulty. thus, the only efficient means to infect cacao plants that ...201727010241
selective autophagy limits cauliflower mosaic virus infection by nbr1-mediated targeting of viral capsid protein and particles.autophagy plays a paramount role in mammalian antiviral immunity including direct targeting of viruses and their individual components, and many viruses have evolved measures to antagonize or even exploit autophagy mechanisms for the benefit of infection. in plants, however, the functions of autophagy in host immunity and viral pathogenesis are poorly understood. in this study, we have identified both anti- and proviral roles of autophagy in the compatible interaction of cauliflower mosaic virus ...201728223514
the effects of surface structure mutations in arabidopsis thaliana on the polarization of reflections from virus-infected leaves.the way in which light is polarized when reflected from leaves can be affected by infection with plant viruses. this has the potential to influence viral transmission by insect vectors due to altered visual attractiveness of infected plants. the optical and topological properties of cuticular waxes and trichomes are important determinants of how light is polarized upon reflection. changes in expression of genes involved in the formation of surface structures have also been reported following vir ...201728346494
lipid flippases promote antiviral silencing and the biogenesis of viral and host sirnas in arabidopsis.dicer-mediated processing of virus-specific dsrna into short interfering rnas (sirnas) in plants and animals initiates a specific antiviral defense by rna interference (rnai). in this study, we developed a forward genetic screen for the identification of host factors required for antiviral rnai in arabidopsis thaliana using whole-genome sequencing and a computational pipeline, we identified aminophospholipid transporting atpase 2 (ala2) and the related ala1 in the type iv subfamily of p-type atp ...201728123063
movement protein of cucumber mosaic virus associates with apoplastic ascorbate oxidase.plant viral movement proteins facilitate virion movement mainly through interaction with a number of factors from the host. we report the association of a cell wall localized ascorbate oxidase (csao4) from cucumis sativus with the movement protein (mp) of cucumber mosaic virus (cmv). this was identified first in a yeast two-hybrid screen and validated by in vivo pull down and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (bifc) assays. the bifc assay showed localization of the bimolecular complexes o ...201727668429
interaction between cucumber mosaic virus 2b protein and plant catalase induces a specific necrosis in association with proteasome activity.cucumber mosaic virus (cmv) can induce a specific necrosis on arabidopsis through the interaction between the cmv 2b protein and host catalase, in which the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway may be involved. we previously reported that the cmv 2b protein, the viral rna silencing suppressor, interacted with the h2o2 scavenger catalase (cat3), leading to necrosis on cmv-inoculated arabidopsis leaves. we here confirmed that cmv could more abundantly accumulate in the cat3-knockout mutant (cat3), and tha ...201727659495
p1-independent replication and local movement of rice yellow mottle virus in host and non-host plant species.sobemovirus p1 protein, characterized previously as a suppressor of posttranscriptional gene silencing, is required for systemic virus spread and infection in plants. mutations in the orf1 initiation codon do not affect viral replication indicating p1 is not necessary for this process. wild type, recombinant and p1 deletion mutants of cocksfoot mottle virus and rice yellow mottle virus were used to infect oat, rice, wheat, barley, arabidopsis thaliana and nicotiana benthamiana plants. wild type ...201727960111
membranome: a database for proteome-wide analysis of single-pass membrane proteins.the membranome database was developed to assist analysis and computational modeling of single-pass (bitopic) transmembrane (tm) proteins and their complexes by providing structural information about these proteins on a genomic scale. the database currently collects data on >6000 bitopic proteins from homo sapiens, arabidopsis thaliana, dictyostelium discoideum, saccharomyces cerevisiae, escherichia coli and methanocaldococcus jannaschii it presents the following data: (i) hierarchical classifica ...201727510400
proteomic analysis of arabidopsis plasma membranes reveals lipopolysaccharide-responsive changes.plant plasma membranes (pms) contain pattern recognition receptors (prrs), lately believed to be associated within multicomponent complexes, which perceive microbe-associated molecular pattern (mamp) molecules like lipopolysaccharides (lpss) and result in signal transduction events that lead to activated immune defense responses. as such, arabidopsis thaliana leaves were treated with lps from escherichia coli (lpse.coli) over time, and pm fractions isolated and evaluated using gel-based and subs ...201728390899
protection of human colon cells from shiga toxin by plant-based recombinant secretory iga.shiga toxin is a major virulence factor of food-poisoning caused by escherichia coli such as o157:h7. secretory immunoglobulin (ig) a (siga) is supposed to prevent infection of the mucosal surface and is a candidate agent for oral immunotherapy. we previously established a recombinant monoclonal antibody (mab) consisting of variable regions from a mouse igg mab specific for the binding subunit of shiga toxin 1 (stx1) and the fc region of mouse iga. here we produced a secretory form of the recomb ...201728368034
the biochemical properties of the two arabidopsis thaliana isochorismate synthases.the important plant hormone salicylic acid (sa; 2-hydroxybenzoic acid) regulates several key plant responses including, most notably, defence against pathogens. a key enzyme for sa biosynthesis is isochorismate synthase (ics), which converts chorismate to isochorismate, for which there are two genes in arabidopsis thaliana . one ( atics1 ) has been shown to be required for increased sa biosynthesis in response to pathogens and its expression can be stimulated throughout the leaf by virus infecti ...201728356402
de novo biosynthesis of trans-cinnamic acid derivatives in saccharomyces cerevisiae.the production of natural aroma compounds is an expanding field within the branch of white biotechnology. three aromatic compounds of interest are cinnamaldehyde, the typical cinnamon aroma that has applications in agriculture and medical sciences, as well as cinnamyl alcohol and hydrocinnamyl alcohol, which have applications in the cosmetic industry. current production methods, which rely on extraction from plant materials or chemical synthesis, are associated with drawbacks regarding scalabili ...201728353001
functional characterization of the arabidopsis universal stress protein atusp with an antifungal activity.an antifungal protein, atusp protein (at3g53990), was isolated from arabidopsis thaliana leaves by ion and size chromatography and sequenced by n-terminal sequencing. the atusp gene amplified from an arabidopsis leaf cdna library was transformed to escherichia coli to express the atusp protein. the recombinant protein inhibited the cell growth of various pathogenic fungal strains. the levels of the atusp transcripts were increased by various stresses, including pathogenic infection and salt stre ...201728347820
phosphorylation of wrinkled1 by kin10 results in its proteasomal degradation, providing a link between energy homeostasis and lipid biosynthesis.wrinkled1 (wri1), a member of the apetala2 (ap2) class of transcription factors, positively regulates glycolysis and lipid biosynthesis in arabidopsis thaliana. here we identify mechanistic links between kin10, the major sucrose non-fermentation-1 (snf1)-related kinase 1 (snrk1) involved in sugar/energy homeostasis and the posttranslational regulation of wri1. transient expression of wri1 with oleosin1 (ole1) in nicotiana benthamiana stimulates triacylglycerol (tag) accumulation, but their coexp ...201728314829
acetylglutamate kinase is required for both gametophyte function and embryo development in arabidopsis thaliana.the specific functions of the genes encoding arginine biosynthesis enzymes in plants are not well characterized. we report the isolation and characterization of arabidopsis thaliana n-acetylglutamate kinase (nagk), which catalyzes the second step of arginine biosynthesis. nagk is a plastid-localized protein and is expressed in most developmental processes in arabidopsis. heterologous expression of the arabidopsis nagk gene in a nagk-deficient escherichia coli strain fully bacterial growth on arg ...201728294536
production of cinnamyl alcohol glucoside from glucose in escherichia coli.rosin, a cinnamyl alcohol glucoside, is one of the important ingredients in rhodiola rosea, which is a valuable medicinal herb used for centuries. rosin displayed multiple biological activities. the traditional method for producing rosin and derivatives is direct extraction from r. rosea, which suffers from limited availability of natural resources and complicated purification procedure. this work achieved de novo biosynthesis of rosin in escherichia coli. first, a biosynthetic pathway of aglyco ...201728229589
multiple pesticides detoxification function of maize (zea mays) gst34.zmgst34 is a maize tau class gst gene and was found to be differently expressed between two maize cultivars differing in tolerance to herbicide metolachlor. to explore the possible role of zmgst34 in maize development, the expression pattern and substrate specificity of zmgst34 were characterized by quantitative rt-pcr and heterologous expression system, respectively. the results indicated that the expression level of zmgst34 was increased ∼2-5-fold per day during the second-leaf stage of maize ...201728221787
a novel zea mays ssp. mexicana l. myc-type ice-like transcription factor gene zmmice1, enhances freezing tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana.the annual zea mays ssp. mexicana l., a member of the teosinte group, is a close wild relative of maize and thus can be effectively used in maize improvement. in this study, an ice-like gene, zmmice1, was isolated from a cdna library of rna-seq from cold-treated seedling tissues of zea mays ssp. mexicana l. the deduced protein of zmmice1 contains a highly conserved basic helix-loop-helix (bhlh) domain and c-terminal region of ice-like proteins. the zmmice1 protein localizes to the nucleus and sh ...201728189052
effect of flexible linker length on the activity of fusion protein 4-coumaroyl-coa ligase::stilbene synthase.in order to elucidate the effect of flexible linker length on the catalytic efficiency of fusion proteins, two short flexible peptide linkers of various lengths were fused between arabidopsis thaliana 4-coumaroyl-coa ligase (4cl) and polygonum cuspidatum stilbene synthase (sts) to generate fusion proteins 4cl-(gsg)n-sts (n ≤ 5) and 4cl-(ggggs)n-sts (n ≤ 4). the fusion proteins were expressed in both escherichia coli and saccharomyces cerevisiae, and their bioactivities were tested in vitro and i ...201728181620
overexpression of mpcys4, a phytocystatin gene from malus prunifolia (willd.) borkh., enhances stomatal closure to confer drought tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis and apple.phytocystatins (phycys) comprise a group of inhibitors for cysteine proteinases in plants. they play a wide range of important roles in regulating endogenous processes and protecting plants against various environmental stresses, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. here, we detailed the biological functions of mpcys4, a member of cystatin genes isolated from malus prunifolia. this gene was activated under water deficit, heat (40°c), exogenous abscisic acid (aba), or methyl viol ...201728174579
missa 2.0: an updated synthetic biology toolbox for assembly of orthogonal crispr/cas systems.efficient generation of plants carrying mutations in multiple genes remains a challenge. using two or more orthogonal crispr/cas systems can generate plants with multi-gene mutations, but assembly of these systems requires a robust, high-capacity toolkit. here, we describe missa 2.0 (multiple-round in vivo site-specific assembly 2.0), an extensively updated toolkit for assembly of two or more crispr/cas systems. we developed a novel suicide donor vector system based on plasmid rk2, which has muc ...201728155921
microbial production of astilbin, a bioactive rhamnosylated flavanonol, from taxifolin.flavonoids are plant-based polyphenolic biomolecules with a wide range of biological activities. glycosylated flavonoids have drawn special attention in the industries as it improves solubility, stability, and bioactivity. herein, we report the production of astilbin (atn) from taxifolin (tfn) in genetically-engineered escherichia coli bl21(de3). the exogenously supplied tfn was converted to atn by 3-o-rhamnosylation utilizing the endogeneous tdp-l-rhamnose in presence of udp-glycosyltransferase ...201728120309
crispri-mediated metabolic engineering of e. coli for o-methylated anthocyanin production.anthocyanins are a class of brightly colored, glycosylated flavonoid pigments that imbue their flower and fruit host tissues with hues of predominantly red, orange, purple, and blue. although all anthocyanins exhibit ph-responsive photochemical changes, distinct structural decorations on the core anthocyanin skeleton also cause dramatic color shifts, in addition to improved stabilities and unique pharmacological properties. in this work, we report for the first time the extension of the reconsti ...201728095853
secreted proteins defy the expression level-evolutionary rate anticorrelation.the rates of evolution of the proteins of any organism vary across orders of magnitude. a primary factor influencing rates of protein evolution is expression. a strong negative correlation between expression levels and evolutionary rates (the so-called e-r anticorrelation) has been observed in virtually all studied organisms. this effect is currently attributed to the abundance-dependent fitness costs of misfolding and unspecific protein-protein interactions, among other factors. secreted protei ...201728007979
identification of a novel starch synthase iii from the picoalgae ostreococcus tauri.hydrosoluble glycogen is the major energy storage compound in bacteria, archaea, fungi, and animal cells. in contrast, photosynthetic eukaryotes have evolved to build a highly organized semicrystalline granule of starch. several enzymes are involved in polysaccharide synthesis, among which glycogen or starch synthase catalyze the elongation of the α-1,4-glucan chain. ostreococcus tauri, accumulates a single starch granule and contains three starch synthase iii (ssiii) isoforms, known as osttassi ...201728003125
correction: arabidopsis thaliana contains both ni2+ and zn2+ dependent glyoxalase i enzymes and ectopic expression of the latter contributes more towards abiotic stress tolerance in e. coli.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159348.].201727571207
flavin adenine dinucleotide and n(5) ,n(10) -methenyltetrahydrofolate are the in planta cofactors of arabidopsis thaliana cryptochrome 3.members of the cryptochrome/photolyase family (cpf) of proteins utilize noncovalently bound light-absorbing cofactors for their biological function. usually, the identity of these cofactors is determined after expression in heterologous systems leaving the question unanswered whether these cofactors are identical to the indigenous ones. here, cryptochrome 3 from arabidopsis thaliana was expressed as a fusion with the green fluorescent protein in arabidopsis plants. besides the confirmation of th ...201727463507
ice-binding proteins confer freezing tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis thaliana.lolium perenne is a freeze-tolerant perennial ryegrass capable of withstanding temperatures below -13 °c. ice-binding proteins (ibps) presumably help prevent damage associated with freezing by restricting the growth of ice crystals in the apoplast. we have investigated the expression, localization and in planta freezing protection capabilities of two l. perenne ibp isoforms, lpiri2 and lpiri3, as well as a processed ibp (lpafp). one of these isoforms, lpiri2, lacks a conventional signal peptide ...201727317906
transcriptome analysis of the dickeya dadantii pecs regulon during early stages of interaction with arabidopsis thaliana.pecs is one of the major global regulators controlling virulence of dickeya dadantii, a broad host range phytopathogenic bacterium causing soft rot on several plant families. to define the pecs regulon during plant colonisation, we analysed the global transcriptome profiles in wild type and pecs mutant strains during early colonization of the leaf surfaces and in leaf tissue just before the onset of symptoms and found that the pecs regulon consists of more than 600 genes. about one half of these ...201728295994
involvement of salicylic acid, ethylene and jasmonate acid signaling pathways in susceptibility of tomato for fusarium oxysporum.phytohormones such as salicylic acid (sa), ethylene (et) and jasmonic acid (ja) play key roles in plant defense following pathogen attack. involvement of these hormones in susceptibility following fusarium oxysporum (fo) infection has mostly been studied in arabidopsis thaliana. fo, however, causes vascular wilt disease in a broad range of crops, including tomato (solanum lycopersicum). surprisingly little is known about the involvement of these phytohormones in susceptibility of tomato towards ...201728390170
the suppression of tomato defence response genes upon potato cyst nematode infection indicates a key regulatory role of mirnas.potato cyst nematode globodera rostochiensis is an obligate parasite of solanaceous plants, triggering metabolic and morphological changes in roots which may result in substantial crop yield losses. previously, we used the cdna-aflp to study the transcriptional dynamics in nematode infected tomato roots. now, we present the rescreening of already published, upregulated transcript-derived fragment dataset using the most current tomato transcriptome sequences. our reanalysis allowed to add 54 nove ...201728182967
a glycine max homolog of non-race specific disease resistance 1 (ndr1) alters defense gene expression while functioning during a resistance response to different root pathogens in different genetic backgrounds.a glycine max homolog of the arabidopsis thaliana non-race specific disease resistance 1 (ndr1) coiled-coil nucleotide binding leucine rich repeat (cc-nb-lrr) defense signaling gene (gm-ndr1-1) is expressed in root cells undergoing a defense response to the root pathogenic nematode, heterodera glycines. gm-ndr1-1 overexpression in the h. glycines-susceptible genotype g. max[williams 82/pi 518671] impairs parasitism. in contrast, gm-ndr1-1 rna interference (rnai) in the h. glycines-resistant geno ...201728273511
altered expression of a chloroplast protein affects the outcome of virus and nematode infection.the chloroplast-resident rna helicase ise2 (increased size exclusion limit 2) can modulate the formation and distribution of plasmodesmata and intercellular trafficking. we have determined that ise2 expression is induced by viral infection. therefore the responses of nicotiana benthamiana plants with varying levels of ise2 expression to infection by tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) and turnip mosaic virus (tumv) were examined. surprisingly, increased or decreased ise2 expression led to faster viral sy ...201728323529
cyst nematode parasitism induces dynamic changes in the root epigenome.a growing body of evidence indicates that epigenetic modifications can provide efficient, dynamic, and reversible cellular responses to a wide range of environmental stimuli. however, the significance of epigenetic modifications in plant-pathogen interactions remains largely unexplored. in this study, we provide a comprehensive analysis of epigenome changes during the compatible interaction between the beet cyst nematode heterodera schachtii and arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana). whole genome b ...201728298479
the herbivore-induced plant volatiles methyl salicylate and menthol positively affect growth and pathogenicity of entomopathogenic fungi.some herbivore-induced-plant volatiles (hipvs) compounds are vital for the functioning of an ecosystem, by triggering multi-trophic interactions for natural enemies, plants and herbivores. however, the effect of these chemicals, which play a crucial role in regulating the multi-trophic interactions between plant-herbivore-entomopathogenic fungi, is still unknown. to fill this scientific gap, we therefore investigated how these chemicals influence the entomopathogenic fungi growth and efficacy. i ...201728079180
identification of host factors potentially involved in rtm-mediated resistance during potyvirus long distance movement.the long distance movement of potyviruses is a poorly understood step of the viral cycle. only factors inhibiting this process, referred to as "restricted tev movement" (rtm), have been identified in arabidopsis thaliana. on the virus side, the potyvirus coat protein (cp) displays determinants required for long-distance movement and for rtm-based resistance breaking. however, the potyvirus cp was previously shown not to interact with the rtm proteins. we undertook the identification of arabidops ...201728251380
a novel meloidogyne enterolobii effector metctp promotes parasitism by suppressing programmed cell death in host plants.meloidogyne enterolobii is one of the most important plant-parasitic nematodes that can overcome the mi-1 resistance gene and damage many economically important crops. translationally controlled tumour protein (tctp) is a multifunctional protein that exists in various eukaryotes and plays an important role in parasitism. in this study, a novel m. enterolobii tctp effector, named metctp, was identified and functionally characterized. metctp was specifically expressed within the dorsal gland and w ...201726808010
regulation of root development in arabidopsis thaliana by phytohormone-secreting epiphytic methylobacteria.in numerous experimental studies, seedlings of the model dicot arabidopsis thaliana have been raised on sterile mineral salt agar. however, under natural conditions, no plant has ever grown in an environment without bacteria. here, we document that germ-free (gnotobiotic) seedlings, raised on mineral salt agar without sucrose, develop very short root hairs. in the presence of a soil extract that contains naturally occurring microbes, root hair elongation is promoted; this effect can be mimicked ...201728054231
manipulation of auxin and cytokinin balance during the plasmodiophora brassicae-arabidopsis thaliana interaction.the symptoms of the clubroot disease on brassica species caused by the obligate biotrophic protist plasmodiophora brassicae relies, among other factors, on the modulation of plant hormones. signaling, transport as well as biosynthesis and metabolism are key features how the levels of auxins and cytokinins are controlled. we here describe (a) how to inoculate the model plant arabidopsis thaliana with p. brassicae, (b) qualitative and quantitative methods to evaluate disease severity in auxin and ...201728265986
herbicidal properties of antimalarial drugs.the evolutionary relationship between plants and the malarial parasite plasmodium falciparum is well established and underscored by the p. falciparum apicoplast, an essential chloroplast-like organelle. as a result of this relationship, studies have demonstrated that herbicides active against plants are also active against p. falciparum and thus could act as antimalarial drug leads. here we show the converse is also true; many antimalarial compounds developed for human use are highly herbicidal. ...201728361906
arabidopsis thaliana root colonization by the nematophagous fungus pochonia chlamydosporia is modulated by jasmonate signaling and leads to accelerated flowering and improved yield.pochonia chlamydosporia has been intensively studied in nematode control of different crops. we have investigated the interaction between p. chlamydosporia and the model system arabidopsis thaliana under laboratory conditions in the absence of nematodes. this study demonstrates that p. chlamydosporia colonizes a. thaliana. root colonization monitored with green fluorescent protein-tagged p. chlamydosporia and quantitative pcr (qpcr) quantitation methods revealed root cell invasion. fungal inocul ...201727456071
antagonism between two root-associated beneficial pseudomonas strains does not affect plant growth promotion and induced resistance against a leaf-chewing herbivore.plant growth-promoting microbes residing on the roots may cooperate or compete, thereby affecting their collective benefit to the host plant. pseudomonas simiae wcs417r (formerly known as p. fluorescens wcs417r) and pseudomonas fluorescens ss101 are well known for their ability to induce systemic resistance (isr) in arabidopsis. here, we evaluate how these species interact on the roots of arabidopsis thaliana col-0 and how their co-inoculation affects plant defense to the leaf-chewing herbivore ...201728334335
choline transporter-like1 (cher1) is crucial for plasmodesmata maturation in arabidopsis thaliana.plasmodesmata (pd) are microscopic pores connecting plant cells and enable cell-to-cell transport. currently, little information is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating pd formation and development. to uncover components of pd development we made use of the 17 kda movement protein (mp17) encoded by the potato leafroll virus (plrv). the protein is required for cell-to-cell movement of the virus and localises to complex pd. forward genetic screening for arabidopsis mutants with altered ...201727743414
bivariate genomic analysis identifies a hidden locus associated with bacteria hypersensitive response in arabidopsis thaliana.multi-phenotype analysis has drawn increasing attention to high-throughput genomic studies, whereas only a few applications have justified the use of multivariate techniques. we applied a recently developed multi-trait analysis method on a small set of bacteria hypersensitive response phenotypes and identified a single novel locus missed by conventional single-trait genome-wide association studies. the detected locus harbors a minor allele that elevates the risk of leaf collapse response to the ...201728338080
biochemical principles and functional aspects of pipecolic acid biosynthesis in plant immunity.the non-protein amino acid pipecolic acid (pip) regulates plant systemic acquired resistance (sar) and basal immunity to bacterial pathogen infection. in arabidopsis thaliana, the lys aminotransferase agd2-like defense response protein1 (ald1) mediates the pathogen-induced accumulation of pip in inoculated and distal leaf tissue. here we show that ald1 transfers the alpha-amino group of l-lys to acceptor oxoacids. combined mass spectrometric and infrared spectroscopic analyses of in vitro assays ...201728330936
diverse mechanisms of resistance to pseudomonas syringae in a thousand natural accessions of arabidopsis thaliana.plants are continuously threatened by pathogen attack and, as such, they have evolved mechanisms to evade, escape and defend themselves against pathogens. however, it is not known what types of defense mechanisms a plant would already possess to defend against a potential pathogen that has not co-evolved with the plant. we addressed this important question in a comprehensive manner by studying the responses of 1041 accessions of arabidopsis thaliana to the foliar pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv ...201728295393
thienopyrimidine-type compounds protect arabidopsis plants against the hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen colletotrichum higginsianum and bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola.plant activators activate systemic acquired resistance-like defense responses or induced systemic resistance, and thus protect plants from pathogens. we screened a chemical library composed of structurally diverse small molecules. we isolated six plant immune-inducing thienopyrimidine-type compounds and their analogous compounds. it was observed that the core structure of thienopyrimidine plays a role in induced resistance in plants. furthermore, we highlight the protective effect of thienopyrim ...201728277972
analyses of natural variation indicates that the absence of rps4/rrs1 and amino acid change in rps4 cause loss of their functions and resistance to pathogens.a pair of arabidopsis thaliana resistance proteins, rps4 and rrs1, recognizes the cognate avr effector from the bacterial pathogens pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato expressing avrrps4 (pst-avrrps4), ralstonia solanacearum, and the fungal pathogen colletotrichum higginsianum and leads to defense signaling activation against the pathogens. in the present study, we analyzed 14 a. thaliana accessions for natural variation in pst-avrrps4 and c. higginsianum susceptibility, and found new compatible and ...201728277970
reconstruction of an immune dynamic model to simulate the contrasting role of auxin and cytokinin in plant immunity.in order to increase our understanding of biological dependencies in plant immune signaling pathways, the known interactions involved in plant immune networks are modeled. this allows computational analysis to predict the functions of growth related hormones in plant-pathogen interaction. the squad (standardized qualitative dynamical systems) algorithm first determines stable system states in the network and then use them to compute continuous dynamical system states. our reconstructed boolean m ...201728265989
cytokinin-mediated regulation of reactive oxygen species homeostasis modulates stomatal immunity in arabidopsis.stomata play an important role in preinvasive defense responses by limiting pathogen entry into leaves. although the stress hormones salicylic acid (sa) and abscisic acid (aba) are known to regulate stomatal immunity, the role of growth promoting hormones is far from understood. here, we show that in arabidopsis thaliana, cytokinins (cks) function in stomatal defense responses. the cytokinin receptor histidine kinase3 (ahk3) and response regulator2 (arr2) promote stomatal closure triggered by pa ...201728254779
transgenic arabidopsis thaliana containing increased levels of atp and sucrose is more susceptible to pseudomonas syringae.disease resistance exerts a fitness cost on plants, presumably due to the extra consumption of energy and carbon. in this study, we examined whether transgenic arabidopsis thaliana with increased levels of atp and sucrose is more resistant or susceptible to pathogen infection. lines of a. thaliana over-expressing purple acid phosphatase 2 (atpap2) (oe lines) contain increased levels of atp and sucrose, with improved growth rate and seed production. compared to wild type (wt) and pap2 lines, the ...201728152090
constitutive heterologous overexpression of a tir-nb-arc-lrr gene encoding a putative disease resistance protein from wild chinese vitis pseudoreticulata in arabidopsis and tobacco enhances resistance to phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria.plants use resistance (r) proteins to detect pathogen effector proteins and activate their innate immune response against the pathogen. the majority of these proteins contain an nb-arc (nucleotide-binding adaptor shared by apaf-1, r proteins, and ced-4) domain along with a leucine-rich repeat (lrr), and some also bear a toll interleukin 1 receptor (tir) domain. in this study, we characterized a gene encoding a tir-nb-arc-lrr r protein (vptnl1) (genbank accession number kx649890) from wild chines ...201728131063
paraburkholderia phytofirmans psjn protects arabidopsis thaliana against a virulent strain of pseudomonas syringae through the activation of induced resistance.paraburkholderia phytofirmans psjn is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) that stimulates plant growth and improves tolerance to abiotic stresses. this study analyzed whether strain psjn can reduce plant disease severity and proliferation of the virulent strain pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000, in arabidopsis plants, through the activation of induced resistance. arabidopsis plants previously exposed to strain psjn showed a reduction in disease severity and pathogen proliferation ...201728118091
subunit-selective proteasome activity profiling uncovers uncoupled proteasome subunit activities during bacterial infections.the proteasome is a nuclear-cytoplasmic proteolytic complex involved in nearly all regulatory pathways in plant cells. the three different catalytic activities of the proteasome can have different functions, but tools to monitor and control these subunits selectively are not yet available in plant science. here, we introduce subunit-selective inhibitors and dual-color fluorescent activity-based probes for studying two of the three active catalytic subunits of the plant proteasome. we validate th ...201728117509
nup82 functions redundantly with nup136 in a salicylic acid-dependent defense response of arabidopsis thaliana.the nuclear pore complex (npc) comprises more than 30 nucleoporins (nups). npc mediates macromolecular trafficking between the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm, but specific roles of individual nups are poorly understood in higher plants. here, we show that the novel nucleoporin unique to angiosperm plants (designated as nup82) functions in a salicylic acid-dependent defense in a redundant manner with nup136, which is a component of the nuclear basket in the npc. arabidopsis thaliana nup82 had a si ...201728071978
protein phosphatase ap2c1 negatively regulates basal resistance and defense responses to pseudomonas syringae.mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) mediate plant immune responses to pathogenic bacteria. however, less is known about the cell autonomous negative regulatory mechanism controlling basal plant immunity. we report the biological role of arabidopsis thaliana mapk phosphatase ap2c1 as a negative regulator of plant basal resistance and defense responses to pseudomonas syringae ap2c2, a closely related mapk phosphatase, also negatively controls plant resistance. loss of ap2c1 leads to enhanced ...201728062592
arabidopsis stress associated protein 9 mediates biotic and abiotic stress responsive aba signaling via the proteasome pathway.arabidopsis thaliana stress associated protein 9 (atsap9) is a member of the a20/an1 zinc finger protein family known to play important roles in plant stress responses and in the mammalian immune response. although saps of several plant species were shown to be involved in abiotic stress responses, the underlying molecular mechanisms are largely unknown, and little is known about the involvement of saps in plant disease responses. expression of sap9 in arabidopsis is up-regulated in response to ...201728039858
the putative kinase substrate muse7 negatively impacts the accumulation of nlr proteins.stringent modulation of immune signaling in plants is necessary to enable a rapid response to pathogen attack without spurious defense activation. to identify genes involved in plant immunity, a forward genetic screen for enhancers of the autoimmune snc1 (suppressor of npr1, constitutive 1) mutant was conducted. the snc1 mutant contains a gain-of-function mutation in a gene encoding a nod-like receptor (nlr) protein. the isolated muse7 (mutant, snc1-enhancing, 7) mutant was shown to confer a rev ...201728004865
arabidopsis thaliana methionine sulfoxide reductase b8 influences stress-induced cell death and effector-triggered immunity.reactive oxygen species (ros) oxidize methionine to methionine sulfoxide (metso) and thereby inactivate proteins. methionine sulfoxide reductase (msr) enzyme converts metso back to the reduced form and thereby detoxifies the effect of ros. our results show that arabidopsis thaliana msr enzyme coding gene msrb8 is required for effector-triggered immunity and containment of stress-induced cell death in arabidopsis. plants activate pattern-triggered immunity (pti), a basal defense, upon recognition ...201727900506
arabidopsis thaliana serpins atsrp4 and atsrp5 negatively regulate stress-induced cell death and effector-triggered immunity induced by bacterial effector avrrpt2.protease inhibitors and their cognate proteases regulate growth, development and defense. serine protease inhibitors (serpins) constitute a large family of genes in most metazoans and plants. drosophila necrotic (nec) gene and its homologues in the mammalian system are well-characterized serpins, which play a role in regulating proteases that participate in cell death pathways. although the arabidopsis genome contains several serpin homologs, biological function is not known for most of them. he ...201727709637
idl6-hae/hsl2 impacts pectin degradation and resistance to pseudomonas syringae pv tomato dc3000 in arabidopsis leaves.plant cell walls undergo dynamic structural and chemical changes during plant development and growth. floral organ abscission and lateral root emergence are both accompanied by cell-wall remodeling, which involves the inflorescence deficient in abscission (ida)-derived peptide and its receptors, haesa (hae) and haesa-like2 (hsl2). plant cell walls also act as barriers against pathogenic invaders. thus, the cell-wall remodeling during plant development could have an influence on plant resistance ...201727618493
melatonin is required for h2 o2 - and no-mediated defense signaling through mapkkk3 and oxi1 in arabidopsis thaliana.melatonin influences plant innate immunity through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway. however, the most upstream mapk component in melatonin signaling and the dependence of generation of a reactive oxygen species (ros) burst on melatonin synthesis and signaling remain unclear. in this study, treatment of several mekk (alias mapkkk)-knockout arabidopsis mutants with melatonin revealed that the mapkkk3 and oxi1 (oxidative signal-inducible1) kinases are responsible for triggering ...201727862280
subcellular localization of pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato effector proteins in plants.animal and plant pathogenic bacteria use type iii secretion systems to translocate proteinaceous effectors to subvert innate immunity of their host organisms. type iii secretion/effector systems are a crucial pathogenicity factor in many bacterial pathogens of plants and animals. pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) dc3000 injects a total of 36 protein effectors that target a variety of host proteins. studies of a subset of pst dc3000 effectors demonstrated that bacterial effectors, once inside ...201727837488
non-ribosomal peptide synthases from pseudomonas aeruginosa play a role in cyclodipeptide biosynthesis, quorum-sensing regulation, and root development in a plant host.diverse molecules mediate cross-kingdom communication between bacteria and their eukaryotic partners and determine pathogenic or symbiotic relationships. n-acyl-l-homoserine lactone-dependent quorum-sensing signaling represses the biosynthesis of bacterial cyclodipeptides (cdps) that act as auxin signal mimics in the host plant arabidopsis thaliana. in this work, we performed bioinformatics, biochemical, and plant growth analyses to identify non-ribosomal peptide synthase (nrps) proteins of pseu ...201727900439
ethylene response factor aterf72 negatively regulates arabidopsis thaliana response to iron deficiency.ethylene regulates the plant's response to stress caused by iron (fe) deficiency. however, specific roles of erf proteins in response to fe deficiency remain poorly understood. here, we investigated the role of erf72 in response to iron deficiency in arabidopsis thaliana. in this study, the levels of the ethylene response factor aterf72 increased in leaves and roots induced under the iron deficient conditions. erf72 mutant plants showed increased growth compared to wild type (wt) when grown in i ...201728390898
acetolactate synthase regulatory subunits play divergent and overlapping roles in branched-chain amino acid synthesis and arabidopsis development.branched-chain amino acids (bcaas) are synthesized by plants, fungi, bacteria, and archaea with plants being the major source of these amino acids in animal diets. acetolactate synthase (als) is the first enzyme in the bcaa synthesis pathway. although the functional contribution of als to bcaa biosynthesis has been extensively characterized, a comprehensive understanding of the regulation of this pathway at the molecular level is still lacking.201728388946
post-translational regulation of nitrogen transporters in plants and microorganisms.for microorganisms and plants, nitrate and ammonium are the main nitrogen sources and they are also important signaling molecules controlling several aspects of metabolism and development. over the past decade, numerous studies revealed that nitrogen transporters are strongly regulated at the transcriptional level. however, more and more reports are now showing that nitrate and ammonium transporters are also subjected to post-translational regulations in response to nitrogen availability. phosph ...201728369438
identification of a ribose-phosphate pyrophosphokinase that can interact in vivo with the anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome.5-phospho-d-ribosyl-1-diphosphate (prpp) synthase (prs) catalyzes the biosynthesis of prpp, which is an important compound of metabolism in most organisms. however, no prs genes have been cloned, let alone studied for their biological function in rubber tree. in this study, we identify a novel protein (prs4) that interacts in vivo with rubber tree anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome (apc/c) subunit 10 (hbapc10) by yeast two-hybrid assays. prs4 has been cloned from rubber tree and named as hbprs ...201728358323
bile acid sodium symporter bass6 can transport glycolate and is involved in photorespiratory metabolism in arabidopsis thaliana.photorespiration is an energy-intensive process that recycles 2-phosphoglycolate, a toxic product of the rubisco oxygenation reaction. the photorespiratory pathway is highly compartmentalized, involving the chloroplast, peroxisome, cytosol and mitochondria. though the soluble enzymes involved in photorespiration are well characterized, very few membrane transporters involved in photorespiration have been identified to date. in this work, arabidopsis thaliana plants containing a t-dna disruption ...201728351992
combinatorial requirement of w- and wt-boxes in microbe-associated molecular pattern-responsive synthetic promoters.the wt-box ggactttc belongs to a novel class of mamp-responsive cis-regulatory sequences that are part of combinatorial elements. microbe-associated molecular pattern (mamp)-responsive synthetic promoters were generated with two cis-regulatory modules (crm1 and crm2) from the arabidopsis thaliana wrky30 promoter. both modules harbour two w-boxes and one wt-box. mutation analysis of the synthetic promoters and transient gene expression analysis in parsley protoplasts underline the importance of t ...201728341984
development of a synthetic switch to control protein stability in eukaryotic cells with light.in eukaryotic cells, virtually all regulatory processes are influenced by proteolysis. thus, synthetic control of protein stability is a powerful approach to influence cellular behavior. to achieve this, selected target proteins are modified with a conditional degradation sequence (degron) that responds to a distinct signal. for development of a synthetic degron, an appropriate sensor domain is fused with a degron such that activity of the degron is under control of the sensor. this chapter desc ...201728293891
arabidopsis map3k16 and other salt-inducible map3ks regulate aba response redundantly.in the arabidopsis genome, approximately 80 map3ks (mitogen- activated protein kinase kinase kinases) have been identified. however, only a few of them have been characterized, and the functions of most map3ks are largely unknown. in this paper, we report the function of map3k16 and several other map3ks, map3k14/15/17/18, whose expression is salt-inducible. we prepared map3k16 overexpression (ox) lines and analyzed their phenotypes. the result showed that the transgenic plants were aba-insensiti ...201728292003
the atmyb12 activation domain maps to a short c-terminal region of the transcription factor.the arabidopsis thaliana r2r3-myb transcription factor myb12 is a light-inducible, flavonol-specific activator of flavonoid biosynthesis. the transactivation activity of the atmyb12 protein was analyzed using a c-terminal deletion series in a transient a. thaliana protoplast assay with the goal of mapping the activation domain (ad). although the deletion of the last 46 c-terminal amino acids did not affect the activation capacity, the deletion of the last 98 amino acids almost totally abolished ...201728284041
rima-dependent nuclear accumulation of iyo triggers auxin-irreversible cell differentiation in arabidopsis.the transcriptional regulator miniyo (iyo) is essential and rate-limiting for initiating cell differentiation in arabidopsis thaliana moreover, iyo moves from the cytosol into the nucleus in cells at the meristem periphery, possibly triggering their differentiation. however, the genetic mechanisms controlling iyo nuclear accumulation were unknown, and the evidence that increased nuclear iyo levels trigger differentiation remained correlative. searching for iyo interactors, we identified rpap2 iy ...201728223441
identification and characterization of an efficient acyl-coa: diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (dgat1) gene from the microalga chlorella ellipsoidea.oil in the form of triacylglycerols (tags) is quantitatively the most important storage form of energy for eukaryotic cells. diacylglycerol acyltransferase (dgat) is considered the rate-limiting enzyme for tag accumulation. chlorella, a unicellular eukaryotic green alga, has attracted much attention as a potential feedstock for renewable energy production. however, the function of dgat1 in chlorella has not been reported.201728222675
the iswi remodeler in plants: protein complexes, biochemical functions, and developmental roles.imitation switch (iswi) is a member of the atp-dependent chromatin remodeling factor family, whose members move or restructure nucleosomes using energy derived from atp hydrolysis. iswi proteins are conserved in eukaryotes and usually form complexes with ddt (dna-binding homeobox and different transcription factors)-domain proteins. here, we review recent research on iswi in the model plant arabidopsis thaliana (atiswi). atiswi forms complexes with atddt-domain proteins, many of which have domai ...201728213686
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