Publications

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incorporating interspecific competition into species-distribution mapping by upward scaling of small-scale model projections to the landscape.there are a number of overarching questions and debate in the scientific community concerning the importance of biotic interactions in species distribution models at large spatial scales. in this paper, we present a framework for revising the potential distribution of tree species native to the western ecoregion of nova scotia, canada, by integrating the long-term effects of interspecific competition into an existing abiotic-factor-based definition of potential species distribution (psd). the ps ...201728207782
evidence of prokaryote like protein associated with nickel resistance in higher plants: horizontal transfer of tonb-dependent receptor/protein in betula genus or de novo mechanisms?mechanisms of metal resistance have been reported in many plants but knowledge in woody species is scarce. the tonb-dependent receptors family (tbdts) is a large group of proteins that facilitate the transport of molecules across the membrane of gram-negative bacteria. some evidence exists that tbdts are involved in metal stress. the existence of a tonb-like mechanism in non-prokaryotes has not been established. the recent development of the betula papyrifera (white birch) transcriptome has allo ...201727804963
photosynthesis, nutrient accumulation and growth of two betula species exposed to waterlogging in late dormancy and in the early growing season.increased risk of soil waterlogging in winter and spring at northern latitudes will potentially affect forest production in the future. we studied gas exchange, chlorophyll content index, chlorophyll fluorescence, nutrient concentration and biomass accumulation in 1-year-old silver (betula pendula roth) and pubescent birch (betula pubescens ehrh.) seedlings. we hypothesized that b. pubescens has different physiological mechanisms that make it tolerate waterlogging better than b. pendula. the tre ...201728338895
the shifting phenological landscape: within- and between-species variation in leaf emergence in a mixed-deciduous woodland.many organisms rely on synchronizing the timing of their life-history events with those of other trophic levels-known as phenological matching-for survival or successful reproduction. in temperate deciduous forests, the extent of matching with the budburst date of key tree species is of particular relevance for many herbivorous insects and, in turn, insectivorous birds. in order to understand the ecological and evolutionary forces operating in these systems, we require knowledge of the factors i ...201728303184
formic acid aided hot water extraction of hemicellulose from european silver birch (betula pendula) sawdust.hemicellulose has been extracted from birch (betula pendula) sawdust by formic acid aided hot water extraction. the maximum amount of hemicellulose extracted was about 70mol% of the total hemicellulose content at 170°c, measured as the combined yield of xylose and furfural. lower temperatures (130 and 140°c) favored hemicellulose hydrolysis rather than cellulose hydrolysis, even though the total hemicellulose yield was less than at 170°c. it was found that formic acid greatly increased the hydro ...201728231535
evaluation of the antioxidant activity of betula pendula leaves extract and its effects on model foods.betula pendula roth (betulaceae) exhibits many pharmacological activities in humans including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral effects. however, the antioxidant activity of bp towards lipid degradation has not been fully determined.201728152668
design and application of sporopollenin microcapsule supported palladium catalyst: remarkably high turnover frequency and reusability in catalysis of biaryls.bio-based catalyst support materials with high thermal and structural stability are desired for catalysts systems requiring harsh conditions. in this study, a thermally stable palladium catalyst (up to 440°c) was designed from sporopollenin, which occurs naturally in the outer exine layer of pollens and is widely acknowledged as chemically very stable and inert biological material. catalyst design procedure included (1) extraction of sporopollenin microcapsules from betula pendula pollens (∼25μm ...201727701017
multispecies genetic structure and hybridization in the betula genus across eurasia.boreal and cool temperate forests are the major land cover of northern eurasia, and information about continental-scale genetic structure and past demographic history of forest species is important from an evolutionary perspective and has conservation implications. however, although many population genetic studies of forest tree species have been conducted in europe or eastern asia, continental-scale genetic structure and past demographic history remain poorly known. here, we focus on the birch ...201727763698
leaf traits and photosynthetic responses of betula pendula saplings to a range of ground-level ozone concentrations at a range of nitrogen loads.ground-level ozone (o3) concentrations and atmospheric nitrogen (n) deposition rates have increased strongly since the 1950s. rising ground-level o3 concentrations and atmospheric n deposition both affect plant physiology and growth, however, impacts have often been studied in isolation rather than in combination. in addition, studies are often limited to a control treatment and one or two elevated levels of ozone and/or nitrogen supply. in the current study, three-year old betula pendula saplin ...201728152417
foliar fungi of betula pendula: impact of tree species mixtures and assessment methods.foliar fungi of silver birch (betula pendula) in an experimental finnish forest were investigated across a gradient of tree species richness using molecular high-throughput sequencing and visual macroscopic assessment. we hypothesized that the molecular approach detects more fungal taxa than visual assessment, and that there is a relationship among the most common fungal taxa detected by both techniques. furthermore, we hypothesized that the fungal community composition, diversity, and distribut ...201728150710
tree diversity affects chlorophyll a fluorescence and other leaf traits of tree species in a boreal forest.an assemblage of tree species with different crown properties creates heterogeneous environments at the canopy level. changes of functional leaf traits are expected, especially those related to light interception and photosynthesis. chlorophyll a fluorescence (chlf) properties in dark-adapted leaves, specific leaf area, leaf nitrogen content (n) and carbon isotope composition (δ13c) were measured on picea abies (l.) h.karst., pinus sylvestris l. and betula pendula roth. in monospecific and mixed ...201728100710
reaction of leaf weevil phyllobius arborator (coleoptera: curculionidae) to manganese content in diet.reaction of leaf weevil (phyllobius arborator (herbst)) to increased concentration of manganese in diet was investigated in laboratory rearing with controlled temperature, humidity, and light conditions. food for leaf weevils in rearing (leaves of birch betula pendula roth) was contaminated by soaking the leaves in solutions of mncl2.4h2o with graded concentration of manganese. direct influence of food was characterized by the consumed amount of leaves, period of feeding, and weight of p. arbora ...201728031428
accumulative response of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and silver birch (betula pendula roth) to heavy metals enhanced by pb-zn ore mining and processing plants: explicitly spatial considerations of ordinary kriging based on a gis approach.plants have an accumulative response to heavy metals present in soils or deposited from airborne sources of emissions. therefore, their tissues are very often used in studies of heavy metal contamination originating from different sources as a bioindicator of environmental pollution. this research was undertaken to examine accumulation capacities of pb, zn, cd, cu and cr in washed and unwashed needles of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and leaves of silver birch (betula pendula roth) growing in ...201727836278
dependence of guaiacol peroxidase activity and lipid peroxidation rate in drooping birch (betula pendula roth) and tillet (tilia cordata mill) leaf on motor traffic pollution intensity.hormesis and paradoxical effects are frequently found for different plant parameters. these phenomena were also observed for lipid peroxidation (lp) rate at environmental pollution. however, the role of antioxidant enzymes, particularly guaiacol peroxidases (gpx), in a nonmonotonic variation in the lp rate remains insufficiently explored. therefore, dependence of gpx activity and lp rate in betula pendula and tilia cordata leaf on motor traffic pollution intensity was studied. regression analysi ...201726676174
hormesis and paradoxical effects of drooping birch (betula pendula roth) parameters under motor traffic pollution.various plant indexes are used or recommended for bioindication. however, the nonmonotonic dose-response dependences (hormesis and paradoxical effects) of these indexes are insufficiently explored upon exposure to pollution. we studied the dependences of these betula pendula indexes on the intensity of motor traffic pollution. regression analysis did not reveal any dependence of chlorophyll and carotenoid content on traffic intensity (in 2008 and 2010-2013). lipid peroxidation rate had different ...201726676071
the competitive status of trees determines their responsiveness to increasing atmospheric humidity - a climate trend predicted for northern latitudes.the interactive effects of climate variables and tree-tree competition are still insufficiently understood drivers of forest response to global climate change. precipitation and air humidity are predicted to rise concurrently at high latitudes of the northern hemisphere. we investigated whether the growth response of deciduous trees to elevated air humidity varies with their competitive status. the study was conducted in seed-originated silver birch and monoclonal hybrid aspen stands grown at th ...201727779805
ectomycorrhizal community structure of salix and betula spp. at a saline site in central poland in relation to the seasons and soil parameters.saline stress is one of the most important abiotic factors limiting the growth and development of plants and associated microorganisms. while the impact of salinity on associations of arbuscular fungi is relatively well understood, knowledge of the ectomycorrhizal (em) fungi of trees growing on saline land is limited. the main objective of this study was to determine the density and diversity of em fungi associated with three tree species, salix alba, salix caprea and betula pendula, growing in ...201725821257
clinical validation of controlled exposure to birch pollen in the environmental exposure unit (eeu).the environmental exposure unit (eeu) in kingston, ontario, canada is a controlled allergen challenge facility (cacf) that has been previously clinically validated for the use of ragweed and grass pollen in clinical studies. in this study we aim to validate the use of birch pollen to challenge allergic participants.201627777594
bvoc responses to realistic nitrogen fertilization and ozone exposure in silver birch.emission of bvoc (biogenic volatile organic compounds) from plant leaves in response to ozone exposure (o3) and nitrogen (n) fertilization is poorly understood. for the first time, bvoc emissions were explored in a forest tree species (silver birch, betula pendula) exposed for two years to realistic levels of o3 (35, 48 and 69 ppb as daylight average) and n (10, 30 and 70 kg ha(-1) yr(-1), applied weekly to the soil as ammonium nitrate). the main bvocs emitted were: α-pinene, β-pinene, limonene, ...201626809503
replacing monocultures with mixed-species stands: ecosystem service implications of two production forest alternatives in sweden.whereas there is evidence that mixed-species approaches to production forestry in general can provide positive outcomes relative to monocultures, it is less clear to what extent multiple benefits can be derived from specific mixed-species alternatives. to provide such insights requires evaluations of an encompassing suite of ecosystem services, biodiversity, and forest management considerations provided by specific mixtures and monocultures within a region. here, we conduct such an assessment in ...201626744048
in vivo protective effect of betulinic acid on dexamethasone induced thymocyte apoptosis by reducing oxidative stress.dexamethasone (dex), a synthetic glucocorticoid, is strictly controlled for use due to its serious side effects, including immune suppression. betulinic acid (ba), an antioxidant prepared from the white birch, exhibits immunomodulation properties. to assess the implications and investigate the mechanisms of ba-elicited immunomodulation, we hypothesized that dex induced thymocyte apoptosis via oxidative stress could be lessened by ba.201626721359
an efficient protocol for isolation of inhibitor-free nucleic acids even from recalcitrant plants.for fast and easy isolation of inhibitor-free genomic dna even from the toughest plant leaf samples, including those high in polyphenols and polysaccharides, a protocol has been developed. to prevent the solubility of polysaccharides in the dna extract, high salt concentration (1.4 m) was used in the extraction buffer. polyvinylpyrrolidone (pvp) was used for the removal of polyphenols as polymerase chain reaction (pcr) inhibitors. proteins like various enzymes were degraded by proteinase k and r ...201628330131
two birch species demonstrate opposite latitudinal patterns in infestation by gall-making mites in northern europe.latitudinal patterns in herbivory, i.e. variations in plant losses to animals with latitude, are generally explained by temperature gradients. however, earlier studies suggest that geographical variation in abundance and diversity of gall-makers may be driven by precipitation rather than by temperature. to test the above hypothesis, we examined communities of eriophyoid mites (acari: eriophyoidea) on leaves of betula pendula and b. pubescens in boreal forests in northern europe. we sampled ten s ...201627835702
rhododenol and raspberry ketone impair the normal proliferation of melanocytes through reactive oxygen species-dependent activation of gadd45.rhododenol or rhododendrol (rd, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanol) occurs naturally in many plants along with raspberry ketone (rk, 4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-butanone), a ketone derivative, which include nikko maple tree (acer nikoense) and white birch (betula platyphylla). de-pigmenting activity of rd was discovered and it was used as a brightening ingredient for the skin whitening cosmetics. recently, cosmetics containing rd were withdrawn from the market because a number of consumers developed leukod ...201626867644
waterlogging in late dormancy and the early growth phase affected root and leaf morphology in betula pendula and betula pubescens seedlings.the warmer winters of the future will increase snow-melt frequency and rainfall, thereby increasing the risk of soil waterlogging and its effects on trees in winter and spring at northern latitudes. we studied the morphology of roots and leaves of 1-year-old silver birch (betula pendula roth) and pubescent birch (betula pubescens ehrh.) seedlings exposed to waterlogging during dormancy or at the beginning of the growing season in a growth-chamber experiment. the experiment included 4-week dorman ...201626420790
aluminum uptake and migration from the soil compartment into betula pendula for two different environments: a polluted and environmentally protected area of poland.this paper presents the impact of soil contamination on aluminum (al) concentrations in plant parts of betula pendula and a possible way of migration and transformation of al in the soil-root-stem-twig-leaf system. a new procedure of al fractionation based on extraction in water phase was applied to obtain and measure the most available forms of al in soils and b. pendula samples. in addition, total al content was determined in biological samples and pseudo total al content in soil samples colle ...201626370811
betulinic acid ameliorates experimental diabetic-induced renal inflammation and fibrosis via inhibiting the activation of nf-κb signaling pathway.diabetic nephropathy (dn) is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure and is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ecm) proteins such as fibronectin (fn), in the glomerular mesangium and tubulointerstitium. betulinic acid (ba), a pentacyclic triterpene derived from the bark of the white birch tree, has been demonstrated to have many pharmacological activities. however, the effect of ba on dn has not been fully elucidated. to explore the possible anti-inflammatory eff ...201627364889
osmolality and non-structural carbohydrate composition in the secondary phloem of trees across a latitudinal gradient in europe.phloem osmolality and its components are involved in basic cell metabolism, cell growth, and in various physiological processes including the ability of living cells to withstand drought and frost. osmolality and sugar composition responses to environmental stresses have been extensively studied for leaves, but less for the secondary phloem of plant stems and branches. leaf osmotic concentration and the share of pinitol and raffinose among soluble sugars increase with increasing drought or cold ...201627313582
low vapour pressure deficit affects nitrogen nutrition and foliar metabolites in silver birch.air humidity indicated as vapour pressure deficit (vpd) is directly related to transpiration and stomatal function of plants. we studied the effects of vpd and nitrogen (n) supply on leaf metabolites, plant growth, and mineral nutrition with young micropropagated silver birches (betula pendula roth.) in a growth chamber experiment. plants that were grown under low vpd for 26 d had higher biomass, larger stem diameter, more leaves, fewer fallen leaves, and larger total leaf area than plants that ...201627259554
artificially decreased vapour pressure deficit in field conditions modifies foliar metabolite profiles in birch and aspen.relative air humidity (rh) is expected to increase in northern europe due to climate change. increasing rh reduces the difference of water vapour pressure deficit (vpd) between the leaf and the atmosphere, and affects the gas exchange of plants. little is known about the effects of decreased vpd on plant metabolism, especially under field conditions. this study was conducted to determine the effects of artificially decreased vpd on silver birch (betula pendula roth.) and hybrid aspen (populus tr ...201627255929
nickel and copper toxicity and plant response mechanisms in white birch (betula papyrifera).nickel (ni) and copper (cu) are the most prevalent metals found in the soils in the greater sudbury region (canada) because of smelting emissions. the main objectives of the present study were to (1) determine the toxicity of nickel (ni) and copper (cu) at different doses in betula papyrifera (white birch), (2) characterize nickel resistance mechanism, and (3) assess segregating patterns for ni and cu resistance in b. papyrifera populations. this study revealed that b. papyrifera is resistant to ...201627230027
analyzing tree cores to detect petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated groundwater at a former landfill site in the community of happy valley-goose bay, eastern canadian subarctic.this research examines the feasibility of analyzing tree cores to detect benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and m, p, o-xylene (btex) compounds and methyl tertiary-butyl ether (mtbe) in groundwater in eastern canada subarctic environments, using a former landfill site in the remote community of happy valley-goose bay, labrador. petroleum hydrocarbon contamination at the landfill site is the result of environmentally unsound pre-1990s disposal of households and industrial solid wastes. tree cores we ...201627151238
antitumor drug effect of betulinic acid mediated by polyethylene glycol modified liposomes.betulinic acid (ba), as a natural pentacyclic lupine-type triterpene, principally derives from bark of white birch, due to its potent pharmacological properties and low side-effect, which has been demonstrated a prominent efficiency on cancer therapy. however, the poor solubility and low bioavailability limit its pharmaceutical effect. herein, we reported the rapid efficient synthesis of the polyethylene glycol modified (pegylated) ba liposomes using ethanol injection technique for the first tim ...201627127036
comprehensive transcriptome analysis of response to nickel stress in white birch (betula papyrifera).white birch (betula papyrifera) is a dominant tree species of the boreal forest. recent studies have shown that it is fairly resistant to heavy metal contamination, specifically to nickel. knowledge of regulation of genes associated with metal resistance in higher plants is very sketchy. availability and annotation of the dwarf birch (b. nana) enables the use of high throughout sequencing approaches to understanding responses to environmental challenges in other betula species such as b. papyrif ...201627082755
effect of betula pendula leaf extract on α-glucosidase and glutathione level in glucose-induced oxidative stress.b. pendula leaf is a common ingredient in traditional herbal combinations for treatment of diabetes in southeastern europe. present study investigated b. pendula ethanolic and aqueous extract as inhibitors of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes, as well as their ability to restore glutathione concentration in hep g2 cells subjected to glucose-induced oxidative stress. phytochemical analysis revealed presence of rutin and other quercetin derivatives, as well as chlorogenic acid. in general, ethanoli ...201627668005
development of betulinic acid as an agonist of tgr5 receptor using a new in vitro assay.g-protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1, also known as tgr5 is known to be involved in glucose homeostasis. in animal models, treatment with a tgr5 agonist induces incretin secretion to reduce hyperglycemia. betulinic acid, a triterpenoid present in the leaves of white birch, has been introduced as a selective tgr5 agonist. however, direct activation of tgr5 by betulinic acid has not yet been reported.201627578964
betulin attenuates atherosclerosis in apoe(-/-) mice by up-regulating abca1 and abcg1.betulin is a pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from the bark of yellow and white birch trees with anti-cancer and anti-malaria activities. in this study we examined the effects of betulin on atherosclerosis in apoe(-/-) mice and the underlying mechanisms.201627374487
photosynthetic limitation of several representative subalpine species in the catalan pyrenees in summer.information on the photosynthetic process and its limitations is essential in order to predict both the capacity of species to adapt to conditions associated with climate change and the likely changes in plant communities. considering that high-mountain species are especially sensitive, three species representative of subalpine forests of the central catalan pyrenees: mountain pine (pinus uncinata mill.), birch (betula pendula roth) and rhododendron (rhododendron ferrugineum l.) were studied und ...201626833754
deconstruction of nordic hardwood in switchable ionic liquids and acylation of the dissolved cellulose.nordic hardwood (betula pendula) was fractionated in a batch autoclave equipped with a custom-made spinchem(®) rotating bed reactor, at 120 °c using co2 and cs2-based switchable ionic liquids systems. analyses of the non-dissolved wood after treatment showed that 64 wt% of hemicelluloses and 70 wt% of lignin were removed from the native wood. long processing periods or successive short-time treatments using fresh sils further decreased the amount of hemicelluloses and lignin in the non-dissolved ...201626572376
ecophysiological responses of betula pendula, pinus uncinata and rhododendron ferrugineum in the catalan pyrenees to low summer rainfall.climate change is producing modifications in the intensity and frequency of rainfall in some regions of the planet. according to predictions, annual rainfall distribution in western europe will result in an increase in episodes of drought, thereby negatively affecting nutrient availability. since high mountain systems will be particularly vulnerable, the physiological and nutritional responses to changes in summer rainfall were monitored over the course of two consecutive summers on three specie ...201627784825
the efficacy of six elite isolates of the fungus chondrostereum purpureum against the sprouting of european aspen.the sprouting of broad-leaved trees after cutting is problematic in forest regeneration areas, along roads and railways, under electric power and above gas pipe lines. in finland, one of the most difficult species to control in these areas is the european aspen (populus tremula), which produces both stump sprouts and root suckers after saplings have been cut. in this study, we investigated whether a decay fungus of broad-leaved trees, chondrostereum purpureum, could be used as a biological contr ...201626899306
effect of different pretreatment methods on birch outer bark: new biorefinery routes.a comparative study among different pretreatment methods used for the fractionation of the birch outer bark components, including steam explosion, hydrothermal and organosolv treatments based on the use of ethanol/water media, is reported. the residual solid fractions have been characterized by atr-ftir, (13)c-solid-state nmr and morphological alterations after pretreatment were detected by scanning electron microscopy. the general chemical composition of the untreated and treated bark including ...201627043513
quantification of overnight movement of birch (betula pendula) branches and foliage with short interval terrestrial laser scanning.the goal of the study was to determine circadian movements of silver birch (petula bendula) branches and foliage detected with terrestrial laser scanning (tls). the study consisted of two geographically separate experiments conducted in finland and in austria. both experiments were carried out at the same time of the year and under similar outdoor conditions. experiments consisted of 14 (finland) and 77 (austria) individual laser scans taken between sunset and sunrise. the resulting point clouds ...201626973668
simultaneous determination of inorganic and organic ions in plant parts of betula pendula from two different types of ecosystems (wielkopolski national park and chemical plant in luboń, poland).the results of inorganic and organic anion concentrations in samples of soils and plant parts of betula pendula (tap roots, lateral roots, stem, twigs, leaves), in the bioavailable fraction, are presented in this study. an ion chromatography method was applied for the first time in the simultaneous determination of inorganic and organic anions, as an effective tool for qualitative and quantitative analysis of samples with different matrix. a linear gradient elution with potassium hydroxide allow ...201626903135
selective behaviour of honeybees in acquiring european propolis plant precursors.honey bees harvest resins from various plant species and use them in the hive as propolis. while there have been a number of studies concerning the chemical composition of this antimicrobial product, little is known about selective behavior and bee preference when different potential plant sources of resin are available. the main objective of this paper was to investigate some aspects of behavioral patterns of honeybees in the context of resin acquisition. samples of propolis originating from te ...201627294416
the role of selected tree species in industrial sewage sludge/flotation tailing management.the aim of the study was to estimate the ability of ten tree and bush species to tolerate and accumulate cd, cu, pb, zn, and as species [as(iii), as(v), and total organic arsenic] in industrial sewage sludge extremely contaminated with arsenic (almost 27.5 g kg(-1)) in a pot experiment. the premise being that it will then be possible to select the most promising tree/bush species, able to grow in the vicinity of dams where sewage sludge/flotation tailings are used as landfill. six of the ten tes ...201627348264
unravelling the distinct crystallinity and thermal properties of suberin compounds from quercus suber and betula pendula outer barks.the main purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of suberin (a naturally occurring aromatic-aliphatic polyester ubiquitous to the vegetable realm) as a renewable source of chemicals and, in particular, to assess their physical properties. a comparison between cork and birch suberin fragments obtained by conventional depolymerisation processes (hydrolysis or methanolysis) is provided, focusing essentially on their thermal and crystallinity properties. it was found that suberin frag ...201627632951
synthesis of siderophores by plant-associated metallotolerant bacteria under exposure to cd(2.).rhizosphere and endophytic bacteria are well known producers of siderophores, organic compounds that chelate ferric iron (fe(3+)), and therefore play an important role in plant growth promotion in metalliferous areas, thereby improving bioremediation processes. however, in addition to their primary function in iron mobilization, siderophores also have the capacity to chelate other heavy metals, such as al(3+), zn(2+), cu(2+), pb(2+) and cd(2+), that can affect homeostasis and the heavy metal tol ...201627183333
change in atp-binding cassette b1/19, glutamine synthetase and alcohol dehydrogenase gene expression during root elongation in betula pendula roth and alnus glutinosa l. gaertn in response to leachate and leonardite humic substances.humic substances (hs) are complex and heterogeneous compounds of humified organic matter resulting from the chemical and microbiological decomposition of organic residues. hs have a positive effect on plant growth and development by improving soil structure and fertility. they have long been recognized as plant growth-promoting substances, particularly with regard to influencing nutrient uptake, root growth and architecture. the biochemical and molecular mechanisms through which hs influence pla ...201626595095
long-term changes of metal contents in two metallophyte species (olkusz area of zn-pb ores, poland).the authors present the changes of the as, cd, fe, mn, pb and zn contents in two plant-considered metallophytes: common bent agrostis capillaris (blades) and birch betula pendula (leaves and seeds), recorded in a zn-pb industrial region of olkusz (poland) in 1994 and 2014. the highest amounts of cd (12 ppm) and zn (2524 ppm) in the common bent occur in the vicinity of the mining and metallurgical works 'bolesław' in bukowno. however, these values are significantly lower than those in 1994: cd by ...201627165603
levels of selected trace elements in scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), silver birch (betula pendula l.), and norway maple (acer platanoides l.) in an urbanized environment.the aim of the study was to determine the concentrations of selected trace elements in needles and bark of scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.), leaves and bark of silver birch (betula pendula l.), and norway maple (acer platanoides l.), as well as in the soil in which the trees grew, depending on their localization and hence the distribution of local pollution sources. the content of trace elements in needles of scots pine, leaves of silver birch, and norway maple and in bark of these trees depende ...201627696092
pollen-associated microbiome correlates with pollution parameters and the allergenicity of pollen.pollen allergies have been rapidly increasing over the last decades. many allergenic proteins and non-allergenic adjuvant compounds of pollen are involved in the plant defense against environmental or microbial stress. the first aim of this study was to analyze and compare the colonizing microbes on allergenic pollen. the second aim was to investigate detectable correlations between pollen microbiota and parameters of air pollution or pollen allergenicity. to reach these aims, bacterial and fung ...201626910418
chemometrics in biomonitoring: distribution and correlation of trace elements in tree leaves.the concentrations of 15 elements were measured in the leaf samples of aesculus hippocastanum, tilia spp., betula pendula and acer platanoides collected in may and september of 2014 from four different locations in belgrade, serbia. the objective was to assess the chemical characterization of leaf surface and in-wax fractions, as well as the leaf tissue element content, by analyzing untreated, washed with water and washed with chloroform leaf samples, respectively. the combined approach of self- ...201626748000
transpiration of urban trees and its cooling effect in a high latitude city.an important ecosystem service provided by urban trees is the cooling effect caused by their transpiration. the aim of this study was to quantify the magnitude of daytime and night-time transpiration of common urban tree species in a high latitude city (gothenburg, sweden), to analyse the influence of weather conditions and surface permeability on the tree transpiration, and to find out whether tree transpiration contributed to daytime or nocturnal cooling. stomatal conductance and leaf transpir ...201626048702
evaluation of urban environment pollution based on the accumulation of macro- and trace elements in epiphytic lichens.nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, zinc, nickel, copper, manganese, iron and lead accumulation properties of three epiphytic lichen species (hypogymnia physodes (l.) nyl., parmelia sulcata taylor and xanthoria parietina (l.) th. fr.) were compared. an assessment of pollution of the municipal environment in słupsk (poland) according to macro- and trace elements was also done. lichen samples were taken in autumn 2013 from betula pendula, fraxinus excelsior, acer platanoides, a. pseudoplat ...201626745547
antimicrobial activity of natural products from the flora of northern ontario, canada.the number of multidrug resistant (mdr) microorganisms is increasing and the antimicrobial resistance expressed by these pathogens is generating a rising global health crisis. in fact, there are only a few antimicrobial agents left that can be used against mdr bacteria and fungi.201525697605
[report of quambalaria cyanescens associated with birch].long-term microbiological investigation of the pollen of silver birch (betula pendula) in the mos- cow, and moscow region areas revealed that: almost one-third of the analyzed samples, contained the fungus identified by morphological, cultural, and molecular genetic techniques as quambalaria cyanescens (de hoog & g. a. de vries) z.w. de beer, begerow & r. bauer. this species was previously known mostly as a syrmbiont of tropical plants of the generaeucalyptus and cortyminbia and has not been iso ...201525844472
bioconversion of birch wood hemicellulose hydrolyzate to xylitol.a sugar solution containing 42.9 g l(-1) of xylose was prepared from the wood of japanese white birch (betula platyphylla var. japonica) by hydrolysis with 3 % sulfuric acid with a liquor-to-solid ratio of 4 (g g(-1)) at 120 °c for 1 h. during the acid hydrolysis, undesirable by-products were generated, such as acetic acid, furfural, and low-molecular-weight phenols, which inhibit bioconversion of xylose to xylitol. these inhibitors were successfully removed from the hydrolyzate by sorption onto ...201525894947
tree species composition affects the abundance of rowan (sorbus aucuparia l.) in urban forests in finland.recent studies have shown a considerable increase in the abundance of rowan (sorbus aucuparia) saplings in urban forests in finland, yet the reasons for this increase are not well understood. here we investigated whether canopy cover or tree species composition, i.e., the basal areas of different tree species in norway spruce dominated urban forests, affects the abundances of rowan seedlings, saplings and trees. altogether 24 urban forest patches were investigated. we sampled the number of rowan ...201525588119
two new species of oobius trjapitzin (hymenoptera, encyrtidae) egg parasitoids of agrilus spp. (coleoptera, buprestidae) from the usa, including a key and taxonomic notes on other congeneric nearctic taxa.oobius trjapitzin (hymenoptera, encyrtidae) species are egg parasitoids that are important for the biological control of some buprestidae and cerambycidae (coleoptera). two species, oobiusagrili zhang & huang and oobiuslongoi (siscaro), were introduced into north america for classical biocontrol and have successfully established. two new native north american species that parasitize eggs of agrilus spp. (buprestidae) are described and illustrated from the usa: oobiusminusculus triapitsyn & petri ...201525931963
asynchrony between host plant and insects-defoliator within a tritrophic system: the role of herbivore innate immunity.the effects of asynchrony in the phenology of spring-feeding insect-defoliators and their host plants on insects' fitness, as well as the importance of this effect for the population dynamics of outbreaking species of insects, is a widespread and well-documented phenomenon. however, the spreading of this phenomenon through the food chain, and especially those mechanisms operating this spreading, are still unclear. in this paper, we study the effect of seasonally declined leafquality (estimated i ...201526115118
online measurement of real-time cytotoxic responses induced by multi-component matrices, such as natural products, through electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ecis).natural products are complex matrices of compounds that are prone to interfere with the label-dependent methods that are typically used for cytotoxicity screenings. here, we developed a label-free electric cell-substrate impedance sensing (ecis)-based cytotoxicity assay that can be applied in the assessment of the cytotoxicity of natural extracts. the conditions to measure the impedance using ecis were first optimized in mice immortalized hypothalamic neurons gt1-7 cells. the performance of four ...201526569236
elevated air humidity affects hydraulic traits and tree size but not biomass allocation in young silver birches (betula pendula).as changes in air temperature, precipitation, and air humidity are expected in the coming decades, studies on the impact of these environmental shifts on plant growth and functioning are of major importance. greatly understudied aspects of climate change include consequences of increasing air humidity on forest ecosystems, predicted for high latitudes. the main objective of this study was to find a link between hydraulic acclimation and shifts in trees' resource allocation in silver birch (betul ...201526528318
can serum white birch (betula verrucosa) pollen antigen (bet v 1) immunoglobulin e measurement distinguish between sensitization and allergy?in clinical practice, it is fundamental to distinguish between sensitization and allergy, mainly with respect to polysensitized patients. the aim of this study was to evaluate whether serum immunoglobulin e (ige) to white birch (betula verrucosa) pollen antigen (bet v 1) assessment might be able to differentiate simple sensitization from true allergy.201526250401
effects of a major tree invader on urban woodland arthropods.biological invasions are a major threat to biodiversity; however, the degree of impact can vary depending on the ecosystem and taxa. here, we test whether a top invader at a global scale, the tree robinia pseudoacacia (black locust or false acacia), which is known to profoundly change site conditions, significantly affects urban animal diversity. as a first multi-taxon study of this kind, we analyzed the effects of robinia dominance on 18 arthropod taxa by pairwise comparisons of woodlands in be ...201526359665
coupled enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation: ionic liquid pretreatment for enhanced yields.pretreatment is a vital step upon biochemical conversion of lignocellulose materials into biofuels. an acid catalyzed thermochemical treatment is the most commonly employed method for this purpose. alternatively, ionic liquids (ils), a class of neoteric solvents, provide unique opportunities as solvents for the pretreatment of a wide range of lignocellulose materials. in the present study, four ionic liquid solvents (ils), two switchable ils (sils) dbu-mea-so2 and dbu-mea-co2, as well as two 'cl ...201526339292
identification of genes associated with male sterility in a mutant of white birch (betula platyphylla suk.).white birch (betula platyphylla suk.) is a monoecious tree species with unisexual flowers. in this study, we used a spontaneous mutant genotype that produced normal-like male (nlm) inflorescences and mutant male (mm) inflorescences at different locations within the tree to investigate the genes necessary for pollen development. a cdna-amplified fragment length polymorphism (cdna-aflp) analysis was used to identify genes differentially expressed between the two types of inflorescences. of approxi ...201526260014
betula pendula: a promising candidate for phytoremediation of tce in northern climates.betula pendula (silver birch) trees growing on two contaminated sites were evaluated to assess their capacity to phytoscreen and phytoremediate chlorinated aliphatic compounds and heavy metals. both locations are industrially-contaminated properties in central sweden. the first was the site of a trichloroethylene (tce) spill in the 1980s while the second was polluted with heavy metals by burning industrial wastes. in both cases, sap and sapwood from silver birch trees were collected and analyzed ...201525174420
forecasting plant phenology: evaluating the phenological models for betula pendula and padus racemosa spring phases, latvia.a historical phenological record and meteorological data of the period 1960-2009 are used to analyse the ability of seven phenological models to predict leaf unfolding and beginning of flowering for two tree species-silver birch betula pendula and bird cherry padus racemosa-in latvia. model stability is estimated performing multiple model fitting runs using half of the data for model training and the other half for evaluation. correlation coefficient, mean absolute error and mean squared error a ...201524789346
hierarchical self-assembly of a renewable nanosized pentacyclic dihydroxy-triterpenoid betulin yielding flower-like architectures.betulin, a naturally occurring 6-6-6-6-5 pentacyclic dihydroxy-triterpenoid, is extractable from the bark of white birch (betula papyrifera). we report the first self-assembly properties of betulin in different liquids. the molecule spontaneously self-assembled in different media, yielding flower-like architectures of nano- to micrometers diameters via the formation of fibrillar networks. the self-assemblies have been characterized by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmissio ...201526671722
[genotoxic and mutagenic properties of synthetic betulinic and betulonic acids].synthesis of betulinic acid was performed from the birch bark extract (betula pendula). betulonic acid was intermediate of the synthesis. both acids were isolated with purity 95%. genotoxicity and mutagenicity of obtained compounds were analyzed by ames test and sos chromotest, none of these properties have been detected.201526615642
volatile organic compounds emitted from silver birch of different provenances across a latitudinal gradient in finland.climate warming is having an impact on distribution, acclimation and defence capability of plants. we compared the emission rate and composition of volatile organic compounds (vocs) from silver birch (betula pendula (roth)) provenances along a latitudinal gradient in a common garden experiment over the years 2012 and 2013. micropropagated silver birch saplings from three provenances were acquired along a gradient of 7° latitude and planted at central (joensuu 62°n) and northern (kolari 67°n) sit ...201526093370
correction: development of ssr markers and genetic diversity in white birch (betula platyphylla). 201526030921
[the use of the parameters of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction for assessment of plant state under anthropogenic load].the technique for recording of chlorophyll a fluorescence induction kinetics has been used for assessment of the physiological state of leaves of tillet (tilia cordata), pendent white birch (betula pendula), american arborvitae (thuja occidentalis) in urban environments. different sensitivity of plants to adverse growing conditions was observed. the most sensitive jip test parameters such as pi(abs), f(v)/f(0), f(v)/f(m), r(fd) are determined to be used as indicators of the physiological state o ...201526016029
determining the composition of lignins in different tissues of silver birch.quantitative and qualitative lignin analyses were carried out on material from the trunks of silver birch (betula pendula roth) trees. two types of material were analyzed. first, whole birch trunk pieces were cryosectioned into cork cambium, non-conductive phloem, the cambial zone (conductive phloem, cambium and differentiating xylem), lignified xylem and the previous year's xylem; material that would show differences in lignin amount and quality. second, clonal material from one natural birch p ...201527135322
leaf surface lipophilic compounds as one of the factors of silver birch chemical defense against larvae of gypsy moth.plant chemical defense against herbivores is a complex process which involves a number of secondary compounds. it is known that the concentration of leaf surface lipophilic compounds (slcs), particularly those of flavonoid aglycones are increased with the defoliation treatment of silver birch betula pendula. in this study we investigated how the alteration of slcs concentration in the food affects the fitness and innate immunity of the gypsy moth lymantria dispar. we found that a low slcs concen ...201525816371
[developmental instability of the organism as a result of pessimization of environment under anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes].the value of fluctuating asymmetry is considered to be an indicator of the developmental instability of the organism. the consequences of activities of the mining industry plants, which are characterized by alienation and transformation of large areas of natural landscapes, are analyzed as an anthropogenic factor. the objects of study were small mammals (northern red-backed (clethrionomys rutilus) and gray red-backed (clethrionomys rufocanus) voles, tundra vole (microtus oeconomus), laxmann's (s ...201525720274
genotype × herbivore effect on leaf litter decomposition in betula pendula saplings: ecological and evolutionary consequences and the role of secondary metabolites.plant genetic variation and herbivores can both influence ecosystem functioning by affecting the quantity and quality of leaf litter. few studies have, however, investigated the effects of herbivore load on litter decomposition at plant genotype level. we reduced insect herbivory using an insecticide on one half of field-grown betula pendula saplings of 17 genotypes, representing random intrapopulation genetic variation, and allowed insects to naturally colonize the other half. we hypothesized t ...201525622034
decreased anthocyanidin reductase expression strongly decreases silver birch (betula pendula) growth and alters accumulation of phenolics.phenolics, formed via a complex phenylpropanoid pathway, are important defensive agents in plants and are strongly affected by nitrogen (n) fertilization. proanthocyanidins (pas) are one possible endpoint of the phenylpropanoid pathway, and anthocyanidin reductase (anr) represents a key enzyme in pa biosynthesis. in this study, the expression of silver birch (betula pendula) anthocyanidin reductase bpanr was inhibited using the rna interference (rnai) method, in three consequent bpanr rnai (anri ...201525611902
medicinal plants of the genus betula--traditional uses and a phytochemical-pharmacological review.trees and shrubs of the genus betula (betulaceae) inhabit various ecosystems in temperate and boreal climate zones of the northern hemisphere. the healing properties of betula bark and bark extracts have been known for a long time in traditional medicine in different parts of the world. several species of betula have traditionally been used for the treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis. the purpose of this review is to provide updated, comprehensive and categorized infor ...201525449458
functional characterization of ccr in birch (betula platyphylla × betula pendula) through overexpression and suppression analysis.we cloned a cinnamoyl-coa reductase gene (bpccr1) from an apical meristem and first internode of betula platyphylla and characterized its functions in lignin biosynthesis, wood formation and tree growth through transgenic approaches. we generated overexpression and suppression transgenic lines and analyzed them in comparison with the wild-type in terms of lignin content, anatomical characteristics, height and biomass. we found that bpccr1 overexpression could increase lignin content up to 14.6%, ...201525393559
integration of bpmads4 on various linkage groups improves the utilization of the rapid cycle breeding system in apple.rapid cycle breeding in apple is a new approach for the rapid introgression of agronomically relevant traits (e.g. disease resistances) from wild apple species into domestic apple cultivars (malus × domestica borkh.). this technique drastically shortens the long-lasting juvenile phase of apple. the utilization of early-flowering apple lines overexpressing the bpmads4 gene of the european silver birch (betula pendula roth.) in hybridization resulted in one breeding cycle per year. aiming for the ...201525370729
measuring feeding traits of a range of litter-consuming terrestrial snails: leaf litter consumption, faeces production and scaling with body size.plant litter decomposition is an essential ecosystem function that contributes to energy and nutrient cycling above- and belowground. terrestrial gastropods can affect this process in various ways: they consume and fragment leaf litter and create suitable habitats for microorganisms through the production of faeces and mucus. we assessed the contributions of ten litter-feeding terrestrial snail species to leaf litter mass loss and checked whether consumption rate and faeces production scale with ...201525698139
mesophyll conductance in leaves of japanese white birch (betula platyphylla var. japonica) seedlings grown under elevated co2 concentration and low n availability.to test the hypothesis that mesophyll conductance (gm ) would be reduced by leaf starch accumulation in plants grown under elevated co2 concentration [co2 ], we investigated gm in seedlings of japanese white birch grown under ambient and elevated [co2 ] with an adequate and limited nitrogen supply using simultaneous gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements. both elevated [co2 ] and limited nitrogen supply decreased area-based leaf n accompanied with a decrease in the maximum rate o ...201525690946
breeding increases the efficacy of chondrostereum purpureum in the sprout control of birch.we tested whether the pairing of selected isolates could be used to increase the efficiency of a decay fungus chondrostereum purpureum (pers. ex fr.) pouzar to control hardwood sprouting in finland. we paired c. purpureum strains efficient in sprout control or highly active in laccase production, and tested the efficacy of their progeny in spout control experiments. this procedure resulted in a strain with an efficacy superior to that of the parental strains. the mortality of birch (betula pendu ...201525674794
vulnerability to cavitation differs between current-year and older xylem: non-destructive observation with a compact magnetic resonance imaging system of two deciduous diffuse-porous species.development of xylem embolism during water stress in two diffuse-porous hardwoods, katsura (cercidiphyllum japonicum) and japanese white birch (betula platyphylla var. japonica), was observed non-destructively under a compact magnetic resonance imaging (mri) system in addition to conventional quantitation of hydraulic vulnerability to cavitation from excised stem segments. distribution of white and dark areas in mr images corresponded well to the distribution of water-filled/embolized vessels ob ...201525630712
effects of atmospheric pollutants (co, o3, so2) on the allergenicity of betula pendula, ostrya carpinifolia, and carpinus betulus pollen.pollen of betula pendula, ostrya carpinifolia, and carpinus betulus was exposed in vitro to relatively low levels of the air pollutants, namely carbon monoxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide. the allergenicity of the exposed pollen was compared with that of non-exposed pollen samples to assess if air pollution exposition affects the allergenicity potential of pollen. the immunodetection assays indicated higher ige recognition by all sera of allergic patients to the pollen protein extracts in all exp ...201525055718
development of ssr markers and genetic diversity in white birch (betula platyphylla).in order to study genetic diversity of white birch (betula platyphylla), 544 primer pairs were designed based on the genome-wide solexa sequences. among them, 215 primer pairs showed polymorphism between five genotypes and 111 primer pairs that presented clear visible bands in genotyping 41 white birch plants that were collected from 6 different geographical regions. a total of 717 alleles were obtained at 111 loci with a range of 2 to 12 alleles per locus. the results of statistic analysis show ...201525923698
sap-feeding insects on forest trees along latitudinal gradients in northern europe: a climate-driven patterns.knowledge of the latitudinal patterns in biotic interactions, and especially in herbivory, is crucial for understanding the mechanisms that govern ecosystem functioning and for predicting their responses to climate change. we used sap-feeding insects as a model group to test the hypotheses that the strength of plant-herbivore interactions in boreal forests decreases with latitude and that this latitudinal pattern is driven primarily by midsummer temperatures. we used a replicated sampling design ...201525044643
how does solar ultraviolet-b radiation improve drought tolerance of silver birch (betula pendula roth.) seedlings?we hypothesized that solar ultraviolet (uv) radiation would protect silver birch seedlings from the detrimental effects of water stress through a coordinated suite of trait responses, including morphological acclimation, improved control of water loss through gas exchange and hydraulic sufficiency. to better understand how this synergetic interaction works, plants were grown in an experiment under nine treatment combinations attenuating ultraviolet-a and ultraviolet-b (uvb) from solar radiation ...201525041067
cultivable actinomycetes from rhizosphere of birch (betula pendula) growing on a coal mine dump in silets, ukraine.five actinomycete strains were isolated from the rhizosphere of birch, one of a few native tree forms capable of thriving on the upper level of a coal mine dump near the village of silets (lvivska region, ukraine). no such strains were isolated from surrounding gangue, or from nearby grass calamagrostis epigeios. using 16s rdna sequencing and analysis of cell wall aminoacids, four of these strains were shown to belong to genus streptomyces and one to be amycolatopsis. the isolates were able to p ...201423686352
arsenic (as), antimony (sb), and lead (pb) availability from au-mine technosols: a case study of transfer to natural vegetation cover in temperate climates.soils from old au-mine tailings (la petite faye, france) were investigated in relation to the natural vegetation cover to evaluate the risk of metals and metalloids (pb, as, sb) mobilizing and their potential transfer to native plants (graminea, betula pendula, pteridium aquilinum, equisetum telmateia). the soils are classified as technosols with high contamination levels of as, pb, and sb. the single selective extractions tested to evaluate available fraction (cacl2, acetic acid, a-rhizo, and d ...201424474610
rapid gc/ms determination of botanical precursors of eurasian propolis.in this work, ether extracts of propolises from 11 countries of europe and asia together with extracts of the buds of their principal plant precursors were prepared and investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. for the first time, chemical compositions of the exudates of aspen, white birch and silver birch buds were determined. basing on the data on the content of individual components and their groups, the method of rapid examination of plant precursors of propolis was developed. th ...201424001818
development of lymantria dispar affected by manganese in food.we studied the response of gypsy moth (lymantria dispar (linnaeus) (lepidoptera: lymantriidae)) to the content of manganese in food in the laboratory breeding of caterpillars. the food of the caterpillars {betula pendula roth (fagales: betulaceae) leaves} was contaminated by dipping in the solution of mncl2 · 4h2o with manganese concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5 and 10 mg ml(-1), by which differentiated manganese contents (307; 632; 4,087 and 8,124 mg kg(-1)) were reached. parameters recorded during t ...201425028315
quality evaluation of different preparations of dry extracts of birch (betula pendula roth) leaves.qualitatively prepared dry extracts are advantaged over conventional fluid extracts. extracts of betula pendula roth leaves possess mild diuretic effects and anti-inflammatory activity. in this work, the spray-drying and lyophilisation processes were evaluated for producing dry extracts of birch leaves. the purpose was to identify the best drying method that provides the highest content of phenolic compounds and possesses greatest antioxidant activity. predominant compounds hyperoside and chloro ...201424934103
interactions and competition processes among tree species in young experimental mixed forests, assessed with chlorophyll fluorescence and leaf morphology.chlorophyll a fluorescence (chlf) and leaf morphology were assessed in two sites in europe (kaltenborn, germany, and satakunta, finland) within a forest diversity experiment. trees at satakunta, planted in 1999, form a stratified canopy, while in kaltenborn the trees are 7 years old, with no apparent canopy connection among broadleaf species. the following chlf parameters from measured ojip transient curves were examined: f(v)/f(m) (a proxy for maximum quantum yield); ψeo (a proxy for efficiency ...201423926925
mitochondrial toxin betulinic acid induces in vitro eryptosis in human red blood cells through membrane permeabilization.betulinic acid (ba), a compound isolated from the bark of white birch (betula pubescens), was reported to induce apoptosis in many types of cancer through mitochondrial dysfunction with low side effects in normal cells. because of these features, ba is regarded as a potential anti-cancer agent. however, the effect of ba on the induction of cell death in human erythrocytes remains unknown. given that ba is a mitochondrial toxin and mitochondria are the central cell death regulator, we hypothesize ...201424241250
overexpression of bpap1 induces early flowering and produces dwarfism in betula platyphylla × betula pendula.the involvement of apetala1 (ap1) in the flowering transition has been the focus of much research. here, we produced betula platyphylla × betula pendula (birch) lines that overexpressed bpap1 using agrobacterium-mediated transformation; we obtained five independent 35s::bpap1 transgenic lines. polymerase chain reaction (pcr), southern, northern and western analyses were used to identify the transformants. as determined by quantitative real-time pcr (qrt-pcr), bpap1 expression in roots, shoots, l ...201424200078
process-based models not always better than empirical models for simulating budburst of norway spruce and birch in europe.budburst models have mainly been developed to capture the processes of individual trees, and vary in their complexity and plant physiological realism. we evaluated how well eleven models capture the variation in budburst of birch and norway spruce in germany, austria, the united kingdom and finland. the comparison was based on the models performance in relation to their underlying physiological assumptions with four different calibration schemes. the models were not able to accurately simulate t ...201424700779
rapid and long-term effects of water deficit on gas exchange and hydraulic conductance of silver birch trees grown under varying atmospheric humidity.effects of water deficit on plant water status, gas exchange and hydraulic conductance were investigated in betula pendula under artificially manipulated air humidity in eastern estonia. the study was aimed to broaden an understanding of the ability of trees to acclimate with the increasing atmospheric humidity predicted for northern europe. rapidly-induced water deficit was imposed by dehydrating cut branches in open-air conditions; long-term water deficit was generated by seasonal drought.201424655599
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