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metabolite profiling and volatiles of pineapple wine and vinegar obtained from pineapple waste.vinegar is an inexpensive commodity, and economic considerations require that a relatively low-cost raw material be used for its production. an investigation into the use of a new, alternative substrate - pineapple waste - is described. this approach enables the utilization of the pineapple's (ananas comosus) peels and core, which are usually discarded during the processing or consumption of the fruit. using physical and enzymatic treatments, the waste was saccharified, and the resulting substra ...201728372238
anticorrosive influence of acetobacter aceti biofilms on carbon steel.microbiologically influenced corrosion (mic) of carbon steel infrastructure is an emerging environmental and cost issue for the ethanol fuel industry, yet its examination lacks rigorous quantification of microbiological parameters that could reveal effective intervention strategies. to quantitatively characterize the effect of cell concentration on mic of carbon steel, numbers of bacteria exposed to test coupons were systematically controlled to span four orders of magnitude throughout a seven-d ...201628082824
surface-engineered saccharomyces cerevisiae displaying α-acetolactate decarboxylase from acetobacter aceti ssp xylinum.to convert α-acetolactate into acetoin by an α-acetolactate decarboxylase (aldc) to prevent its conversion into diacetyl that gives beer an unfavourable buttery flavour.201627623795
effect of composites based nickel foam anode in microbial fuel cell using acetobacter aceti and gluconobacter roseus as a biocatalysts.this study explores the use of materials such as chitosan (chit), polyaniline (pani) and titanium carbide (tc) as anode materials for microbial fuel cells. nickel foam (nf) was used as the base anode substrate. four different types of anodes (nf, nf/pani, nf/pani/tc, nf/pani/tc/chit) are thus prepared and used in batch type microbial fuel cells operated with a mixed consortium of acetobacter aceti and gluconobacter roseus as the biocatalysts and bad wine as a feedstock. a maximum power density o ...201626970695
application of the kombucha 'tea fungus' for the enhancement of antioxidant and starch hydrolase inhibitory properties of ten herbal teas.ten herbal teas (acacia arabica, aegle marmelos flower, a. marmelos root bark, aerva lanata, asteracantha longifolia, cassia auriculata, hemidesmus indicus, hordeum vulgare, phyllanthus emblica, tinospora cordifolia) were fermented with the kombucha 'tea fungus'. the ph values of the fermented beverages ranged from 4.0 to 6.0 by day 7, while the titratable acidity ranged from 2.5 to 5.0g/ml (p<0.05). gallic acid had statistically significantly increased (p<0.05) in almost all the samples by day ...201626471559
fermented chinese formula shuan-tong-ling protects brain microvascular endothelial cells against oxidative stress injury.fermented chinese formula shuan-tong-ling (stl), composed of fourteen medicinal herbs, was an experiential formula by dr. zhigang mei for treating vascular encephalopathy, but the underlying mechanisms remained unknown. in this study, we aimed to investigate the protective effects of fermented stl on hydrogen peroxide- (h2o2-) induced injury in rat brain microvascular endothelial cells (bmecs) and the possible mechanisms. cultured bmecs were treated with h2o2, stl, or nicotinamide (nam, a sirt1 ...201628096886
vinegar production from jabuticaba (myrciaria jaboticaba) fruit using immobilized acetic acid bacteria.cell immobilization comprises the retention of metabolically active cells inside a polymeric matrix. in this study, the production of jabuticaba (myrciaria jaboticaba) vinegar using immobilized acetobacter aceti and gluconobacter oxydans cells is proposed as a new method to prevent losses of jabuticaba fruit surplus. the pulp of jabuticaba was processed and saccharomyces cerevisiae ccma 0200 was used to ferment the must for jabuticaba wine production. sugars, alcohols (ethanol and glycerol) and ...201627956867
microbial production of short chain fatty acids from lignocellulosic biomass: current processes and market.biological production of organic acids from conversion of biomass derivatives has received increased attention among scientists and engineers and in business because of the attractive properties such as renewability, sustainability, degradability, and versatility. the aim of the present review is to summarize recent research and development of short chain fatty acids production by anaerobic fermentation of nonfood biomass and to evaluate the status and outlook for a sustainable industrial produc ...201627556042
pulque, a traditional mexican alcoholic fermented beverage: historical, microbiological, and technical aspects.pulque is a traditional mexican alcoholic beverage produced from the fermentation of the fresh sap known as aguamiel (mead) extracted from several species of agave (maguey) plants that grow in the central mexico plateau. currently, pulque is produced, sold and consumed in popular districts of mexico city and rural areas. the fermented product is a milky white, viscous, and slightly acidic liquid beverage with an alcohol content between 4 and 7° gl and history of consumption that dates back to pr ...201627446061
effects of kefir on the cardiac autonomic tones and baroreflex sensitivity in spontaneously hypertensive rats.it has been previously shown that the probiotic kefir (a symbiotic matrix containing acid bacteria and yeasts) attenuated the hypertension and the endothelial dysfunction in spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr). in the present study, the effect of chronic administration of kefir on the cardiac autonomic control of heart rate (hr) and baroreflex sensitivity (brs) in shr was evaluated.201627375490
design and performance testing of a dna extraction assay for sensitive and reliable quantification of acetic acid bacteria directly in red wine using real time pcr.although strategies exist to prevent aab contamination, the increased interest for wines with low sulfite addition leads to greater aab spoilage. hence, there is a real need for a rapid, specific, sensitive, and reliable method for detecting these spoilage bacteria. all these requirements are met by real time polymerase chain reaction (or quantitative pcr; qpcr). here, we compare existing methods of isolating dna and their adaptation to a red wine matrix. two different protocols for isolating dn ...201627313572
functional dissection of the bipartite active site of the class i coenzyme a (coa)-transferase succinyl-coa:acetate coa-transferase.coenzyme a (coa)-transferases catalyze the reversible transfer of coa from acyl-coa thioesters to free carboxylates. class i coa-transferases produce acylglutamyl anhydride intermediates that undergo attack by coa thiolate on either the internal or external carbonyl carbon atoms, forming distinct tetrahedral intermediates <3 å apart. in this study, crystal structures of succinyl-coa:acetate coa-transferase (aarc) from acetobacter aceti are used to examine how the asn347 carboxamide stabilizes th ...201627242998
functional properties of microorganisms in fermented foods.fermented foods have unique functional properties imparting some health benefits to consumers due to presence of functional microorganisms, which possess probiotics properties, antimicrobial, antioxidant, peptide production, etc. health benefits of some global fermented foods are synthesis of nutrients, prevention of cardiovascular disease, prevention of cancer, gastrointestinal disorders, allergic reactions, diabetes, among others. the present paper is aimed to review the information on some fu ...201627199913
bacteria isolated from korean black raspberry vinegar with low biogenic amine production in wine.a high concentration of histamine, one of the biogenic amines (bas) usually found in fermented foods, can cause undesirable physiological side effects in sensitive humans. the objective of this study is to isolate indigenous acetobacter strains from naturally fermented bokbunja vinegar in korea with reduced histamine production during starter fermentation. further, we examined its physiological and biochemical properties, including ba synthesis. the obtained strain mba-77, identified as acetobac ...201626991285
16s rrna in situ hybridization followed by flow cytometry for rapid identification of acetic acid bacteria involved in submerged industrial vinegar production.acetic acid bacteria are involved in many biotechnological processes such as vitamin c, gluconic acid, miglitol or acetic acid production, and others. for a technologist trying to control the industrial process, the ability to follow the microbiological development of the process is thus of importance. during the past few years hybridization in a combination with flow cytometry has often been used for this purpose. since vinegar is a liquid, it is an ideal matrix for flow cytometry analysis. in ...201627904400
comparison of cultivable acetic acid bacterial microbiota in organic and conventional apple cider vinegar.organic apple cider vinegar is produced from apples that go through very restricted treatment in orchard. during the first stage of the process, the sugars from apples are fermented by yeasts to cider. the produced ethanol is used as a substrate by acetic acid bacteria in a second separated bioprocess. in both, the organic and conventional apple cider vinegars the ethanol oxidation to acetic acid is initiated by native microbiota that survived alcohol fermentation. we compared the cultivable ace ...201627904401
review: diversity of microorganisms in global fermented foods and beverages.culturalable and non-culturable microorganisms naturally ferment majority of global fermented foods and beverages. traditional food fermentation represents an extremely valuable cultural heritage in most regions, and harbors a huge genetic potential of valuable but hitherto undiscovered strains. holistic approaches for identification and complete profiling of both culturalable and non-culturable microorganisms in global fermented foods are of interest to food microbiologists. the application of ...201627047484
a novel pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent 2-keto-d-glucose dehydrogenase from pseudomonas aureofaciens.a gene encoding an enzyme similar to a pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq)-dependent sugar dehydrogenase from filamentous fungi, which belongs to new auxiliary activities (aa) family 12 in the cazy database, was cloned from pseudomonas aureofaciens. the deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned enzyme showed only low homology to previously characterized pqq-dependent enzymes, and multiple-sequence alignment analysis showed that the enzyme lacks one of the three conserved arginine residues that functi ...201525645559
contribution to the prediction of the fold code: application to immunoglobulin and flavodoxin cases.folding nucleus of globular proteins formation starts by the mutual interaction of a group of hydrophobic amino acids whose close contacts allow subsequent formation and stability of the 3d structure. these early steps can be predicted by simulation of the folding process through a monte carlo (mc) coarse grain model in a discrete space. we previously defined mirs (most interacting residues), as the set of residues presenting a large number of non-covalent neighbour interactions during such simu ...201525915049
chronic administration of the probiotic kefir improves the endothelial function in spontaneously hypertensive rats.the beverage obtained by fermentation of milk with kefir grains, a complex matrix containing acid bacteria and yeasts, has been shown to have beneficial effects in various diseases. however, its effects on hypertension and endothelial dysfunction are not yet clear. in this study, we evaluated the effects of kefir on endothelial cells and vascular responsiveness in spontaneously hypertensive rats (shr).201526715471
bacterial ecology of fermented cucumber rising ph spoilage as determined by nonculture-based methods.fermented cucumber spoilage (fcs) characterized by rising ph and the appearance of manure- and cheese-like aromas is a challenge of significant economical impact for the pickling industry. previous culture-based studies identified the yeasts pichia manshurica and issatchenkia occidentalis, 4 gram-positive bacteria, lactobacillus buchneri, lactobacillus parrafaraginis, clostridium sp., and propionibacterium and 1 gram-negative genus, pectinatus, as relevant in various stages of fcs given their ab ...201526605993
bacterial ecology of fermented cucumber rising ph spoilage as determined by nonculture-based methods.fermented cucumber spoilage (fcs) characterized by rising ph and the appearance of manure- and cheese-like aromas is a challenge of significant economical impact for the pickling industry. previous culture-based studies identified the yeasts pichia manshurica and issatchenkia occidentalis, 4 gram-positive bacteria, lactobacillus buchneri, lactobacillus parrafaraginis, clostridium sp., and propionibacterium and 1 gram-negative genus, pectinatus, as relevant in various stages of fcs given their ab ...201526605993
milk kefir: composition, microbial cultures, biological activities, and related products.in recent years, there has been a strong focus on beneficial foods with probiotic microorganisms and functional organic substances. in this context, there is an increasing interest in the commercial use of kefir, since it can be marketed as a natural beverage that has health promoting bacteria. there are numerous commercially available kefir based-products. kefir may act as a matrix in the effective delivery of probiotic microorganisms in different types of products. also, the presence of kefir' ...201526579086
transcriptional modulation of squalene synthase genes in barley treated with pgpr.phytosterol contents and food quality of plant produce is directly associated with transcription of gene squalene synthase (ss). in current study, barley plants were treated with different rhizobacterial strains under semi controlled (27 ± 3°c) greenhouse conditions in order to modulate expression of ss gene. plant samples were analyzed through semi-quantitative pcr to evaluate effect of rhizobacterial application on transcriptional status of ss. results revealed that among four ss genes (i.e., ...201526388880
breeding strategy to generate robust yeast starter cultures for cocoa pulp fermentations.cocoa pulp fermentation is a spontaneous process during which the natural microbiota present at cocoa farms is allowed to ferment the pulp surrounding cocoa beans. because such spontaneous fermentations are inconsistent and contribute to product variability, there is growing interest in a microbial starter culture that could be used to inoculate cocoa pulp fermentations. previous studies have revealed that many different fungi are recovered from different batches of spontaneous cocoa pulp fermen ...201526150457
bacterial cellulose production from industrial waste and by-product streams.the utilization of fermentation media derived from waste and by-product streams from biodiesel and confectionery industries could lead to highly efficient production of bacterial cellulose. batch fermentations with the bacterial strain komagataeibacter sucrofermentans dsm (deutsche sammlung von mikroorganismen) 15973 were initially carried out in synthetic media using commercial sugars and crude glycerol. the highest bacterial cellulose concentration was achieved when crude glycerol (3.2 g/l) an ...201526140376
microbially influenced corrosion communities associated with fuel-grade ethanol environments.microbially influenced corrosion (mic) is a costly problem that impacts hydrocarbon production and processing equipment, water distribution systems, ships, railcars, and other types of metallic infrastructure. in particular, mic is known to cause considerable damage to hydrocarbon fuel infrastructure including production, transportation, and storage systems, often times with catastrophic environmental contamination results. as the production and use of alternative fuels such as fuel-grade ethano ...201526092755
glucosylceramide contained in koji mold-cultured cereal confers membrane and flavor modification and stress tolerance to saccharomyces cerevisiae during coculture fermentation.in nature, different microorganisms create communities through their physiochemical and metabolic interactions. many fermenting microbes, such as yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, and acetic acid bacteria, secrete acidic substances and grow faster at acidic ph values. however, on the surface of cereals, the ph is neutral to alkaline. therefore, in order to grow on cereals, microbes must adapt to the alkaline environment at the initial stage of colonization; such adaptations are also crucial for indu ...201525795678
genomic and metabolic analysis of fluoranthene degradation pathway in celeribacter indicus p73t.celeribacter indicus p73(t), isolated from deep-sea sediment from the indian ocean, is capable of degrading a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs) and is the first fluoranthene-degrading bacterium within the family rhodobacteraceae. here, the complete genome sequence of strain p73(t) is presented and analyzed. besides a 4.5-mb circular chromosome, strain p73(t) carries five plasmids, and encodes 4827 predicted protein-coding sequences. one hundred and thirty-eight genes, includi ...201525582347
a molecular description of cellulose biosynthesis.cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on earth, and certain organisms from bacteria to plants and animals synthesize cellulose as an extracellular polymer for various biological functions. humans have used cellulose for millennia as a material and an energy source, and the advent of a lignocellulosic fuel industry will elevate it to the primary carbon source for the burgeoning renewable energy sector. despite the biological and societal importance of cellulose, the molecular mechanism by whi ...201526034894
influence of calcium chloride in the high temperature acetification by strain acetobacter aceti wk for vinegar.to improve the thermotolerant properties (ttp) of acetic acid bacteria (aab) cells for high temperature acetification.201526268669
identification of microbial metabolites elevating vitamin contents in barley seeds.the current investigation analyzes metabolites of acetobacter aceti to explore chemical compounds responsible for the induction of vitamins in barley seeds. a bioactivity guided assay of bacterial extracts and chromatographic analyses of barley produce revealed 13 chemical compounds, which were subjected to principal component analysis (pca). pca determined four chemical compounds (i.e., quinolinic acid, pyridoxic acid, p-aminobenzoate, and α-oxobutanoic acid) highly associated with increased qu ...201526173019
acetobacter bacteria are found in zhenjiang vinegar grains.zhenjiang vinegar, the grains of which contain a unique microbial flora, is one of the four famous traditional chinese vinegars. we investigated the components of zhenjiang vinegar grains. unique acetic acid bacteria were randomly isolated from zhenjiang vinegar grains, and the obtained strains were qualitatively analyzed to compare their capacities for acetate decomposition and acid production. acetic acid bacteria with a high acid-producing rate were identified by 16s rdna sequencing, and furt ...201526125697
antimicrobial properties and mechanism of volatile isoamyl acetate, a main flavour component of japanese sake (ginjo-shu).to evaluate the antimicrobial properties of the main ginjo-flavour components of sake, volatile isoamyl acetate and isoamyl alcohol.201525626919
acetobacter musti sp. nov. isolated from bobal grape must.an acetic acid bacterium (bo7t), obtained during a study of the microbial diversity of spontaneous fermentations of bobal grape must, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. phylogenetic analysis based on 16s rrna gene sequences allocated bo7t in the genus acetobacter, and revealed acetobacter aceti and acetobacter oeni to be nearest neighbours (99.57 % sequence similarity between bo7t and a. oeni cect 5830t, and 98.76 % between bo7t and a. aceti cect 298t). the cells are gram-negative mo ...201526637821
antibacterial activity of hen egg white lysozyme modified by heat and enzymatic treatments against oenological lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria.the antimicrobial activity of heat-denatured and hydrolyzed hen egg white lysozyme against oenological lactic acid and acetic acid bacteria was investigated. the lysozyme was denatured by heating, and native and heat-denatured lysozymes were hydrolyzed by pepsin. the lytic activity against micrococcus lysodeikticus of heat-denatured lysozyme decreased with the temperature of the heat treatment, whereas the hydrolyzed lysozyme had no enzymatic activity. heat-denatured and hydrolyzed lysozyme prep ...201425285490
acetification of rice wine by acetobacter aceti using loofa sponge in a low-cost reciprocating shaker.to maximize acetification rate (eta) by adsorption of acetic acid bacteria (aab) on loofa sponge matrices (lsm).201425176134
mitochondrially-targeted bacterial phosphatidylethanolamine methyltransferase sustained phosphatidylcholine synthesis of a saccharomyces cerevisiae δpem1 δpem2 double mutant without exogenous choline supply.in eukaryotic cells, phospholipids are synthesized exclusively in the defined organelles specific for each phospholipid species. to explain the reason for this compartmental specificity in the case of phosphatidylcholine (pc) synthesis, we constructed and characterized a saccharomyces cerevisiae strain that lacked endogenous phosphatidylethanolamine (pe) methyltransferases but had a recombinant pe methyltransferase from acetobacter aceti, which was fused with a mitochondrial targeting signal fro ...201424832487
acetobacter sicerae sp. nov., isolated from cider and kefir, and identification of species of the genus acetobacter by dnak, groel and rpob sequence analysis.five acetic acid bacteria isolates, awk9_3, awk9_4 ( = lmg 27543), awk9_5 ( = lmg 28092), awk9_6 and awk9_9, obtained during a study of micro-organisms present in traditionally produced kefir, were grouped on the basis of their maldi-tof ms profile with lmg 1530 and lmg 1531(t), two strains currently classified as members of the genus acetobacter. phylogenetic analysis based on nearly complete 16s rrna gene sequences as well as on concatenated partial sequences of the housekeeping genes dnak, gr ...201424763601
utilization of elongation factor tu gene (tuf) sequencing and species-specific pcr (ss-pcr) for the molecular identification of acetobacter species complex.the aim of this study was to use tuf gene as a molecular target for species discrimination in the acetobacter genus, as well as to develop species-specific pcr method for direct species identification of acetobacter aceti. the results showed that most acetobacter species could be clearly distinguished, and the average sequence similarity for the tuf gene (89.5%) among type strains was significantly lower than that of the 16s rrna gene sequence (98.0%). a pair of species-specific primers were des ...201423969032
effects of aromatic compounds on the production of bacterial nanocellulose by gluconacetobacter xylinus.bacterial cellulose (bc) is a polymeric nanostructured fibrillar network produced by certain microorganisms, principally gluconacetobacter xylinus. bc has a great potential of application in many fields. lignocellulosic biomass has been investigated as a cost-effective feedstock for bc production through pretreatment and hydrolysis. it is well known that detoxification of lignocellulosic hydrolysates may be required to achieve efficient production of bc. recent results suggest that phenolic comp ...201424884902
structure and functional characterization of pyruvate decarboxylase from gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus.bacterial pyruvate decarboxylases (pdc) are rare. their role in ethanol production and in bacterially mediated ethanologenic processes has, however, ensured a continued and growing interest. pdcs from zymomonas mobilis (zmpdc), zymobacter palmae (zppdc) and sarcina ventriculi (svpdc) have been characterized and zmpdc has been produced successfully in a range of heterologous hosts. pdcs from the acetobacteraceae and their role in metabolism have not been characterized to the same extent. examples ...201425369873
metagenome-wide association of microbial determinants of host phenotype in drosophila melanogaster.animal-associated bacteria (microbiota) affect host behaviors and physiological traits. to identify bacterial genetic determinants of microbiota-responsive host traits, we employed a metagenome-wide association (mgwa) approach in two steps. first, we measured two microbiota-responsive host traits, development time and triglyceride (tag) content, in drosophila melanogaster flies monoassociated with each of 41 bacterial strains. the effects of monoassociation on host traits were not confined to pa ...201425271286
sbng, a citrate synthase in staphylococcus aureus: a new fold on an old enzyme.in response to iron deprivation, staphylococcus aureus produces staphyloferrin b, a citrate-containing siderophore that delivers iron back to the cell. this bacterium also possesses a second citrate synthase, sbng, that is necessary for supplying citrate to the staphyloferrin b biosynthetic pathway. we present the structure of sbng bound to the inhibitor calcium and an active site variant in complex with oxaloacetate. the overall fold of sbng is structurally distinct from tca cycle citrate synth ...201425336653
molecular detection of bacteria in plant tissues, using universal 16s ribosomal dna degenerated primers.highly specific, sensitive and rapid tests are required for the detection and identification of covert bacterial contaminations in plant tissue cultures. current methods available for this purpose are tedious, time consuming, highly error prone, expensive, require advanced technical expertise and are sometimes ineffective. we report here the development of a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (pcr) based method for the rapid detection and identification of bacteria occurring in plant tissue cul ...201426019546
evolution of mitochondria reconstructed from the energy metabolism of living bacteria.the ancestors of mitochondria, or proto-mitochondria, played a crucial role in the evolution of eukaryotic cells and derived from symbiotic α-proteobacteria which merged with other microorganisms - the basis of the widely accepted endosymbiotic theory. however, the identity and relatives of proto-mitochondria remain elusive. here we show that methylotrophic α-proteobacteria could be the closest living models for mitochondrial ancestors. we reached this conclusion after reconstructing the possibl ...201424804722
physiological and biochemical responses of yarrowia lipolytica to dehydration induced by air-drying and freezing.organisms that can withstand anhydrobiosis possess the unique ability to temporarily and reversibly suspend their metabolism for the periods when they live in a dehydrated state. however, the mechanisms underlying the cell's ability to tolerate dehydration are far from being fully understood. the objective of this study was to highlight, for the first time, the cellular damage to yarrowia lipolytica as a result of dehydration induced by drying/rehydration and freezing/thawing. cellular response ...201425350121
antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the beverage obtained by fermentation of sweetened lemon balm
(melissa officinalis l.) tea with symbiotic consortium 
of bacteria and yeasts.kombucha is a fermented tea beverage which is traditionally prepared by fermenting sweetened black or green tea (camellia sinensis l.) with symbiotic consortium of bacteria and yeasts (scoby). in this study, lemon balm (melissa officinalis l.) was used as the only nitrogen source for kombucha fermentation. during the seven-day fermentation process, ph value, titratable acidity (ta), total phenolic content, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity against hydroxyl (˙oh) and 1,1-diphenyl-2-pic ...201427904315
attachment of asaia bogorensis originating in fruit-flavored water to packaging materials.the objective of this study was to investigate the adhesion of isolated spoilage bacteria to packaging materials used in the food industry. microorganisms were isolated from commercial fruit-flavored mineral water in plastic bottles with flocks as a visual defect. the gram-negative rods were identified using the molecular method through the amplification of a partial region of the 16s rrna gene. based on the sequence identity (99.6%) between the spoilage organism and a reference strain deposited ...201425295262
the key to acetate: metabolic fluxes of acetic acid bacteria under cocoa pulp fermentation-simulating conditions.acetic acid bacteria (aab) play an important role during cocoa fermentation, as their main product, acetate, is a major driver for the development of the desired cocoa flavors. here, we investigated the specialized metabolism of these bacteria under cocoa pulp fermentation-simulating conditions. a carefully designed combination of parallel 13c isotope labeling experiments allowed the elucidation of intracellular fluxes in the complex environment of cocoa pulp, when lactate and ethanol were inclu ...201424837393
draft genome sequence of acetobacter aceti strain 1023, a vinegar factory isolate.the genome sequence of acetobacter aceti 1023, an acetic acid bacterium adapted to traditional vinegar fermentation, comprises 3.0 mb (chromosome plus plasmids). a. aceti 1023 is closely related to the cocoa fermenter acetobacter pasteurianus 386b but possesses many additional insertion sequence elements.201424903876
enzyme structure captures four cysteines aligned for disulfide relay.thioredoxin superfamily proteins introduce disulfide bonds into substrates, catalyze the removal of disulfides, and operate in electron relays. these functions rely on one or more dithiol/disulfide exchange reactions. the flavoenzyme quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase (qsox), a catalyst of disulfide bond formation with an interdomain electron transfer step in its catalytic cycle, provides a unique opportunity for exploring the structural environment of enzymatic dithiol/disulfide exchange. wild-type ra ...201424888638
acetic acid bacteria genomes reveal functional traits for adaptation to life in insect guts.acetic acid bacteria (aab) live in sugar rich environments, including food matrices, plant tissues, and the gut of sugar-feeding insects. by comparing the newly sequenced genomes of asaia platycodi and saccharibacter sp., symbionts of anopheles stephensi and apis mellifera, respectively, with those of 14 other aab, we provide a genomic view of the evolutionary pattern of this bacterial group and clues on traits that explain the success of aab as insect symbionts. a specific pre-adaptive trait, c ...201424682158
structural snapshots along the reaction pathway of yersinia pestis ripa, a putative butyryl-coa transferase.yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague, is able to survive in both extracellular and intracellular environments within the human host, although its intracellular survival within macrophages is poorly understood. a novel y. pestis three-gene rip (required for intracellular proliferation) operon, and in particular ripa, has been shown to be essential for survival and replication in interferon γ-induced macrophages. ripa was previously characterized as a putative butyryl-coa transfe ...201424699651
draft genome sequence of gluconobacter thailandicus nbrc 3257.gluconobacter thailandicus strain nbrc 3257, isolated from downy cherry (prunus tomentosa), is a strict aerobic rod-shaped gram-negative bacterium. here, we report the features of this organism, together with the draft genome sequence and annotation. the draft genome sequence is composed of 107 contigs for 3,446,046 bp with 56.17% g+c content and contains 3,360 protein-coding genes and 54 rna genes.201425197448
effects of growth medium on matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectra: a case study of acetic acid bacteria.the effect of the growth medium used on the matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectra generated and its consequences for species and strain level differentiation of acetic acid bacteria (aab) were determined by using a set of 25 strains. the strains were grown on five different culture media that yielded a total of more than 600 mass spectra, including technical and biological replicates. the results demonstrate that the culture medium can have a profoun ...201424362425
a distinct model of synergism between a processive endocellulase (tfcel9a) and an exocellulase (tfcel48a) from thermobifida fusca.lignocellulosic biomass is digested in nature by the synergistic activities of enzymes with complementary properties, and understanding synergistic interactions will improve the efficiency of industrial biomass use for sustainable fuels and chemicals. cel9a and cel48a from a model bacterium, thermobifida fusca (tfcel9a and tfcel48a, respectively), are two cellulases with different properties and have previously been shown to synergize well with each other. tfcel9a is a processive endocellulase w ...201424162578
the rep20 replication initiator from the pag20 plasmid of acetobacter aceti.in the previously isolated pag20 plasmid from the acetobacter aceti ccm3610 strain, the rep20 protein was characterized as a main replication initiator. the pag20 plasmid origin was localized in the vicinity of the rep20 gene and contained two 21-nucleotide-long iteron sequences, two 13-nucleotide-long direct repeats, and a dnaa-binding site. electrophoretic mobility shift assay and nonradioactive fragment analysis confirmed that the rep20 protein interacted with two direct repeats (5'-tccaaattt ...201423839792
molecular discrimination and identification of acetobacter genus based on the partial heat shock protein 60 gene (hsp60) sequences.to identify the acetobacter species using phenotypic and genotypic (16s rdna sequence analysis) technique alone is inaccurate. the aim of this study was to use the hsp60 gene as a target for species discrimination in the genus acetobacter, as well as to develop species-specific polymerase chain reaction and mini-sequencing methods for species identification and differentiation.201423681743
effect of media components on cell growth and bacterial cellulose production from acetobacter aceti mtcc 2623.acetobacter aceti mtcc 2623 was studied as an alternative microbial source for bacterial cellulose (bc) production. effect of media components on cell growth rate, bc production and cellulose characteristics were studied. ftir results showed significant variations in cellulose characteristics produced by a. aceti in different media. results have shown the role of fermentation time on crystallinity ratio of bc in different media. further, effect of six different media components on cell growth an ...201323544503
bio-conversion of apple pomace into ethanol and acetic acid: enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation.enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose present in apple pomace was investigated using process variables such as enzyme activity of commercial cellulase, pectinase and β-glucosidase, temperature, ph, time, pre-treatments and end product separation. the interaction of enzyme activity, temperature, ph and time had a significant effect (p<0.05) on release of glucose. optimal conditions of enzymatic saccharification were: enzyme activity of cellulase, 43units; pectinase, 183units; β-glucosidase, 41units/g ...201323334018
acetobacter malorum and acetobacter cerevisiae identification and quantification by real-time pcr with taqman-mgb probes.the identification and quantification of acetobacter malorum and acetobacter cerevisiae in wine and vinegar were performed using the real-time pcr (rt-pcr) with two taqman-mgb probes designed to amplify the internal transcribed spacer (its) region between the 16s-23s rrna genes. the primers and probes were highly specific, with a detection limit of 10² cells/ml for both species, and the efficiency of the technique was >80%. the rt-pcr technique with these two new taqman-mgb probes, together with ...201323764217
role of the glyoxylate pathway in acetic acid production by acetobacter aceti.wild-type acetobacter aceti nbrc 14818 possesses genes encoding isocitrate lyase (acea) and malate synthase (glcb), which constitute the glyoxylate pathway. in contrast, several acetic acid bacteria that are utilized for vinegar production lack these genes. here, an acea-glcb knockout mutant of nbrc 14818 was constructed and used for investigating the role of the glyoxylate pathway in acetate productivity. in medium containing ethanol as a carbon source, the mutant grew normally during ethanol o ...201322902276
function and x-ray crystal structure of escherichia coli yfde.many food plants accumulate oxalate, which humans absorb but do not metabolize, leading to the formation of urinary stones. the commensal bacterium oxalobacter formigenes consumes oxalate by converting it to oxalyl-coa, which is decarboxylated by oxalyl-coa decarboxylase (oxc). oxc and the class iii coa-transferase formyl-coa:oxalate coa-transferase (fcoct) are widespread among bacteria, including many that have no apparent ability to degrade or to resist external oxalate. the evga acid response ...201323935849
valorization of date palm (phoenix dactylifera) fruit processing by-products and wastes using bioprocess technology - review.the date palm phoenix dactylifera has played an important role in the day-to-day life of the people for the last 7000 years. today worldwide production, utilization and industrialization of dates are continuously increasing since date fruits have earned great importance in human nutrition owing to their rich content of essential nutrients. tons of date palm fruit wastes are discarded daily by the date processing industries leading to environmental problems. wastes such as date pits represent an ...201323961227
enzyme-substrate complexes of allosteric citrate synthase: evidence for a novel intermediate in substrate binding.the citrate synthase (cs) of escherichia coli is an allosteric hexameric enzyme specifically inhibited by nadh. the crystal structure of wild type (wt) e. coli cs, determined by us previously, has no substrates bound, and part of the active site is in a highly mobile region that is shifted from the position needed for catalysis. the cs of acetobacter aceti has a similar structure, but has been successfully crystallized with bound substrates: both oxaloacetic acid (oaa) and an analog of acetyl co ...201323954305
structure of succinyl-coa:3-ketoacid coa transferase from drosophila melanogaster.succinyl-coa:3-ketoacid coa transferase (scot) plays a crucial role in ketone-body metabolism. scot from drosophila melanogaster (dmscot) was purified and crystallized. the crystal structure of dmscot was determined at 2.64 å resolution and belonged to space group p212121, with unit-cell parameters a=76.638, b=101.921, c=122.457 å, α=β=γ=90°. sequence alignment and structural analysis identified dmscot as a class i coa transferase. compared with acetobacter aceti succinyl-coa:acetate coa transfe ...201324100554
complete genome sequence and comparative analysis of acetobacter pasteurianus 386b, a strain well-adapted to the cocoa bean fermentation ecosystem.acetobacter pasteurianus 386b, an acetic acid bacterium originating from a spontaneous cocoa bean heap fermentation, proved to be an ideal functional starter culture for coca bean fermentations. it is able to dominate the fermentation process, thereby resisting high acetic acid concentrations and temperatures. however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its metabolic capabilities and niche adaptations are unknown. in this study, whole-genome sequencing and comparative genome analysis was used t ...201323902333
tuning of thioredoxin redox properties by intramolecular hydrogen bonds.thioredoxin-like proteins contain a characteristic c-x-x-c active site motif and are involved in a large number of biological processes ranging from electron transfer, cellular redox level maintenance, and regulation of cellular processes. the mechanism for deprotonation of the buried c-terminal active site cysteine in thioredoxin, necessary for dissociation of the mixed-disulfide intermediate that occurs under thiol/disulfide mediated electron transfer, is not well understood for all thioredoxi ...201323936007
the microbiology of malting and brewing.brewing beer involves microbial activity at every stage, from raw material production and malting to stability in the package. most of these activities are desirable, as beer is the result of a traditional food fermentation, but others represent threats to the quality of the final product and must be controlled actively through careful management, the daily task of maltsters and brewers globally. this review collates current knowledge relevant to the biology of brewing yeast, fermentation manage ...201323699253
the inconstant gut microbiota of drosophila species revealed by 16s rrna gene analysis.the gut microorganisms in some animals are reported to include a core microbiota of consistently associated bacteria that is ecologically distinctive and may have coevolved with the host. the core microbiota is promoted by positive interactions among bacteria, favoring shared persistence; its retention over evolutionary timescales is evident as congruence between host phylogeny and bacterial community composition. this study applied multiple analyses to investigate variation in the composition o ...201323719154
the gpsx gene encoding a glycosyltransferase is important for polysaccharide production and required for full virulence in xanthomonas citri subsp. citri.the gram-negative bacterium xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xac) causes citrus canker, one of the most destructive diseases of citrus worldwide. in our previous work, a transposon mutant of xac strain 306 with an insertion in the xac3110 locus was isolated in a screening that aimed at identifying genes related to biofilm formation. the xac3110 locus was named as bdp24 for biofilm-defective phenotype and the mutant was observed to be affected in extracellular polysaccharide (eps) and lipopolysacc ...201222404966
Simultaneous degradation of bad wine and electricity generation with the aid of the coexisting biocatalysts Acetobacter aceti and Gluconobacter roseus.This study describes the cooperative effect of the two biocatalysts Acetobacter aceti and Gluconobacter roseus for biodegradation as well as current generation. The electro activity of the biofilms of these two microorganisms was investigated by the bioelectrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol and glucose using cyclic voltammetry. Two chamber microbial fuel cells (MFCs) were constructed using single culture of A. aceti (A-MFC), and G. roseus (G-MFC) and also using mixed culture (AG-MFC). Each MFC wa ...201222130075
in silico classification of proteins from acidic and neutral cytoplasms.protein acidostability is a common problem in biopharmaceutical and other industries. however, it remains a great challenge to engineer proteins for enhanced acidostability because our knowledge of protein acidostabilization is still very limited. in this paper, we present a comparative study of proteins from bacteria with acidic (ap) and neutral cytoplasms (np) using an integrated statistical and machine learning approach. we construct a set of 393 non-redundant ap-np ortholog pairs and calcula ...201223049817
expression of human paraoxonase 1 decreases superoxide levels and alters bacterial colonization in the gut of drosophila melanogaster.paraoxonases (pon) are a family of proteins (pon1, 2 and 3) with multiple enzymatic activities. pon1 interferes with homoserine lactone-mediated quorum sensing in bacteria and with reactive oxygen species (ros) in humans and mice. pon1 gene mutations have been linked to multiple traits, including aging, and diseases of the cardiovascular, nervous and gastrointestinal system. the overlapping enzymatic activities in the pon family members and high linkage disequilibrium rates within their polymorp ...201222952763
gut-associated microbes of drosophila melanogaster.there is growing interest in using drosophila melanogaster to elucidate mechanisms that underlie the complex relationships between a host and its microbiota. in addition to the many genetic resources and tools drosophila provides, its associated microbiota is relatively simple (1-30 taxa), in contrast to the complex diversity associated with vertebrates (> 500 taxa). these attributes highlight the potential of this system to dissect the complex cellular and molecular interactions that occur betw ...201222572876
contribution of coa ligases to benzenoid biosynthesis in petunia flowers.biosynthesis of benzoic acid from phe requires shortening of the side chain by two carbons, which can occur via the β-oxidative or nonoxidative pathways. the first step in the β-oxidative pathway is cinnamoyl-coa formation, likely catalyzed by a member of the 4-coumarate:coa ligase (4cl) family that converts a range of trans-cinnamic acid derivatives into the corresponding coa thioesters. using a functional genomics approach, we identified two potential coa-ligases from petunia (petunia hybrida) ...201222649270
the future of butyric acid in industry.in this paper, the different applications of butyric acid and its current and future production status are highlighted, with a particular emphasis on the biofuels industry. as such, this paper discusses different issues regarding butyric acid fermentations and provides suggestions for future improvements and their approaches.201222593687
formyl-coenzyme a (coa):oxalate coa-transferase from the acidophile acetobacter aceti has a distinctive electrostatic surface and inherent acid stability.bacterial formyl-coa:oxalate coa-transferase (fcoct) and oxalyl-coa decarboxylase work in tandem to perform a proton-consuming decarboxylation that has been suggested to have a role in generalized acid resistance. fcoct is the product of uctb in the acidophilic acetic acid bacterium acetobacter aceti. as expected for an acid-resistance factor, uctb remains folded at the low ph values encountered in the a. aceti cytoplasm. a comparison of crystal structures of fcocts and related proteins revealed ...201222374910
primordial soup or vinaigrette: did the rna world evolve at acidic ph?the rna world concept has wide, though certainly not unanimous, support within the origin-of-life scientific community. one view is that life may have emerged as early as the hadean eon 4.3-3.8 billion years ago with an atmosphere of high co(2) producing an acidic ocean of the order of ph 3.5-6. compatible with this scenario is the intriguing proposal that life arose within alkaline (ph 9-11) deep-sea hydrothermal vents like those of the 'lost city', with the interface with the acidic ocean crea ...201222264281
characterization of the theta replication plasmid pgr7 from acetobacter aceti ccm 3610.a cryptic plasmid of acetobacter aceti ccm 3610, designated pgr7, was sequenced and characterized. it is a 2446-bp circular molecule with a g + c content of 30%, which is unusual when compared to the already known plasmids isolated from acetobacter genera. sequence analysis of pgr7 revealed three putative open reading frames (orfs). orf1 displays low similarity with other acetobacter plasmid replication proteins. the other two orfs show similarities only to hypothetical proteins and do not encod ...201222842078
crystal structures of acetobacter aceti succinyl-coenzyme a (coa):acetate coa-transferase reveal specificity determinants and illustrate the mechanism used by class i coa-transferases.coenzyme a (coa)-transferases catalyze transthioesterification reactions involving acyl-coa substrates, using an active-site carboxylate to form covalent acyl anhydride and coa thioester adducts. mechanistic studies of class i coa-transferases suggested that acyl-coa binding energy is used to accelerate rate-limiting acyl transfers by compressing the substrate thioester tightly against the catalytic glutamate [white, h., and jencks, w. p. (1976) j. biol. chem. 251, 1688-1699]. the class i coa-tr ...201223030530
differential growth responses of soil bacterial taxa to carbon substrates of varying chemical recalcitrance.soils are immensely diverse microbial habitats with thousands of co-existing bacterial, archaeal, and fungal species. across broad spatial scales, factors such as ph and soil moisture appear to determine the diversity and structure of soil bacterial communities. within any one site however, bacterial taxon diversity is high and factors maintaining this diversity are poorly resolved. candidate factors include organic substrate availability and chemical recalcitrance, and given that they appear to ...201121833332
single-molecule paleoenzymology probes the chemistry of resurrected enzymes.it is possible to travel back in time at the molecular level by reconstructing proteins from extinct organisms. here we report the reconstruction, based on sequence predicted by phylogenetic analysis, of seven precambrian thioredoxin enzymes (trx) dating back between ~1.4 and ~4 billion years (gyr). the reconstructed enzymes are up to 32 °c more stable than modern enzymes, and the oldest show markedly higher activity than extant ones at ph 5. we probed the mechanisms of reduction of these enzyme ...201121460845
Comparative analyses of transport proteins encoded within the genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae.The co-emergence of multidrug resistant pathogenic bacterial strains and the HIV pandemic has made tuberculosis a leading public health threat. The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtu), a facultative intracellular parasite. Mycobacterium leprae (Mle), a related organism that causes leprosy, is an obligate intracellular parasite. Given that different transporters are required for bacterial growth and persistence under a variety of growth conditions, we conducted comparative analyse ...201122179038
Comparative analyses of transport proteins encoded within the genomes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae.The co-emergence of multidrug resistant pathogenic bacterial strains and the HIV pandemic has made tuberculosis a leading public health threat. The causative agent is Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtu), a facultative intracellular parasite. Mycobacterium leprae (Mle), a related organism that causes leprosy, is an obligate intracellular parasite. Given that different transporters are required for bacterial growth and persistence under a variety of growth conditions, we conducted comparative analyse ...201122179038
neokomagataea gen. nov., with descriptions of neokomagataea thailandica sp. nov. and neokomagataea tanensis sp. nov., osmotolerant acetic acid bacteria of the +¦-proteobacteria.isolates ah11(t) and ah13(t) were isolated from flowers of lantana and candle bush respectively collected in thailand. in phylogenetic trees based on 16s rrna gene sequences, the two isolates formed an independent cluster, which was then connected to the type strain of saccharibacter floricola. the calculated pair-wise 16s rrna gene sequence similarities of isolate ah11(t) were 95.7-92.3% to the type strains of the type species of the 12 genera of acetic acid bacteria. the dna base composition w ...201121389630
the transcriptional response of listeria monocytogenes during adaptation to growth on lactate and diacetate includes synergistic changes that increase fermentative acetoin production.the organic acids lactate and diacetate are commonly used in combination in ready-to-eat foods because they show synergistic ability to inhibit the growth of listeria monocytogenes. full-genome microarrays were used to investigate the synergistic transcriptomic responses of two l. monocytogenes strains, h7858 (serotype 4b) and f6854 (serotype 1/2a), to these two organic acids under conditions representing osmotic and cold stress encountered in foods. strains were exposed to brain heart infusion ...201121666015
Changes in the gene expression profile of Acetobacter aceti during growth on ethanol.Acetobacter aceti NBRC 14818 shows a diauxic growth profile and temporarily accumulates acetate when grown in medium containing ethanol. However, the mechanisms underlying the metabolic switching between the incomplete oxidation of ethanol and overoxidation of acetate, and the control of stress resistance systems in A. aceti cells grown on ethanol are not fully understood. In this study, time-dependent transcriptome changes in cells during growth on ethanol were analyzed by DNA microarray. In A. ...201122153844
optimization of culture conditions to produce high yields of active acetobacter sp. cctcc m209061 cells for anti-prelog reduction of prochiral ketones.chiral alcohols are widely used in the synthesis of chiral pharmaceuticals, flavors and functional materials and appropriate whole-cell biocatalysts offer a highly enantioselective, minimally polluting route to these valuable compounds. the recently isolated strain acetobacter sp. cctcc m209061 showed exclusive anti-prelog stereoselectivity for the reduction of prochiral ketones, but the low biomass has limited its commercialization and industrial applications. to tackle this problem, the effect ...201122099947
transcriptomic and phenotypic responses of listeria monocytogenes strains possessing different growth efficiencies under acidic conditions.in an experiment delineating aciduric strains, food and clinical listeria monocytogenes isolates tended to produce the most biomass whereas ovine and avian strains produced comparatively less biomass when exposed to high levels of sodium diacetate (sd) and potassium sorbate. compared to reference strains that exhibited greater acid sensitivity, representative food isolates with comparatively good growth capacities in the presence of 21 mm sd at ph 5.0 accumulated reduced levels of acetate anion ...201020511423
a 28-day oral toxicity study of fermentation-derived cellulose, produced by acetobacter aceti subspecies xylinum, in f344 rats.this study was designed to evaluate any adverse effect of fermentation-derived cellulose, produced by acetobacter aceti subspecies xylinum, when administered to both sexes of f344 rats at dietary levels of 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0% for 28 days. the treatment had no adverse effects on clinical signs, mortality, body weights and food and water consumption, or on urinalysis, ophthalmology, hematology, blood biochemistry, and histopathology findings. at necropsy, slight increased absolute and relative ...201020519840
isolation and identification of persistent chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardant-degrading bacteria.tris(2-chloroethyl) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphates are chlorinated persistent flame retardants that have recently emerged as environmental pollutants. two bacterial strains that can degrade the compounds when they are the sole phosphorus sources have been isolated and identified as members of the sphingomonads. the strains can be useful for the bioremediation of environments contaminated with these compounds.201020525857
molecular and catalytic properties of the aldehyde dehydrogenase of gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus, a quinoheme protein containing pyrroloquinoline quinone, cytochrome b, and cytochrome c.several aldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh) complexes have been purified from the membranes of acetic acid bacteria. the enzyme structures and the chemical nature of the prosthetic groups associated with these enzymes remain a matter of debate. we report here on the molecular and catalytic properties of the membrane-bound aldh complex of the diazotrophic bacterium gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. the purified aldh complex is a heterodimer comprising two subunits of 79.7 and 50 kda, respectively. reve ...201020802042
development of a sequence-characterized amplified region marker-targeted quantitative pcr assay for strain-specific detection of oenococcus oeni during wine malolactic fermentation.control over malolactic fermentation (mlf) is a difficult goal in winemaking and needs rapid methods to monitor oenococcus oeni malolactic starters (mls) in a stressful environment such as wine. in this study, we describe a novel quantitative pcr (qpcr) assay enabling the detection of an o. oeni strain during mlf without culturing. o. oeni strain lb221 was used as a model to develop a strain-specific sequence-characterized amplified region (scar) marker derived from a discriminatory opa20-based ...201020935116
transcriptome response to different carbon sources in acetobacter aceti.the draft genome sequence of acetobacter aceti nbrc 14818 was determined by whole-genome shotgun sequencing and the transcriptome profile in cells exponentially grown on ethanol, acetate or glucose was analysed by using a dna microarray. the genes for all enzymes that constitute the complete tricarboxylic acid (tca) cycle and glyoxylate pathway were identified in the genome. the tca cycle genes showed higher expression levels in a. aceti cells grown on acetate or glucose and the glyoxylate pathw ...201021081762
identification and quantification of acetic acid bacteria in wine and vinegar by taqman-mgb probes.a real-time pcr (rt-pcr) assay was developed using taqman minor groove binder (mgb) probes for the specific detection and quantification of five acetic acid bacteria (aab) species (acetobacter pasteurianus, acetobacter aceti, gluconacetobacter hansenii, gluconacetobacter europaeus and gluconobacter oxydans) in wine and vinegar. the primers and probes, designed from the 16s rrna gene, showed good specificity with the target aab species. the technique was tested on aab grown in glucose medium (gy) ...201020141944
production of tea vinegar by batch and semicontinuous fermentation.the fermented tea vinegar combines the beneficial properties of tea and vinegar. the complete fermentation takes 4 to 5 weeks in a batch culture and thus can be shortened by semi continuous/ continuous fermentation using immobilized bacterial cells. in the present study, alcoholic fermentation of 1.0 and 1.5% tea infusions using saccharomyces cerevisae g was carried out that resulted in 84.3 and 84.8% fermentation efficiency (fe) respectively. the batch vinegar fermentation of these wines with a ...201023572817
production of tea vinegar by batch and semicontinuous fermentation.the fermented tea vinegar combines the beneficial properties of tea and vinegar. the complete fermentation takes 4 to 5 weeks in a batch culture and thus can be shortened by semi continuous/ continuous fermentation using immobilized bacterial cells. in the present study, alcoholic fermentation of 1.0 and 1.5% tea infusions using saccharomyces cerevisae g was carried out that resulted in 84.3 and 84.8% fermentation efficiency (fe) respectively. the batch vinegar fermentation of these wines with a ...201023572817
recombinant organisms for production of industrial products.a revolution in industrial microbiology was sparked by the discoveries of ther double-stranded structure of dna and the development of recombinant dna technology. traditional industrial microbiology was merged with molecular biology to yield improved recombinant processes for the industrial production of primary and secondary metabolites, protein biopharmaceuticals and industrial enzymes. novel genetic techniques such as metabolic engineering, combinatorial biosynthesis and molecular breeding te ...200921326937
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