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detection of newly introduced y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea.we report the first detection of y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live bird markets in korea during july 2020. the viruses were isolated from domestic ducks and chickens traded in three markets in two different provinces, indicating dispersal of the newly introduced viruses. complete genome sequencing and comparative phylogenetic analyses of all eight gene segments of the viruses showed high nucleotide homology to a y280-lineage h9n2 avian influenza virus isolated in a chicken farm i ...202133523603
establishment of recombinant eimeria acervulina expressing multi-copies m2e derived from avian influenza virus h9n2.the potential of eimeria parasites as live vaccine vectors has been reported with successful genetic manipulation on several species like e. tenella, e. mitis and e. necatrix. among seven eimeria species infecting chickens, e. acervulina is a highly prevalent, moderately pathogenic species. thus, it is valuable for the study of transfection and for use as a potential as vaccine vector. in this study, a plasmid containing expression cassette with enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eyfp), red fl ...202134358207
targeting haemagglutinin antigen of avian influenza virus to chicken immune cell receptors dec205 and cd11c induces differential immune-potentiating responses.improving the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines is critical to reducing disease impacts. one strategy used to enhance the immunogenicity of vaccines is the selective delivery of protective antigens to the antigen presenting cells (apcs). in this study, we have developed a targeted antigen delivery vaccine (tadv) system by recombinantly fusing the ectodomain of hemagglutinin (ha) antigen of h9n2 influenza a virus to single chain fragment variable (scfv) antibodies specific for th ...202134358200
pathogenicity of h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses of different lineages isolated from live bird markets tested in three animal models: spf chickens, korean native chickens, and ducks.since its first appearance in 1996, h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) of the y439 lineage persisted in korean live bird markets (lbms) until the last documented occurrence in 2018. however, in june 2020, the avian influenza surveillance program detected a novel h9n2 aiv belonging to the y280 lineage, which has zoonotic potential, in a korean native chicken (knc) from a lbm. in this study, we infected kncs and ducks (the 2 major species held at lbms), as well as spf chickens, with y280-lineage h9n ...202134284181
selectively targeting haemagglutinin antigen to chicken cd83 receptor induces faster and stronger immunity against avian influenza.the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of vaccines can be enhanced by the selective delivery of antigens to the antigen-presenting cells (apcs). in this study, h9n2 avian influenza virus haemagglutinin (ha) antigen, was targeted by fusing it to single-chain fragment variable (scfv) antibodies specific to cd83 receptor expressed on chicken apcs. we observed an increased level of ifnγ, il6, il1β, il4, and cxcli2 mrna upon stimulation of chicken splenocytes ex vivo by cd83 scfv targeted h9ha. i ...202134267228
the effect of the antimicrobial peptide plectasin on the growth performance, intestinal health, and immune function of yellow-feathered chickens.the goal of the study was to test the effects of an antibiotic substitute, plectasin, on the growth performance, immune function, intestinal morphology and structure, intestinal microflora, ileal mucosal layer construction and tight junctions, ileal immune-related cytokines, and blood biochemical indices of yellow-feathered chickens. a total of 1,500 one-day-old yellow-feathered chicks were randomly divided into four dietary treatment groups with five replicates in each group and 75 yellow-feath ...202134250068
molecular characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza h9n2 virus during co-circulation with newly-emerged highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n8 virus in iran.identification of molecular characteristics of low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus provides insights into the evolution of this subtype due to the modulation of genomic characteristics in co-circulation with another subtype. the present study aimed to analyze the molecular and phylogenetic characteristics of the current lpai h9n2 virus in characteristics of internal proteins are crucial for the adaptations of aivs viruses to a new host. since h9n2 is indigenous among poultry, contin ...202134130471
a quantitative risk assessment to evaluate the efficacy of mitigation strategies to reduce highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, subtype h5n1 (hpai h5n1) in the menoufia governorate, egypt.the poultry industry in egypt has been suffering from endemic highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) virus, subtype h5n1 since 2006. however, the emergence of h9n2, h5n8, and h5n2 in 2011, 2016, and 2019 respectively, has aggravated the situation. our objective was to evaluate how effective are the mitigation strategies by a quantitative risk assessment (qra) model which used daily outbreak data of hpai-h5n1 subtype in egypt, stratified by different successive epidemic waves from 2006 to 2016.202134098961
epidemiological surveillance of h9n2 avian influenza virus infection among chickens in farms and backyards in egypt 2015-2016.lpai h9n2 infection among the poultry population in egypt constitutes an additional risk factor in the poultry industry. this study aimed to determine the prevalence of h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) in commercial and backyard chickens in egypt. a 2-year survey of h9n2 aiv in chickens in farms and backyards was carried out in 2015 and 2016.202134083945
plant-based, adjuvant-free, potent multivalent vaccines for avian influenza virus via lactococcus surface display.influenza epidemics frequently and unpredictably break out all over the world, and seriously affect the breeding industry and human activity. inactivated and live attenuated viruses have been used as protective vaccines but exhibit high risks for biosafety. subunit vaccines enjoy high biosafety and specificity but have a few weak points compared to inactivated virus or live attenuated virus vaccines, especially in low immunogenicity. in this study, we developed a new subunit vaccine platform for ...202134051041
first report of field cases of y280-like lpai h9n2 strains in south korean poultry farms: pathological findings and genetic characterization.h9n2 low-pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) viruses have long been circulating in the world poultry industry, resulting in substantial economic losses. in addition to bird health consequences, viruses from specific lineages such as g1 and y280 are also known to have the potential to cause a pandemic within the human population. in south korea, after introducing inactivated h9n2 vaccines in 2007, there were no field outbreaks of h9n2 lpai since 2009. however, in june 2020, an h9n2 virus was isolat ...202134013789
the pb2 co-adaptation of h10n8 avian influenza virus increases the pathogenicity to chickens and mice.avian influenza (ai) is an important zoonotic disease, which can be transmitted across species barriers to other hosts, especially humans, posing a serious threat to the poultry industry and public health. in recent years, human cases infected with the h10n8, h9n2, and h7n9 of avian influenza viruses (aivs) have been identified frequently as have the internal genes of h7n9 and h10n8, which are derived from h9n2 viruses. the adaptive mutation of the pb2 gene is an important way for the h10n8, h9n ...202134008327
antiviral activity of isoimperatorin against influenza a virus in vitro and its inhibition of neuraminidase.influenza a virus (iav) poses a severe threat to human health and is a major public health problem worldwide. as global anti-influenza virus drug resistance has increased significantly, there is an urgent need to develop new antiviral drugs, especially drugs from natural products. isoimperatorin, an active natural furanocoumarin, exhibits a broad range of pharmacologic activities including anticoagulant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-tumor, and other pharmacological effects, ...202133927632
egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus) were resistant to experimental inoculation with avian-origin influenza a virus of subtype h9n2, but are susceptible to experimental infection with bat-borne h9n2 virus.influenza a viruses (iav) of subtype h9n2, endemic in world-wide poultry holdings, are reported to cause spill-over infections to pigs and humans and have also contributed substantially to recent reassortment-derived pre-pandemic zoonotic viruses of concern, such as the asian h7n9 viruses. recently, a h9n2 bat influenza a virus was found in egyptian fruit bats (rousettus aegyptiacus), raising the question of whether this bat species is a suitable host for iav. here, we studied the susceptibility ...202133919890
the effects of heat-killed tsukamurella inchonensis on intestinal morphology and humoral immune responses of broiler chickens.tsukamurella species are gram-positive rods that exist in a broad range of environments. in this study, the efficacy of heat-killed tsukamurella inchonensis on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and humoral immune responses of broiler chicken was evaluated.202133889366
characterization of four novel h5n6 avian influenza viruses with the internal genes from h5n1 and h9n2 viruses and experimental challenge of chickens vaccinated with current commercially available h5 vaccines.since 2014, highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n6 viruses have been responsible for outbreaks in poultry. in this study, four h5n6 virus strains were isolated from faecal samples of sick white ducks and dead chickens in shandong in 2019. these h5n6 viruses were triple-reassortant viruses that have not been previously characterized. their ha genes were derived from the h5 viruses and were closely related to the vaccine strain re-11. their na genes all fell into the n6-like lineage and the intern ...202133872465
potential risk factors of avian influenza virus infection in asymptomatic commercial chicken flocks in selected areas of bangladesh during 2019.avian influenza is a zoonotic disease with a pandemic potential that can infect avian and mammalian species, including humans. studies aimed at investigating avian influenza virus (aiv) status in asymptomatic chickens and their shedding are uncommon in bangladesh. therefore, the current study aimed to examine the distribution of aiv subtypes in asymptomatic commercial chicken flocks and to identify the possible risk factors associated with this infection in two selected sub-districts of banglade ...202133860012
nf-кb pathway genes expression in chicken erythrocytes infected with avian influenza virus subtype h9n2.1. chicken erythrocytes in blood vessels are the most abundant circulating cells, which participate in the host's immune responses. the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-κb) plays a vital role in the inflammatory response following viral infections. however, the expression of the nf-κb pathway, and other immune-related genes in chicken erythrocytes infected with low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv h9n2), has not been extensively studied.2. the following study determined the ...202133843365
within-host model of respiratory virus shedding and antibody response to h9n2 avian influenza virus vaccination and infection in chickens.avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2 subtype is an infectious pathogen that can affect both the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems in chickens and continues to have an important economic impact on the poultry industry. while the host innate immune response provides control of virus replication in early infection, the adaptive immune response aids to clear infections and prevent future invasion. modelling virus-innate immune response pathways can improve our understanding of early infection dyn ...202133778216
genetic characterization of h9n2 avian influenza virus previously unrecognized in korea.in this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of previously unreported y280-lineage h9n2 viruses from two live bird markets in korea in june 2020. genetic analysis revealed that they were distinct from previous h9n2 viruses circulating in korea and had highest homology to a/chicken/shandong/1844/2019(h9n2) viruses. their genetic constellation showed they belonged to genotype s, which is the predominant genotype in china since 2010, where genotype s viruses have infected humans an ...202133774937
infection and risk factors of human and avian influenza in pigs in south china.the coinfection of swine influenza (si) strains and avian/human-source influenza strains in piggeries can contribute to the evolution of new influenza viruses with pandemic potential. this study analyzed surveillance data on si in south china and explored the spatial predictor variables associated with different influenza infection scenarios in counties within the study area. blood samples were collected from 7670 pigs from 534 pig farms from 2015 to 2017 and tested for evidence of infection wit ...202133744674
genetic analysis of genotype g57 h9n2 avian influenza virus isolate a/chicken/tajikistan/2379/2018 recovered in central asia.this paper presents genetic data on the full genome analysis of a/chicken/tajikistan/2379/2018 h9n2 influenza virus isolated in september 2018 from chicken pathological material received from poultry farms of the republic of tajikistan and subtyped as h9n2 by serological and molecular methods. according to the results of hemagglutinin gene sequencing, the amino acid sequence of the cleavage site was rssr/glf, which is typical for low-virulent avian influenza virus. phylogenetic analysis of the n ...202133740120
reassortment with dominant chicken h9n2 influenza virus contributed to the fifth h7n9 virus human epidemic.h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) is regarded as a principal donor of viral genes through reassortment to co-circulating influenza viruses that can result in zoonotic reassortants. whether h9n2 virus can maintain sustained evolutionary impact on such reassortants is unclear. since 2013, avian h7n9 virus had caused five sequential human epidemics in china; the fifth wave in 2016-2017 was by far the largest but the mechanistic explanation behind the scale of infection is not clear. here, we found t ...202133731452
a live attenuated h9n2 avian influenza vaccine prevents the viral reassortment by exchanging the ha and ns1 packaging signals.the h9n2 avian influenza virus is not only an important zoonotic pathogen, it can also easily recombine with other subtypes to generate novel reassortments, such as the h7n9 virus. although h9n2 live attenuated vaccines can provide good multiple immunities, including humoral, cellular, and mucosal immunity, the risk of reassortment between the vaccine strain and wild-type virus is still a concern. here, we successfully rescued an h9n2 live attenuated strain [rtx-ns1-128 (mut)] that can interdict ...202133613465
g1-like m and pb2 genes are preferentially incorporated into h7n9 progeny virions during genetic reassortment.genotype s h9n2 viruses have become predominant in poultry in china since 2010. these viruses frequently donate their whole internal gene segments to other emerging influenza a subtypes such as the novel h7n9, h5n6, and h10n8 viruses. we recently reported that the pb2 and m genes of the genotype s h9n2 virus, which are derived from the g1-like virus, enhance the fitness of h5nx and h7n9 avian influenza viruses in chickens and mice. however, whether the g1-like pb2 and m genes are preferentially ...202133588843
the biological characteristics of novel h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus and its pathogenesis in ducks.clade 2.3.4.4 h5nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have caused outbreaks in poultry in the world. some of these viruses acquired internal genes from other subtype avian influenza viruses (aivs) such as h9 and h6 for the generation of novel reassortant viruses and continually circulated in poultry. here, we applied a duck-origin virus dk87 and a chicken-origin virus ck66 to assess the biological characteristics of novel reassortant h5n6 hpaivs and its pathogenesis in ducks. a g ...202133584629
pa-x is an avian virulence factor in h9n2 avian influenza virus.influenza a viruses encode several accessory proteins that have host- and strain-specific effects on virulence and replication. the accessory protein pa-x is expressed due to a ribosomal frameshift during translation of the pa gene. depending on the particular combination of virus strain and host species, pa-x has been described as either acting to reduce or increase virulence and/or virus replication. in this study, we set out to investigate the role pa-x plays in h9n2 avian influenza viruses, ...202133544070
a risk marker of tribasic hemagglutinin cleavage site in influenza a (h9n2) virus.low pathogenic avian influenza a(h9n2) virus is endemic worldwide and continually recruit internal genes to generate human-infecting h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 influenza variants. here we show that hemagglutinin cleavage sites (hacs) of h9n2 viruses tended to mutate towards hydrophilic via evolutionary transition, and the tribasic hacs were found at high prevalence in asia and the middle east. our finding suggested that the tribasic h9n2 viruses increased the viral replication, stability, patho ...202133452423
molecular characteristics of the h9n2 avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets in anhui province, china, 2013 to 2018.h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) has low-pathogenicity but causes respiratory symptoms and drop in egg production in chicken with long-term virus shedding, resulting in great economic losses due to high mortality related to secondary infection with other pathogens. in recent years, h9n2 viruses have been posing a threat to public health, causing human infection in china. compared to studies on other aiv subtypes, there are relatively few studies on the pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 vi ...202133437876
surveillance on respiratory diseases reveals enzootic circulation of both h5 and h9 avian influenza viruses in small-scale commercial layer farms of bangladesh.poultry production in bangladesh has been experiencing h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) and h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) for the last 14 years. vaccination of chickens against h5 hpai is in practice since the end of 2012. subsequently, the official reporting of hpai outbreaks gradually decreased. however, the true extent of circulation of avian influenza virus (aiv) in commercial poultry production is not clear. to explore this, we conducted active surveillance in 422 ...202134219385
the packaging regions of g1-like pb2 gene contribute to improving the survival advantage of genotype s h9n2 virus in china.the genotype s (g57) h9n2 virus, which first emerged in 2007 with the substitution of the g1-like pb2 gene for f98-like ones, has become the predominant genotype in the past 10 years. however, whether this substitution plays a role in the fitness of genotype s h9n2 viruses remains unknown. comparison of the pb2 genes of f98-like and g1-like viruses revealed a close homology in amino acid sequences but great variations at nucleotide levels. we then determined if the packaging region, a unique seq ...202133967991
dual-mode detection of avian influenza virions (h9n2) by icp-ms and fluorescence after quantum dot labeling with immuno-rolling circle amplification.avian influenza virus (aivs), hosted in poultry, are the pathogens of many poultry diseases and human infections, which bring huge losses to the poultry breeding industry and huge panic to society. therefore, it is of great significance to establish accurate and sensitive detection methods for aivs. in this work, a dual-mode detection method based on immuno-rolling circle amplification (immuno-rca) and quantum dots (qds) labeling for inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (icp-ms) and fluo ...202031883585
thiazolidines: potential anti-viral agents against avian influenza and infectious bronchitis viruses.viral outbreaks are a common cause of morbidity and mortality in livestock and human populations. lack of good vaccines and poor control measures along with natural viral genetic drifting and shifting are the common causes of new viral strains and outbreaks. the current study reports the synthesis of some 2-aryl substituted thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acids 1a-h and their 3-acetyl 2a and 3-benzoyl derivatives 3a. two important poultry viruses: avian influenza virus (aiv; a/chicken/italy/1994/h9n2) ...202033643596
comparative infectivity and transmissibility studies of wild-bird and chicken-origin highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n8 in chickens.despite the recent advances in avian influenza viruses surveillance and genomic data, fundamental questions concerning the ecology and evolution of these viruses remain elusive. in egypt, h5n8 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) are co-circulating simultaneously with hpaivs of subtypes h5n1 and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (lpaivs) of subtype h9n2 in both commercial and backyard poultry. in order to isolate aivs from wild birds and to assess their potential in causing in ...202033271478
genetic evolution and transmission dynamics of clade 2.3.2.1a highly pathogenic avian influenza a/h5n1 viruses in bangladesh.asian lineage a/h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) have been responsible for continuous outbreaks in bangladesh since 2007. although clades 2.2.2 and 2.3.4.2 hpaivs have disappeared since poultry vaccination was introduced in 2012, clade 2.3.2.1a viruses have continued to be detected in bangladesh. in this study, we identified a/h9n2 (n = 15), a/h5n1 (n = 19), and a/h5n1-a/h9n2 (n = 18) mixed viruses from live bird markets, chicken farms, and wild house crows (corvus splende ...202034127940
comparative safety and efficacy of two bivalent vaccines containing newcastle disease lasota and avian influenza h9n2 sidrap isolate formulated with different oil adjuvants.newcastle disease (nd) and avian influenza (ai) are two devastating diseases of poultry, which cause great economic losses to the poultry industry and disrupt food security in our country. the use of nd-ai inactive bivalent vaccine is very effective and economical to prevent and control nd and ai disease. bivalent nd lasota-ai h9n2 vaccine is not yet available in indonesia. the inactivated vaccines used in poultry industry often require oil adjuvant to elicit a sufficient immune response. this s ...202033363346
comparative analysis of key immune protection factors in h9n2 avian influenza viruses infected and immunized specific pathogen-free chicken.h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv) continue to circulate in vaccinated chicken flocks in china, which prompted us to investigate the differential immune protection factors induced by h9n2 aiv infection and immunization for analyzing the reason of protection deficiency of h9n2 aiv inactivated vaccine. in this study, we firstly explored virus-induced optimal immune responses in chicken after h9n2 aiv infection. and, we found that h9n2 hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody level, antiviral inte ...202033357705
genetic incompatibilities and reduced transmission in chickens may limit the evolution of reassortants between h9n2 and panzootic h5n8 clade 2.3.4.4 avian influenza virus showing high virulence for mammals.the unprecedented spread of h5n8- and h9n2-subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) in birds across asia, europe, africa, and north america poses a serious public health threat with a permanent risk of reassortment and the possible emergence of novel virus variants with high virulence in mammals. to gain information on this risk, we studied the potential for reassortment between two contemporary h9n2 and h5n8 viruses. while the replacement of the pb2, pa, and ns genes of highly pathogenic h5n8 by hom ...202033343923
effect of baicalin on bacterial secondary infection and inflammation caused by h9n2 aiv infection in chickens.h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (h9n2 aiv) is a low pathogenic virus that is widely prevalent all over the world. h9n2 aiv causes immunosuppression in the host and often leads to high rates of mortality due to secondary infection with escherichia. due to the drug resistance of bacteria, many antibiotics are not effective in the treatment of secondary bacterial infection. therefore, the purpose of this study is to find effective nonantibiotic drugs for the treatment of h9n2 aiv infection-induc ...202033294434
hemagglutinin stalk-based monoclonal antibody elicits broadly reactivity against group 1 influenza a virus.influenza virus remains a continuous and severe threat to public health worldwide, and its prevention and treatment have always been a major international issue. because of its ability to evade immune surveillance through rapid antigenic drift and antigenic shift, broad-spectrum vaccines seem increasingly important.202033287849
non-basic amino acids in the hemagglutinin proteolytic cleavage site of a european h9n2 avian influenza virus modulate virulence in turkeys.h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) is the most widespread low pathogenic (lp) aiv in poultry and poses a serious zoonotic risk. vaccination is used extensively to mitigate the economic impact of the virus. however, mutations were acquired after long-term circulation of h9n2 virus in poultry, particularly in the hemagglutinin (ha) proteolytic cleavage site (cs), a main virulence determinant of aiv. compared to chickens, little is known about the genetic determinants for adaptation of h9n2 aiv to tu ...202033277593
probiotic lactobacilli enhance immunogenicity of an inactivated h9n2 influenza virus vaccine in chickens.avian influenza viruses (aivs) infect a wide range of hosts, including humans and many avian species. efforts have been made to control this pathogen in chickens using vaccination programs, but that has been met with varying degrees of success. therefore, identification of more efficacious vaccination strategies is warranted. this study was undertaken to investigate the potential effects of probiotics on the immunogenicity of a beta-propiolactone-whole inactivated virus (wiv) vaccine of h9n2 sub ...202033236974
dominant subtype switch in avian influenza viruses during 2016-2019 in china.we have surveyed avian influenza virus (aiv) genomes from live poultry markets within china since 2014. here we present a total of 16,091 samples that were collected from may 2016 to february 2019 in 23 provinces and municipalities in china. we identify 2048 aiv-positive samples and perform next generation sequencing. aiv-positive rates (12.73%) from samples had decreased substantially since 2016, compared to that during 2014-2016 (26.90%). additionally, h9n2 has replaced h5n6 and h7n9 as the do ...202033219213
characterization and phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene in h9 influenza viruses from chickens in morocco from 2017 to 2019.since the early 2000s, the avian influenza virus (aiv) subtype h9n2 has been widely circulating in north african countries, including libya, tunisia, and egypt. for unknown reasons, h9n2 was not detected in moroccan farms until the end of 2016, and at present, it is endemic in poultry. this study was carried out to evaluate the evolution of h9 aivs in morocco from 2017 to 2019. in this study, 16 h9 viruses collected from 2017 to 2019 in morocco were isolated and sequenced. the genomic signatures ...202033205168
nitrate is crucial for the proliferation of gut escherichia coli caused by h9n2 aiv infection and effective regulation by chinese herbal medicine ageratum-liquid.h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) infection in chickens is often accompanied by secondary bacterial infection, but the mechanism is unclear. the aim of the present study was to reveal that mechanism and explore non-antibiotic treatment. 16s rrna sequencing and metabonomics were performed in the intestinal contents of chickens infected with h9n2 aiv or h9n2 aiv and fed with ageratum-liquid (al) to reveal the metabolite that promote intestinal escherichia coli (e. coli) proliferation caused by h9n2 ...202033193136
ongoing genetic evolution of h9n2 avian influenza viruses in iranian industrial poultry farms.despite the use of wide-scale vaccination programmes against the h9n2 virus, enzootic outbreaks of h9n2 avian influenza (ai) have often occurred and caused serious nationwide economic losses, particularly in broiler chickens. in this study, the haemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of nine recent h9n2s and a common vaccine strain were fully sequenced and compared with other representative iranian viruses. phylogenetic analysis revealed that all iranian viruses were grouped into the g1 ...202033185568
adsorptive mutation and n-linked glycosylation modulate influenza virus antigenicity and fitness.influenza viruses have an error-prone polymerase complex that facilitates a mutagenic environment. antigenic mutants swiftly arise from this environment with the capacity to persist in both humans and economically important livestock even in the face of vaccination. furthermore, influenza viruses can adjust the antigenicity of the haemagglutinin (ha) protein, the primary influenza immunogen, using one of four molecular mechanisms. two prominent mechanisms are: 1) enhancing binding avidity of ha ...202033179567
serological evidence of avian influenza virus subtype h5 and h9 in live bird market, myanmar.avian influenza (ai), caused by alphainfluenzaviruses (aivs), is a contagious respiratory disease in birds and mammals. aivs have been reported in poultry worldwide and the impact of aivs on human health is immense. in this study, a serological survey of aiv subtype h5 and h9 was conducted in a live bird market (lbm) in yangon, myanmar during february 2016 to september 2016. a total of 621 serum samples were collected from chickens (n = 489) and ducks (n = 132) from 48 vendors in the lbm. the sa ...202033091862
avian influenza surveillance at the human-animal interface in lebanon, 2017.avian influenza viruses (aivs) cause severe diseases in poultry and humans. in lebanon, aiv h9n2 was detected in 2006 and 2010 and h5n1 was detected in 2016.202032794162
full-length genome sequences of the first h9n2 avian influenza viruses isolated in the northeast of algeria.h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aiv) has a worldwide geographic distribution and affects poultry of different types of production. h9n2 aiv was first reported in the northeast of algeria in april 2017, following an outbreak associated with high mortality, in broiler flocks. in the present study, we report full-length genome sequences of aiv h9n2, and the detailed phylogeny and molecular genetic analyses.202032680533
bacillus subtilis spores as adjuvants against avian influenza h9n2 induce antigen-specific antibody and t cell responses in white leghorn chickens.low-pathogenicity avian influenza h9n2 remains an endemic disease worldwide despite continuous vaccination, indicating the need for an improved vaccine strategy. bacillus subtilis (b. subtilis), a gram-positive and endospore-forming bacterium, is a non-pathogenic species that has been used in probiotic formulations for both animals and humans. the objective of the present study was to elucidate the effect of b. subtilis spores as adjuvants in chickens administered inactivated avian influenza vir ...202032448402
two genetically similar h9n2 influenza viruses isolated from different species show similar virulence in minks but different virulence in mice.the h9n2 influenza virus has been frequently endemic in poultry, infected mammals and humans and has threatened public health. it is therefore imperative to understand the molecular mechanism enabling this virus to jump from avian to mammalian species. in this study, two h9n2 influenza viruses were isolated from the same region in eastern china but from different hosts; one was isolated from mink and named a/mink/shandong/wm01/2014(h9n2)(wm01), while the other was isolated from chicken and named ...202032180420
an r195k mutation in the pa-x protein increases the virulence and transmission of influenza a virus in mammalian hosts.in the 21st century, the emergence of h7n9 and h1n1/2009 influenza viruses, originating from animals and causing severe human infections, has prompted investigations into the genetic alterations required for cross-species transmission. we previously found that replacement of the human-origin pa gene segment in avian influenza virus (aiv) could overcome barriers to cross-species transmission. recently, it was reported that the pa gene segment encodes both the pa protein and a second protein, pa-x ...202032161172
mouse adaptation of the h9n2 avian influenza virus causes the downregulation of genes related to innate immune responses and ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis in mice.h9n2 avian influenza viruses sporadically infect humans worldwide. these viruses have also contributed internal genes to h5n1, h5n6, h7n9, and h10n8 viruses, which have been isolated from humans with infections and are a substantial public health threat. to investigate the potential pathogenic mechanism of the h9n2 virus, we performed serial lung-to-lung passage of an avirulent h9n2 avian influenza virus (a/chicken/shandong/416/2016 [sd/416]) in mice to increase the pathogenicity of this virus. ...202031982962
reassortment and adaptive mutations of an emerging avian influenza virus h7n4 subtype in china.human infections with avian influenza viruses including h5, h7 and h9 hemagglutinin subtypes occur at a low rate. among human infections with h7 viruses, regional outbreaks with h7n2, h7n3, h7n7 and h7n9 have been documented. early in 2018, a human infection with a novel h7n4 avian influenza virus was reported in jiangsu, china. this study is aimed at understanding the probable origin and molecular features of this emerging h7n4 virus. genomic segments encoding hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminida ...202031951605
quick and improved immune responses to inactivated h9n2 avian influenza vaccine by purified active fraction of albizia julibrissin saponins.h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) raises public health concerns and its eradication in poultry becomes even more important in preventing influenza. ajsaf is a purified active saponin fraction from the stem bark of albizzia julibrissin. in this study, ajsaf was evaluated for the adjuvant potentials on immune responses to inactivated h9n2 avian influenza virus vaccine (ih9v) in mice and chicken in comparison with commercially oil-adjuvant.202033160337
polyethylenimine-coated plga nanoparticles-encapsulated angelica sinensis polysaccharide as an adjuvant for h9n2 vaccine to improve immune responses in chickens compared to alum and oil-based adjuvants.inactivated h9n2 influenza vaccines required adjuvants to induce strong immune responses to protect poultry from the infections of h9n2 influenza viruses. recently, positively charged nanoparticles-based adjuvant delivery systems have been extensively investigated as the novel vaccine adjuvant due to the protection antigens and drugs from degradation, promoting antigens and drugs uptake by antigen presenting cells (apcs), and inducing strong humoral and cellular immune responses. in this study, ...202033096470
analysis of the microrna expression profiles of chicken dendritic cells in response to h9n2 avian influenza virus infection.microrna (mirna) plays a key role in virus-host interactions. here, we employed deep sequencing technology to determine cellular mirna expression profiles in chicken dendritic cells infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv). a total of 66 known and 36 novel mirnas were differently expressed upon h9n2 infection, including 72 up-regulated and 30 down-regulated mirnas. functional analysis showed that the predicted targets of these mirnas were significantly enriched in several pathways includin ...202033069243
comparison of the effectiveness of two different vaccination regimes for avian influenza h9n2 in broiler chicken.low pathogenic avian influenza virus is one of the major threats that has been affecting the poultry industry in the middle east region for decades. attempts to eradicate this disease have failed. currently, there are commercial vaccines that are either imported or produced locally from recently circulating isolates of h9n2 in egypt and middle eastern countries. this present work focused on comparing the effectiveness of two vaccines belonging to these categories in egypt. two commercial broiler ...202033066560
probiotic lactobacilli limit avian influenza virus subtype h9n2 replication in chicken cecal tonsil mononuclear cells.low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) h9n2 poses significant threat to animal and human health. the growing interest in beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on host immune system has led to research efforts studying their interaction with cells of host immune system. however, the role of lactobacilli in inducing antiviral responses in lymphoid tissue cells requires further investigation. the objective of the present study was to examine the antiviral and immunostimulatory effects of l ...202033066282
phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin gene and evaluation of the viral shedding of h9n2 avian influenza viruses using real-time rt-pcr in spf chickens.in recent years, the h9n2 influenzavirus has been circulating widely in poultry farms causing extensive damage. the hemagglutinin (ha) genes of the two virus isolates of h9n2 subtype in specific pathogen-free chickens were studied to determine the shedding rate in the host’s oropharyngeal and cloacal routes and their genetic relationship. the sequence analysis and phylogenetic study of the samples were performed by comparing each isolate with other h9n2 isolates in the gene bank. in th ...202033025774
genetic characterization of a novel genotype h9n2 avian influenza virus from chicken in south china. 202032956732
lactobacillus plantarum surface-displayed influenza antigens (np-m2) with flic flagellin stimulate generally protective immune responses against h9n2 influenza subtypes in chickens.the h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) causes serious economic losses to the poultry industry every year. vaccines that induce a mucosal immune response may be successful against influenza virus infection because its transmission occurs primarily in the mucosa. to develop novel and potent oral vaccines based on lactobacillus plantarum (l. plantarum) to control the spread of aiv in poultry industry, in the present study, we constructed and expressed fusions of the influenza antigens np and m2 with ...202032919197
continued evolution of h5nx avian influenza viruses in bangladeshi live poultry markets: pathogenic potential in poultry and mammalian models.the genesis of novel influenza viruses through reassortment poses a continuing risk to public health. this is of particular concern in bangladesh, where highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses of the a(h5n1) subtype are endemic and cocirculate with other influenza viruses. active surveillance of avian influenza viruses in bangladeshi live poultry markets detected three a(h5) genotypes, designated h5n1-r1, h5n1-r2, and h5n2-r3, that arose from reassortment of a(h5n1) clade 2.3.2.1a viruses. the ...202032907981
efficacy evaluation of commercial vaccines against circulating filed isolates of avian influenza h9n2 and infectious bronchitis viruses in broiler chickens. 202032896117
assessing the efficacy of a recombinant h9n2 avian influenza virus-inactivated vaccine.the h9n2 avian influenza virus has been widely spread in poultry around the world. it is proved to the world that the avian influenza virus can directly infect human beings without any intermediate host adaptation in "1997 hong kong avian influenza case," which shows that the avian influenza virus not only causes significant losses to the poultry industry but also affects human health. in this study, we aimed to address the problem of low protection of avian h9n2 subtype influenza virus vaccine ...202032867977
comparison of autogenous and commercial h9n2 avian influenza vaccines in a challenge with recent dominant virus.avian influenza (ai) caused by ai virus subtype h9n2 is a prevalent viral disease with enormous economic losses in poultry farms through significant respiratory and gastrointestinal manifestations. the degree of protection obtained from a vaccine strongly depends on the level of antigenic similarity between challenge and vaccine virus.202032849889
co-infection of salmonella enteritidis with h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens.salmonella and avian influenza virus are important pathogens affecting the poultry industry and human health worldwide. in this experimental study, we evaluated the consequences of co-infection of salmonella enteritidis (se) with h9n2 avian influenza virus (h9n2-aiv) in chickens. four groups were included: control group, h9n2-aiv group, h9n2-aiv + se group, and se group. infected chickens were intranasally inoculated with h9n2-aiv at 21 days of age and then orally administered se on the same day ...202032835500
taishan pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide inhibits h9n2 subtype influenza virus infection both in vitro and in vivo.the h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) is one of the most prevalent aiv subtypes that can be found throughout most countries. currently, due to the neglect of low pathogenic avian influenza virus (lpaiv) and monotonous control technique, an expanding h9n2 virus epizootic have been arisen and causes great economic losses in the poultry industry. therefore, novel anti-influenza drugs are necessary for the prevention and control of h9n2 aiv. our previous studies have found that taishan pinus ...202032827926
continuous reassortment of clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenetic avian influenza viruses demonstrating high risk to public health.since it firstly emerged in china in 2013, clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (hpaivs) has rapidly replaced predominant h5n1 to become the dominant h5 subtype in china, especially in ducks. not only endemic in china, it also crossed the geographical barrier and emerged in south korea, japan, and europe. here, we analyzed the genetic properties of the clade 2.3.4.4 h5n6 hpaivs with full genome sequences available online together with our own isolates. phylogenetic analys ...202032824873
generation of a recombinant chickenized monoclonal antibody against the neuraminidase of h9n2 avian influenza virus.we previously reported a monoclonal antibody (mab), 1g8, against the neuraminidase (na) of h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) with significant na inhibitory activity. to generate a recombinant chickenized mab (rcmab) against the na of h9n2 aiv for passive immunization in poultry, the gene of the fragment of antigen binding (fab) of mab 1g8 was cloned and fused with the fragment crystallizable (fc) gene of chicken igy. the rcmab 1g8 was expressed in cos-1 cells and could be detected in cell culture ...202032816156
vaccine efficacy on the novel reassortant h9n2 virus in indonesia.vaccination is one of the leading methods of controlling the spread of the avian influenza (ai) viruses in indonesia. the variety of circulating viruses and their ability to mutate must be followed by updating the vaccine master seed used in the field. in this study, we identified the reassortant h9n2 viruses in chicken farms that showed significant problems in decreased egg production with high mortality. the reassortant h9n2 viruses derived the pb2 gene from the h5n1 virus. the pathogenicity t ...202032785201
contribution of segment 3 to the acquisition of virulence in contemporary h9n2 avian influenza viruses.h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) circulate in poultry throughout much of asia, the middle east, and africa. these viruses cause huge economic damage to poultry production systems and pose a zoonotic threat both in their own right and in the generation of novel zoonotic viruses, for example, h7n9. in recent years, it has been observed that h9n2 viruses have further adapted to gallinaceous poultry, becoming more highly transmissible and causing higher morbidity and mortality. here, we investiga ...202032727875
patterns of avian influenza a (h5) and a (h9) virus infection in backyard, commercial broiler and layer chicken farms in bangladesh.in order to control highly pathogenic avian influenza (hpai) h5n1 and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 virus spread in endemically infected countries, a detailed understanding of infection patterns is required. we conducted cross-sectional studies in bangladesh in 2016 and 2017, on 144 backyard, 106 broiler and 113 layer chicken farms. although all sampled birds were negative for h5 virus by rt-pcr, h5 antibodies were detected in unvaccinated birds on all three farming systems. higher ...202032639112
investigation of avian influenza viruses (h9n2-h5nx) in pigeons during highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreaks in iran, in 2016.avian influenza (ai) virus (h9n2 and h5 subtypes) infections in birds cause major concerns around the world. the majority of the avian species, such as domestic, pet, and wild birds, are natural and experimental hosts of avian influenza viruses. there are global concerns about members of the columbidae family, namely pigeons or doves, for their role as the potential interspecies bridge in influenza a viruses ecology. the acquired scientific data in this regard is still not clear since there are ...202032621448
supplemental dietary selenium enhances immune responses conferred by a vaccine against low pathogenicity avian influenza virus.selenium is a trace mineral that has antioxidant activities and can influence the immune system. however, antiviral effects of selenium have not been well studies in chickens. chickens were therefore fed diets supplemented with two levels of two different sources of selenium (organic: selenium enriched yeast; sey or inorganic: sodium selenite; ss). chickens in the control groups did not receive supplemental dietary selenium. at 14 and 21 days of age, chickens were vaccinated with an inactivated ...202032615272
a ligation and restriction enzyme independent cloning technique: an alternative to conventional methods for cloning hard-to-clone gene segments in the influenza reverse genetics system.reverse genetics is used in many laboratories around the world and enables the creation of tailor-made influenza viruses with a desired genotype or phenotype. however, the process is not flawless, and difficulties remain during cloning of influenza gene segments into reverse genetics vectors (phw2000, phh21, pcaggs). reverse genetics begins with making cdna copies of influenza gene segments and cloning them into bi-directional (phw2000) or uni-directional plasmids (phh21, pcaggs) followed by tra ...202032576218
the presence of poultry influenza strains in two live bird markets near the east-west boundary of vietnam.the spread of avian influenza virus among asian countries is becoming a concern after influenza epidemics in recent years. this study is aimed at identifying the subtypes of avian influenza viruses collected from healthy chickens and ducks at two live bird markets in a border province of vietnam and the lao people democratic republic. cloacal and tracheal swab samples from 100 chickens and 101 ducks were collected in may 2017. all samples were screened to detect avian influenza virus by real-tim ...202032566655
immunostimulant effect of a mixed herbal extract on infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv) vaccinated chickens in the context of a co-infection model of avian influenza virus h9n2 and ibdv.this study was conducted to assess the comparative effects of a mixed herbal extract (mhe) containing ocimum sanctum, withania somnifera, emblica officinalis, tinospora cordifolia, mangifera indica, and asphaltum (shilajit) on infectious bursal disease virus (ibdv)-vaccinated (vac) chickens infected with ibdv and avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2. the experiment included three groups (g1-g3): g1, the negative control group; g2, the vac + challenged (ch) group; and g3, the vac + ch + mhe group. mh ...202032563798
the molecular evolutionary characteristics of new isolated h9n2 aiv from east china and the function of vimentin on virus replication in mdck cells.the low pathogenic h9n2 aiv caused the serious impact on the poultry industry and public safety. our purpose was to investigate the molecular evolutionary characteristics of the new isolated h9n2 virus and investigate the intracellular target protein of h9n2 aiv replication in sensitive cells.202032552884
oral immunization with an attenuated salmonella gallinarum encoding the h9n2 haemagglutinin and m2 ectodomain induces protective immune responses against h9n2 infection in chickens.h9n2, a low pathogenic avian influenza virus, causes significant economic losses in the poultry industry worldwide. herein, we describe the construction of an attenuated salmonella gallinarum (sg) strain for expression and delivery of h9n2 haemagglutinin (ha) 1 (sg-ha1), ha2 (sg-ha2) and/or the conserved matrix protein 2 ectodomain (sg-m2e). we demonstrated that recombinant sg strains expressing ha1, ha2 and m2e antigens were immunogenic and safe in a chicken model. chickens (n = 8) were vaccina ...202032483989
effect of the selection pressure of vaccine antibodies on evolution of h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens.h9n2 avian influenza virus has spread worldwide, and vaccination with an inactivated virus is currently the major prevention method in china. to further understand the effect of the selection pressure from antibodies on the evolution of h9n2 avian influenza virus, f/98 (a/chicken/shanghai/f/98), which is the vaccine representative of h9n2 avian influenza virus in east china, was used for serial passaging for 20 generations in chickens with and without vaccination. after plaque purification from ...202032462233
a d200n hemagglutinin substitution contributes to antigenic changes and increased replication of avian h9n2 influenza virus.influenza virus hemagglutinin (ha) plays an important role in viral antigenicity, replication and host range. however, few amino acid positions in ha were reported to play multiple functions in both viral antigenicity and replication. in the present study, through analyzing the amino acid sequences of h9n2 avian influenza viruses (aivs) isolated from china, we identified a multi-functional substitution of d200n in ha1 protein. firstly, the substitution of d200n changed the antigenicity of h9n2 a ...202032456831
genotyping and reassortment analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses h5n8 and h5n2 from egypt reveals successive annual replacement of genotypes.highly pathogenic (hp) h5n1, clade 2.2.1, and low pathogenic avian influenza (lpai) h9n2 viruses, g1-b lineage, are endemic in poultry in egypt and have co-circulated for almost a decade. surprisingly, no inter-subtypic reassortment events have been reported from the field during that time. after the introduction of hpaiv h5n8, clade 2.3.4.4b, in egyptian poultry in 2016, suddenly hp h5n2 reassortants with h9n2 viruses emerged. the current analyses focussed on studying 32 duck flocks, 4 broiler ...202032454245
effect of newcastle disease and infectious bronchitis live vaccines on the immune system and production parameters of experimentally infected broiler chickens with h9n2 avian influenza.h9n2 avian influenza (ai) is an infectious disease which considered to have low pathogenic virulence, but in the case of coinfection with other pathogens it has the potential to become a major threat to the poultry industry. infectious bronchitis (ib) and newcastle diseases (nd) are other common problems to the poultry industry, which there are an extensive vaccination program against these viral pathogens. to investigate the effects of administration of infectious bronchitis and newcastle disea ...202032417570
a within-host mathematical model of h9n2 avian influenza infection and type-i interferon response pathways in chickens.chickens infected with avian influenza virus (aiv) transmit the virus via respiratory and cloacal shedding. while previous mathematical models have shown that the innate immune response is necessary for the early suppression of virus production in infected respiratory cells, the different pathways by which the innate immune response can affect cloacal viral shedding have not been studied in chickens. the present study aims to evaluate the sensitivity of h9n2 low pathogenic aiv shedding in chicke ...202032407720
chlamydia psittaci triggers the invasion of h9n2 avian influenza virus by impairing the functions of chicken macrophages.in a pilot study, simultaneous infection with chlamydia psittaci (c. psittaci) and h9n2 virus induced 20% mortality and severe avian airsacculitis, shedding light on animal models of poultry respiratory diseases. however, the pathogenesis is still unclear. in the current study, we hypothesized that c. psittaci infection execrates macrophage function and facilitates h9n2 infection. to explore the potential mechanism, we studied the effect of c. psittaci and h9n2 on the functions of hd11 cells in ...202032326284
dendrigraft poly-l-lysines delivery of dna vaccine effectively enhances the immunogenic responses against h9n2 avian influenza virus infection in chickens.biodegradable nanomaterials can protect antigens from degradation, promote cellular absorption, and enhance immune responses. we constructed a eukaryotic plasmid [pcaggs-opti441-hemagglutinin (ha)] by inserting the optimized ha gene fragment of h9n2 aiv into the pcaggs vector. the pcaggs-opti441-ha/dgl was developed through packaging the pcaggs-opti441-ha with dendrigraft poly-l-lysines (dgls). dgl not only protected the pcaggs-opti441-ha from degradation, but also exhibited high transfection ef ...202032305593
global gene expression analysis data of chicken dendritic cells infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus.this data article reports the global gene expression analysis data of chicken dcs infected with h9n2 avian influenza virus (aiv) compared with mock infection. the differentially expressed genes (degs), and the data of go enrichment analysis and kegg pathway analysis for degs were reported here. in addition, some of these degs associated with innate immune response and antigen presentation were also verified by qpcr. the replication of h9n2 aiv in dcs, and the viability kinetic of dcs during h9n2 ...202032300615
trend of changes in the titer of antibody against avian influenza virus h9n2 during raising period in vaccinated and unvaccinated broiler farms in qazvin province, iran: a cohort study.avian influenza virus (aiv) h9n2 is endemic in iran and its large-scale circulation in the poultry industry of the country is devastating. this virus was first reported in the industrial poultry populations of iran in july 1998. some of the published studies showed that inactivated avian influenza (ai) vaccines are capable of inducing an immune response and providing protection against morbidity and mortality in different countries (vasfi et al., 2002; tavakkoli et al., 2011). low pathogenicity ...202032291997
chimeric newcastle disease virus-like particles containing dc-binding peptide-fused haemagglutinin protect chickens from virulent newcastle disease virus and h9n2 avian influenza virus challenge.newcastle disease virus (ndv) and h9n2 subtype avian influenza virus (aiv) are two notorious avian respiratory pathogens that cause great losses in the poultry industry. current inactivated commercial vaccines against ndv and aiv have the disadvantages of inadequate mucosal responses, while an attenuated live vaccine bears the risk of mutation. dendritic cell (dc) targeting strategies are attractive for their potent mucosal and adaptive immune-stimulating ability against respiratory pathogens. i ...202032274680
recombinant lactococcus lactis expressing m1-ha2 fusion protein provides protective mucosal immunity against h9n2 avian influenza virus in chickens.h9n2 subtype low pathogenicity avian influenza virus (lpaiv) is distributed worldwide and causes enormous economic losses in the poultry industry. despite immunization of almost all chickens with inactivated vaccines, the disease still remains widespread. we speculated that improving mucosal or cellular immune responses could contribute to improved control of h9n2 viruses. in this study, we constructed a novel lactococcus lactis (l. lactis) strain expressing a recombinant fusion protein consisti ...202032266297
attenuation of a recombinant marek's disease virus lacking the meq oncogene and evaluation on its immune efficacy against marek's disease virus.sc9-2 is a recombinant marek's disease virus (mdv) strain lacking the meq oncogene. previous study demonstrated that sc9-2 virus provides good protection against challenge with a very virulent mdv rmd5, but it induces immunosuppressive effects in specific pathogen-free (spf) chickens. in the present study, sc9-2 was serially passaged on chicken embryo fibroblast (cef) cell cultures. the pathogenicity and immune efficacy of sc9-2/10th and sc9-2/40th against rmd5 were evaluated. animal experimenta ...202032241474
comparison of pathogenicity of subtype h9 avian influenza wild-type viruses from a wide geographic origin expressing mono-, di-, or tri-basic hemagglutinin cleavage sites.an intravenous pathogenicity index (ivpi) of > 1.2 in chickens or, in case of subtypes h5 and h7, expression of a polybasic hemagglutinin cleavage site (hacs), signals high pathogenicity (hp). viruses of the h9n2-g1 lineage, which spread across asia and africa, are classified to be of low pathogenicity although, in the field, they became associated with severe clinical signs and epizootics in chickens. here we report on a pre-eminent trait of recent h9n2-g1 isolates from bangladesh and india, wh ...202032234073
sales and immunogenicity of commercial vaccines to h9n2 low pathogenic avian influenza virus in korea from 2007 to 2017.the present study was conducted to monitor sales activity and immunogenicity of commercial h9n2 vaccines produced in korea from 2007 to 2017. recorded sales of h9n2 vaccine were around 671 million doses, with 10 million doses sold in 2007, rising to a peak of 93 million doses in 2016, with a slight fall in 2017. multivalent combined vaccines made up around 90% of all vaccine sales, and around 30% of all vaccines were distributed by regional governments for free. the regional vaccination rate was ...202032169392
intranasally administered protein coated chitosan nanoparticles encapsulating influenza h9n2 ha2 and m2e mrna molecules elicit protective immunity against avian influenza viruses in chickens.chitosan nanoparticles (cnps) represent an efficient vaccination tool to deliver immunogenic antigens to the antigen-presenting cells (apcs), which subsequently stimulate protective immune responses against infectious diseases. herein, we prepared cnps encapsulating mrna molecules followed by surface coating with conserved h9n2 ha2 and m2e influenza proteins. we demonstrated that cnps efficiently delivered mrna molecules into apcs and had effectively penetrated the mucosal barrier to reach to th ...202032143695
immunization with dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on influenza h9n2 virus conserved matrix protein m1 and its epitope screening.developing an effective universal influenza vaccine against influenza virus with highly conserved antigenic epitopes could induce a broad-spectrum immune response to prevent infection. the soluble protein m1 that can induce the m1 specific immune response was first confirmed in our previous study. in this study, we characterized the immune response induced by dna prime-subunit protein boost strategy based on the relatively conserved matrix protein 1 (m1) in the balb/c mouse model, and evaluated ...202032139720
engineered recombinant single chain variable fragment of monoclonal antibody provides protection to chickens infected with h9n2 avian influenza.passive immunisation with neutralising antibodies can be a potent therapeutic strategy if used pre- or post-exposure to a variety of pathogens. herein, we investigated whether recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mabs) could be used to protect chickens against avian influenza. avian influenza viruses impose a significant economic burden on the poultry industry and pose a zoonotic infection risk for public health worldwide. traditional control measures including vaccination do not provide rapid pro ...202032138253
live bird markets as evolutionary epicentres of h9n2 low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses in korea.live bird markets (lbms) in korea have been recognized as a reservoir, amplifier, and source of avian influenza viruses (aivs); however, little was known about the role of lbms in the epidemiology of aivs in korea until recently. through 10 years of surveillance (2006-2016) we have isolated and sequenced h9n2 viruses in korean lbms. to understand how h9n2 evolves and spreads in korea, a statistical bayesian phylogenetic model was used. phylogenetic analysis suggests that three separate introduct ...202032183621
an oleanolic acid derivative inhibits hemagglutinin-mediated entry of influenza a virus.influenza a viruses (iav) have been a major public health threat worldwide, and options for antiviral therapy become increasingly limited with the emergence of drug-resisting virus strains. new and effective anti-iav drugs, especially for highly pathogenic influenza, with different modes of action, are urgently needed. the influenza virus glycoprotein hemagglutinin (ha) plays critical roles in the early stage of virus infection, including receptor binding and membrane fusion, making it a potenti ...202032085430
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