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serologic survey for selected viral and bacterial swine pathogens in colombian collared peccaries ( pecari tajacu) and feral pigs ( sus scrofa).in south america, wild populations of peccaries coexist with domestic and feral pigs, with poorly understood consequences. we captured 58 collared peccaries ( pecari tajacu) and 15 feral pigs ( sus scrofa) in locations of colombia where coexistence of these species is known. blood samples were tested for antibodies against four viral agents, classical swine fever virus (csfv), aujeszky's disease virus (adv), porcine circovirus (pcv-2), and vesicular stomatitis virus (new jersey and indiana subty ...201829902129
investigations of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors affecting african swine fever virus replication and pathogenesis.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a large dna virus that replicates predominantly in the cell cytoplasm and is the only member of the asfarviridae family. the virus causes an acute haemorrhagic fever, african swine fever (asf), in domestic pigs and wild boar resulting in the death of most infected animals. apoptosis is induced at an early stage during virus entry or uncoating. however, asfv encodes anti-apoptotic proteins which facilitate production of progeny virions. these anti-apoptotic pro ...201728841179
african swine fever virus infection in classical swine fever subclinically infected wild boars.recently moderate-virulence classical swine fever virus (csfv) strains have been proven capable of generating postnatal persistent infection (pi), defined by the maintenance of viremia and the inability to generate csfv-specific immune responses in animals. these animals also showed a type i interferon blockade in the absence of clinical signs. in this study, we assessed the infection generated in 7-week-old csfv pi wild boars after infection with the african swine fever virus (asfv). the wild b ...201728764692
evaluation of blowfly larvae (diptera: calliphoridae) as possible reservoirs and mechanical vectors of african swine fever virus.in 2014, highly virulent african swine fever virus (asfv) was introduced into the baltic states and poland, with new cases being reported almost every week from wild boar and also from domestic pigs. contrary to initial predictions that the disease would either die out due to the high virulence of the virus strain or spread rapidly in westerly direction, the infection became endemic and spread slowly. the unexpected disease epidemiology led to the hypothesis that hitherto unconsidered factors mi ...201728762629
detection of african swine fever virus in the tissues of asymptomatic pigs in smallholder farming systems along the kenya-uganda border: implications for transmission in endemic areas and asf surveillance in east africa.the persistence of african swine fever virus (asfv) in endemic areas, with small-scale but regular outbreaks in domestic pigs, is not well understood. asfv has not been detected using conventional diagnosis in these pigs or adjacent populations of resistant african wild pigs, that could act as potential carriers during the outbreaks. however, such data are crucial for the design of evidence-based control strategies. we conducted cross-sectional (1107 pigs) and longitudinal (100 pigs) monitoring ...201728721858
epidemiology, diagnosis and control of classical swine fever: recent developments and future challenges.classical swine fever (csf) represents a major health and trade problem for the pig industry. in endemic countries or those with a wild boar reservoir, csf remains a priority for veterinary services. surveillance as well as stamping out and/or vaccination are the principle tools of prevention and control, depending on the context. in the past decades, marker vaccines and accompanying diagnostic tests allowing the discrimination of infected from vaccinated animals have been developed. in the euro ...201728795533
genetic and virulence characterization of classical swine fever viruses isolated in mongolia from 2007 to 2015.classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious viral disease affecting domestic and wild pigs in many developing countries, is now considered endemic in mongolia, with 14 recent outbreaks in 2007, 2008, 2011, 2012, 2014, and 2015. for the first time, csf viruses isolated from these 14 outbreaks were analyzed to assess their molecular epidemiology and pathogenicity in pigs. based on the nucleotide sequences of their 5'-untranslated region, isolates were phylogenetically classified as either sub ...201728260187
host and viral traits predict zoonotic spillover from mammals.the majority of human emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic, with viruses that originate in wild mammals of particular concern (for example, hiv, ebola and sars). understanding patterns of viral diversity in wildlife and determinants of successful cross-species transmission, or spillover, are therefore key goals for pandemic surveillance programs. however, few analytical tools exist to identify which host species are likely to harbour the next human virus, or which viruses can cross species ...201728636590
global mammal parasite database version 2.0.illuminating the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of parasites is one of the most pressing issues facing modern science, and is critical for basic science, the global economy, and human health. extremely important to this effort are data on the disease-causing organisms of wild animal hosts (including viruses, bacteria, protozoa, helminths, arthropods, and fungi). here we present an updated version of the global mammal parasite database, a database of the parasites of wild ungulates (artioda ...201728273333
complete genome sequence of classical swine fever virus isolated near the demilitarized zone in the republic of korea.the yc16cs (genotype 2.1) strain of classical swine fever virus, isolated from infected pigs in yeoncheon province, republic of korea, near the demilitarized zone, has a high identity with the pc11wb strain of the virus. this is significant in that it is the first case of transmission from wild boars to breed pigs revealed by an epidemiological investigation.201728385854
the core protein of a pestivirus protects the incoming virus against ifn-induced effectors.a multitude of viral factors - either inhibiting the induction of the ifn-system or its effectors - have been described to date. however, little is known about the role of structural components of the incoming virus particle in protecting against ifn-induced antiviral factors during or immediately after entry. in this study, we take advantage of the previously reported property of classical swine fever virus (family flaviviridae, genus pestivirus) to tolerate a deletion of the core protein if a ...201728290554
visual detection and differentiation of classic swine fever virus strains using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) and g-quadruplex dnazyme assay.the split g-quadruplex dnazyme has emerged as a valuable tool for visual dna detection. here, we successfully integrated colorimetric split g-quadruplex dnazyme assay with nucleic acid sequence-based amplification to generate a novel detection approach, allowing visual and rapid detection for the rna of shimen and hclv strains of classic swine fever virus (csfv). csfv is a rna virus that causes a highly contagious disease in domestic pigs and wild boar. with this method, we were able to detect a ...201728287135
efficacy evaluation of the c-strain-based vaccines against the subgenotype 2.1d classical swine fever virus emerging in china.classical swine fever (csf) is a devastating infectious disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). the disease has been controlled following extensive vaccination with the lapinized attenuated vaccine c-strain for decades in china. however, frequent csf outbreaks occurred recently in a large number of c-strain-vaccinated pig farms in china and a new subgenotype 2.1d of csfv has been reported to be responsible for the outbreaks. here we analyzed the molecular variations and ant ...201728284603
novel poly-uridine insertion in the 3'utr and e2 amino acid substitutions in a low virulent classical swine fever virus.in this study, we compared the virulence in weaner pigs of the pinar del rio isolate and the virulent margarita strain. the latter caused the cuban classical swine fever (csf) outbreak of 1993. our results showed that the pinar del rio virus isolated during an endemic phase is clearly of low virulence. we analysed the complete nucleotide sequence of the pinar del rio virus isolated after persistence in newborn piglets, as well as the genome sequence of the inoculum. the consensus genome sequence ...201728284595
molecular characterization of classical swine fever virus isolates from india during 2012-14.classical swine fever is a highly contagious and economically important viral disease of pigs. outbreaks of classical swine fever virus (csfv) were recorded in different places in the kamrup district of assam in india between the years 2012 and 2014. the nucleotide sequences of the 10 csfv isolates were analyzed based on the partial nucleotide sequences of the e2, 5'ntr and ns5b genes. phylogenetic analysis indicated the dominance of subgroup 2.2 along with 2.1 strains in the northeast part of i ...201728279702
detection of classical swine fever virus infection by individual oral fluid of pigs following experimental inoculation.we evaluated the use of oral fluid as an alternative to serum samples for classical swine fever virus (csfv) detection. individual oral fluid and serum samples were collected at different times post-infection from pigs that were experimentally inoculated with csfv alfort 187 strain. we found no evidence of csfv neutralizing antibodies in swine oral fluid samples under our experimental conditions. in contrast, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction could detect csfv nucleic aci ...201728114861
identification and genetic characterization of classical swine fever virus isolates in brazil: a new subgenotype.the classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious viral disease of pigs and wild boar. the csf causes great economic losses for pork production and the occurrence of the disease is notifiable to the oie. the objective of this work was to identify and characterize csf virus isolates from brazil. seven viral isolates were obtained and the full-length e2 sequences were analyzed. phylogenetic analysis revealed a different segregation pattern between brazilian isolates and members of subgenotype ...201727815697
competitive replication kinetics and pathogenicity in pigs co-infected with historical and newly invading classical swine fever viruses.classical swine fever (csf), an economically important and highly contagious disease of pigs, is caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). in taiwan, csfvs from field outbreaks belong to two distinct genotypes. the historical genotype 3.4 dominated from the 1920s to 1996, and since 1996, the newly invading genotype 2.1 has dominated. to explain the phenomenon of this virus shift in the field, representative viruses belonging to genotypes 2.1 and 3.4 were either inoculated alone (single infec ...201727889614
quasispecies composition and diversity do not reveal any predictors for chronic classical swine fever virus infection.classical swine fever (csf) can run acute, chronic, and prenatal courses in both domestic pigs and wild boar. although chronic infections are rare events, their epidemiological impact is very high due to the long-term shedding of virus. so far, little is known about the factors that influence disease course and outcome from either the host or virus's perspective. to elucidate the viral determinants, we analyzed the role of the viral populations for the development of chronic csf virus (csfv) inf ...201727885563
post-natal persistent infection with classical swine fever virus in wild boar: a strategy for viral maintenance?in this study, fifteen wild boar piglets were intranasally inoculated <10 h after birth with the moderately virulent classical swine fever virus (csfv) strain catalonia 01. at 5 days post-inoculation, seven other animals within 48 h of birth were put in contact with them. viral replication and innate and specific immune responses were evaluated. of the inoculated animals, 46.67% remained post-natally persistently infected and were apparently healthy with neither humoral nor cellular immunologica ...201726234886
rope-based oral fluid sampling for early detection of classical swine fever in domestic pigs at group level.non-invasive sampling techniques based on the analysis of oral fluid specimen have gained substantial importance in the field of swine herd management. methodological advances have a focus on endemic viral diseases in commercial pig production. more recently, these approaches have been adapted to non-invasive sampling of wild boar for transboundary animal disease detection for which these effective population level sampling methods have not been available. in this study, a rope-in-a-bait based o ...201728056961
dna-binding properties of the african swine fever virus pa104r, a histone-like protein involved in viral replication and transcription.african swine fever virus (asfv) codes for a putative histone-like protein (pa104r) with extensive sequence homology to bacterial proteins that are implicated in genome replication and packaging. functional characterization of purified recombinant pa104r revealed that it binds to ssdna and dsdna over a wide range of temperatures, ph values, salt concentrations and in an atp-independent manner, with an estimated binding site size of about 14-16 nucleotides. using site-directed mutagenesis, the ar ...201728381576
understanding african swine fever infection dynamics in sardinia using a spatially explicit transmission model in domestic pig farms.african swine fever virus (asfv) has been endemic in sardinia since 1978, resulting in severe losses for local pig producers and creating important problems for the island's veterinary authorities. this study used a spatially explicit stochastic transmission model followed by two regression models to investigate the dynamics of asfv spread amongst domestic pig farms, to identify geographic areas at highest risk and determine the role of different susceptible pig populations (registered domestic ...201728296281
polyvalent 2d entry inhibitors for pseudorabies and african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most dangerous viruses for pigs and is endemic in africa but recently also spread into the russian federation and the eastern border of the eu. so far there is no vaccine or antiviral drug available to curtail the infection. thus, control strategies based on novel inhibitors are urgently needed. another highly relevant virus infection in pigs is aujeszky's disease caused by the alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (prv). this article reports the synt ...201728296132
unique 5'-p recognition and basis for dg:dgtp misincorporation of asfv dna polymerase x.african swine fever virus (asfv) can cause highly lethal disease in pigs and is becoming a global threat. asfv dna polymerase x (asfvpolx) is the most distinctive dna polymerase identified to date; it lacks two dna-binding domains (the thumb domain and 8-kd domain) conserved in the homologous proteins. asfvpolx catalyzes the gap-filling reaction during the dna repair process of the asfv virus genome; it is highly error prone and plays an important role during the strategic mutagenesis of the vir ...201728245220
safety and immunogenicity of mammalian cell derived and modified vaccinia ankara vectored african swine fever subunit antigens in swine.a reverse vaccinology system, vaxign, was used to identify and select a subset of five african swine fever (asf) antigens that were successfully purified from human embryonic kidney 293 (hek) cells and produced in modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) viral vectors. three hek-purified antigens [b646l (p72), e183l (p54), and o61r (p12)], and three mva-vectored antigens [b646l, ep153r, and ep402r (cd2v)] were evaluated using a prime-boost immunization regimen swine safety and immunogenicity study. ...201728241999
genetic assessment of african swine fever isolates involved in outbreaks in the democratic republic of congo between 2005 and 2012 reveals co-circulation of p72 genotypes i, ix and xiv, including 19 variants.african swine fever (asf) is a devastating disease of domestic pigs. it is a socioeconomically important disease, initially described from kenya, but subsequently reported in most sub-saharan countries. asf spread to europe, south america and the caribbean through multiple introductions which were initially eradicated-except for sardinia-followed by re‑introduction into europe in 2007. in this study of asf within the democratic republic of the congo, 62 domestic pig samples, collected between 20 ...201728218698
polymerase cross-linking spiral reaction (pclsr) for detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) in pigs and wild boars.the study reports the development of a polymerase cross-linking spiral reaction (pclsr) for the detection of african swine fever virus (asfv) dna in blood collected from infected pigs and wild boars. the method uses 3 specifically designed primers. two outer-spiral primers comprising of 3' sequences complementary to asfv p72 gene sequence and 5'end sequences complementary to exogenous gene of black widow alpha-latrotoxin as well as additional asfv specific cross-linking primer. the method is spe ...201728198455
biological characterization of african swine fever virus genotype ii strains from north-eastern estonia in european wild boar.due to its impact on animal health and pig industry, african swine fever (asf) is regarded as one of the most important viral diseases of pigs. following the ongoing epidemic in the transcaucasian countries and the russian federation, african swine fever virus was introduced into the estonian wild boar population in 2014. epidemiological investigations suggested two different introductions into the southern and the north-eastern part of estonia. interestingly, outbreak characteristics varied con ...201728116841
unraveling the armor of a killer: evasion of host defenses by african swine fever virus.african swine fever is an acute hemorrhagic disease of pigs. extensive recent spread in the russian federation and eastern europe has increased the risk to global pig production. the virus is a large dna virus and is the only member of the asfarviridae family. in pigs, the virus replicates predominantly in macrophages. we review how the virus overcomes the barriers to replication in the macrophage and the virus mechanism to inhibit key host defense pathways.201728031363
variations in clinical presentation and anatomical distribution of gross lesions of african swine fever in domestic pigs in the southern highlands of tanzania: a field experience.african swine fever is a contagious viral disease responsible for up to 100% mortality among domestic pigs. a longitudinal study was carried out to determine the clinical presentation and anatomical distribution of gross lesions in affected pigs in mbeya region, tanzania during the 2010 to 2014 outbreaks. data were collected during clinical and postmortem examination by field veterinarians and using a structured questionnaire. a total of 118 respondents (100%) showed awareness about african swin ...201727915438
different routes and doses influence protection in pigs immunised with the naturally attenuated african swine fever virus isolate ourt88/3.this study compares different combinations of doses and routes of immunisation of pigs with low virulent african swine fever virus (asfv) genotype i isolate ourt88/3, including the intramuscular and intranasal route, the latter not previously tested. intranasal immunisations with low and moderate doses (10(3) and 10(4) tcid50) of ourt88/3 provided complete protection (100%) against challenge with virulent genotype i ourt88/1 isolate. only mild and transient clinical reactions were observed in pr ...201727908827
genetically edited pigs lacking cd163 show no resistance following infection with the african swine fever virus isolate, georgia 2007/1.african swine fever is a highly contagious, often fatal disease of swine for which there is no vaccine or other curative treatment. the macrophage marker, cd163, is a putative receptor for african swine fever virus (asfv). pigs possessing a complete knockout of cd163 on macrophages were inoculated with georgia 2007/1, a genotype 2 isolate. knockout and wild type pen mates became infected and showed no differences in clinical signs, mortality, pathology or viremia. there was also no difference fo ...201727898335
influence of age and dose of african swine fever virus infections on clinical outcome and blood parameters in pigs.african swine fever (asf) is a fatal disease for domestic pigs, leading to serious economic losses in countries where asf is endemic. despite extensive research, efficient vaccines against asf are lacking. since peripheral blood cells are important mediators for vaccines, we study the impact of asf on blood parameters in pigs with different ages and infected with different doses of asf virus. four different groups were studied: (1) 12 weeks of age/low virus dose; (2) 12 weeks of age/high virus d ...201727875662
simultaneous deletion of the 9gl and uk genes from the african swine fever virus georgia 2007 isolate offers increased safety and protection against homologous challenge.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of a contagious and often lethal viral disease of domestic pigs that has significant economic consequences for the swine industry. the control of african swine fever (asf) has been hampered by the unavailability of vaccines. successful experimental vaccines have been derived from naturally occurring, cell culture-adapted, or genetically modified live attenuated asfv. recombinant viruses harboring engineered deletions of specific virulence ...201727795430
survival of african swine fever virus in excretions from pigs experimentally infected with the georgia 2007/1 isolate.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a lethal haemorrhagic disease of swine which can be transmitted through direct contact with infected animals and their excretions or indirect contact with contaminated fomites. the shedding of asfv by infected pigs and the stability of asfv in the environment will determine the extent of environmental contamination. the recent outbreaks of asf in europe make it essential to develop disease transmission models in order to design effective control strategies ...201726104842
the assessment of african swine fever virus risk to belgium early 2014, using the quick and semiquantitative pandora screening protocol.a risk assessment was organized during the early eu asf outbreaks of early 2014 (february-april) and performed in cooperation with 15 belgian and european experts on asfv and its epidemiology in pigs/wild boar. african swine fever (asf) is considered as one of the most dangerous infectious pig diseases, causing many outbreaks. since the end of 2013 - early 2014, several outbreaks within the european union (lithuania, poland, estonia and latvia) were reported to oie, which prompted several risk a ...201725939453
experimental infection of domestic pigs with african swine fever virus lithuania 2014 genotype ii field isolate.an experimental infection was conducted to evaluate horizontal transmission, clinical, virological and humoral response induced in domestic pigs infected with african swine fever (asf) genotype ii virus circulating in 2014 into the european union (eu). ten naive pigs were placed in contact with eight pigs experimentally inoculated with the lithuanian lt14/1490 asf virus (asfv) responsible for the first asf case detected in wild boar in lithuania in january 2014. clinical examination and rectal t ...201725808027
investigation into the epidemiology of african swine fever virus at the wildlife - domestic interface of the gorongosa national park, central mozambique.an epidemiological study of african swine fever (asf) was conducted between march 2006 and september 2007 in a rural area adjacent to the gorongosa national park (gnp) located in the central mozambique. domestic pigs and warthogs were sampled to determine the prevalence of antibodies against asf virus and the salivary antigens of ornithodoros spp. ticks, while ticks collected from pig pens were tested for the presence of asfv. in addition, 310 framers were interviewed to gain a better understand ...201625483914
immunization of african indigenous pigs with attenuated genotype i african swine fever virus ourt88/3 induces protection against challenge with virulent strains of genotype i.the attenuated african swine fever virus genotype i strain ourt88/3 has previously been shown to induce protection of european breeds of domestic pigs against challenge with virulent isolates. to determine whether protective immune responses could also be induced in indigenous breeds of pigs from the kinshassa region in democratic republic of congo, we immunized a group of eight pigs with ourt88/3 strain and challenged the pigs 3 weeks later with virulent genotype i strain ourt88/1. four of the ...201625691347
insulated isothermal reverse transcriptase pcr (iirt-pcr) for rapid and sensitive detection of classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) is an oie-listed disease that can have a severe impact on the swine industry. user-friendly, sensitive, rapid diagnostic tests that utilize low-cost field-deployable instruments for csf diagnosis can be useful for disease surveillance and outbreak monitoring. in this study, we describe validation of a new probe-based insulated isothermal reverse transcriptase pcr (iirt-pcr) assay for rapid detection of classical swine fever virus (csfv) on a compact, user-friendly dev ...201625644051
experimental pig-to-pig transmission dynamics for african swine fever virus, georgia 2007/1 strain.african swine fever virus (asfv) continues to cause outbreaks in domestic pigs and wild boar in eastern european countries. to gain insights into its transmission dynamics, we estimated the pig-to-pig basic reproduction number (r 0) for the georgia 2007/1 asfv strain using a stochastic susceptible-exposed-infectious-recovered (seir) model with parameters estimated from transmission experiments. models showed that r 0 is 2·8 [95% confidence interval (ci) 1·3-4·8] within a pen and 1·4 (95% ci 0·6- ...201625989921
vaccine potential of two previously uncharacterized african swine fever virus isolates from southern africa and heterologous cross protection of an avirulent european isolate.african swine fever (asf) is a mostly fatal viral infection of domestic pigs for which there is no vaccine available. the disease is endemic to most of sub-saharan africa, causes severe losses and threatens food security in large parts of the continent. naturally occurring attenuated asf viruses have been tested as vaccine candidates, but protection was variable depending on the challenge virus. in this study, the virulence of two african isolates, one from a tick vector and the other from an in ...201625073549
apigenin inhibits african swine fever virus infection in vitro.african swine fever virus (asfv) is one of the most devastating diseases of domestic pigs for which no effective vaccines are available. flavonoids, natural products isolated from plants, have been reported to have significant in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against different viruses. here, we tested the antiviral effect of five flavonoids on the replication of asfv in vero cells. our results showed a potent, dose-dependent anti-asfv effect of apigenin in vitro. time-of-addition experime ...201627638776
development of a novel lateral flow assay for detection of african swine fever in blood.african swine fever (asf) is a viral infectious disease of domestic and wild suids of all breeds and ages, causing a wide range of hemorrhagic syndromes and frequently characterized by high mortality. the disease is endemic in sub-saharan africa and sardinia. since 2007, it has also been present in different countries of eastern europe, where control measures have not been effective so far. the continued spread poses a serious threat to the swine industry worldwide. in the absence of vaccine, ea ...201627633968
evidence for the presence of african swine fever virus in an endemic region of western kenya in the absence of any reported outbreak.african swine fever (asf), caused by african swine fever virus (asfv), is a severe haemorrhagic disease of pigs, outbreaks of which can have a devastating impact upon commercial and small-holder pig production. pig production in western kenya is characterised by low-input, free-range systems practised by poor farmers keeping between two and ten pigs. these farmers are particularly vulnerable to the catastrophic loss of livestock assets experienced in an asf outbreak. this study wished to expand ...201627608711
evolution of african swine fever virus genes related to evasion of host immune response.african swine fever (asf) is a notifiable and one of the most complex and devastating infectious disease of pigs, wild boars and other representatives of suidae family. african swine fever virus (asfv) developed various molecular mechanisms to evade host immune response including alteration of interferon production by multigene family protein (mgf505-2r), inhibition of nf-κb and nuclear activating factor in t-cells by the a238l protein, or modulation of host defense by cd2v lectin-like protein e ...201627599940
in vitro inhibition of african swine fever virus-topoisomerase ii disrupts viral replication.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of a highly-contagious and fatal disease of domestic pigs, leading to serious socio-economic impact in affected countries. to date, neither a vaccine nor a selective anti-viral drug are available for prevention or treatment of african swine fever (asf), emphasizing the need for more detailed studies at the role of asfv proteins involved in viral dna replication and transcription. notably, asfv encodes for a functional type ii topoisomeras ...201627568922
deletion of african swine fever virus interferon inhibitors from the genome of a virulent isolate reduces virulence in domestic pigs and induces a protective response.african swine fever virus (asfv) encodes multiple copies of mgf360 and mgf530/505 gene families. these genes have been implicated in the modulation of the type i interferon (ifn) response. we investigated the effect of modulating the ifn response on virus attenuation and induction of protective immunity by deleting genes mgf360 (mgf360-10l, 11l, 12l, 13l, 14l) and mgf530/505 (mgf530/505-1r, 2r and 3r) and interrupting genes (mgf360-9l and mgf530/505-4r) in the genome of the virulent asfv isolate ...201627521231
the ep152r orf of african swine fever virus strain georgia encodes for an essential gene that interacts with host protein bag6.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of a contagious and often lethal disease of domestic pigs that has significant economic consequences for the swine industry. the viral genome encodes for more than 150 genes, and only a select few of these genes have been studied in some detail. here we report the characterization of open reading frame ep152r that has a predicted complement control module/scr domain. this domain is found in vaccinia virus proteins that are involved in blo ...201627497620
development of a duplex lateral flow assay for simultaneous detection of antibodies against african and classical swine fever viruses.classical swine fever (csf) and african swine fever (asf) are both highly contagious diseases of domestic pigs and wild boar and are clinically indistinguishable. for both diseases, antibody detection is an integral and crucial part of prevention and control measures. the purpose of our study was to develop and initially validate a duplex pen-side test for simultaneous detection and differentiation of specific antibodies against csf virus (csfv) and asf virus (asfv). the test was based on the ma ...201627400954
a mathematical model that simulates control options for african swine fever virus (asfv).a stochastic model designed to simulate transmission dynamics of african swine fever virus (asfv) in a free-ranging pig population under various intervention scenarios is presented. the model was used to assess the relative impact of the timing of the implementation of different control strategies on disease-related mortality. the implementation of biosecurity measures was simulated through incorporation of a decay function on the transmission rate. the model predicts that biosecurity measures i ...201627391689
identification of a new genotype of african swine fever virus in domestic pigs from ethiopia.african swine fever (asf) is an important emerging transboundary animal disease (tad), which currently has an impact on many countries in africa, eastern europe, the caucasus and the russian federation. the current situation in europe shows the ability of the virus to rapidly spread, which stands to threaten the global swine industry. at present, there is no viable vaccine to minimize spread of the disease and stamping out is the main source of control. in february 2011, ethiopia had reported it ...201627211823
african swine fever virus georgia isolate harboring deletions of 9gl and mgf360/505 genes is highly attenuated in swine but does not confer protection against parental virus challenge.african swine fever virus (asfv) produces a contagious disease of domestic pigs that results in severe economic consequences to the swine industry. control of the disease has been hampered by the unavailability of vaccines. we recently reported the development of two experimental vaccine strains (asfv-g-δ9gl and asfv-g-δmgf) based on the attenuation of the highly virulent and epidemiologically relevant georgia2007 isolate. deletion of the 9gl gene or six genes of the mgf360/505 group produced tw ...201627182007
improved strategy for molecular characterization of african swine fever viruses from sardinia, based on analysis of p30, cd2v and i73r/i329l variable regions.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the aetiological agent of a highly lethal haemorrhagic disease affecting pigs that inflicts significant economic damage on the swine industry. asf is present in many african countries, in several eastern and central european countries and in sardinia (italy). sequence analyses of variable genomic regions have been extensively used for molecular epidemiological studies of asfv isolates. previous sequencing data of genes that codify for viral protein p54, p72 an ...201627174805
african swine fever virus serotype-specific proteins are significant protective antigens for african swine fever.african swine fever (asf) is an emerging disease threat for the swine industry worldwide. no asf vaccine is available and progress is hindered by lack of knowledge concerning the extent of asfv strain diversity and the viral antigens conferring type-specific protective immunity in pigs. available data from vaccination/challenge experiments in pigs indicate that asf protective immunity may be haemadsorption inhibition (hai) serotype-specific. recently, we have shown that two asfv proteins, cd2v ( ...201627114233
african swine fever virus undergoes outer envelope disruption, capsid disassembly and inner envelope fusion before core release from multivesicular endosomes.african swine fever virus (asfv) is a nucleocytoplasmic large dna virus (ncldv) that causes a highly lethal disease in domestic pigs. as other ncldvs, the extracellular form of asfv possesses a multilayered structure consisting of a genome-containing nucleoid successively wrapped by a thick protein core shell, an inner lipid membrane, an icosahedral protein capsid and an outer lipid envelope. this structural complexity suggests an intricate mechanism of internalization in order to deliver the vi ...201627110717
african swine fever virus introduction into the eu in 2014: experience of latvia.african swine fever (asf) virus was introduced in latvia in june 2014. thirty-two outbreaks in domestic pigs and 217 cases in wild boar were notified in 2014. twenty-eight outbreaks (87.5%) were primary outbreaks. the contagiosity within pig herds was low. failure to use simple biosecurity measures to reduce the chance of virus introduction, for example by inadvertent feeding of locally produced virus contaminated fodder were the main causes for the outbreaks in backyard holdings. the infection ...201627033903
development of cross-priming amplification for direct detection of the african swine fever virus, in pig and wild boar blood and sera samples.african swine fever (asf) is considered a major threat to the production of pigs worldwide. the asf aetiological agent, asfv, is the sole member of the asfivirus genus, belonging to the asfarviridae family. an effective asf vaccine is not currently available, thus the only measures of asf spread control include, reliable and fast diagnosis. officially approved, diagnostic methods include, virus isolation, serological assays, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and immunoperoxidase assay ...201627002564
african swine fever virus: current state and future perspectives in vaccine and antiviral research.african swine fever (asf) is among the most significant of swine diseases for which no effective vaccines and antivirals are available. the disease, which is endemic in africa, was introduced to trans-caucasian countries and the russian federation in 2007, where it remains prevalent today among domestic pigs and wild boars. although some measures were implemented, asf continues to pose a global risk for all countries, and thereby highlighting the importance of vaccine and antiviral research. in ...201626931386
deletion of the thymidine kinase gene induces complete attenuation of the georgia isolate of african swine fever virus.african swine fever virus (asfv) is the etiological agent of a contagious and often lethal viral disease of domestic pigs. there are no vaccines to control africa swine fever (asf). experimental vaccines have been developed using genetically modified live attenuated asfvs obtained by specifically deleting virus genes involved in virulence, including the thymidine kinase (tk) gene. tk has been shown to be involved in the virulence of several viruses, including asfv. here we report the constructio ...201626656424
evidence of hemolysis in pigs infected with highly virulent african swine fever virus.the research was conducted to understand more profoundly the pathogenetic aspects of the acute form of the african swine fever (asf).201628096614
preventive measures aimed at minimizing the risk of african swine fever virus spread in pig farming systems.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most severe diseases of pigs; it has a drastic impact on the pig industry, causing serious socio-economic consequences to pig farmers and pork producers. in europe, there are currently two main clusters of infection; one in sardinia caused by strains of african swine fever virus (asfv) belonging to genotype i and another in eastern europe caused by strains of asfv belonging to genotype ii. the latter is inducing an acute form of asf and it represents a ser ...201627899125
editorial: control of pestivirus infections in the management of wildlife populations. 201627660626
different rna splicing mechanisms contribute to diverse infective outcome of classical swine fever viruses of differing virulence: insights from the deep sequencing data in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells.molecular mechanisms underlying rna splicing regulation in response to viral infection are poorly understood. classical swine fever (csf), one of the most economically important and highly contagious swine diseases worldwide, is caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). here, we used high-throughput sequencing to obtain the digital gene expression (dge) profile in swine umbilical vein endothelial cells (suvec) to identify different response genes for csfv by using both shimen and c strains. ...201627330868
sensitivity of african swine fever virus to type i interferon is linked to genes within multigene families 360 and 505.african swine fever virus (asfv) causes a lethal haemorrhagic disease of pigs. there are conflicting reports on the role of interferon in asfv infection. we therefore analysed the interaction of asfv with porcine interferon, in vivo and in vitro. virulent asfv induced biologically active ifn in the circulation of pigs from day 3-post infection, whereas low virulent our t88/3, which lacks genes from multigene family (mgf) 360 and mgf505, did not. infection of porcine leucocytes enriched for dendr ...201627043071
assessment of the geographic distribution of ornithodoros turicata (argasidae): climate variation and host diversity.ornithodoros turicata is a veterinary and medically important argasid tick that is recognized as a vector of the relapsing fever spirochete borrelia turicatae and african swine fever virus. historic collections of o. turicata have been recorded from latin america to the southern united states. however, the geographic distribution of this vector is poorly understood in relation to environmental variables, their hosts, and consequently the pathogens they transmit.201626829327
enhanced protective immunity of the chimeric vector-based vaccine radv-sfv-e2 against classical swine fever in pigs by a salmonella bacterial ghost adjuvant.classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious swine disease caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). previously, we demonstrated that radv-sfv-e2, an adenovirus-delivered, semliki forest virus replicon-vectored marker vaccine against csf, is able to protect pigs against lethal csfv challenge. from an economical point of view, it will be beneficial to reduce the minimum effective dose of the vaccine. this study was designed to test the adjuvant effects of salmonella enteritidis-derived ...201627301745
detection of african swine fever virus antibodies in serum and oral fluid specimens using a recombinant protein 30 (p30) dual matrix indirect elisa.in the absence of effective vaccine(s), control of african swine fever caused by african swine fever virus (asfv) must be based on early, efficient, cost-effective detection and strict control and elimination strategies. for this purpose, we developed an indirect elisa capable of detecting asfv antibodies in either serum or oral fluid specimens. the recombinant protein used in the elisa was selected by comparing the early serum antibody response of asfv-infected pigs (nhv-p68 isolate) to three m ...201627611939
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 2 (mek2), a novel e2-interacting protein, promotes the growth of classical swine fever virus via attenuation of the jak-stat signaling pathway.mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular regulated kinase (mek1/2/erk1/2) cascade is involved in the replication of several members of the flaviviridae family including hepatitis c virus and dengue virus. the effects of the cascade on the replication of classical swine fever virus (csfv), a fatal pestivirus of pigs, remain unknown. in this study, mek2 was identified as a novel binding partner of the e2 protein of csfv using yeast two-hybrid screening. the e2-mek2 interaction was con ...201627605672
classical swine fever virus vs. classical swine fever virus: the superinfection exclusion phenomenon in experimentally infected wild boar.two groups with three wild boars each were used: group a (animals 1 to 3) served as the control, and group b (animals 4 to 6) was postnatally persistently infected with the cat01 strain of csfv (primary virus). the animals, six weeks old and clinically healthy, were inoculated with the virulent strain margarita (secondary virus). for exclusive detection of the margarita strain, a specific qrt-pcr assay was designed, which proved not to have cross-reactivity with the cat01 strain. the wild boars ...201626919741
effect of o. porcinus tick salivary gland extract on the african swine fever virus infection in domestic pig.african swine fever is a haemorrhagic disease in pig production that can have disastrous financial consequences for farming. no vaccines are currently available and animal slaughtering or area zoning to restrict risk-related movements are the only effective measures to prevent the spread of the disease. ornithodoros soft ticks are known to transmit the african swine fever virus (asfv) to pigs in farms, following the natural epidemiologic cycle of the virus. tick saliva has been shown to modulate ...201626828597
african swine fever virus transmission cycles in central europe: evaluation of wild boar-soft tick contacts through detection of antibodies against ornithodoros erraticus saliva antigen.african swine fever (asf) is one of the most complex viral diseases affecting both domestic and wild pigs. it is caused by asf virus (asfv), the only dna virus which can be efficiently transmitted by an arthropod vector, soft ticks of the genus ornithodoros. these ticks can be part of asfv-transmission cycles, and in europe, o. erraticus was shown to be responsible for long-term maintenance of asfv in spain and portugal. in 2014, the disease has been reintroduced into the european union, affecti ...201626728767
molecular detection of torque teno sus virus and coinfection with african swine fever virus in blood samples of pigs from some slaughterhouses in nigeria.torque teno sus virus 1 (ttsuv1a/ttsuv1b) infection is present in pig herds worldwide. this study investigated the prevalence of ttsuv1a/ttsuv1b infections in domestic pigs from some slaughterhouses in nigeria as well as coinfection with african swine fever virus (asfv) and described the phylogeny in relation to global strains. one hundred and eighty-one (181) blood samples from four slaughterhouses were used for the study and viral nucleic acid detection was carried out by pcr. comparative sequ ...201627833640
the european classical swine fever virus database: blueprint for a pathogen-specific sequence database with integrated sequence analysis tools.molecular epidemiology has become an indispensable tool in the diagnosis of diseases and in tracing the infection routes of pathogens. due to advances in conventional sequencing and the development of high throughput technologies, the field of sequence determination is in the process of being revolutionized. platforms for sharing sequence information and providing standardized tools for phylogenetic analyses are becoming increasingly important. the database (db) of the european union (eu) and wo ...201627827988
african swine fever diagnosis adapted to tropical conditions by the use of dried-blood filter papers.the performance of whatman 3-mm filter papers for the collection, drying, shipment and long-term storage of blood at ambient temperature, and for the detection of african swine fever virus and antibodies was assessed. conventional and real-time pcr, viral isolation and antibody detection by elisa were performed on paired samples (blood/tissue versus dried-blood 3-mm filter papers) collected from experimentally infected pigs and from farm pigs in madagascar and côte d'ivoire. 3-mm filter papers w ...201625430732
entry of classical swine fever virus into pk-15 cells via a ph-, dynamin-, and cholesterol-dependent, clathrin-mediated endocytic pathway that requires rab5 and rab7.classical swine fever virus (csfv), a member of the genus pestivirus within the family flaviviridae, is a small, enveloped, positive-strand rna virus. due to its economic importance to the pig industry, the biology and pathogenesis of csfv have been investigated extensively. however, the mechanisms of csfv entry into cells are not well characterized. in this study, we used systematic approaches to dissect csfv cell entry. we first observed that csfv infection was inhibited by chloroquine and nh4 ...201627489278
generation and evaluation of a chimeric classical swine fever virus expressing a visible marker gene.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a noncytopathogenic virus, and the incorporation of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) tag into the viral genome provides a means of direct monitoring of viral infection without immunostaining. it is well established that the 3' untranslated region (3'-utr) of the csfv plays an important role in viral rna replication. although csfv carrying a reporter gene and chimeric csfv have been generated and evaluated, a chimeric csfv with a visible marker ha ...201626614259
identification of two amino acids within e2 important for the pathogenicity of chimeric classical swine fever virus.our previous study demonstrated that a chimeric classical swine fever virus (csfv) vsm/ce2 containing the e2 gene of the vaccine c-strain on the genetic background of the virulent csfv strain shimen (vsm) was attenuated in swine but reversed to virulence after serial passages in pk15 cells. to investigate the molecular basis of the pathogenicity, the genome of the 11th passage vsm/ce2 variant (vsm/ce2-p11) was sequenced, and two amino acid mutations, t745i and m979k, within e2 of vsm/ce2-p11 wer ...201626454191
alteration of a second putative fusion peptide of structural glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus alters virus replication and virulence in swine.e2, the major envelope glycoprotein of classical swine fever virus (csfv), is involved in several critical virus functions, including cell attachment, host range susceptibility, and virulence in natural hosts. functional structural analysis of e2 based on a wimley-white interfacial hydrophobicity distribution predicted the involvement of a loop (residues 864 to 881) stabilized by a disulfide bond ((869)ckwggnwtcv(878), named fpii) in establishing interactions with the host cell membrane. this lo ...201627605674
t-cell factor-4 and mhc upregulation in pigs receiving a live attenuated classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccine strain with interferon-gamma adjuvant.the effect of co-administration of interferon (ifn)-γ in pigs undergoing vaccination with an attenuated strain (lpc) of classical swine fever virus (csfv) was investigated. unvaccinated pigs demonstrated pyrexia and died 7-9 days after challenge with virulent csfv. pigs receiving the attenuated vaccine remained healthy after virus challenge, except for mild, transient pyrexia, whereas pigs receiving ifn-γ simultaneously with the vaccine demonstrated normal body temperatures after virus challenge ...201627687943
isolation and characterization of a moderately virulent classical swine fever virus emerging in china.classical swine fever (csf) is a devastating infectious disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). in china, csf has been under control owing to extensive vaccination with the lapinized attenuated vaccine (c-strain) since 1950s, despite sporadic or endemic in many regions. however, recently, csf outbreaks occurred in a large number of swine herds in china. here, we isolated 15 csfv strains from diverse c-strain-vaccinated pig farms in china and characterized the genetic variat ...201627658930
pigs immunized with a novel e2 subunit vaccine are protected from subgenotype heterologous classical swine fever virus challenge.classical swine fever (csf) or hog cholera is a highly contagious swine viral disease. csf endemic countries have to use routine vaccination with modified live virus (mlv) vaccines to prevent and control csf. however, it is impossible to serologically differentiate mlv vaccinated pigs from those infected with csf virus (csfv). the aim of this study is to develop a one-dose e2-subunit vaccine that can provide protection against csfv challenge. we hypothesize that a vaccine consisting of a suitabl ...201627612954
impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus-2 infection on the potency of the classical swine fever vaccine (lom strain).the classical swine fever (csf) vaccine, which is derived from the lom strain of the csf virus (csfv), induces protective immunity against csfv infection. however, several factors influence vaccine efficacy. evidence suggests that infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and/or porcine circovirus 2 (pcv2) reduces the efficacy of several vaccines. here, we examined the effect of prrsv or pcv2 alone or co-infection by prrsv/pcv2 on the potency of the lom vaccine in ...201627599928
classical swine fever virus replicated poorly in cells from mxa transgenic pigs.in addition to their value as livestock, pigs are susceptible to classical swine fever virus (csfv) and can serve as reservoirs for csfv, allowing it to develop into an epizootic. csfv, a pestivirus of the flaviviridae family, has a single-stranded rna genome. recent research has indicated that the human mxa protein inhibits the life cycles of certain rna viruses, such as members of the bunyaviridae family, the flaviviridae family and others.201627535023
sequence adaptations during growth of rescued classical swine fever viruses in cell culture and within infected pigs.classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes an economically important disease of swine. four different viruses were rescued from full-length cloned cdnas derived from the paderborn strain of csfv. three of these viruses had been modified by mutagenesis (with 7 or 8 nt changes) within stem 2 of the subdomain iiif of the internal ribosome entry site (ires) that directs the initiation of protein synthesis. rescued viruses were inoculated into pigs. the rescued vpader10 virus, without modifications in ...201627527774
antigenic characterization of classical swine fever virus yc11wb isolates from wild boar.classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious disease that affects domestic pigs and wild boar, has serious economic implications. the present study examined the virulence and transmission of strain yc11wb (isolated from a wild boar in 2011) in breeding wild boar. virulence in domestic pigs was also examined. based on the severe clinical signs and high mortality observed among breeding wild boar, the pathogenicity of strain yc11wb resembled that of typical acute csf. surprisingly, in contrast ...201627515269
the challenge of detecting classical swine fever virus circulation in wild boar (sus scrofa): simulation of sampling options.classical swine fever (csf) is one of the most important viral diseases of domestic pigs ( sus scrofa domesticus) and wild boar ( sus scrofa ). for at least 4 decades, several european union member states were confronted with outbreaks among wild boar and, as it had been shown that infected wild boar populations can be a major cause of primary outbreaks in domestic pigs, strict control measures for both species were implemented. to guarantee early detection and to demonstrate freedom from diseas ...201627479901
hypervariable antigenic region 1 of classical swine fever virus e2 protein impacts antibody neutralization.envelope glycoprotein e2 of classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the major antigen that induces neutralizing antibodies and confers protection against csfv infection. there are three hypervariable antigenic regions (har1, har2 and har3) of e2 that are different between the group 1 vaccine c-strain and group 2 clinical isolates. this study was aimed to characterize the antigenic epitope region recognized by monoclonal antibody 4f4 (mab-4f4) that is present in the group 2 field isolate hz1-08, bu ...201627317266
classical swine fever virus ns5a protein changed inflammatory cytokine secretion in porcine alveolar macrophages by inhibiting the nf-κb signaling pathway.classical swine fever (csf) caused by csf virus (csfv) is a highly contagious disease of the pigs. a number of studies have suggested that csfv non-structural (ns) 5a protein is involved in csfv-associated pathogenesis, but its mechanism is still uncertain. the aim of this study was to investigate the roles of ns5a protein in csfv-associated pathogenesis in cultured porcine alveolar macrophages (pams).201627296632
piglets with maternally derived antibodies from sows immunized with radv-sfv-e2 were completely protected against lethal csfv challenge.classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important infectious disease of pigs caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). to facilitate the eradication of csf in endemic areas, a marker vaccine enabling differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva) is urgently needed. previously, we have demonstrated that the diva vaccine radv-sfv-e2, an adenovirus-vectored semliki forest virus replicon expressing the e2 glycoprotein of csfv, induces complete protection from lethal csfv chal ...201627283854
safety and immunogenicity of a ge/gi/tk gene-deleted pseudorabies virus variant expressing the e2 protein of classical swine fever virus in pigs.classical swine fever (csf) and pseudorabies (pr) are both major infectious diseases of pigs, causing enormous economic losses to the swine industry in many countries. a marker vaccine that enables differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva) is highly desirable for control and eradication of these two diseases in endemic areas. since late 2011, pr outbreaks have been frequently reported in many bartha-k61-vaccinated pig farms in china. it has been demonstrated that a pseudorabies ...201627113530
evaluation of specific humoral immune response in pigs vaccinated with cell culture adapted classical swine fever vaccine.to determine an efficient vaccination schedule on the basis of the humoral immune response of cell culture adapted live classical swine fever virus (csfv) vaccinated pigs and maternally derived antibody (mda) in piglets of vaccinated sows.201627057117
development of single dilution immunoassay to detect e2 protein specific classical swine fever virus antibody.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of a highly contagious disease in swine. the disease is endemic in different parts of the world and vaccination is the only way to protect pigs from csfv infection. the virus surface protein e2 is the major immunogenic protein eliciting protective immunity against csfv infection in swine. the whole virus antigen cannot differentiate csfv from other pestiviruses as it cross reacts with border disease and bovine viral diarrhoea viruses. com ...201627032503
a promising trigene recombinant human adenovirus vaccine against classical swine fever virus.classical swine fever (csf) vaccine based on hadv-5 had achieved an efficient protection in swine. both classical swine fever virus (csfv) e0 glycoprotein and e2 glycoprotein were the targets for neutralizing antibodies and related to immune protection against csf. interleukin-2 (il2), as an adjuvant, also had been used in csf vaccine research. in this study, coexpression of the csfv e0, e2, and il2 genes by hadv-5 (radv-e0-e2-il2) was constructed and immunized to evaluate its efficacy. three ex ...201626918463
different evolutionary patterns of classical swine fever virus envelope proteins.classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever, which is a highly contagious disease of the domestic pig as well as wild boar. the proteins e(rns), e1, and e2 are components of the viral envelope membrane. they are also implicated in virus attachment and entry, replication, and (or) anti-immune response. here, we studied the genetic variations of these envelope proteins in the evolution of csfv. the results reveal that the envelope proteins underwent different ...201626911308
genetic diversity and positive selection analysis of classical swine fever virus envelope protein gene e2 in east china under c-strain vaccination.classical swine fever virus (csfv) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease of pigs worldwide. c-strain vaccination is one of the most effective ways to contain this disease. since 2014, sporadic csf outbreaks have been occurring in some c-strain vaccinated provinces of china. to decipher the disease etiology, 25 csfv e2 genes from 169 clinical samples were cloned and sequenced. phylogenetic analyses revealed that all 25 isolates belonged to subgenotype 2.1. twenty-three of ...201626903966
guanylate-binding protein 1, an interferon-induced gtpase, exerts an antiviral activity against classical swine fever virus depending on its gtpase activity.many viruses trigger the type i interferon (ifn) pathway upon infection, resulting in the transcription of hundreds of interferon-stimulated genes (isgs), which define the antiviral state of the host. classical swine fever virus (csfv) is the causative agent of classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious viral disease endangering the pig industry in many countries. however, anti-csfv isgs are poorly documented. here we screened 20 isgs that are commonly induced by type i ifns against csfv i ...201626889038
rna interference screening of interferon-stimulated genes with antiviral activities against classical swine fever virus using a reporter virus.classical swine fever (csf) caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of pigs, which leads to significant economic losses in many countries. viral infection can induce the production of interferons (ifns), giving rise to the transcription of hundreds of ifn-stimulated genes (isgs) to exert antiviral effects. although numerous isgs have been identified to possess antiviral activities against different viruses, rare anti-csfv isgs have been reporte ...201626868874
efficacy of the marker vaccine radv-sfv-e2 against classical swine fever in the presence of maternally derived antibodies to radv-sfv-e2 or c-strain.classical swine fever (csf) is an economically important disease caused by classical swine fever virus (csfv). in order to eradicate csf, many marker vaccines that allow differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (diva) have been developed. in our previous studies, a diva csf vaccine radv-sfv-e2 has been demonstrated to completely protect pigs against lethal csfv challenge. in the context of risk assessments for an emergency vaccination scenario, the question has been raised whether pre ...201627939155
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