Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile infection of a prosthetic joint presenting 12 months after antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is a common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, but it rarely causes extra-colonic disease. an 83-year-old woman who developed culture-positive c. difficile-associated diarrhoea following pneumonia and a total hip replacement was treated successfully with oral metronidazole therapy. she was readmitted 12 months later for revision of the hip prosthesis because of increasing pain. at surgery an abscess associated with the prosthesis was discovered. culture of the pus gr ... | 1999 | 10468137 |
| reactive arthritis induced by clostridium difficile enteritis as a complication of helicobacter pylori eradication. | clostridium difficile has recently been established as a cause of reactive arthritis (rea). we present a case of clostridium difficile-induced rea as a complication of helicobacter pylori eradication, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the first such case reported. | 1999 | 10468177 |
| in vitro activity of gemifloxacin (sb 265805) against anaerobes. | gemifloxacin mesylate (sb 265805), a new fluoronaphthyridone, was tested against 359 recent clinical anaerobic isolates by the national committee for clinical laboratory standards reference agar dilution method with supplemented brucella blood agar and an inoculum of 10(5) cfu/spot. comparative antimicrobials tested included trovafloxacin, levofloxacin, grepafloxacin, sparfloxacin, sitafloxacin (du-6859a), penicillin g, amoxicillin clavulanate, imipenem, cefoxitin, clindamycin, and metronidazole ... | 1999 | 10471570 |
| clostridium difficile cell attachment is modified by environmental factors. | adherence of clostridium difficile to vero cells under anaerobic conditions was increased by a high sodium concentration, calcium-rich medium, an acidic ph, and iron starvation. the level of adhesion of nontoxigenic strains was comparable to that of toxigenic strains. depending on the bacterial culture conditions, vero cells could bind to one, two, or three bacterial surface proteins with molecular masses of 70, 50, and 40 kda. | 1999 | 10473442 |
| primary intravenous paclitaxel and platinum chemotherapy for high-risk stage i epithelial ovarian carcinoma. | to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous (i.v.) paclitaxel and platinum chemotherapy in patients with high-risk stage i epithelial ovarian carcinoma. | 1999 | 10475122 |
| [diagnosis of clostridium difficile as cause of diarrhea]. | 1999 | 10476491 | |
| comparative value of colonic biopsy and intraluminal fluid culture for diagnosis of bacterial acute colitis in immunocompetent patients. infectious colitis study group. | we compared the yield of intraluminal fluid culture to that of biopsy specimens obtained during colonoscopy for the diagnosis of bacterial colitis in 93 immunocompetent patients with a recent episode of diarrhea and macroscopic lesions of colitis. stool culture findings were also available for 68 patients. at least one bacterial pathogen was isolated from the biopsy specimen, intraluminal fluid, or stool from 48 patients (51.6%). salmonella species, clostridium difficile, klebsiella oxytoca, shi ... | 1999 | 10476742 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with infant botulism: near-fatal case analogous to hirschsprung's enterocolitis. | we present the first five reported cases of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in children with infant botulism caused by clostridium botulinum. we compare two fulminant cases of colitis in children with colonic stasis, the first caused by infant botulism and the second caused by hirschsprung's disease. in both children, colitis was accompanied by hypovolemia, hypotension, profuse ascites, pulmonary effusion, restrictive pulmonary disease, and femoral-caval thrombosis. laboratory f ... | 1999 | 10476744 |
| a nonsense mutation abrogates production of a functional enterotoxin a in clostridium difficile toxinotype viii strains of serogroups f and x. | clostridium difficile strains of toxinotype viii from serogroups f and x are described as toxin b-positive, toxin a-negative (tcdb+ a-), although they harbour almost the entire tcda gene. to identify the reason for the lack of tcda detection, we analyzed catalytic and ligand domains of tcda-1470 of the type strain of serogroup f, strain 1470. using recombinant fragments, the c-terminal immunodominant ligand domain tcda3-1470, spanning amino acid residues 1694-2711 (corresponding to vpi 10463 seq ... | 1999 | 10483735 |
| clostridium difficile colitis after kidney and kidney-pancreas transplantation. | to determine the timing and risk factors involved in the development of clostridium difficile (cd) colitis in kidney and kidney-pancreas transplant recipients. | 1999 | 10485373 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis: a clinical overview. | infection with toxin-producing strains of clostridium difficile is common and potentially life-threatening. it occurs mostly in patients in the hospital or nursing home who are taking or have recently taken antibiotics. two toxins, a and b, damage the colonic mucosa, resulting in symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to bloody diarrhea with fever and abdominal pain, colitis, or even pseudomembranous colitis. severe cases may involve dehydration, toxic megacolon, or colonic perforation. this articl ... | 1999 | 10486998 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with chronic renal failure. | 1999 | 10489247 | |
| treatment of primary peritoneal mesothelioma by continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (chpp). | primary peritoneal mesothelioma is a locally aggressive disease that is difficult to treat or even palliate. continuous hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion (chpp) with cisplatin (cddp) allows uniform, high regional delivery of chemotherapeutics and hyperthermia to the peritoneal surface for the treatment of peritoneal tumors. this article summarizes the results of 18 patients with peritoneal mesothelioma treated with chpp. | 1999 | 10493628 |
| local and systemic neutralizing antibody responses induced by intranasal immunization with the nontoxic binding domain of toxin a from clostridium difficile. | fourteen of the 38 c-terminal repeats from clostridium difficile toxin a (14cdta) were cloned and expressed either with an n-terminal polyhistidine tag (14cdta-his) or fused to the nontoxic binding domain from tetanus toxin (14cdta-tetc). the recombinant proteins were successfully purified by bovine thyroglobulin affinity chromatography. both c. difficile toxin a fusion proteins bound to known toxin a ligands present on the surface of rabbit erythrocytes. intranasal immunization of balb/c mice w ... | 1999 | 10496886 |
| monoglucosylation of rhoa at threonine 37 blocks cytosol-membrane cycling. | the small gtpases rho, rac, and cdc42 are monoglucosylated at effector domain amino acid threonine 37/35 by clostridium difficile toxins a and b. glucosylation renders the rho proteins inactive by inhibiting effector coupling. to understand the functional consequences, effects of glucosylation on subcellular distribution and cycling of rho gtpases between cytosol and membranes were analyzed. in intact cells and in cell lysates, glucosylation leads to a translocation of the majority of rhoa gtpas ... | 1999 | 10506156 |
| the hunt for clostridium difficile: 21-year follow-up of a stool specimen sent for culture. | 1999 | 10509517 | |
| association of iga nephropathy with clostridium difficile colitis. | immunoglobulin a (iga) nephropathy, the most common cause of glomerulonephritis worldwide, is usually idiopathic in origin and renal limited. secondary iga nephropathy has been associated with systemic disease, including such gastrointestinal tract disturbances as celiac sprue and inflammatory bowel disease. we describe gross hematuria and reversible acute renal failure from iga nephropathy in a patient with cephalosporin-induced clostridium difficile colitis. in addition to mesangial iga and c3 ... | 1999 | 10518470 |
| is "negative" positive? | 1999 | 10520871 | |
| case-control study of enteropathogens associated with childhood diarrhea in dhaka, bangladesh. | the international centre for diarrhoeal disease research, bangladesh, is a major center for research into diarrheal diseases. the center treats more than 100,000 patients a year. to obtain useful information representative of all patients, a surveillance system in which a 4% systematic sample of all patients is studied in detail, including etiological agents of diarrhea, was installed in october 1979. the first paper on etiology for the surveillance patients was published in 1982, which identifi ... | 1999 | 10523534 |
| infection control. dazed and confused. | this research project aims to uncover the practical concerns of health care staff on a hospital ward while attempting to implement isolation precaution guidelines for patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad) and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa). the project is still in progress so this article describes the research methods used and some preliminary findings. | 1999 | 10524156 |
| detection of clostridium difficile toxin a by reversed passive latex agglutination. | a reversed passive latex agglutination (rpla) assay for detecting clostridium difficile toxin a is presented. purified monoclonal antibody (mab 37b5) was used for latex sensitization. the culture supernatants of 93 strains of c. difficile were tested by rpla assay and the results compared with those of a commercially available latex agglutination test, pcr and cytotoxin assay with vero cells. there was agreement between rpla, cytotoxicity and pcr assays, but 29 strains were positive in the rpla ... | 1999 | 10524790 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. | clostridium difficile-induced diarrhea (cdad) and colitis (cdac) are important nosocomial (hospital)-acquired infections resulting almost exclusively from antibiotic therapy and certain host factors. the severity of these disorders may range from simple diarrhea that can be resolved easily with antibiotic cessation to fulminant pseudomembranous colitis with fever, severe dehydration, abdominal pain and distention, and plaque formation over part or all of the colon. community-acquired cdad and cd ... | 1999 | 10528559 |
| fusidic acid in other infections. | fusidic acid, both systemic and topical, has been used for a wide variety of less common infections. efficacy for oral fusidic acid has been demonstrated in the treatment of clostridium difficile colitis and in staphylococcal infections in patients with cystic fibrosis. topical fusidic acid gel is also effective in bacterial conjunctivitis and other minor external eye infections, and may be effective in reducing bacterial flora in the conjunctival sac prior to eye surgery. studies suggest a pote ... | 1999 | 10528782 |
| enteric carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in patients tested for clostridium difficile. | to identify independent risk factors for enteric carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) in hospitalized patients tested for clostridium difficile toxin. | 1999 | 10530643 |
| activation of activator protein 1 and stress response kinases in epithelial cells colonized by helicobacter pylori encoding the cag pathogenicity island. | helicobacter pylori interacts with the apical membrane of the gastric epithelium and induces a number of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines. the subsequent infiltration of macrophages and granulocytes into the mucosa leads to gastric inflammation accompanied by epithelial degeneration. gastric diseases, e.g. peptic ulcer or gastric adenocarcinoma, are more common among people infected with h. pylori strains producing vaca (vacuolating cytotoxin a) and possessing a cag (cytotoxin-associated ant ... | 1999 | 10531374 |
| enhancing market value of milk by adding cultures. | fluid milk and several dairy products are an excellent medium to generate an array of products that fit into the current consumer demand for health-driven foods. several technologies associated with culture addition, fermentation, or both are available for creating an assortment of flavors and textures in milk products. it appears that accentuating the positive attributes of inherent milk constituents, incorporating health-promoting cultures, and offering a variety of flavors and textures to the ... | 1999 | 10531614 |
| antimicrobial susceptibilities and serogroups of clinical strains of clostridium difficile isolated in france in 1991 and 1997. | glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin) and metronidazole are the drugs of choice for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections, but trends in susceptibility patterns have not been assessed in the past few years. the objective was to study the mics of glycopeptides and metronidazole for unrelated c. difficile strains isolated in 1991 (n = 100) and in 1997 (n = 98) by the agar macrodilution, the e-test, and the disk diffusion methods. strain susceptibilities to erythromycin, clindamyci ... | 1999 | 10543736 |
| activities of gemifloxacin (sb 265805, lb20304) compared to those of other oral antimicrobial agents against unusual anaerobes. | the activities of gemifloxacin (sb 265805, lb20304) and comparator agents were determined by an agar dilution method against 419 clinical strains of less-commonly identified species of anaerobes. gemifloxacin was generally more active than trovafloxacin against gram-positive strains by one to two dilutions. peptostreptococci (peptostreptococcus asaccharolyticus, peptostreptococcus magnus, peptostreptococcus micros, and peptostreptococcus prevotii) and porphyromonas spp. (porphyromonas asaccharol ... | 1999 | 10543754 |
| prophylactic lactobacillus gg reduces antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children with respiratory infections: a randomized study. | antimicrobial treatment may disturb the colonization resistance of gastrointestinal microflora, which may induce clinical symptoms, most commonly diarrhea. the severity of antibiotic-associated diarrhea may range from a brief, self-limiting disease to devastating diarrhea with electrolyte disturbances, dehydration, crampy abdominal pain, pseudomembranous colitis, toxic megacolon, or even death. the incidence of diarrhea in children receiving a single antimicrobial treatment is unclear. in additi ... | 1999 | 10545590 |
| il-15 is elevated in the patients of postoperative enterocolitis. | serum interleukin 15 (il-15) levels were measured in 77 patients who were consecutively admitted to our intensive care unit. postoperative enterocolitis occurred in four patients and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), but not clostridium difficile, was identified in the faecal specimens from these patients. the il-15 levels in the patients with mrsa enterocolitis were significantly elevated compared with those of other mrsa infections without enterocolitis including pneumonia (n ... | 1999 | 10547278 |
| roles of intracellular calcium and nf-kappa b in the clostridium difficile toxin a-induced up-regulation and secretion of il-8 from human monocytes. | clostridium difficile causes an intense inflammatory colitis through the actions of two large exotoxins, toxin a and toxin b. il-8 is believed to play an important role in the pathophysiology of c. difficile-mediated colitis, although the mechanism whereby the toxins up-regulate the release of il-8 from target cells is not well understood. in this study, we investigated the mechanisms through which toxin a induces il-8 secretion in human monocytes. we found that cellular uptake of toxin a is req ... | 1999 | 10553038 |
| clostridium difficile toxins may augment bacterial penetration of intestinal epithelium. | clostridium difficile can be recovered from many high-risk hospitalized patients receiving broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy. clostridium difficile toxins a and b have been associated with increased intestinal permeability in vitro and there is growing evidence that increased intestinal permeability may be a common mechanism whereby enteric bacteria penetrate the intestinal epithelium. | 1999 | 10555639 |
| sequence analysis of a new open reading frame located in the pathogenicity locus of clostridium difficile strain 8864. | strain 8864 is a natural isolate of clostridium difficile that is toxin b-positive and toxin a-negative. recent work showed that there is a genetic rearrangement occurring at the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of the bacteria. our investigation in the paloc region revealed an open reading frame (tcdf) of 543 bp dna not reported before. this tcdf could encode a putative polypeptide of 22 kda. although no peptide homology was found with other known proteins, we postulate that it could be a novel prot ... | 1999 | 10556718 |
| case records of the massachusetts general hospital. weekly clinicopathological exercises. case 34-1999. a 37-year-old woman with liver disease and recurrent diarrhea. | 1999 | 10559455 | |
| predominant staphylococcus aureus isolated from antibiotic-associated diarrhea is clinically relevant and produces enterotoxin a and the bicomponent toxin luke-lukd. | staphylococcus aureus was isolated as the predominant or only isolate from cultures of stools of 60 patients over 2 years in a university hospital, leading to the collection of 114 isolates. diarrhea was observed in 90% of the patients. ninety-eight percent of the patients had received antibiotics in the month before the diarrhea. ninety-two percent of the s. aureus isolates were methicillin resistant. s. aureus was encountered with antibiotic-associated diarrhea among 47 quite elderly patients ... | 1999 | 10565923 |
| [clostridium difficile diarrhea in the very old. clinical features and course in 21 cases]. | determine the clinical and etiological features of clostridium difficile diarrhea in elderly subjects. | 1999 | 10566275 |
| can quinolones cause hemorrhagic colitis of late onset? report of three cases. | this study was undertaken to demonstrate that quinolones may cause acute colitis resembling penicillin-induced hemorrhagic colitis. | 1999 | 10566543 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in the elderly. | it is widely believed that clostridium difficile (c. difficile)-associated diarrhea is a more severe disease in the elderly than in the young, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. these beliefs are largely anecdotal, and there are few data supporting them. | 1999 | 10566727 |
| epidemics of diarrhea caused by a clindamycin-resistant strain of clostridium difficile in four hospitals. | large outbreaks of diarrhea caused by a newly recognized strain of clostridium difficile occurred in four hospitals located in different parts of the united states between 1989 and 1992. since frequent use of clindamycin was associated with the outbreak in one of the hospitals, we examined the resistance genes of the epidemic-strain isolates and studied the role of clindamycin use in these outbreaks. | 1999 | 10572152 |
| antibiotics and clostridium difficile. | 1999 | 10572160 | |
| involvement of rho gtpases in calcium-regulated exocytosis from adrenal chromaffin cells. | the rho gtpase family, including rho, rac and cdc42 proteins, is implicated in various cell functions requiring the reorganization of actin-based structures. in secretory cells, cytoskeletal rearrangements are a prerequisite for exocytosis. we previously described that, in chromaffin cells, the trimeric granule-bound go protein controls peripheral actin and prevents exocytosis in resting cells through the regulation of rhoa. to provide further insight into the function of rho proteins in exocyto ... | 1999 | 10574723 |
| phospholipase d stimulation by receptor tyrosine kinases mediated by protein kinase c and a ras/ral signaling cascade. | stimulation of phospholipase d (pld) in hek-293 cells expressing the m(3) muscarinic receptor by phorbol ester-activated protein kinase c (pkc) apparently involves ral gtpases. we report here that pkc, but not muscarinic receptor-induced pld stimulation in these cells, is strongly and specifically reduced by expression of dominant-negative rala, g26a rala, as well as dominant-negative ras, s17n ras. in contrast, overexpression of the ras-activated ral-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, ... | 1999 | 10574935 |
| characterization of the cryptogein binding sites on plant plasma membranes. | cryptogein is a 98-amino acid proteinaceous elicitor of tobacco defense reactions. specific binding of cryptogein to high affinity binding sites on tobacco plasma membranes has been previously reported (k(d) = 2 nm; number of binding sites: 220 fmol/mg of protein). in this study, biochemical characterization of cryptogein binding sites reveals that they correspond to a plasma membrane glycoprotein(s) with an n-linked carbohydrate moiety, which is involved in cryptogein binding. radiation inactiv ... | 1999 | 10574936 |
| choosing the right antibiotic. antibiotic choice may affect risk of clostridium difficile infection. | 1999 | 10576837 | |
| cd14 expression by human mononuclear phagocytes is modulated by clostridium difficile toxin b. | toxin b, an exotoxin produced by the anaerobic gram-positive bacteria clostridium difficile, is responsible for pseudomembranous colitis in humans. it deeply modifies morphology of cultured cells and enhances their membrane surface area, which suggests a possible alteration of membrane receptor distribution. since toxin b and bacterial lipopolysaccharide can act synergistically on tnf-alpha production by mononuclear phagocytes, the effect of toxin b on cd14 expression was investigated using flow ... | 1999 | 10580270 |
| colonic wall thickening in patients with cirrhosis: ct findings and clinical implications. | the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and spectrum of colonic wall changes in patients with cirrhosis and to determine the association between these colonic wall changes and portal hypertension. | 1999 | 10587121 |
| [new knowledge of the molecular biology of enterohemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) o157]. | since 1982, enterohaemorrhagic escherichia coli (ehec) have been identified as a cause of diarrhoea and haemorrhagic colitis. the most serious complication of the infection is the haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (hus) that develops in 5 to 10% of children with diarrhoea. shiga toxins (stx) are the most important presently known virulence factors of ehec. after reaching the bloodstream, the toxins cause damage of endothelial cells but also of tubular cells in the kidneys which may result in renal fai ... | 1999 | 10593045 |
| behaviour of saccharomyces boulardii in recurrent clostridium difficile disease patients. | despite recent interest in therapeutic microorganisms taken orally, little is known about the pharmacodynamics of these agents in a target population of patients with disease. the present study reports the stool concentrations of saccharomyces boulardii in a patient population with clostridium difficile disease (cdd) and correlates stool concentrations with efficacy. | 1999 | 10594402 |
| monocyte adherence induced by lipopolysaccharide involves cd14, lfa-1, and cytohesin-1. regulation by rho and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. | mechanisms regulating lipopolysaccharide (lps)-induced adherence to intercellular adhesion molecule (icam)-1 were examined using thp-1 cells transfected with cd14-cdna (thp-1wt). thp-1wt adherence to icam-1 was lps dose-related, time-dependent, and inhibited by antibodies to either cd14 or leukocyte function associated antigen (lfa)-1, but was independent of any change in the number of surface expressed lfa-1 molecules. a potential role for phosphatidylinositol (pi) 3-kinase (pi 3-kinase) in lps ... | 1999 | 9873050 |
| saccharomyces boulardii protease inhibits the effects of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in human colonic mucosa. | saccharomyces boulardii is a nonpathogenic yeast used in the treatment of clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. we have reported that s. boulardii inhibits c. difficile toxin a enteritis in rats by releasing a 54-kda protease which digests the toxin a molecule and its brush border membrane (bbm) receptor (i. castagliuolo, j. t. lamont, s. t. nikulasson, and c. pothoulakis, infect. immun. 64:5225-5232, 1996). the aim of this study was to further evaluate the role of s. boulardii protease in ... | 1999 | 9864230 |
| pcr targeted to the 16s-23s rrna gene intergenic spacer region of clostridium difficile and construction of a library consisting of 116 different pcr ribotypes. | a reference library of types of clostridium difficile has been constructed by pcr ribotyping isolates (n = 2,030) from environmental (n = 89), hospital (n = 1,386), community practitioner (n = 395), veterinary (n = 27), and reference (n = 133) sources. the library consists of 116 distinct types identified on the basis of differences in profiles generated with pcr primers designed to amplify the 16s-23s rrna gene intergenic spacer region. isolates from 55% of infections in hospitals in the united ... | 1999 | 9889244 |
| bovine immunoglobulin concentrate-clostridium difficile retains c difficile toxin neutralising activity after passage through the human stomach and small intestine. | bovine immunoglobulin concentrate (bic)-clostridium difficile is prepared from the colostrum of cows immunised against c difficile toxins and contains high concentrations of neutralising igg antitoxin. | 1999 | 9895380 |
| serum antitoxin antibodies mediate systemic and mucosal protection from clostridium difficile disease in hamsters. | clostridium difficile is the bacterial pathogen identified as the cause of pseudomembranous colitis and is principally responsible for nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis. the pathologic findings associated with this infection are believed to be caused by two large (approximately 300-kda) exotoxins, toxins a and b. because of the mucosal nature of this infection, vaccination strategies aimed at providing prophylactic or therapeutic immune protection have included immunization b ... | 1999 | 9916055 |
| clostridium difficile: a survey of fecal carriage in cats in a veterinary medical teaching hospital. | fecal samples collected from 245 cats over a 6-month period were analyzed for the presence of clostridium difficile. after culture on selective media, isolates were identified by a latex agglutination test, and the presence of toxin a and toxin b gene sequences was determined by polymerase chain reaction. clostridium difficile was isolated from 23 (9.4%) of the cats, and 34.8% of that group were colonized with toxigenic strains. all of the cats colonized with toxigenic c. difficile had > or = 1 ... | 1999 | 9925212 |
| association of clostridium difficile with enterocolitis and lactose intolerance in a foal. | diagnoses of clostridium difficile enterocolitis and lactose intolerance were made in a neonatal foal with persistent diarrhea. it was determined that the foal had lactose intolerance on the basis of the results of a lactose tolerance test, and a diagnosis of c difficile enterocolitis was subsequently made. the foal responded to oral administration of metronidazole and lactase. lactose intolerance is a secondary problem most commonly associated with rotavirus infection, but it can be caused by a ... | 1999 | 9926015 |
| differing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea between an oncology ward and a general medicine ward. | 1999 | 9927258 | |
| recurrent clostridium difficile disease: epidemiology and clinical characteristics. | to describe the epidemiology, diagnosis, risk factors, patient impact, and treatment strategies for recurrent clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 1999 | 9927265 |
| [clostridium difficile as an inducer of inflammatory diarrhea]. | clostridium difficile has been pointed out as an important agent of diarrheal diseases associated with antibiotic use. however, due to its complexity, the physiopathology of these diseases is only partially elucidated, although a series of scientific works has demonstrated the importance of toxins a and b in the pathogenesis of the inflammatory diarrhea induced by this microorganism. the inflammatory mechanisms involved in the biological activities of these toxins are complex. there are some stu ... | 1999 | 9927825 |
| atypical presentation of clostridium difficile colitis in patients with cystic fibrosis. | objective: this report describes the unusual presentation of clostridium difficile colitis in five patients with cystic fibrosis and the role of ct in first suggesting the correct diagnosis in this group of patients. because of the absence of watery diarrhea and the presence of abdominal bloating and decreased stooling, cystic fibrosis patients with c. difficile colitis will be treated for stool impaction, meconium ileus equivalent, or distal intestinal obstruction syndrome. ct of the abdomen, p ... | 1999 | 9930816 |
| participation of reactive oxygen metabolites in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis in rats. | reactive oxygen metabolites (roms) contribute to the pathophysiology of intestinal inflammation. our aim was to ascertain the involvement of roms in experimental ileitis in rats produced by toxin a of clostridium difficile. intraluminal toxin a caused a significant increase in hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide production by ileal microsomes starting 1 h following toxin exposure and peaking at 2-3 h, and this was inhibited by pretreatment with dmso, a rom scavenger, or superoxide dismutase ( ... | 1999 | 9950823 |
| clostridium difficile and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea--importance of c. difficile for the nephrologist. | 1999 | 10069176 | |
| monocytic cell necrosis is mediated by potassium depletion and caspase-like proteases. | apoptosis is a physiological cell death that culminates in mitochondrial permeability transition and the activation of caspases, a family of cysteine proteases. necrosis, in contrast, is a pathological cell death characterized by swelling of the cytoplasm and mitochondria and rapid plasma membrane disruption. necrotic cell death has long been opposed to apoptosis, but it now appears that both pathways involve mitochondrial permeability transition, raising the question of what mediates necrotic c ... | 1999 | 10070000 |
| [choice of antibiotics in diarrhea due to clostridium difficile]. | 1999 | 10074847 | |
| neurotensin is a proinflammatory neuropeptide in colonic inflammation. | the neuropeptide neurotensin mediates several intestinal functions, including chloride secretion, motility, and cellular growth. however, whether this peptide participates in intestinal inflammation is not known. toxin a, an enterotoxin from clostridium difficile, mediates pseudomembranous colitis in humans. in animal models, toxin a causes an acute inflammatory response characterized by activation of sensory neurons and intestinal nerves and immune cells of the lamina propria. here we show that ... | 1999 | 10079105 |
| how intestinal bacteria cause disease. | an improved understanding of how intestinal bacteria cause disease has become increasingly important because of the emergence of new enteric pathogens, increasing threats of drug resistance, and a growing awareness of their importance in malnutrition and diarrhea. reviewed here are the varied ways that intestinal bacteria cause disease, which provide fundamental lessons about microbial pathogenesis as well as cell signaling. following colonization, enteric pathogens may adhere to or invade the e ... | 1999 | 10081504 |
| the role of local actin instability in axon formation. | the role of localized instability of the actin network in specifying axonal fate was examined with the use of rat hippocampal neurons in culture. during normal neuronal development, actin dynamics and instability polarized to a single growth cone before axon formation. consistently, global application of actin-depolymerizing drugs and of the rho-signaling inactivator toxin b to nonpolarized cells produced neurons with multiple axons. moreover, disruption of the actin network in one individual gr ... | 1999 | 10082468 |
| antibiotic administration in patients undergoing common surgical procedures in a community teaching hospital: the chaos continues. | the influence of recently published guidelines by the surgical infection society (sis) on current surgical practice are not well documented. the appropriateness of antibiotic administration in a cohort of surgical patients undergoing elective and emergency surgery in a department of surgery in an urban, community-based, private, 560-bed teaching hospital was retrospectively reviewed. the following were the criteria defining administration as appropriate as modified from sis guidelines: prophylac ... | 1999 | 10085388 |
| minimizing the threat of c. difficile. | 1999 | 10085882 | |
| [pseudomembranous colitis (clostridium difficile infection)]. | 1999 | 10088328 | |
| pseudomembranous colitis: causes and cures. | clostridium difficile is the most common nosocomial pathogen of the gastrointestinal tract and has increased in frequency over time. typical symptoms of c. difficile infection include diarrhea, which is usually nonbloody, or colitis associated with severe abdominal pain, fever and/or gross or occult blood in the stools. pseudomembranous colitis (pmc), the severest form of this disease, occurs as a result of a severe inflammatory response to the c. difficile toxins. this review focuses on pmc, as ... | 1999 | 10095149 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | 1999 | 10201505 | |
| clostridium difficile: an update on its epidemiology and role in hospital outbreaks in england and wales. | data from the surveillance system of general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease and from laboratory reports collated by the communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) and requests for outbreak investigation by the phls anaerobe reference unit were used to evaluate the current epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in england and wales. between january 1992 and december 1996, cdsc received 10,220 laboratory reports of c difficile isolation from patient's faeces and 26,873 of ... | 1999 | 10204123 |
| laboratory diagnosis of toxigenic clostridium difficile by polymerase chain reaction: presence of toxin genes and their stable expression in toxigenic isolates from japanese individuals. | clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the definitive diagnosis of c. difficile infection is finally accomplished by the isolation of toxigenic c. difficile. however, only a small number of japanese clinical laboratories are able to reach a definitive diagnosis of c. difficile infection, probably because simple reliable assays for toxins in the isolates are not available. in this study, we examined the compatibility of a polymerase chain reactio ... | 1999 | 10204609 |
| trends in infection morbidity in a pediatric oncology ward, 1986-1995. | we retrospectively studied the type, severity, frequency, and outcome of febrile infectious complications in 217 cancer patients receiving cytotoxic chemotherapy (603 episodes) over a 10-year period in a single pediatric institution. | 1999 | 10219334 |
| estimated incidence of clostridium difficile infection. | 1999 | 10221890 | |
| accuracy of fecal lactoferrin and other stool tests for diagnosis of invasive diarrhea at a colombian pediatric hospital. | estimate under "real life" conditions the operating characteristics of several stool tests for determining whether a diarrheal episode is invasive-inflammatory. | 1999 | 10223687 |
| in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone. | the in vitro and in vivo activities of t-3811me, a novel des-f(6)-quinolone, were evaluated in comparison with those of some fluoroquinolones, including a newly developed one, trovafloxacin. t-3811, a free base of t-3811me, showed a wide range of antimicrobial spectra, including activities against chlamydia trachomatis, mycoplasma pneumoniae, and mycobacterium tuberculosis. in particular, t-3811 exhibited potent activity against various gram-positive cocci, with mics at which 90% of the isolates ... | 1999 | 10223917 |
| immunogenicity of a salmonella typhimurium aroa arod vaccine expressing a nontoxic domain of clostridium difficile toxin a. | the c-terminal repeat domain of clostridium difficile toxin a harbors toxin-neutralizing epitopes and is considered to be a candidate component of a vaccine against c. difficile-associated disease (cdad). fourteen of the 38 c-terminal toxin a repeats (14cdta) were cloned into ptech-1 in frame with the immunogenic fragment c of tetanus toxin (tetc) to generate plasmid p56tetc. expression of the tetc-14cdta fusion protein was driven from the anaerobically inducible nirb promoter within attenuated ... | 1999 | 10225867 |
| the diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile in antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | this study was initiated to evaluate the role of c. difficile in diarrhea associated with the use of antibiotics, to determine which antibiotics are most often responsible, to characterize the response to several different treatment regimens, and to define the relapse rate as seen in a large teaching hospital in turkey. | 1999 | 10228818 |
| in vitro activity of ly 333328 against anaerobic gram-positive bacteria. | ly 333328 is a new semisynthetic glycopeptide with reported activity against aerobic gram-positive cocci such as enterococci, pneumococci, streptococci and staphylococci. the present investigation was undertaken to determine the in vitro activity of ly 333328 against 178 gram-positive anaerobic bacteria recently isolated from human infections. the activity was compared with that of vancomycin, teicoplanin, cefoxitin, imipenem, clindamycin and metronidazole. peptostreptococci (48 strains): ly 333 ... | 1999 | 10326737 |
| detection and transcription of toxin dna in a nontoxigenic strain of clostridium difficile. | genomic dna from three clostridium difficile strains was analyzed by pcr for dna sequences encoding toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb). toxigenic control strain vpi 10463 possessed tcda, tcdb, and an open reading frame (tcde) between these two genes, whereas nontoxigenic control strain 85 lacked each of these genetic determinants. however, strain m90, also a nontoxigenic strain, was found to possess tcda, tcdb, and tcde. normally the presence of toxin genes is associated with toxigenicity. analys ... | 1999 | 10341072 |
| teneurin-1, a vertebrate homologue of the drosophila pair-rule gene ten-m, is a neuronal protein with a novel type of heparin-binding domain. | the drosophila gene ten-m is the first pair-rule gene not encoding a transcription factor, but an extracellular protein. we have characterized a highly conserved chicken homologue that we call teneurin-1. the c-terminal part harbors 26 repetitive sequence motifs termed yd-repeats. the yd-repeats are most similar to the core of the rhs elements of escherichia coli. related repeats in toxin a of clostridium difficile are known to bind specific carbohydrates. we show that recombinantly expressed pr ... | 1999 | 10341219 |
| susceptibility testing of clostridium difficile against metronidazole and vancomycin by disk diffusion and etest. | a prospective study on the susceptibility of clostridium difficile to metronidazole and vancomycin using the etest and disk diffusion test was performed over a 6-month period. one hundred strains were tested; one strain was highly resistant to metronidazole (mic = 64 micrograms/ml). the zone size of inhibition by the disk diffusion test correlated with the mic as determined by the etest (regression coefficient = -0.043 for metronidazole and -0.044 for vancomycin, p < 0.001 for both antibiotics). ... | 1999 | 10342100 |
| characterization of surface layer proteins from clostridium difficile by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. | surface layers (s-layers) are regularly ordered protein subunits found as the outermost cell envelope component of many bacteria. most s-layers are composed of a single protein or glycoprotein species with a molecular weight varying between 40 and 200 kda. clostridium difficile is the most common cause of antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) and pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) in humans. detection of the s-layer in some c. difficile strains, and preliminary characterization of two glycoproteins, ... | 1999 | 10343411 |
| an outbreak of toxin a negative, toxin b positive clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a canadian tertiary-care hospital. | 1999 | 10344088 | |
| clostridium difficile in leicester hospital. | 1999 | 10344091 | |
| factors associated with prolonged symptoms and severe disease due to clostridium difficile. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is responsible for a spectrum of disease severity ranging from mild diarrhoea to fulminant colitis. this study attempts to determine the proportion of patients in each category of severity and evaluate the risk factors for a more prolonged and complicated course. | 1999 | 10350405 |
| the accordion sign at ct: a nonspecific finding in patients with colonic edema. | to determine whether the "accordion sign" is a specific computed tomographic (ct) sign of clostridium difficile colitis. | 1999 | 10352600 |
| possible role of cross-transmission between neonates and mothers with recurrent clostridium difficile infections. | 1999 | 10358237 | |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea. | 1999 | 10360986 | |
| clinical characteristics and antibiotic utilization in surgical patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) remains a significant problem in surgical patients. to address this, we prospectively studied all episodes of treated cdad in surgical inpatients at the university of virginia hospital from december 1996 through march 1998. cdad accounted for 3.2 per cent (32) of 1000 total infections. compared with a randomly selected control group with other nosocomial infections, patients with cdad had a longer period from the time of admission to diagnosis of ... | 1999 | 10366203 |
| incidence and outcome of clostridium difficile infection following autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. | a retrospective evaluation of 200 consecutive recipients of autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (pbsct) was conducted to ascertain the incidence and outcome of infection with clostridium difficile. the diagnosis was confirmed in 14 patients with diarrhea (15 episodes) at a median of 33 days after stem cell infusion. five patients were neutropenic at the time of diagnosis. every individual had adverse known risk factors such as recent or current use of antibiotic, corticosteroid ... | 1999 | 10373070 |
| nucleotide and peptide sequences of the open reading frame encoding a truncated toxin a gene of clostridium difficile strain ccug 20309. | the open reading frame encoding a putative truncated toxin a gene of clostridium difficile in strain ccug 20309 (atcc 8864), a strain that produces toxin b but not toxin a, was sequenced by cycle sequencing method. the coding region contains 2097 base pairs and has a gc content of 26.4%. the deduced polypeptide is 50 kda and is generally hydrophilic. although strain ccug 20309 of c. difficile was reported not to produce toxin a, it is enterotoxic, an inherent property of toxin a in pathogenic st ... | 1999 | 10376209 |
| [detection of clostridium difficile toxin a from stool specimens by an enzyme immunoassay kit]. | toxin detection from stool specimens is prerequisite for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis. however, in japan only one toxin detection kit is commercially available, which requires computerized vidas fluorescence reader. in this study we evaluated immunocard toxin a, which is an enzyme immunoassay with a format of individual cassette and needs no special equipment to perform, by comparing with the vidas cda kit. of 61 stool specimens 12 were positive and 39 were negative by b ... | 1999 | 10386027 |
| deletions in the repeating sequences of the toxin a gene of toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive clostridium difficile strains. | the repeating sequences of the toxin a gene from toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive (toxin a-, toxin b+) strains of clostridium difficile which were isolated in geographically separated facilities in japan and indonesia were determined. all six strains tested had identical repeating sequences with two deletions (1548 and 273 nucleotides in size) in the toxin a gene. a pcr method was designed to detect the deletions and the deletions were confirmed in all 50 toxin a-, toxin b+ strains examined by ... | 1999 | 10386368 |
| development of a new pcr-ribotyping method for clostridium difficile based on ribosomal rna gene sequencing. | pcr-ribotying, a typing method based on polymorphism in the 16s-23s intergenic spacer region, has been recently used to investigate outbreaks due to clostridium difficile. however, this method generates bands of high and close molecular masses which are difficult to separate on agarose gel electrophoresis. to improve reading of banding patterns of pcr-ribotyping applied to c. difficile, a partial sequencing of the rrna genes (16s and 23s) and intergenic spacer region has been performed, then a n ... | 1999 | 10386377 |
| enterotoxin a of clostridium difficile and alpha-gal epitopes. | 1999 | 10391997 | |
| n-acetylcysteine protects epithelial cells against the oxidative imbalance due to clostridium difficile toxins. | toxins a and b from the anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile are the causative agents of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembraneous colitis. at the subcellular level, they inhibit the rho family gtpases, thus causing alterations of the actin cytoskeleton. the cytoskeletal integrity is also controlled by the redox state of cells. therefore, we have evaluated whether an oxidative imbalance could be involved in the toxin-induced cytopathic effects. our results indicate that both toxins induce ... | 1999 | 10403388 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea after short term vaginal administration of clindamycin. | a 32-yr-old woman developed frequent watery diarrhea with occult blood after 3 days treatment with clindamycin vaginal cream. clostridium difficile toxin was demonstrated in stool samples and was considered the cause of an antibiotic-associated diarrhea. no other antibiotic was used at least 3 months before the start of diarrhea. to our knowledge, antibiotic-associated diarrhea after vaginal application has previously been reported only once. | 1999 | 10406271 |
| ["second look" at cytotoxin b of clostridium difficile in the course of diarrhea associated with antibiotic therapy]. | clostridium difficile is a sporulated obligate anaerobe responsible for most cases of antibiotic-associated colitis, for 15 to 25% of cases of antibiotic-related diarrhea, and for a substantial proportion of nosocomial infections. the most important laboratory test for the diagnosis of c. difficile infection is examination of the stool for c. difficile toxins a and/or b. detection of cytotoxin b using the direct cytotoxicity assay (d-ca) is the gold standard test. whether routine isolation of th ... | 1999 | 10418011 |