Publications

detection of mutations in the gyra gene and class i integron from quinolone-resistant salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis isolates in taiwan.	the quinolone resistance-determining regions (qrdrs) of the gyra gene of quinolone-resistant salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis isolates were sequenced. four types of point mutation, ser-83-to-phe (tcc --> ttc), ser-83-to-tyr (tcc --> tac), asp-87-to-gly (gac --> ggc), and asp-87-to-asn (gac --> aac), were found. pcr-rflp and mas-touch down pcr were performed on fifty swine clinical isolates of s. enterica serovar choleraesuis (nalr) collected during 1997-2002. the analysis indicated seven ...	2004	15145503
efficacy of vaccines against bacterial diseases in swine: what can we expect?	this paper discusses what can be expected with regard to efficacy of antibacterial vaccines used in swine, based on the present knowledge of pathogen-host interactions. first, vaccination against bacteria that mainly cause disease by production of exotoxins is considered. vaccines containing the inactivated toxin or a non-toxic but antigenic recombinant protein derived from the exotoxin can be expected to provide protection against disease. the degree of protection induced by such vaccines varie ...	2004	15145504
exploring the concept of clonality in bacteria.	isolates of bacterial species that are indistinguishable in genotype are assigned as a clone, with the implication that they are descended from the same recent ancestor. clones are difficult to define with precision since bacteria are not truly asexual, and recombinational replacements result in diversification of the ancestral genotype of a clone, to produce a cluster of increasingly diverse genotypes (a clonal complex). the rate at which clonal diversification occurs depends on the extent of r ...	2004	15148426
impact of vector-priming on the immunogenicity of a live recombinant salmonella enterica serovar typhi ty21a vaccine expressing urease a and b from helicobacter pylori in human volunteers.	orally administered recombinant salmonella vaccines represent an attractive option for mass vaccination programmes against various infectious diseases. therefore, it is crucial to gather knowledge about the possible impact of preexisiting immunity to carrier antigens on the immunogenicity of recombinant vaccines. thirteen volunteers were preimmunized with salmonella typhi ty21a in order to evaluate the effects of prior immunization with the carrier strain. then, they received three doses of 1-2 ...	2004	15149786
characterization of the first ctx-m-14-producing salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis isolate.		2004	15150176
frequency and polymorphism of sope in isolates of salmonella enterica belonging to the ten most prevalent serotypes in england and wales.	translocated effector protein, sope, leads to actin cytoskeletal rearrangements and membrane ruffling. only a subset of salmonella enterica serotypes possess sope, with the majority of sope-carrying s. enterica serotype typhimurium associated with epidemics. using real-time pcr and sequencing, sope was investigated in the ten most prevalent serotypes of s. enterica in england and wales in 2001. sope was identified in s. typhimurium definitive phage types 29, 44, 49, 204b and 204c, all of which e ...	2004	15150335
isolation, identification, and selection of lactic acid bacteria from alfalfa sprouts for competitive inhibition of foodborne pathogens.	several studies have investigated the control of pathogens on alfalfa sprouts, and some treatments have been shown to be effective in reducing pathogen populations. however, control methods investigated thus far only provide pathogen control at a given point in the sprouting process and can affect germination. competitive inhibition of pathogens with lactic acid bacteria might provide pathogen control throughout the sprouting process and up to consumption. the purpose of this study was to isolat ...	2004	15151232
age-stratified validation of an indirect salmonella dublin serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for individual diagnosis in cattle.	enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are routinely used for cattle herd diagnosis of salmonella dublin infection in many countries. it is also possible to use such tests for individual diagnosis. passively transferred immunoglobulins may cause false-positive test results in young calves. also, false-positive test results may be seen in recovered animals several months after infection. false-negative results are seen in acutely infected animals, especially immature animals that are unable ...	2004	15152835
salmonella gene rma (rama) and multiple-drug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	mara and its homologue, rama, have been implicated in multidrug resistance (mdr). rama overexpression in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and escherichia coli conferred mdr independently of mara. inactivation of rama did not affect the antibiotic susceptibilities of wild-type s. enterica serovar typhimurium or 15 unrelated clinical mdr isolates. thus, rama overexpression is not a common mdr mechanism in salmonella.	2004	15155237
cystathionine beta-lyase is important for virulence of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the biosynthesis of methionine in bacteria requires the mobilization of sulfur from cys by the formation and degradation of cystathionine. cystathionine beta-lyase, encoded by metc in bacteria and str3 in schizosaccharomyces pombe, catalyzes the breakdown of cystathionine to homocysteine, the penultimate step in methionine biosynthesis. this enzyme has been suggested to be the target for pyridinamine antimicrobial agents. we have demonstrated, by using purified enzymes from bacteria and yeast, t ...	2004	15155634
characterization of the icmh and icmf genes required for legionella pneumophila intracellular growth, genes that are present in many bacteria associated with eukaryotic cells.	legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of legionnaires' disease, replicates intracellularly within a specialized phagosome of mammalian and protozoan host cells, and the icm/dot type iv secretion system has been shown to be essential for this process. unlike all the other known icm/dot proteins, the icmf protein, which was described before, and the icmh protein, which is characterized here, have homologous proteins in many bacteria (such as yersinia pestis, salmonella enterica, rhizobium le ...	2004	15155646
the vibrio cholerae toxr-regulated porin ompu confers resistance to antimicrobial peptides.	bpi (bactericidal/permeability-increasing) is a potent antimicrobial protein that was recently reported to be expressed as a surface protein on human gastrointestinal tract epithelial cells. in this study, we investigated the resistance of vibrio cholerae, a small-bowel pathogen that causes cholera, to a bpi-derived peptide, p2. unlike in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, resistance to p2 in v. cholerae was not dependent on the bipa gtpase. instead, we found that toxr ...	2004	15155667
delivery of the immunosuppressive antigen salp15 to antigen-presenting cells by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium aroa mutants.	a salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium aroa-deficient delivery system was used to target the immunosuppressive protein salp15 to antigen-presenting cells. in vitro and in vivo infections with salp15-containing salmonella resulted in an impaired cd4(+)-t-cell activation, suggesting that the protein was produced by antigen-presenting cells in a physiologically active form.	2004	15155675
integron analysis and genetic mapping of antimicrobial resistance genes in salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium.	antimicrobial resistance determinants may be transferred among bacteria via mobile genetic elements including plasmids, transposons, and the more recently explored integrons. integrons are naturally occurring genetic elements found as part of the tn21 transposon family or located on various broad host-range plasmids. the fundamental integron structure consists of a 5'-conserved segment (5'-cs) of 1.4-kbp and a 2-kbp 3'-cs. between these conserved regions are dna sequences of variable length and ...	2004	15156015
molecular genotyping methods and computerized analysis for the study of salmonella enterica.	salmonella enterica is widely recognized as a major cause of foodborne diseases in humans and animals and has been isolated from environmental sources in increasing numbers worldwide. conventional typing methods such as serotyping and phage typing have been and still are the mainstay in descriptive epidemiology of this microorganism. nevertheless, limitations on the availability of phage reagents circumscribes the performance of such technique in reference laboratories. the resolving power of ep ...	2004	15156017
risk factors for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica infection in senegalese broiler-chicken flocks.	our objective was to assess the association of managerial practices, general hygiene and salmonella infection in senegalese broiler flocks. seventy broilers farms were studied from january 2000 to december 2001 around dakar. a questionnaire was submitted to the farmers and samples of fresh broiler droppings were taken. a 28.6% of the flocks were infected by salmonella (mainly hadar and brancaster serovars). salmonella infection of the previous flock (or = 6.82) and of day-old chicks (or = 3.73), ...	2004	15158567
induction of cellular immune response and anti-salmonella enterica serovar typhi bactericidal antibodies in healthy volunteers by immunization with a vaccine candidate against typhoid fever.	typhoid fever remains a serious public health problem. we have developed a vaccine from salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) outer-membrane proteins (omps) known as porins. a single subcutaneous dose of 10 microg of porins induced a five-fold (p = 0.05) seroconversion index consisting of igm and igg at 7 and 15 days after vaccination as well as the production of igg1 and igg2 isotypes. the porins-based vaccine induced a two-fold increase (p = 0.05) in bactericidal titres in volunteers, w ...	2004	15158606
the position of a key tyrosine in dtdp-4-keto-6-deoxy-d-glucose-5-epimerase (evad) alters the substrate profile for this rmlc-like enzyme.	vancomycin, the last line of defense antibiotic, depends upon the attachment of the carbohydrate vancosamine to an aglycone skeleton for antibacterial activity. vancomycin is a naturally occurring secondary metabolite that can be produced by bacterial fermentation. to combat emerging resistance, it has been proposed to genetically engineer bacteria to produce analogues of vancomycin. this requires a detailed understanding of the biochemical steps in the synthesis of vancomycin. here we report th ...	2004	15159413
antibacterial activity of coriander volatile compounds against salmonella choleraesuis.	aliphatic (2e)-alkenals and alkanals characterized from the fresh leaves of the coriander coriandrum sativum l. (umbelliferae) were found to possess bactericidal activity against salmonella choleraesuis ssp. choleraesuis atcc 35640. (2e)-dodecenal (c(12)) was the most effective against this food-borne bacterium with the minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) of 6.25 microg/ml (34 microm), followed by (2e)-undecenal (c(11)) with an mbc of 12.5 microg/ml (74 microm). the time-kill curve study sh ...	2004	15161192
two periplasmic disulfide oxidoreductases, dsba and srga, target outer membrane protein spia, a component of the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type iii secretion system.	the formation of disulfide is essential for the folding, activity, and stability of many proteins secreted by gram-negative bacteria. the disulfide oxidoreductase, dsba, introduces disulfide bonds into proteins exported from the cytoplasm to periplasm. in pathogenic bacteria, dsba is required to process virulence determinants for their folding and assembly. in this study, we examined the role of the dsb enzymes in salmonella pathogenesis, and we demonstrated that dsba, but not dsbc, is required ...	2004	15169785
the escherichia coli tppb (ydgr) gene represents a new class of ompr-regulated genes.	the envz/ompr two-component regulatory system plays a critical role in the escherichia coli stress response. in this study, we examined the expression of a new ompr-regulated gene, ydgr. our results indicate that ydgr is equivalent to the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium tppb gene and represents a new class of ompr-regulated genes.	2004	15175316
a mutant allele of rpod results in increased conversion of aminoimidazole ribotide to hydroxymethyl pyrimidine in salmonella enterica.	an allele of rpod (rpod1181) that results in increased synthesis of the pyrimidine moiety of thiamine in salmonella enterica was identified. the s508y substitution caused by rpod1181 is analogous to the s506f derivative of the escherichia coli protein. the properties of this e. coli mutant protein have been well characterized in vitro. identification of a metabolic phenotype caused by the rpod1181 allele of s. enterica allows past in vitro results to be incorporated in continuing efforts to unde ...	2004	15175319
resuscitation of a defective prophage in salmonella cocultures.	widely studied salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strains atcc 14028s and sl1344 harbor a cryptic st64b prophage unable to produce infectious virions. we found that coculturing either strain with an isogenic sibling lacking the prophage leads to the appearance of active forms of the virus. active phage originates from reversion of a +1 frameshift mutation at a monotonous g:c run in a presumptive tail assembly pseudogene.	2004	15175320
a protocol for quantifying the birth, death and emigration rates of produce-associated bacteria, illustrated by its application to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium on cultivated mushrooms.	colony counts, counts of immunostained cells, fluorescent assays for cell viability and titration of a superinfecting bacteriophage were incorporated into a protocol for studying the growth kinetics of produce-associated bacteria in vivo. a set of equations was assembled for measuring the true rates of birth, death and emigration of the bacteria within the frame of a "transit growth" model, thus allowing the independent measurement of the carrying capacity of the substrate and of the overall pro ...	2004	15177905
evaluation of methods for the identification of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium dt104 from poultry environmental samples.	an increase in the prevalence of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium dt104 has been reported worldwide. this study examined the prevalence of this microorganism in poultry environmental samples from commercial layer flocks and pullet environments as well as the sensitivity and specificity of a pcr-based method, and multiple antibiotic resistance profile of salmonella serogroup b isolates in relation to the serotype and phagetype reference method for the identification of salmonella typhimur ...	2004	15177906
rapid detection of quinolone-resistant salmonella by real time snp genotyping.	a total of 63 isolates were screened for the gyra mutation (87asp-tyr) in salmonella enterica serovars using real time pcr. all of the isolates were successfully identified as resistant or susceptible, consistent with the mic result of the agar dilution method and gyra sequencing.	2004	15177911
is200: an old and still bacterial transposon.	is200 is a mobile element found in a variety of eubacterial genera, such as salmonella, escherichia, shigella, vibrio, enterococcus, clostridium, helicobacter, and actinobacillus. in addition, is200-like elements are found in archaea. is200 elements are very small (707-711 bp) and contain a single gene. cladograms constructed with is200 dna sequences suggest that is200 has not spread among eubacteria by horizontal transfer; thus it may be an ancestral component of the bacterial genome. self-rest ...	2004	15179601
salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis infection in a medical center in northern taiwan.	this retrospective study was conducted in order to determine the clinical and microbiologic features of infection with salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis. between march 1999 and december 2002, 55 patients with 66 isolates were enrolled for analysis. the ratio of males to females was 2.2:1. most patients were older than 60 years (56%) and had underlying diseases (78%), such as diabetes mellitus, malignancy, and peptic ulcer. fever (85%) was the most common clinical manifestation, followed ...	2004	15181491
caenorhabditis elegans-based screen identifies salmonella virulence factors required for conserved host-pathogen interactions.	a caenorhabditis elegans-salmonella enterica host-pathogen model was used to identify both novel and previously known s. enterica virulence factors (hila, hild, invh, sptp, rhum, spi4-f, pipa, vsda, repc, sb25, rfal, gmha, leuo, csta, and recc), including several related to the type iii secretion system (ttss) encoded in salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1). mutants corresponding to presumptive novel virulence-related genes exhibited diminished ability to invade epithelial cells and/or to i ...	2004	15182677
effects of physical properties of feed on microbial ecology and survival of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the pig gastrointestinal tract.	a two-by-two factorial experiment with pigs was conducted to study the effect of feed grinding (fine and coarse) and feed processing (pelleted and nonpelleted) on physicochemical properties, microbial populations, and survival of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium dt12 in the gastrointestinal tracts of pigs. results demonstrated a strong effect of diet on parameters measured in the stomachs of the pigs, whereas the effect was less in the other parts of the gastrointestinal tract. pigs fed t ...	2004	15184147
medium-chain fatty acids decrease colonization and invasion through hila suppression shortly after infection of chickens with salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis.	the most common source of salmonella infections in humans is food of poultry origin. salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis has a particular affinity for the contamination of the egg supply. in this study, the medium-chain fatty acids (mcfa), caproic, caprylic, and capric acid, were evaluated for the control of salmonella serovar enteritidis in chickens. all mcfa were growth inhibiting at low concentrations in vitro, with caproic acid being the most potent. contact of salmonella serovar enterit ...	2004	15184160
establishment of a real-time pcr-based approach for accurate quantification of bacterial rna targets in water, using salmonella as a model organism.	quantitative pcr (q-pcr) is a fast and efficient tool to quantify target genes. in eukaryotic cells, quantitative reverse transcription-pcr (q-rt-pcr) is also used to quantify gene expression, with stably expressed housekeeping genes as standards. in bacteria, such stable expression of housekeeping genes does not occur, and the use of dna standards leads to a broad underestimation. therefore, an accurate quantification of rna is feasible only by using appropriate rna standards. we established an ...	2004	15184165
uptake and replication of salmonella enterica in acanthamoeba rhysodes.	the ability of salmonellae to become internalized and to survive and replicate in amoebae was evaluated by using three separate serovars of salmonella enterica and five different isolates of axenic acanthamoeba spp. in gentamicin protection assays, salmonella enterica serovar dublin was internalized more efficiently than salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis or salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in all of the amoeba isolates tested. the bacteria appeared to be most efficiently internalize ...	2004	15184177
shv-12-like extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing strains of salmonella enterica serotypes babelsberg and enteritidis isolated in france among infants adopted from mali.	from december 2002 to june 2003, 14 cultures of salmonella enterica serotype babelsberg and 6 cultures of serotype enteritidis, isolated in france from internationally adopted children, were identified at the french national reference center for salmonella. all serotype babelsberg isolates were related, as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and all serotype enteritidis strains displayed the same phage type. all serotype enteritidis and seven serotype babelsberg isolates produced an ...	2004	15184415
multiplex pcr for distinguishing the most common phase-1 flagellar antigens of salmonella spp.	most salmonella serotypes alternatively express either phase-1 or phase-2 flagellar antigens, encoded by the flic and fljb genes, respectively. flagellar phase reversal for the identification of both flagellar antigens is not necessary at the genetic level. variable internal regions of the flic genes encoding the h:i, h:r, h:l,v, h:e,h, h:z(10), h:b, and h:d antigens have been sequenced; and the specific sites for each antigen in selected salmonella serotypes have been determined. these results, ...	2004	15184437
improvement in the detection rate of diarrhoeagenic bacteria in human stool specimens by a rapid real-time pcr assay.	a rapid laboratory system has been developed and evaluated that can simultaneously identify major diarrhoeagenic bacteria, including salmonella enterica, vibrio parahaemolyticus, campylobacter jejuni and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli, in stool specimens by real-time pcr. specific identification was achieved by using selective taqman probes, detecting two targets in each pathogen. a positive result was scored only when both targets of a pathogen were amplified and the difference between ...	2004	15184531
phenoxazine compounds produced by the reactions with bovine hemoglobin show antimicrobial activity against non-tuberculosis mycobacteria.	we studied the anti-microbial effects of phenoxazines produced by the reaction of o-aminophenol or its derivatives with bovine hemoglobin, on seven species of mycobacteria such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, mycobacterium marinum, mycobacterium intracellulare, mycobacterium scrofulaceum, mycobacterium fortuitum, mycobacterium kansasii and mycobacterium smegmatis and some bacteria such as escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus, lis ...	2004	15185971
the effect of temperature on food poisoning: a time-series analysis of salmonellosis in ten european countries.	we investigated the relationship between environmental temperature and reported salmonella infections in 10 european populations. poisson regression adapted for time-series data was used to estimate the percentage change in the number of cases associated with a 1 degree c increase in average temperature above an identified threshold value. we found, on average, a linear association between temperature and the number of reported cases of salmonellosis above a threshold of 6 degrees c. the relatio ...	2004	15188714
outbreak of salmonella serotype enteritidis infections associated with raw almonds--united states and canada, 2003-2004.	on may 12, 2004, the oregon state public health laboratory identified a cluster of five patients infected with salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (se) isolates that were matched by using two-enzyme pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). the five patients were from four oregon counties; their onsets of illness occurred during february-april 2004. a subsequent investigation, still ongoing, has identified a total of 29 patients in 12 states and canada with matching se isolates, since at lea ...	2004	15190247
a salmonella enterica serovar typhi vaccine expressing yersinia pestis f1 antigen on its surface provides protection against plague in mice.	a recombinant strain of attenuated salmonella enterica serovar typhi surface-expressing yersinia pestis f1 antigen was generated by transforming strain brd1116 (aroa aroc htra) with plasmid pah34l encoding the y. pestis caf operon. brd1116/pah34l was stable in vitro and in vivo. an immunisation regimen of two intranasal doses of 1 x 10(8) cfu of brd1116/pah34l given intranasally to mice 7 days apart induced the strongest immune response compared to other regimens and protected 13 out of 20 mice ...	2004	15193377
lipid raft microdomains mediate class a scavenger receptor-dependent infection of brucella abortus.	brucella abortus is a facultative intracellular bacterium that can survive inside macrophages. intracellular replication of b. abortus requires the virb complex, which is highly similar to the conjugative dna transfer system. in this study, we showed that a class a scavenger receptor (sr-a) of macrophages is required to internalize b. abortus and contributes to the establishment of bacterial infection in mice. macrophages from sr-a-deficient mice inhibited internalization and intracellular repli ...	2004	15194155
multidrug-resistant strains of salmonella enterica typhimurium, united states, 1997-1998.	to evaluate multidrug-resistant strains of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, including definitive type 104 (dt104) in the united states, we reviewed data from the national antimicrobial resistance monitoring system (narms). in 1997 to 1998, 703 (25%) of 2,767 serotyped salmonella isolates received at narms were s. typhimurium; antimicrobial susceptibility testing and phage typing were completed for 697. fifty-eight percent (402) were resistant to > or = 1 antimicrobial agent. three multi ...	2004	15200811
multidrug-resistant salmonella typhimurium infection from milk contaminated after pasteurization.	an outbreak of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium infections occurred in pennsylvania and new jersey. a case-control study implicated pasteurized milk from a dairy, and an inspection indicated the potential for contamination after pasteurization. dairy cattle are the likely reservoir, and milk may be an important vehicle of salmonella transmission to humans.	2004	15200835
[change in resistance to quinolones and betalactams in different serogroups of salmonella during the last decade in a madrid hospital].	the prevalence of antibiotic resistance was studied in 3230 strains of salmonella enterica isolated in the hospital universitario la paz in madrid, spain, from 1991 to 2001. betalactam antibiotic resistance has been notorious in serogroup b4; the highest prevalence of ampicillin resistance (84%) was reached in 2000 and that of amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (45%) in 1996. resistance to cephalosporins has been controlled, although in 2000 cefazolin resistance reached 37% in serogroup c2-8. an increa ...	2004	15201922
the pmra-regulated pmrc gene mediates phosphoethanolamine modification of lipid a and polymyxin resistance in salmonella enterica.	the pmra/pmrb regulatory system of salmonella enterica controls the modification of lipid a with aminoarabinose and phosphoethanolamine. the aminoarabinose modification is required for resistance to the antibiotic polymyxin b, as mutations of the pmra-activated pbg operon or ugd gene result in strains that lack aminoarabinose in their lipid a molecules and are more susceptible to polymyxin b. additional pmra-regulated genes appear to participate in polymyxin b resistance, as pbgp and ugd mutants ...	2004	15205413
salmonella modulates vesicular traffic by altering phosphoinositide metabolism.	salmonella enterica, the cause of food poisoning and typhoid fever, induces actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and membrane ruffling to gain access into nonphagocytic cells, where it can replicate and avoid innate immune defenses. here, we found that sopb, a phosphoinositide phosphatase that is delivered into host cells by a type iii secretion system, was essential for the establishment of salmonella's intracellular replicative niche. sopb mediated the formation of spacious phagosomes following b ...	2004	15205533
a clinical, microbiological, and pathological study of intestinal perforation associated with typhoid fever.	one of the most serious complications of typhoid fever is intestinal perforation. of 27 patients admitted to a provincial hospital in the mekong delta region of vietnam who had gastrointestinal perforation secondary to suspected typhoid fever, 67% were male, with a median age of 23 years and a median duration of illness of 10 days. salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serotype typhi (s. typhi) was isolated from 11 (41%) of 27 patients; of 27 patients, only 4 (15%) had positive cultures from g ...	2004	15206054
salmonella-based rodenticides and public health.	several countries still permit strains of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis, a leading cause of gastrointestinal illness in humans, to be used in rat baits. to assess the human health risk associated with such rat bait, we first reviewed historic data on health hazards associated with ratin, a rodenticide that was used in europe until the early 1960s. ratin caused outbreaks of human illness, including several deaths. we then compared s. enteritidis isolated from a current commercial produ ...	2004	15207046
[epididymitis due to salmonella enterica serovar. typhimurium].		2004	15207131
interleukin-8 production by thp-1 cells stimulated by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium porins is mediated by ap-1, nf-kappab and mapk pathways.	interleukin-8 (il-8) is released in response to inflammatory stimuli, such as bacterial products. either porins or lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulated thp-1 cells to release il-8 after 24 h. we have previously reported that stimulation of monocytic cells with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium porins led to the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades and of protein tyrosine kinases (ptks). in this report, we demonstrate, using two potent and selective inhibitors of mek activ ...	2004	15207247
age at primary infection with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in the chicken influences persistence of infection and subsequent immunity to re-challenge.	salmonella enterica remains one of the most important food-borne pathogens of humans and is often acquired through consumption of infected poultry meat or eggs. control of salmonella infections in chicken is therefore an important public health issue. infection with s. enterica serovar typhimurium results in a persistent enteric infection without clinical disease in chickens of more than 3 days of age, and represents a source for contamination of carcass at slaughter and entry into the human foo ...	2004	15207453
the etiology of febrile illness in adults presenting to patan hospital in kathmandu, nepal.	in nepal, many infections remain poorly characterized, partly due to limited diagnostic facilities. we studied consecutive febrile adults presenting to a general hospital in kathmandu, nepal. of the 876 patients enrolled, enteric fever and pneumonia were the most common clinical diagnoses. putative pathogens were identified in 323 (37%) patients, the most common being salmonella enterica serotype typhi and s. enterica serotype paratyphi a (117), rickettsia typhi (97), streptococcus pneumoniae (5 ...	2004	15211012
antimicrobial susceptibility of 128 salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi a isolates from northern india.	most systemic salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi a infections diagnosed in the united states (up to 70%) are acquired during travel to regions of high endemicity. increasing resistance to agents commonly used for the treatment of such infections (including multidrug resistant isolates) is being reported from several areas of the world (southeast asia, africa, latin america). since regional differences in susceptibility patterns may exist, we sought to determine the frequency of anti ...	2004	15211083
determination of the rat tissue partitioning of endotoxin in vitro for physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (pbpk) modeling.	the biosynthetically double-labeled lipopolysaccharide (lps), containing (3)h-labeled on the fatty acyl-chains and (14)c-labeled on the glucosamine of salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, was isolated from bacteria grown in proteose peptone-beef extract (ppbe) medium in the presence of labeled precursors; 133 micro ci/ml of [2-(3)h] acetate sodium salt and 0.167 micro ci/ml of n-acetyl[d-1-(14)c]glucosamine. the lps was extracted from the bacteria with 90% phenol/chloroform/petroleum ether, ...	2004	15211610
the steady-state orga specific mrna levels in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium are repressed by oxygen during logarithmic growth phase but not early-stationary phase.	the orga gene from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is involved in promoting cellular invasion of the pathogen. its exact role in virulence is still unclear mainly due to difficulties in understanding its complex regulation. in this study a novel competitive rt-pcr (crt-pcr) system was developed to measure the steady-state orga specific mrna levels in cells under various growth parameters. previous studies have been inconsistent regarding oxygen regulation of orga. using our system we fou ...	2004	15212792
inhibition of salmonella enterica serovars by microcin j25.	escherichia coli microcin j25 (mccj25) is a 2107-da peptide antibiotic whose uptake into e. coli is mediated by the outer-membrane receptor fhua and the inner membrane proteins tonb, exbb, exbd, and sbma. a survey of the sensitivity of several salmonella enterica serovars showed that the antibiotic was highly active against some serovars, while s. typhimurium, s. derby, and some s. enteritidis strains were completely resistant. resistant strains became hypersensitive to mccj25 when given the fhu ...	2004	15212798
oral tolerance in t cells is accompanied by induction of effector function in lymphoid organs after systemic immunization.	the physiological ramifications of oral tolerance remain poorly understood. we report here that mice fed ovalbumin (ova) exhibit oral tolerance to subsequent systemic immunization with ova in adjuvant, and yet they clear systemic infection with a recombinant ova-expressing strain of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium better than unfed mice do. mice fed a sonicated extract of s. enterica serovar typhimurium are also protected against systemic bacterial challenge, and the protection is th1 me ...	2004	15213121
the two murein lipoproteins of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium contribute to the virulence of the organism.	septic shock due to salmonella and other gram-negative enteric pathogens is a leading cause of death worldwide. the role of lipopolysaccharide in sepsis is well studied; however, the contribution of other bacterial outer membrane components, such as braun (murein) lipoprotein (lpp), is not well defined. the genome of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium harbors two copies of the lipoprotein (lpp) gene. we constructed a serovar typhimurium strain with deletions in both copies of the lpp gene ( ...	2004	15213144
flagella and chemotaxis are required for efficient induction of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium colitis in streptomycin-pretreated mice.	salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar typhimurium is a common cause of gastrointestinal infections. the host's innate immune system and a complex set of salmonella virulence factors are thought to contribute to enteric disease. the serovar typhimurium virulence factors have been studied extensively by using tissue culture assays, and bovine infection models have been used to verify the role of these factors in enterocolitis. streptomycin-pretreated mice provide an alternative animal model to ...	2004	15213159
oral immunization with an rfah mutant elicits protection against salmonellosis in mice.	loss of the transcriptional antiterminator rfah results in virulence attenuation (>10(4)-fold increase in 50% lethal dose) of the archetypal salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain sl1344 by both orogastric and intraperitoneal routes of infection in balb/c mice. oral immunization with the mutant efficiently protects mice against a subsequent oral infection with the wild-type strain. interestingly, in vitro immunoreactivity is not confined to strain sl1344; rather, it is directed also towa ...	2004	15213179
cloth-based hybridization array system for the detection of multiple antibiotic resistance genes in salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium dt104.	a simple dna macroarray system was developed for detection of antibiotic resistance and other marker genes associated with the multidrug-resistant food pathogen salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serotype typhimurium dt104.	2004	15214723
comparative acid stress response of listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella typhimurium after habituation at different ph conditions.	the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of habituation at different ph conditions on the acid resistance of listeria monocytogenes, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, and to identify potential differences between the adaptive responses of the three pathogens.	2004	15214733
rhabdomyolysis induced by salmonella enterica serovar typhi bacteraemia.	rhabdomyolysis has been reported infrequently with salmonella infection. since 1964, there have been at least 22 reports associated with gastroenteritis or bacteraemia. twenty cases have been associated with non-typhoidal strains of salmonella, with single reports of salmonella enterica serovars paratyphi and typhi. a second case of typhoid fever associated with rhabdomyolysis was recently diagnosed in ann arbor, usa in a traveller returning from an endemic area. prompt diagnosis and treatment r ...	2004	15214871
single-nucleotide polymorphism mutation spectra and resistance to quinolones in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis with a mutator phenotype.	resistance to quinolone antibiotics has been associated with single-nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in the quinolone resistance-determining region (qrdr) of gyra. mutations in the gyra gene were compared by using mutant populations derived from wild-type salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and its isogenic muts::tn10 mutator counterpart. spontaneous mutants arising during nonselective growth were isolated by selection with either nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin, or ciprofloxacin. qrdr snps were ...	2004	15215081
antibiotic resistance conferred by a class i integron and sxt constin in vibrio cholerae o1 strains isolated in laos.	changes in the drug susceptibility pattern were observed in vibrio cholerae o1 isolated in the lao people's democratic republic during 1993 to 2000. in this study, 50 v. cholerae o1 strains were selected during this period for studying the presence of class i integron and sxt constin. twenty-four streptomycin-resistant strains out of 26 isolated before 1997 contained a class i integron harboring the aada1 gene cassette. twenty-four strains isolated after 1997 contained an sxt constin (a large co ...	2004	15215082
salmonella genomic island 1 multidrug resistance gene clusters in salmonella enterica serovar agona isolated in belgium in 1992 to 2002.	salmonella genomic island 1 (sgi1) harbors a multidrug resistance (mdr) gene cluster which is a complex class 1 integron. variant sgi1 mdr gene clusters conferring different mdr profiles have also been identified in several salmonella enterica serovars and classified as sgi1-a to -f. a retrospective study was undertaken to characterize mdr regions from serovar agona strains harboring sgi1 isolated from poultry in belgium between 1992 and 2002. a total of 171 serovar agona strains, displaying res ...	2004	15215102
incidence of the recently described sulfonamide resistance gene sul3 among german salmonella enterica strains isolated from livestock and food.	the sul3 gene recently described in escherichia coli was found in 22 of 512 (4.3%) german salmonella isolates from different regions and sources and of different serotypes, antimicrobial resistance phenotypes, and genomic groups. this is the first report on the prevalence of sul3 among salmonella strains, and the findings support the strong potential of this determinant to spread within bacterial populations.	2004	15215132
investigation of the structural requirements in the lipopolysaccharide core acceptor for ligation of o antigens in the genus salmonella: waal "ligase" is not the sole determinant of acceptor specificity.	the ligation of o antigen polysaccharide to lipid a-core oligosaccharide is a late step in the formation of the complex glycolipid known as lipopolysaccharide. although the process has been localized to the periplasmic face of the inner membrane, details of the ligation mechanism have not been resolved. to date, there is only one gene product (waal, often referred to as "ligase") known to be required. there exists a requirement for a specific lipid a-core oligosaccharide acceptor structure for l ...	2004	15215252
homology between two different salmonella phages: salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium phage p22 and salmonella enterica serovar anatum var. 15 + phageepsilon34.	a distinguishing feature of many microorganisms, belonging to the gram negative group of bacteria, is the presence of the lipopolysaccharide on their cell surface. salmonella is a prominent member of this group of bacteria. many salmonella phages use the lps as the initial receptor in the infection process and they can distinguish subtle changes in the lps molecules. the phage protein that is responsible for recognition of these cells is the tail or tailspike protein (tsp). those tsps, which use ...	2004	15215687
effects of acetyl salicylate and ibuprofen on fluoroquinolone mics on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium in vitro.	in this study, the effects of acetylsalicylate and ibuprofen at 2, 4 and 8 mm concentration were investigated on ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and pefloxacin minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) for 14 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium clinical isolates, one standard strain (szh kuen 557), sh7616 (acr mutant), sh5014 (parent strain of acr mutant) and pp120 (soxrs mutant) strains. all isolates were susceptible to the 4 fluoroquinolones. in the presence of 2, 4 and 8 mm acetylsa ...	2004	15216945
frozen chicken nuggets and strips--a newly identified risk factor for salmonella heidelberg infection in british columbia, canada.	salmonella enterica var. heidelberg was isolated from an unusual food source during routine case follow-up, prompting a case control investigation of frozen chicken nuggets and strips. most frozen nuggets and strips are raw; however, par-frying lends a cooked appearance. as such, suitable food preparation precautions might not be undertaken by consumers. cases were confirmed in the laboratory between 1 january and 1 april 2003. controls were generated through forward-digit dialing and individual ...	2004	15222535
serological characterization and prevalence of spvr genes in salmonella isolated from foods involved in outbreaks in brazil.	salmonella strains (n = 75) isolated from foods involved in foodborne outbreaks occurred in rio grande do sul state, brazil, during 1999 and 2000 were studied. strains were serotyped and submitted to pcr analysis to verify the prevalence of salmonella plasmid virulence (spvr) regulatory gene. among the 75 isolates, 73 (97%) were classified as salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis. all of the salmonella strains isolated in 1999 were classified as serotype enteritidis, whereas in 2000 two isolat ...	2004	15222555
heat treatments to enhance the safety of mung bean seeds.	salmonella enterica serovars and escherichia coli o157:h7 have been associated with contaminated seed sprout outbreaks. the majority of these outbreaks have been traced to sprout seeds contaminated with low levels of pathogens. e. coli o157:h7 strains can grow an average of 2.3 log cfu/g over 2 days during seed germination, and salmonella can achieve an average growth of 3.7 log cfu/g. therefore, it is important to find an effective method to reduce possible pathogenic bacterial populations on t ...	2004	15222561
effect of type 1 fimbriae of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis on bacteraemia and reproductive tract infection in laying hens.	research on the role of type 1 fimbriae of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis in poultry to date has been focused on the intestinal phase of the infection. this study aimed to investigate the role of type 1 fimbriae in a systemic infection by intravenously inoculating chickens with a fimd mutant or its parent strain. the fimd mutant was present in the blood for 3 weeks after infection, while the wild type parent strain was cleared within the first 3 days. the fimd mutant was isolated at le ...	2004	15223560
phop-regulated salmonella resistance to the antimicrobial peptides magainin 2 and polymyxin b.	in salmonella enterica, the phop-phoq two-component system governs resistance to structurally different antimicrobial peptides including the alpha-helical magainin 2, the beta-sheet defensins and the cyclic lipopeptide polymyxin b. to identify the phop-regulated determinants mediating peptide resistance, we prepared a plasmid library from a phop mutant, introduced it into a phop mutant and selected for magainin-resistant clones. one of the clones harboured the phop-activated ugtl gene, deletion ...	2004	15225317
case report: bacteremia due to salmonella enterica serotype montevideo producing plasmid-mediated ampc beta-lactamase (dha-1).	a salmonella enterica serotype montevideo is described that harbors dha-1, a plasmid-mediated ampc beta-lactamase. the organism was isolated from blood and stool specimens of a 3-yr-old girl. the isolate was multi-drug resistant, including cefoxitin, gentamicin, piperacillin, cefuroxime, ceftazidime, and cefotaxime, and an antagonism was observed between cefoxitin and oxyiminocephalosporins. the resistance to ceftazidime and cefotaxime was transferred by conjugation to the recipient e. coli j53. ...	2004	15228237
characterization of a salmonella enterica serovar agona strain harbouring a class 1 integron containing novel oxa-type beta-lactamase (blaoxa-53) and 6'-n-aminoglycoside acetyltransferase genes [aac(6')-i30].	to characterize by molecular methods a multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar agona (s. enterica agona) isolated from a hospitalized patient in rio de janeiro, brazil.	2004	15231768
transposition of the heat-stable toxin asta gene into a gifsy-2-related prophage of salmonella enterica serovar abortusovis.	the horizontal transfer and acquisition of virulence genes via mobile genetic elements have been a major driving force in the evolution of salmonella pathogenicity. serovars of salmonella enterica carry variable assortments of phage-encoded virulence genes, suggesting that temperate phages play a pivotal role in this process. epidemic isolates of s. enterica serovar typhimurium are consistently lysogenic for two lambdoid phages, gifsy-1 and gifsy-2, carrying known virulence genes. other serovars ...	2004	15231789
mu-like prophage strong gyrase site sequences: analysis of properties required for promoting efficient mu dna replication.	the bacteriophage mu genome contains a centrally located strong gyrase site (sgs) that is required for efficient prophage replication. to aid in studying the unusual properties of the sgs, we sought other gyrase sites that might be able to substitute for the sgs in mu replication. five candidate sites were obtained by pcr from mu-like prophage sequences present in escherichia coli o157:h7 sakai, haemophilus influenzae rd, salmonella enterica serovar typhi ct18, and two strains of neisseria menin ...	2004	15231790
the cora mg2+ transporter is a homotetramer.	cora is a primary mg2+ transporter for bacteria and archaea. the c-terminal domain of approximately 80 amino acids forms three transmembrane (tm) segments, which suggests that cora is a homo-oligomer. a cys residue was added to the cytoplasmic c terminus (c317) of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium cora with or without mutation of the single periplasmic cys191 to ser; each mutant retained function. oxidation of the cys191ser cys317 cora gave a dimer. oxidation of cys317 cora showed a dimer ...	2004	15231793
delineation of upstream signaling events in the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 transcriptional activation pathway.	survival and replication in the intracellular environment are critical components of the ability of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium to establish systemic infection in the murine host. intracellular survival is mediated by a number of genetic loci, including salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (spi2). spi2 is a 40-kb locus encoding a type iii secretion system that secretes effector molecules, which permits bacterial survival and replication in the intracellular environment of host cells. a ...	2004	15231802
haemolysins of salmonella, their role in pathogenesis and subtyping of salmonella serovars.	haemolysin patterns of 175 strains of different salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovars isolated from different animal sources and places were determined using 11 different blood agar media made with either non-washed horse/sheep erythrocytes or with washed erythrocytes of cattle, sheep, horse, goat, rabbit, guinea pig, and human a, o and b blood groups. study on 47 strains belonging to 10 serovars of salmonella from buffalo meat (buffen), 42 strains of 11 serovars from goat meat (chevo ...	2004	15233302
expression of csph upon nutrient up-shift in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	the gene csph, which encodes one of the cold-shock proteins in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, has previously been reported to be induced during early exponential phase at 37 degrees c. in the present study, the expression of csph upon nutrient up-shift at 37 degrees c was investigated and found to be affected by dna gyrase and dna-binding protein fis. when cells at stationary phase were subcultured into a rich medium, the mrna level of csph increased dramatically prior to the first cel ...	2004	15235764
identification of the protein acetyltransferase (pat) enzyme that acetylates acetyl-coa synthetase in salmonella enterica.	post-translational modification of proteins is an efficient way cells use to control the activity of structural proteins, gene expression regulatory proteins, and enzymes. in eukaryotes, the sir2-dependent system of protein acetylation/deacetylation controls a number of processes that affect cell longevity. sir2 proteins have nad(+)-dependent protein deacetylase activity and are found in all forms of life. although the identity of the acetyltransferases that partner with sir2 enzymes is known in ...	2004	15236963
characterization of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium from marine environments in coastal waters of galicia (spain).	twenty-three salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates from marine environments were characterized by phage typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) analysis, plasmid analysis, and antibiotic resistance, and the distribution of the different types in the coastal waters were subsequently analyzed. five phage types were identified among the isolates (pt41, pt135, pt99, dt104, and dt193). pt135 isolates were exclusively detected during the winter months from 1998 to 2000, whereas dt10 ...	2004	15240279
comparison of primers for the detection of salmonella enterica serovars using real-time pcr.	to evaluate the specificity and sensitivity of pcr primers for the detection of salmonella enterica in a real-time pcr assay using pure cultures.	2004	15242460
mutant prevention concentrations of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin for salmonella enterica.	to determine the mutant prevention concentrations (mpcs) of ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin against four strains of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis and four strains of s. typhimurium including one fully susceptible, one multiply resistant (mar), one gyra mutant and one gyra/mar mutant. further, to examine mutants arising after exposure to sub-mpc concentrations of the antibiotics for susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, and cyclohexane tolerance.	2004	15243029
endemic, epidemic clone of salmonella enterica serovar typhi harboring a single multidrug-resistant plasmid in vietnam between 1995 and 2002.	salmonella enterica serovar typhi strains resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, streptomycin, and cotrimoxazole, isolated from sporadic cases and minor outbreaks in vietnam between 1995 and 2002, were typed and compared. plasmid fingerprinting, vi bacteriophage typing, xbai pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, and psti ribotyping showed that endemic, epidemic multidrug-resistant typhoid fever was due, for at least 74.1% of the isolates, to one or two clones of serovar typhi harbo ...	2004	15243066
extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (tem-52)-producing strains of salmonella enterica of various serotypes isolated in france.	from 2002 to 2003, four isolates of salmonella enterica serotypes typhimurium, enteritidis, blockley, and panama, isolated in france from patients with gastroenteritis, were found to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamase tem-52. the study showed the bla(tem-52) gene to be located in a tn3-like structure and carried by 100- or 32-kb conjugative plasmids.	2004	15243117
improved methods for producing outer membrane vesicles in gram-negative bacteria.	outer membrane vesicle formation occurs during gram-negative bacterial growth. however, natural production of large amounts of outer membrane vesicles has only been described in a few bacterial genera. the purified vesicles of some bacterial pathogens have shown potential applications in vaccinology and in antibiotic therapy. this study focused on the development of a gene expression system able to induce production of large amounts of outer membrane vesicles. the tol-pal system of escherichia c ...	2004	15249060
salmonella diversity associated with wild reptiles and amphibians in spain.	during the spring and summer of 2001, faeces from 166 wild reptiles (94 individuals) and amphibians (72 individuals) from 21 different species found in central spain were examined for the presence of salmonella. thirty-nine reptiles (41.5%) yielded 48 salmonella isolates, whereas all the amphibians examined were negative. subspecies salmonella enterica enterica (i) accounted for up to 50% of isolates. fourteen isolates (29.2%) belonged to subspecies diarizonae (iiib), six isolates (12.5%) to sub ...	2004	15250889
characterization of the salmonella typhimurium proteome by semi-automated two dimensional hplc-mass spectrometry: detection of proteins implicated in multiple antibiotic resistance.	the proteome of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium was characterized by 2-dimensional hplc mass spectrometry to provide a platform for subsequent proteomic investigations of low level multiple antibiotic resistance (mar). bacteria (2.15 +/- 0.23 x 10(10) cfu; mean +/- s.d.) were harvested from liquid culture and proteins differentially fractionated, on the basis of solubility, into preparations representative of the cytosol, cell envelope and outer membrane proteins (omps). these preparatio ...	2004	15253442
characterization and localization of drug resistance determinants in multidrug-resistant, integron-carrying salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium strains.	the genetic background of the antimicrobial resistance of 10 selected multiresistant salmonella serotype typhimurium (s. typhimurium) strains (including the emerging monophasic variant [4,5,12:i:- ]) was investigated. all strains shared class 1 integrons (with seven types of variable regions) and belonged to different lineages (l1-l6) according to their phage types, dna polymorphisms by xbai-pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), integrons, and/or resistance patterns. the strains were screened ...	2004	15256022
reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin and gyra gene mutation in north indian strains of salmonella enterica serotype typhi and serotype paratyphi a.	the emergence of reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin among salmonella enterica serotype typhi and serotype paratyphi a leading to clinical failure of treatment poses a great therapeutic challenge. the mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance in clinical isolates of s. typhi and s. paratyphi a is not very well documented. the present study was carried out with the objective of molecular characterization of reduced quinolone susceptibility amongst the strains of s. typhi and s. paratyphi a isol ...	2004	15256030
a global role for fis in the transcriptional control of metabolism and type iii secretion in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.	fis is a key dna-binding protein involved in nucleoid organization and modulation of many dna transactions, including transcription in enteric bacteria. the regulon of genes whose expression is influenced by fis in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) has been defined by dna microarray analysis. these data suggest that fis plays a central role in coordinating the expression of both metabolic and type iii secretion factors. the genes that were most strongly up-regulated by fis ...	2004	15256548
structure-function relationships of ump kinases from pyrh mutants of gram-negative bacteria.	bacterial uridine monophosphate (ump) kinases are essential enzymes encoded by pyrh genes, and conditional-lethal or other pyrh mutants were analysed with respect to structure-function relationships. a set of thermosensitive pyrh mutants from escherichia coli was generated and studied, along with already described pyrh mutants from salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. it is shown that arg-11 and gly-232 are key residues for thermodynamic stability of the enzyme, and that asp-201 is important ...	2004	15256558
the genes and enzymes for the catabolism of galactitol, d-tagatose, and related carbohydrates in klebsiella oxytoca m5a1 and other enteric bacteria display convergent evolution.	enteric bacteria (enteriobacteriaceae) carry on their single chromosome about 4000 genes that all strains have in common (referred to here as "obligatory genes"), and up to 1300 "facultative" genes that vary from strain to strain and from species to species. in closely related species, obligatory and facultative genes are orthologous genes that are found at similar loci. we have analyzed a set of facultative genes involved in the degradation of the carbohydrates galactitol, d-tagatose, d-galacto ...	2004	15257457
the structure of salmochelins: c-glucosylated enterobactins of salmonella enterica.	salmochelins represent novel carbohydrate containing catecholate siderophores, which are excreted by salmonella enterica and uropathogenic escherichia coli strains under low-iron stress. while previous analytical data showed salmochelins to contain 2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl-l-serine and glucose, the molecular structure remained elusive. structure elucidation with electrospray ionization-fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance-mass spectrometry (esi-fticr-ms), gc-ms and 2d-nmr now revealed that salm ...	2004	15259369
enhanced surveillance for salmonella newport.		2004	15262878
fibronectin binding to the salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium shda autotransporter protein is inhibited by a monoclonal antibody recognizing the a3 repeat.	shda is a large outer membrane protein of the autotransporter family whose passenger domain binds the extracellular matrix proteins fibronectin and collagen i, possibly by mimicking the host ligand heparin. the shda passenger domain consists of approximately 1,500 amino acid residues that can be divided into two regions based on features of the primary amino acid sequence: an n-terminal nonrepeat region followed by a repeat region composed of two types of imperfect direct amino acid repeats, cal ...	2004	15262930