Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in patients with hiv: a 4-year survey. | 2002 | 12473844 | |
| [cultivation of fungi from fecal specimens in cases of antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad)]. | the aim of performed examinations was to isolate, identify and determine a drug susceptibility of fungi cultured from faecal specimens submitted for detection of clostridium difficile in cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad). one hundred samples of diarrhoeic faeces were examined using routine bacteriological methods (isolation and identification of c. difficile), serological test (detection of c. difficile toxins a/b) and mycological methods (isolation, identification and drug suscepti ... | 2002 | 12650060 |
| pseudomembranous colitis with fatal outcome in a 43-year-old man. | pseudomembranous colitis is a life-threatening complication of broad spectrum antibiotic therapy caused by clostridium difficile. untreated, the disease can lead to severe and in many cases fatal complications such as peritonitis due to colonic wall perforation, shock as a consequence of volume depletion, toxic megacolon and massive lower gastrointestinal haemorrhage. fatal complications mostly occur in elderly people with a high degree of comorbidity. we report the case of a 43-year-old patient ... | 2002 | 12935660 |
| [role of clostridium difficile infection in the relapse of ulcerative colitis]. | a case of nosocomial diarrhea by clostridium difficile in an older woman with an old history of increasing stool frequency, is reported. colonoscopy and biopsy was performed due to an incomplete response to vancomicyn, and the diagnosis of underlying ulcerative colitis was made. the incidence of clostridium difficile infection associated with the relapse of ulcerative colitis is nearly 10%. in patients with ulcerative colitis, macroscopic pseudomembranes and the usual predisposing factors for cl ... | 2002 | 12593034 |
| faecal lactoferrin assay as an adjunct to clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | inflammation is the hallmark of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea and lactoferrin is produced by inflammatory cells. the aim of this study was to find out whether faecal lactoferrin latex agglutination (flla) assay done simultaneously with clostridium difficile toxin (cdt) assay would help in the diagnosis of c. difficile infection in paediatric patients. one hundred and fifty faecal samples were obtained from paediatric group of patients. both flla and cdt assays were done in conjuncti ... | 2002 | 12593568 |
| characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea: 28 cases (1993-1997). | to determine molecular characteristics of clostridium difficile isolates from foals with diarrhea and identify clinical abnormalities in affected foals. | 2002 | 12680451 |
| clostridium difficile infections in animals with special reference to the horse. a review. | in human medicine, clostridium (c.) difficile is since many years a well-known cause of nosocomial diarrhea induced by antibiotic treatment. in horses, c. difficile was recently suggested as a possible enteric pathogen. the bacterium is associated with acute colitis in mature horses following treatment with antibiotics. c. difficile, and/or its cytotoxin, is also associated with acute colitis in mares when their foals are being treated with erythromycin and rifampicin for rhodococcus equi pneumo ... | 2002 | 12540137 |
| epidemiology and outcome of clostridium difficile infection and diarrhea in hiv infected inpatients. | clostridium difficile causes diarrhea in hiv infected patients but reports of prevalence, risk factors, and outcome vary. we studied the impact of c. difficile in 161 hiv infected inpatients admitted to cook county hospital. patients with c. difficile had more hospital admissions in the previous 6 months (p =.04), spent more days in the hospital in the previous 3 months (p =.02), more often had previously received h2 blockers or treatment for pneumocystis carinii (p <.05), and had a more frequen ... | 2002 | 12543536 |
| clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is the most commonly identified infective cause of antibiotic associated diarrhoea. broad spectrum antibiotics, are most frequently incriminated, although short (<3 day) antibiotic courses cause fewer episodes. gold standard cell-culture based cytotoxin assays have been compared to rapid immunoassays, which are less effective, especially since toxin a negative, toxin b positive strains have been shown to be truly virulent. details of colonization and adherence mechanisms ha ... | 2002 | 12686885 |
| protein kinase c signaling regulates zo-1 translocation and increased paracellular flux of t84 colonocytes exposed to clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile toxin a increases paracellular permeability in colonic epithelial t84 cells by mechanisms involving rhoa glucosylation and actin depolymerization. however, we previously observed that toxin a-mediated decline in transepithelial electrical resistance preceded changes in cell morphology and tight junction ultrastructure (hecht, g., pothoulakis, c., lamont, j. t., and madara, j. l. (1988) j. clin. invest. 82, 1516-1524). recent studies also showed that c. difficile toxins indu ... | 2002 | 11729192 |
| impact of quinupristin/dalfopristin (rp59500) on the faecal microflora in healthy volunteers. | the effect of 5 days' administration of quinupristin/dalfopristin (rp59500) on the faecal microflora was evaluated in healthy volunteers. twenty healthy volunteers received 7.5 mg/kg of quinupristin/dalfopristin infused over 1 h twice daily for 5 days and four received a matched placebo. faecal samples were collected before, during and after treatment (days -1/-2, 6, 8, 14/15, 35 +/- 2, 60 +/- 4, 90 +/- 4). in the treated volunteers, anaerobes, including sporulating and gram-negative bacteria, d ... | 2002 | 11751777 |
| phospholipase d stimulation is required for sphingosine-1-phosphate activation of actin stress fibre assembly in human airway epithelial cells. | in human airway epithelial cells, sphingosine-1-phosphate (spp) and lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) stimulated the production of phosphatidic acid (pa), which was inhibited by the primary alcohol butan-1-ol, but not by the inactive butan-2-ol, clearly indicating phospholipase d (pld) involvement. both spp and lpa stimulated actin stress fibre formation, which was also butan-2-ol-insensitive and inhibited by butan-1-ol. spp-induced pld activation and cytoskeletal remodelling were insensitive to brefe ... | 2002 | 11747992 |
| molecular fingerprinting of clostridium difficile isolates: pulsed-field gel electrophoresis versus amplified fragment length polymorphism. | two molecular fingerprinting techniques, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (aflp), were used to investigate the epidemiological relatedness among clostridium difficile isolates from suspected outbreaks in three general hospitals. analysis by pfge yielded inconclusive data as a result of extensive dna degradation. although this degradation could be prevented to a certain extent by the inclusion of thiourea in the electrophoresis buffer, the weak dn ... | 2002 | 11773100 |
| health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to clostridium difficile. | a total of 271 patients were prospectively followed up to determine whether patients whose hospital stay is complicated by diarrhea due to clostridium difficile experience differences in cost and length of stay and survival rates when compared with patients whose stay is not complicated by c. difficile-associated diarrhea. forty patients (15%) developed nosocomial c. difficile-associated diarrhea. these patients incurred adjusted hospital costs of $3669--that is, 54% (95% confidence interval [ci ... | 2002 | 11774082 |
| osmotic stress activates rac and cdc42 in neutrophils: role in hypertonicity-induced actin polymerization. | hypertonicity inhibits a variety of neutrophil functions through poorly defined mechanisms. our earlier studies suggest that osmotically induced actin polymerization and cytoskeleton remodeling is a key component in the hypertonic block of exocytosis and cell movement. to gain insight into the signaling mechanisms underlying the hyperosmotic f-actin response, we investigated whether hypertonicity stimulates rac and cdc42 and, if so, whether their activation contributes to the hypertonic rise in ... | 2002 | 11788338 |
| images in clinical medicine. clostridium difficile colitis. | 2002 | 11821510 | |
| clinical practice. antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 2002 | 11821511 | |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with neutropenia. | 2002 | 11823965 | |
| marketing hand hygiene in hospitals--a case study. | hand hygiene of healthcare workers is frequently poor despite the efforts of infection control teams to promote hand decontamination as the most important method to prevent transmission of hospital-acquired infections. in this case study, we describe how principles of societal marketing were applied to improve hand hygiene. pre-marketing analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats to implementation; attention to product, price, promotion and placement; and post-marketing 'custom ... | 2002 | 11825051 |
| the mushroom marasmius oreades lectin is a blood group type b agglutinin that recognizes the galalpha 1,3gal and galalpha 1,3galbeta 1,4glcnac porcine xenotransplantation epitopes with high affinity. | a blood group b-specific lectin from the mushroom marasmius oreades (moa) was investigated with respect to its molecular structure and carbohydrate binding properties. sds-page mass spectrometric analysis showed it to consist of an intact (h; 33 kda) and truncated (l; 23 kda) subunit in addition to a small polypeptide (p; 10 kda). isolation in the presence of edta produced only the h subunits, indicating that the latter two are formed by metalloprotease cleavage of the intact h subunit. tryptic ... | 2002 | 11836253 |
| epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection in a large population of hospitalized us military veterans. | the patient treatment file (ptf) of the department of veterans affairs (va) comprises the computerized records of all inpatients treated at all va hospitals throughout the united states. the database was utilized to study the clinical epidemiology and impact of c. difficile colitis on health care among hospitalized us military veterans. the computerized medical records of 15,091 cases with c. difficile colitis and 61,931 controls without the diagnosis were extracted from the annual files between ... | 2002 | 11837725 |
| severe antibiotic-associated colitis in a patient with cystic fibrosis and colonic wall thickening. | 2002 | 11840045 | |
| interaction of the rho-adp-ribosylating c3 exoenzyme with rala. | rhoa, -b, and -c are adp-ribosylated and biologically inactivated by clostridium botulinum c3 exoenzyme and related c3-like transferases. we report that rala gtpase, which is not adp-ribosylated by c3, inhibits adp-ribosylation of rhoa by c3 from c. botulinum (c3bot), clostridium limosum (c3lim), and bacillus cereus (c3cer) but not from staphylococcus aureus (c3stau) in human platelet membranes and rat brain lysate. inhibition by rala occurs with the gdp- and guanosine 5'-3-o-(thio)triphosphate- ... | 2002 | 11847234 |
| rho and rho kinase modulation of barrier properties: cultured endothelial cells and intact microvessels of rats and mice. | previous experiments using cultured endothelial monolayers indicate that rho-family small gtpases are involved in modulation of endothelial monolayer permeability by regulating assembly of the cellular actin filament scaffold, activity of myosin-based contractility and junctional distribution of the ca2+-dependent endothelial cell adhesion molecule, ve-cadherin. we investigated these mechanisms using both cultured endothelial cells (from porcine pulmonary artery and mouse heart) and vascular end ... | 2002 | 11850521 |
| [resistance problems in gastrointestinal infections]. | a variety of world-wide resistance problems in bacterial gastrointestinal pathogens have emerged within the last decade. particularly, antibiotics used to treat salmonella, campylobacter and helicobacter pylori have lost their efficacy in a high proportion of isolates. of major clinical significance is the resistance of h. pylori to metronidazole and clarithromycin, of campylobacter spp. to fluoroquinolones and macrolides and of salmonella spp. to fluoroquinolones and third generation cephalospo ... | 2002 | 11851045 |
| linkage between toxin production and purine biosynthesis in clostridium difficile. | the production of toxins a and b by clostridium difficile was greatly enhanced under biotin-limited conditions, in which a 140-kda protein was expressed strongly. gene cloning revealed that this protein was a homologue of formylglycinamidine ribonucleotide synthetase (fgam synthetase, ec 6.3.5.3), which is known as purl in escherichia coli and catalyses the fourth step of the de novo purine biosynthesis pathway. this enzyme consisted of a single polypeptide, although fgam synthetases of gram-pos ... | 2002 | 11800470 |
| preferential initiation of pc12 neurites in directions of changing substrate adhesivity. | when pc12 cells are grown on substrates showing a gradient of nonspecific adhesion, they preferentially initiate neurites in directions of changing adhesivity, whether that change is in the direction of increasing or decreasing adhesivity. this preference for changing adhesivity is ablated both by c. difficile toxin a, which inhibits all rho-family gtpases, and by c. botulinum c3 exoenzyme, which specifically inhibits rho. | 2002 | 11813236 |
| successful treatment of a colonic adenocarcinoma in a horse. | 2002 | 11817546 | |
| [5-fluorouracil-induced colitis--a review based upon consideration of 6 cases]. | at increasing use of high-dose 5-fluorouracil-based chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal and gastric cancer complicated drug-induced colitis is observed more frequently. from may 1998 to november 2000 we observed 6 cases of 5-fluorouracil-induced colitis, in which we looked for involvement of small intestine. we report summing up on the 6 cases including both endoscopic and histological findings in both sites of the gut. | 2002 | 11857099 |
| clindamycin resistant strains of clostridium difficile isolated from cases of c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) in a hospital in sweden. | fifty three strains of c. difficile recovered from the stools of 13 patients with clinical c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad) were analyzed for the presence of the ermb gene, for toxigenicity and fingerprinting profile by pcr based assays. forty five percent of the isolates were resistant to clindamycin and positive for the ermb gene. all clindamycin resistant isolates were ermb positive and belonged to the same fingerprinting group, suggesting clonal spread. these preliminary results sugge ... | 2002 | 11858913 |
| faecal excretion of brush border membrane enzymes in patients with clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | to look for the presence of intestinal brush border membrane (bbm) enzymes in the faecal samples of patients with clostridium difficile association. | 2002 | 17657066 |
| probiotics in gastroenterology. | recent evidence has suggested the potential therapeutic role for probiotics in the prevention or treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. several studies have shown that probiotics are of benefit in gastrointestinal infections, including viral diarrhea, clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. recent data support the potential beneficial therapeutic effect in inflammatory bowel disease as well. other possible indications for probiotic tre ... | 2002 | 17033293 |
| the role of probiotics in the treatment of intestinal infections and inflammation. | clinical studies have established that certain probiotics are useful in a variety of intestinal disorders, including viral diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, and traveler's diarrhea. evolving data suggest that probiotics might be useful in the control of inflammatory diseases, treatment and prevention of allergic diseases, cancer prevention, and stimulation of the immune system, which may result in the reduction in respiratory disease. a review o ... | 2001 | 17031151 |
| induction of mucosal immune responses by bacteria and bacterial components. | bacteria have well documented abilities to induce protective as well as pathogenic mucosal immune responses, with the type of response dependent on the genetically programmed balance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and t-lymphocyte subsets. inflammatory bowel disease, especially crohn disease and periodontal disease, appear to be overly aggressive cellular immune responses to some, but not all, normal resident bacteria. recent evidence suggests that the balance of protective (probiotic) ... | 2001 | 17031218 |
| n-cdad in canada: results of the canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program 1997 n-cdad prevalence surveillance project. | background: a 1996 preproject survey among canadian hospital epidemiology committee (chec) sites revealed variations in the prevention, detection, management and surveillance of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). facilities wanted to establish national rates of nosocomially acquired cdad (n-cdad) to understand the impact of control or prevention measures, and the burden of n-cdad on health care resources. the chec, in collaboration with the laboratory centre for disease control (h ... | 2001 | 18159321 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease. epidemiology, morbidity, mortality, and methods for control. | the incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) has increased significantly since it was first recognized in the 1970s. cdad can occur in the outpatient setting, but most cases are nosocomial. the symptoms range from mild diarrhea to severe colitis, and although diarrhea is often considered a nuisance, cdad is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and human costs. control of cdad is a challenge for many healthcare facilities. in addition to limiting the transmission ... | 2001 | 19667556 |
| evaluation of commercially available rapid assays: a manufacturer's perspective. | 2001 | 11797611 | |
| [clostridium difficile bacteremia]. | extra-digestive manifestations of clostridium difficile infection are very uncommon. exceptional cases of c. difficile bacteremia or severe sepsis have been described in intensive care patients, demonstrating the capacity of this agent to generate generalized infection. | 2001 | 11776702 |
| the use of probiotics in gastrointestinal disease. | probiotics are living microorganisms that can affect the host in a beneficial manner. prebiotics are nondigestible food ingredients that stimulate the growth and activity of probiotic bacteria already established in the colon. efficacy of probiotic compounds has been shown in a wide range of gastrointestinal diseases. lactobacillus gg alone, or the combination of bifidobacterium bifidum and streptococcus thermophilus, is effective in the treatment of clostridium difficile, as well as in preventi ... | 2001 | 11773948 |
| pseudomonas aeruginosa as a potential cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | although pseudomonas aeruginosa is not generally considered as a cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, several cases of diarrhea caused by p. aeruginosa have been reported. we experienced seven cases of nosocomial diarrhea presumably caused by p. aeruginosa, which was the predominant organism isolated from stool cultures. clostridium difficile toxin was also positive in one patient. no other potential or recognized enteropathogens were identified from stools. all patients had underlying disea ... | 2001 | 11748355 |
| [antagonistic activity of lactobacillus bacteria strains against anaerobic gastrointestinal tract pathogens (helicobacter pylori, campylobacter coli, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium difficile)]. | antagonistic activity of lactobacillus strains has been known for some time. this property is connected with production of many active substances by lactobacilli e.g., organic acids and bacteriocin-like substances which interfere with other indigenous microorganisms inhabiting the same ecological niche, including also anaerobic gastrointestinal tract pathogens. growing interest of clinical medicine in finding new approaches to treatment and prevention of common inflammatory infections of the dig ... | 2001 | 11757422 |
| risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile toxin-associated diarrhoea: a pilot study. | this study was a pilot investigation of risk factors for the development of clostridium difficile toxin-associated diarrhoea and in particular the differential influence of antimicrobial agents. the study was a retrospective case-control design conducted at freeman hospital, newcastle upon tyne. cases were inpatients with stool positive c. difficile toxin diarrhoea and two controls were drawn for each case matched for age (+/- 5 years) and type of admission (emergency or elective). using conditi ... | 2001 | 11760491 |
| pcr ribotyping of clinically important clostridium difficile strains from hungary. | isolates of clostridium difficile from different hospital wards at the university hospital of szeged in hungary were typed by pcr amplification of rrna intergenic spacer regions (pcr ribotyping). a total of 15 different ribotypes was detected among the 65 isolates tested. the predominant type, pcr ribotype 087, accounted for 39% of all isolates, in contrast with an international typing study where ribotype 001 was the most common. two non-toxigenic c. difficile strains were found to exhibit the ... | 2001 | 11761193 |
| adp-ribosylating binary toxin genes of clostridium difficile strain ccug 20309. | the cdt genes that encode a binary adp-ribosylating toxin in clostridium difficile were first characterized from a toxigenic c. difficile strain cd196 in 1997. we report here c. difficile strain ccug 20309 (atcc 8864), a strain that produces toxin b but not toxin a, also carry a complete set of cdta and cdtb genes. these genes were sequenced by cycle sequencing method. the 2 orfs and the intergenic sequences of these 2 strains have a homology of 99.6%. interestingly, 9 extra bases were found wit ... | 2001 | 11761709 |
| quinolone use as a risk factor for nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | to determine modifiable risk factors for nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad). | 2001 | 11732787 |
| electroporation of dna sequences from the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of toxigenic clostridium difficile into a non-toxigenic strain. | toxigenic clostridium difficile is the etiologic agent of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), the most common cause of hospital-acquired infectious diarrhoea. the genes tcda and tcdb, which encode for the toxin a and b proteins, are part of the pathogenicity locus (paloc) of toxigenic c. difficile. genetic and virulence studies at the molecular level in c. difficile have been hindered by the lack of techniques for dna manipulation in this species. we describe the electroporation of dna fra ... | 2001 | 11735302 |
| intracolonic use of vancomycin for treatment of clostridium difficile colitis in a patient with a diverted colon: report of a case. | clostridium difficile-associated pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) is a common affliction of postoperative patients. risk factors include antibiotic therapy, recent surgery, and hospitalization (1,2,3). we present a case of pmc in a diverted colon and its treatment using vancomycin enemas. | 2001 | 11742178 |
| probiotic activities of lactobacillus casei rhamnosus: in vitro adherence to intestinal cells and antimicrobial properties. | the interest of probiotics as remedies for a broad number of gastrointestinal and other infectious diseases has gained wide interest over the last few years, but little is known about their underlying mechanism of action. in this study, the probiotic activities of a human isolate of lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus strain (lcr35) were investigated. using intestinal caco-2 cell line in an in vitro model, we demonstrated that this strain exhibited adhesive properties. the inhibitory effects of ... | 2001 | 11316370 |
| clostridium beijerinckii and clostridium difficile detoxify methylglyoxal by a novel mechanism involving glycerol dehydrogenase. | in contrast to gram-negative bacteria, little is known about the mechanisms by which gram-positive bacteria degrade the toxic metabolic intermediate methylglyoxal (mg). clostridium beijerinckii br54, a tn1545 insertion mutant of the ncimb 8052 strain, formed cultures that contained significantly more (free) mg than wild-type cultures. moreover, br54 was more sensitive to growth inhibition by added mg than the wild type, suggesting that it has a reduced ability to degrade mg. the single copy of t ... | 2001 | 11319074 |
| clostridium difficile toxins and enterococcal translocation in vivo and in vitro. | clostridium difficile toxins alter permeability in cultured enterocytes and may alter intestinal epithelial permeability to bacteria in vivo. experiments were designed to test the effects of c. difficile toxins on in vitro interactions of enterococcus gallinarum with cultured enterocytes, as well as on translocation of e. gallinarum in mice. | 2001 | 11319888 |
| comparison of tn5397 from clostridium difficile, tn916 from enterococcus faecalis and the cw459tet(m) element from clostridium perfringens shows that they have similar conjugation regions but different insertion and excision modules. | comparative analysis of the conjugative transposons tn5397 from clostridium difficile and tn916 from enterococcus faecalis, and the cw459tet(m) element from clostridium perfringens, has revealed that these tetracycline-resistance elements are closely related. all three elements contain the tet(m) resistance gene and have sequence similarity throughout their central region. however, they have very different integration/excision modules. instead of the int and xis genes that are found in tn916, tn ... | 2001 | 11320127 |
| regulation of toxin synthesis in clostridium difficile by an alternative rna polymerase sigma factor. | clostridium difficile, a causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and its potentially lethal form, pseudomembranous colitis, produces two large protein toxins that are responsible for the cellular damage associated with the disease. the level of toxin production appears to be critical for determining the severity of the disease, but the mechanism by which toxin synthesis is regulated is unknown. the product of a gene, txer, that lies just upstream of the tox gene cluster was shown to be ... | 2001 | 11320220 |
| evaluation of biosite triage clostridium difficile panel for rapid detection of clostridium difficile in stool samples. | one hundred two stool samples were tested by both the rapid triage clostridium difficile panel (triage panel) and the cytotoxin cell culture assay. five samples positive by both the c. difficile toxin a (tox a) and common antigen components of the triage panel had cytotoxin titers of > or =10,000. twenty-three samples were triage panel tox a negative but common antigen positive. ten of these had cytotoxin titers of 10 to 1,000, but 13 were cytotoxin negative. bacterial isolates obtained from 8 o ... | 2001 | 11326003 |
| laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis: usefulness of premier cytoclone a+b enzyme immunoassay for combined detection of stool toxins and toxigenic c. difficile strains. | detection of clostridium difficile toxins a and b in stools by premier cytoclone a+b enzyme immunoassay (eia) was compared with detection by stool culture for c. difficile followed by detection of toxigenic isolates using the same eia. chart reviews were performed to evaluate the likelihood of c. difficile-associated diarrhea and colitis (cadc) for all patients with at least one positive toxin assay. while the toxins were detected in 58 of 85 consecutive cadc patients by both assays, cadc in 5 p ... | 2001 | 11326033 |
| ureidopenicillins and risk of clostridium difficile infection. | 2001 | 11328794 | |
| in vitro activity of sitafloxacin against clostridium difficile. | 2001 | 11328798 | |
| [evaluation of three methods of diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection]. | 2001 | 11333611 | |
| molecular typing and long-term comparison of clostridium difficile strains by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and pcr-ribotyping. | thirty-two related and 68 unrelated isolates of clostridium difficile, isolated in different italian hospitals since 1987, were analysed by pfge and pcr-ribotyping to investigate their genetic relatedness. the isolates were classified into 28 groups by pfge and 20 ribotypes by pcr-ribotyping. a single clone of c. difficile was recognised as the cause of three geographically and chronologically distant outbreaks. the correlation between pfge and pcr-ribotyping results was good, with agreement for ... | 2001 | 11339247 |
| novel helicobacter species isolated from rhesus monkeys with chronic idiopathic colitis. | chronic, idiopathic diffuse colitis is a well recognised clinical and pathological entity in captive rhesus monkeys. six rhesus monkeys were diagnosed with clinically debilitating, chronic diarrhoea. histologically, colonic tissues were characterised as chronic, moderate to severe colitis and typhlitis, with diffuse mononuclear inflammation of lamina propria, reactive lymphoid hyperplasia and multifocal micro-abscesses. colonic tissues were cultured for salmonella spp. and shigella spp.; all res ... | 2001 | 11339249 |
| probiotic agents and infectious diseases: a modern perspective on a traditional therapy. | there is an increasing scientific and commercial interest in the use of beneficial microorganisms, or "probiotics," for the prevention and treatment of disease. the microorganisms most frequently used as probiotic agents are lactic-acid bacteria such as lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg), which has been extensively studied in recent literature. multiple mechanisms of action have been postulated, including lactose digestion, production of antimicrobial agents, competition for space or nutrients, an ... | 2001 | 11340528 |
| suspected clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in two cats. | two adult cats from the same household developed acute diarrhea. clostridium difficile toxins were detected in the feces of both cats, whereas other recognized causes of diarrhea were not identified. supportive medical treatment and metronidazole were administered and both cats responded well. a fecal sample obtained from 1 of the affected cats after treatment and a fecal sample obtained from a clinically normal cat in the household did not contain c difficile toxins. the role of c difficile in ... | 2001 | 11345306 |
| in vitro activities of ertapenem (mk-0826) against recent clinical bacteria collected in europe and australia. | ertapenem (mk-0826, l-749,345) is a 1-beta-methyl carbapenem with a long serum half-life. its in vitro activity was determined by broth microdilution against 3,478 bacteria from 12 centers in europe and australia, with imipenem, cefepime, ceftriaxone, and piperacillin-tazobactam used as comparators. ertapenem was the most active agent tested against members of the family enterobacteriaceae, with mics at which 90% of isolates are inhibited (mic(90)s) of < or =1 microg/ml for all species. ertapene ... | 2001 | 11353638 |
| the effect of bacterial enterotoxins implicated in sids on the rabbit intestine. | the aim of this project was to characterise the type of damage caused to the intestine of the infant rabbit by bacterial enterotoxins implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (sids). samples of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and large intestine exposed to the toxins for up to 6 hours were examined by scanning (sem) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). the damage was quantitatively assessed (% villi damaged) by sem and qualitatively by sem and tem. clostridium perfringens enterotox ... | 2001 | 11358052 |
| intestinal epithelial damage in sids babies and its similarity to that caused by bacterial toxins in the rabbit. | sections of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum and large intestine from 14 sudden infant death syndrome (sids) babies were examined by scanning (sem) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). the type and amount of damage was characterised and quantitated and compared with the presence of clostridium perfringens, clostridium difficile, escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus in faecal samples from the babies and toxins from the bacteria in faecal samples and serum from the babies. the dat ... | 2001 | 11358053 |
| virulence of clostridium difficile toxin a negative strains. | 2001 | 11358476 | |
| infection of hamsters with epidemiologically important strains of clostridium difficile. | five different toxigenic strains of clostridium difficile of known human epidemiologic importance were tested for virulence in hamsters. three strains-types b1, j9, and k14-have caused hospital outbreaks. type y2 is associated with a high rate of asymptomatic colonization in patients. the fifth strain, type cf2, is a toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strain implicated in multiple human cases of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. groups of 10 hamsters per strain were given 1 dose of clindamycin, ... | 2001 | 11372028 |
| regulation of connective tissue growth factor (ccn2; ctgf) gene expression in human mesangial cells: modulation by hmg coa reductase inhibitors (statins). | connective tissue growth factor (ccn; ctgf) gene expression is upregulated in fibrotic renal glomeruli. therefore, the regulation and pharmacological modulation of ccn2 (ctgf) mrna expression was investigated in a human renal mesangial cell line. | 2001 | 11376131 |
| a comparison of multifaceted versus clostridium difficile-focused vre surveillance strategies in a low-prevalence setting. | we compared our current screening strategy for vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) with a focused strategy that screens all stool samples sent for clostridium difficile toxin assay but limits rectal swab screening to wards with new vre cases detected via c. difficile samples. the proposed strategy detects 72.7% of new vre cases, with substantial cost savings. | 2001 | 11379713 |
| phospholipases stimulate secretion in rbl mast cells. | roles for glycerophospholipids in exocytosis have been proposed, but remain controversial. phospholipases are stimulated following the activation of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin e (ige) in mast cells. to study the biochemical sequelae that lead to degranulation, broken cell systems were employed. we demonstrate that the addition of three distinct types of exogenous phospholipases (i.e., bcplc, scpld, and tfpla(2)), all of which hydrolyze phosphatidylcholine (pc), trigger degranu ... | 2001 | 11380253 |
| [nosocomial epidemiology and transmission of clostridium difficile infection]. | clostridium difficile is of growing importance as a hospital-acquired pathogen. pseudomembraneous colitis is the main clinical disease. transmission and epidemiological features are not yet fully understood. | 2001 | 11381634 |
| acute appendicitis: the role of enterotoxigenic strains of bacteroides fragilis and clostridium difficile. | the aim of this study was to investigate whether there is a relationship between enterotoxin-producing b. fragilis strains and toxigenic c. difficile strains and the pathogenesis of acute appendicitis. | 2001 | 11386013 |
| clostridium difficile small bowel enteritis occurring after total colectomy. | clostridium difficile infection is usually associated with antibiotic therapy and is almost always limited to the colonic mucosa. small bowel enteritis is rare: only 9 cases have been previously cited in the literature. this report describes a case of c. difficile small bowel enteritis that occurred in a patient after total colectomy and reviews the 9 previously reported cases of c. difficile enteritis. | 2001 | 11565085 |
| failure of single-toxin assays to detect clostridium difficile infection in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease. | the aims of this retrospective study were 1) to determine the ability of single-toxin assays for clostridium difficile to detect infection among pediatric patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and 2) to determine the toxin assays routinely used by pediatric tertiary care hospitals in the united states. | 2001 | 11569696 |
| [diarrhea by clostridium difficile]. | 2001 | 11571128 | |
| [diarrhea due to a toxin of clostridium difficile in hemato-oncological patients]. | 2001 | 11572182 | |
| colonic disorders in adult cystic fibrosis. | by 1996, the median survival of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf) in north america had increased to 31 years. with the markedly improved life expectancy, many cf patients are now adults. there is an associated increased risk of certain colonic disorders, and the emergence of other previously unrecognized disorders, in adult cf patients. the distal intestinal obstruction syndrome (dios), which is more common in older patients, is a frequent cause of abdominal pain. intussusception may complicate ... | 2001 | 11573101 |
| summaries for patients. fatal inflammatory condition in a patient with a variant bacterial strain. | 2001 | 11575281 | |
| evidence for antibiotic induced clostridium perfringens diarrhoea. | clostridium difficile is a well documented cause of antibiotic associated diarrhoea in hospitalised patients, but may account for only approximately 20% of all cases. this leader reviews the current knowledge and understanding of the pathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnosis of non-food borne clostridium perfringens diarrhoea. although enterotoxigenic c perfringens has been implicated in some c difficile negative cases of antibiotic associated diarrhoea, c perfringens enterotoxin detection metho ... | 2001 | 11577119 |
| genomic analysis of the erythromycin resistance element tn5398 from clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is a nosocomial pathogen that causes a range of chronic intestinal diseases, usually as a result of antimicrobial therapy. macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mls) resistance in c. difficile is encoded by the erm b resistance determinant, which is thought to be located on a conjugative transposon, tn5398. the 9630 bp tn5398 element has been cloned and completely sequenced and its insertion site determined. analysis of the resultant data reveals that tn5398 is not a class ... | 2001 | 11577151 |
| pseudomembranous colitis without diarrhea presenting clinically as acute intestinal pseudo-obstruction. | pseudomembranous colitis usually presents with diarrhea in a clinical setting of recent antibiotic use. it is uncommon to see it as a cause of obstipation and colonic pseudo-obstruction. we report an unusual case of an elderly woman with hypertension, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic renal insufficiency, and diabetes mellitus, who was admitted with fever, abdominal pain, and distension without diarrhea. she presented with decreased stool frequency and obst ... | 2001 | 11578068 |
| medical diagnoses and procedures associated with clostridium difficile colitis. | the aim of this study was to examine the associations of clostridium difficile colitis with other comorbid conditions and procedural interventions among hospitalized patients. | 2001 | 11280548 |
| analysis of clostridium difficile isolates from nosocomial outbreaks at three hospitals in diverse areas of japan. | clostridium difficile isolates recovered from patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) at three hospitals located in diverse areas of japan were analyzed by three typing systems, pcr ribotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and western immunoblotting. at the three hospitals examined, a single pcr ribotype strain (type smz) was predominant and accounted for 22 (65%) of 34, 18 (64%) of 28, and 11 (44%) of 25 isolates, respectively. all of the 51 isolates that represented p ... | 2001 | 11283061 |
| management and prevention of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. while treatment regimens for c. difficile have been available for decades, they remain less than optimal due to the frequent recurrences that occur after therapy is completed. moreover, the morbidity and expense associated with c. difficile have underscored the need for more effective preventive measures than are currently available. in this review, we outline the current recommendations for treatment and prevention of c. ... | 2001 | 11286650 |
| rho inhibits camp-induced translocation of aquaporin-2 into the apical membrane of renal cells. | first published august 8, 2001; 10.1152/ajprenal.00091.2001.-we have recently demonstrated that actin depolymerization is a prerequisite for camp-dependent translocation of the water channel aquaporin-2 (aqp2) into the apical membrane in aqp2-transfected renal cd8 cells (29). the rho family of small gtpases, including cdc42, rac, and rho, regulates the actin cytoskeleton. in aqp2-transfected cd8 cells, inhibition of rho gtpases with clostridium difficile toxin b or with c. limosum c3 fusion toxi ... | 2001 | 11704560 |
| role of flic and flid flagellar proteins of clostridium difficile in adherence and gut colonization. | in vitro and in vivo adhesive properties of flagella and recombinant flagellin flic and flagellar cap flid proteins of clostridium difficile were analyzed. flic, flid, and crude flagella adhered in vitro to axenic mouse cecal mucus. radiolabeled cultured cells bound to a high degree to flid and weakly to flagella deposited on a membrane. the tissue association in the mouse cecum of a nonflagellated strain was 10-fold lower than that of a flagellated strain belonging to the same serogroup, confir ... | 2001 | 11705981 |
| analysis of expression of groel (hsp60) of clostridium difficile in response to stress. | our laboratory has previously shown that adherence of clostridium difficile to tissue culture cells is augmented by various stresses and that groel, a heat shock protein, serves an adhesive function in this bacterium. in this communication, rt-pcr, sds-page and immunoblotting were used to study the stress response in c. difficile following heat, acid or osmotic shock, iron deprivation or presence of a subinhibitory concentration of ampicillin in the culture medium. all these stresses increased t ... | 2001 | 11710845 |
| similar frequency of detection of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin and clostridium difficile toxins in patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | 2001 | 11714055 | |
| prospective evaluation of environmental contamination by clostridium difficile in isolation side rooms. | we determined prospectively the frequency, persistence and molecular epidemiology of clostridium difficile environmental contamination after detergent-based cleaning in side rooms used to isolate patients with c. difficile diarrhoea. approximately one-quarter of all environmental sites in side rooms sampled over four-week periods were contaminated with c. difficile. the overall side room prevalence of environmental c. difficile declined from 35% initially, to 24% in week 2, 18% in week 3, and 16 ... | 2001 | 11716638 |
| the role of clostridium difficile in childhood nosocomial diarrhea. | the role of clostridium difficile was investigated in 100 children with nosocomial diarrhea. an etiologic agent was identified in 69 cases, 8 of whom had dual infection. c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) was defined in 16 children (16%). the mean age of the patients with cdad was 5.4 y (range 2 months to 13 y) and the male:female ratio was 1.2. all cases with cdad were on antibiotic therapy. cdad occurred more frequently in the cases given combined antibiotic treatment than in those given ... | 2001 | 11728036 |
| probiotics: future directions. | clinical studies have shown that certain probiotics may be useful in treating a variety of diarrheal disorders, including rotavirus diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, clostridium difficile diarrhea, and traveler's diarrhea. new data suggest that probiotics might be useful in controlling inflammatory diseases, treating and preventing allergic diseases, preventing cancer, and stimulating the immune system, which may reduce the incidence of respiratory disease. different modes of administeri ... | 2001 | 11393194 |
| flow cytometric analysis of clostridium difficile adherence to human intestinal epithelial cells. | clostridium difficile is the most common cause of diarrhoea in hospitalised patients. bacterial adherence to gut epithelial cells is a likely prerequisite to infection and toxin production. a novel flow cytometric method was developed for detecting adherence of c. difficile to human colonic and small intestinal epithelial cells (ec) and human intestinal cell lines. small intestinal and colonic ec were isolated from biopsy specimens with mucolytic and chelating agents. adherence of fluorochrome-l ... | 2001 | 11393290 |
| antibiotic susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates from adult patients at two jamaican hospitals. clinical and epidemiological implications. | the susceptibility of 39 toxin producing clostridium difficile isolates from stools of hospitalized patients was determined, by disc diffusion, to six antibiotics. all but one isolate (toxin a negative) produced toxin a and toxin b. a wide variation in susceptibility to clindamycin, tetracycline and chloramphenicol was noted. erythromycin and cotrimoxazole showed a clear-cut discrimination in resistance and susceptibility, while all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. erythromycin sensitive i ... | 2001 | 11398289 |
| [toxicity study of cefmatilen hydrochloride hydrate (s-1090) (5)--six-month repeated oral dose toxicity study and supplement study in rats]. | cefmatilen hydrochloride hydrate (s-1090) was orally administered to rats at dose levels of 100, 300 and 1000 mg potency/kg once daily for 6 months. all the s-1090 treated groups showed soft feces, reddish-brown feces (due to chelated products of s-1090 or its decomposition products with fe3+ in the diet), abdominal distention, increased food and water consumption, lower urine ph, and a decrease of white blood cells counts (except for males of the 100 mg potency/kg group). one male in the 300 mg ... | 2001 | 11400319 |
| molecular characterization of the surface layer proteins from clostridium difficile. | many bacteria express a surface-exposed proteinaceous layer, termed the s-layer, which forms a regular two-dimensional array visible by electron microscopy. clostridium difficile is unusual in expressing two s-layer proteins (slps), which are of varying size in a number of strains. in an approach combining molecular biology with mass spectrometric sequencing strategies, we have identified the structural gene (slpa) for the s-layer from three strains of c. difficile. both proteins are derived fro ... | 2001 | 11401722 |
| regulation of i(cl,swell) in neuroblastoma cells by g protein signaling pathways. | guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) (gtpgammas) activated the i(cl,swell) anion channel in n1e115 neuroblastoma cells in a swelling-independent manner. gtpgammas-induced current was unaffected by atp removal and broadly selective tyrosine kinase inhibitors, demonstrating that phosphorylation events do not regulate g protein-dependent channel activation. pertussis toxin had no effect on gtpgammas-induced current. however, cholera toxin inhibited the current approximately 70%. exposure of cells to ... | 2001 | 11401830 |
| effect of probiotics on enterocyte bacterial translocation in vitro. | enteral probiotics such as lactobacillus casei gg (lgg) have been used in the treatment of a variety of intestinal disorders in infants and children, including diarrhea, malabsorption, and clostridium difficile colitis. we have previously demonstrated that the probiotic bacterium lgg has an inhibitory effect on bacterial translocation (bt) in a neonatal rabbit model. however, this in-vivo model is limited for investigating the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for probiotic inhibitio ... | 2001 | 11409159 |
| involvement of nerves and calcium channels in the intestinal response to clostridium difficile toxin a: an experimental study in rats in vivo. | the involvement of nerves and calcium channels in the intestinal response to clostridium difficile toxin a (luminal concentration 1 or 15 microg/ml) was studied in the small intestine of rats in vivo. | 2001 | 11413111 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhoea. | 2001 | 11413124 | |
| faecal concentrations of piperacillin and tazobactam in elderly patients. | 2001 | 11418534 | |
| molecular analysis of relapse vs re-infection in hiv-positive patients suffering from recurrent clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea. | recurrence is a major complication of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea, especially in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) positive patients, and it is important to distinguish between relapse and re-infection in recurrent episodes. the aim of our study was to analyse c. difficile isolates obtained from hiv-positive patients with recurrent diarrhoea in order to distinguish between relapse and re-infection. this analysis was based on the study of dna similarities among isolates obtained f ... | 2001 | 11428873 |