Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile: prevalence in horses and environment, and antimicrobial susceptibility. | clostridium difficile has been associated with acute colitis in mature horses. | 2003 | 12875324 |
| [diarrhea during enteral feeding]. | prevalence: diarrhea occurs in 2 to 70% of tube-fed patients, depending on their disease (with an increased risk in critically ill patients) and on the definition of diarrhea used. consequences: diarrhea increases morbidity, particularly since the nutritional goals are harder to reach. causes: relevant causes today are related to the nutrition (irregular and too high output, jejunal site, low sodium and fiber contents), to the patient (malnutrition, stress, underlying diseases), and predominantl ... | 2003 | 12876540 |
| cooperation of gq, gi, and g12/13 in protein kinase d activation and phosphorylation induced by lysophosphatidic acid. | to examine the contribution of different g-protein pathways to lysophosphatidic acid (lpa)-induced protein kinase d (pkd) activation, we tested the effect of lpa on pkd activity in murine embryonic cell lines deficient in galpha(q/11) (galpha(q/11) ko cells) or galpha(12/13) (galpha(12/13) ko cells) and used cells lacking rhodopsin kinase (rk cells) as a control. in rk and galpha(12/13) ko cells, lpa induced pkd activation through a phospholipase c/protein kinase c pathway in a concentration-dep ... | 2003 | 12477719 |
| protective role of hsp72 against clostridium difficile toxin a-induced intestinal epithelial cell dysfunction. | we determined whether the cytoprotective heat shock protein hsp72 protects against the injurious effects of clostridium difficile toxin a (txa) on intestinal epithelial cells. colonic epithelial caco-2/bbe (c2) cells were stably transfected with hsp72 antisense (c2as) or vector only (c2vc), resulting in low and high hsp72 expression, respectively. measurements of epithelial barrier integrity, mitochondrial function, and apoptosis activation were assessed after txa exposure. hsp72 and rhoa intera ... | 2003 | 12490434 |
| production of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs. | the enzyme alpha1,3-galactosyltransferase (alpha1,3gt or ggta1) synthesizes alpha1,3-galactose (alpha1,3gal) epitopes (galalpha1,3galbeta1,4glcnac-r), which are the major xenoantigens causing hyperacute rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. complete removal of alpha1,3gal from pig organs is the critical step toward the success of xenotransplantation. we reported earlier the targeted disruption of one allele of the alpha1,3gt gene in cloned pigs. a selection procedure based on a bacteria ... | 2003 | 12493821 |
| general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (iid) in hospitals, england and wales, 1992-2000. | between 1992 and 2000, 26.6% (1,396/5,257) of all general outbreaks of infectious intestinal disease (iid) reported to the public health laboratory service (phls) communicable disease surveillance centre (cdsc) occurred in hospitals. over 29,000 patients and staff were affected and the mortality risk was higher than for outbreaks in other settings [relative risk 2.00 (95% ci: 1.52-2.63) p<0.001]. person-to-person spread was the predominant mode of transmission. the mortality risk was highest in ... | 2003 | 12495678 |
| r-ras glucosylation and transient rhoa activation determine the cytopathic effect produced by toxin b variants from toxin a-negative strains of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile induces antibiotic-associated diarrhea through the production of toxin a and toxin b; the former toxin has been assumed to be responsible for the symptoms of the disease. several toxin a-negative strains from c. difficile have recently been isolated from clinical cases and have been reported to produce toxin b variants eliciting an atypical cytopathic effect. ultrastructural analysis indicated these toxins induce a rounding cytopathic effect and filopodia-like structures. t ... | 2003 | 12496290 |
| gut changes attributed to ageing: effects on intestinal microflora. | there is increased evidence of several impaired gastrointestinal functions with ageing. in the elderly, however, most gastrointestinal functions remain relatively intact because of the large reserve capacity of the intestine and the great secretion capacity of the pancreas. this review will focus on changes in gut microflora observed in the elderly and on the potential benefit of probiotics in this population. | 2003 | 12496680 |
| in vitro activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, quinupristin- dalfopristin, linezolid, and five other antimicrobials against 307 gram-positive anaerobic and 31 corynebacterium clinical isolates. | the activities of daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide, and eight other agents were determined against 338 strains of gram-positive anaerobic bacteria and corynebacteria by the nccls reference agar dilution method with supplemented brucella agar for the anaerobes and mueller-hinton agar for the corynebacteria. the daptomycin mics determined on ca(2+)-supplemented (50 mg/liter) brucella agar plates were one- to fourfold lower than those determined in unsupplemented media. daptomycin was highly active ... | 2003 | 12499210 |
| the complete receptor-binding domain of clostridium difficile toxin a is required for endocytosis. | clostridium difficile toxin a, the chief pathogenicity factor of the antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis, is an intracellular acting cytotoxin that reaches its targets, the rho gtpases, after receptor-mediated endocytosis. the c-terminal part, constructed of repetitive peptide elements, is thought to bind to a lot of carbohydrate containing receptor molecules to induce clustering and endocytosis. to study which part of the receptor-binding domain is in charge of addressing toxin a int ... | 2003 | 12507507 |
| clostridium difficile brain empyema after prolonged intestinal carriage. | clostridium difficile, the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, is occasionally isolated from extraintestinal sites and is usually found as part of a polymicrobial flora. we report a case of brain empyema that occurred after the recurrent intestinal carriage of a nontoxigenic strain of c. difficile. brain abscess cultures contained both toxigenic and nontoxigenic isolates. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that nontoxigenic isolates from the intestine and from the brain wer ... | 2003 | 12517909 |
| clinical usefulness of components of the triage immunoassay, enzyme immunoassay for toxins a and b, and cytotoxin b tissue culture assay for the diagnosis of clostridium difficile diarrhea. | we studied 557 nonduplicate fresh stool specimens from adult patients clinically suspected of having clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. all samples were tested in parallel with an in-house cytotoxin b tissue culture assay (cta), the c difficile tox a/b ii test (ta/b; techlab, blacksburg, va), and the triage micro c difficile panel (biosite diagnostics, san diego, ca). the triage device detects toxin a (ta) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) simultaneously. of the specimens, 350 were negat ... | 2003 | 12520696 |
| clostridium difficile infection and concurrent vancomycin-resistant enterococcus stool colonization in a health care worker: case report and review of the literature. | clostridium difficile diarrhea was noted in a previously healthy health care worker from the study institution after receiving oral clindamycin therapy; the worker also had vancomycin-resistant enterococcus stool colonization. health care workers should be aware that antibiotic therapy may place them at increased risk for colonization and infection with nosocomial pathogens such as clostridium difficile and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus. | 2003 | 12548259 |
| development potential of rifalazil. | rifalazil represents a new generation of ansamycins that contain a unique four-ring structure. originally rifalazil was developed as a therapeutic agent to replace rifampin as part of a multiple drug regimen in the treatment of tuberculosis. as a result of its superior antimicrobial activity and high intracellular levels, rifalazil has potential to treat indications caused by the intracellular pathogen, chlamydia trachomatis, which causes non-gonococcal urethritis and cervicitis, often leading t ... | 2003 | 12556219 |
| the effects of storage conditions on viability of clostridium difficile vegetative cells and spores and toxin activity in human faeces. | clostridium difficile is a common nosocomial pathogen and as such diagnostic and research methods may necessitate storage of faecal specimens for long periods, followed by subsequent re-examination. this study investigated the effects of storage conditions upon the viability of this organism and its toxin. | 2003 | 12560391 |
| resonance assignment and topology of a clostridial repetitive oligopeptide (crop) region of toxin a from clostridium difficile. | 2003 | 12567004 | |
| clostridium difficile colitis after forced anal-receptive intercourse. | colitis caused by clostridium difficile toxin has been reported in homosexual men. we report a case of c. difficile colitis that occurred in an immunocompetent heterosexual man after forced anal-receptive intercourse. | 2003 | 12567322 |
| clostridium difficile testing: after 20 years, still challenging. | 2003 | 12574241 | |
| six rapid tests for direct detection of clostridium difficile and its toxins in fecal samples compared with the fibroblast cytotoxicity assay. | clostridium difficile is one of the most frequent causes of nosocomial gastrointestinal disease. risk factors include prior antibiotic therapy, bowel surgery, and the immunocompromised state. direct fecal analysis for c. difficile toxin b by tissue culture cytotoxin b assay (cba), while only 60 to 85% sensitive overall, is a common laboratory method. we have used 1,003 consecutive, nonduplicate fecal samples to compare six commercially available immunoassays (ia) for c. difficile detection with ... | 2003 | 12574264 |
| rapid detection of clostridium difficile in feces by real-time pcr. | clostridium difficile is the major causative agent of nosocomial antibiotic-associated diarrhea, colitis, and pseudomembranous colitis. the pathogenicity of c. difficile is closely related to the production of toxins a and b. toxigenic c. difficile detection by a tissue culture cytotoxin assay is often considered the "gold standard." however, this assay is time consuming, as it implies an incubation period of at least 24 h. we have developed a rapid real-time fluorescence-based multiplex pcr ass ... | 2003 | 12574274 |
| [antibiotic induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis]. | the spore-forming anaerobic bacterium clostridium difficile has become a serious enteropathogen. oral and parenteral administration of antibiotics can cause ecological disturbances in the normal intestinal microflora. suppression of the normal microflora may lead to reduced colonization resistance with subsequent overgrowth by pre-existing, naturally resistant microorganisms, such as c. difficile. c. difficile infection shows a range of clinical presentations between an asymptomatic carrier stat ... | 2003 | 12574886 |
| [hospital hygiene is important]. | 2003 | 12574887 | |
| clostridium difficile infection--an unusual cause of refractory pouchitis: report of a case. | ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the surgical procedure of choice for selected patients with severe ulcerative colitis. pouchitis is a common complication of this procedure, with most cases responding to treatment with metronidazole, possibly with the addition of 5-aminosalicylic acid drugs and steroids. can frequently colonize the colon after treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics, giving rise to diarrhea or colitis. the aim of this report was to describe the first case of -associated diarrhe ... | 2003 | 12576902 |
| clostridium difficile colitis associated with inflammatory pseudotumor in a liver transplant recipient. | the aim of this report is to describe a rare complication of clostridium difficile (cd) disease, the occurrence of an inflammatory pseudotumor that caused intestinal obstruction in a liver transplant recipient. a 9-month-old girl underwent liver transplantation for biliary atresia. she was given tacrolimus as primary immunosuppressive therapy. three months after liver transplantation, she presented with febrile protracted bloody diarrhea and failure to thrive. a diagnosis of post-transplant lymp ... | 2003 | 12581333 |
| diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of clostridium difficile colitis. | to review the risk factors for, diagnosis and treatment of, and strategies for prevention of, clostridium difficile colitis. the pharmacists' role in optimizing drug therapy is discussed. | 2003 | 16563071 |
| newer bugs causing gastro-intestinal infections. | 2003 | 15490531 | |
| outpatient total laparoscopic hysterectomy. | to assess the safety of and patient satisfaction with total laparoscopic hysterectomy as an outpatient procedure. | 2003 | 14738633 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: the challenge continues. | 2003 | 15212054 | |
| prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal complications in patients on mechanical ventilation. | there exists a complex, dynamic interaction between mechanical ventilation and the splanchnic vasculature that contributes to a myriad of gastrointestinal tract complications that arise during critical illness. positive pressure-induced splanchnic hypoperfusion appears to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of these complications, the most prevalent of which are stress-related mucosal damage, gastrointestinal hypomotility and diarrhea. furthermore, characteristics of the splanchnic vasculatu ... | 2003 | 14719992 |
| clostridium difficile: towards a standard operating procedure. | 2003 | 14708280 | |
| the role of rho and rho-dependent kinase in serotonin-induced contraction observed in bovine middle cerebral artery. | the current study was designed to characterize the role of rho and rho-dependent kinase (rho-kinase) in isometric contractile responses induced by serotonin (5-ht) and a solution containing 40 mm k(+) (high k(+)) in ring preparations of the middle cerebral artery of bovine. application of w-7, a ca(2+)-calmodulin inhibitor, reversibly and equally attenuated the amplitudes of contractions produced by both 5-ht and high k(+). similar effects were observed with ml-7, an inhibitor of myosin light ch ... | 2003 | 14690016 |
| pseudomembranous colitis caused by toxin a-negative/toxin b-positive variant strain of clostridium difficile. | we report the first case of pseudomembranous colitis (pmc) due to a toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strain (toxin a variant strain) of clostridium difficile in japan. the toxin a variant strain of c. difficile is capable of causing pmc and is undetectable in clinical laboratories that use only toxin a immunoassays for c. difficile testing. if c. difficile-associated diarrhea is clinically suspected and toxin a is not detected, then the possibility of a toxin a variant strain should be conside ... | 2003 | 14691659 |
| [assessment of susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin of clostridium difficile strains isolated between 1998-2002]. | the drugs of choice used to treat c. diffcile associated diarrhoea (cdad) are metronidazole and vancomycin. c. difficile strains isolated in most laboratories are susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. communication about emergence of antimicrobial resistance among c. difficile strains in some countries to metronidazole and intermediate resistance to vancomycin are alarming. this study was performed to determine the susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin of 140 c. difficile strains ... | 2003 | 14702667 |
| klebsiella oxytoca as an agent of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis. | klebsiella oxytoca has been isolated from stools and colonic biopsy specimens of patients with clostridium difficile-negative antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis (aahc), but the pathogenic role of the germ has not been established. the purpose of this study was to investigate the presence of k. oxytoca in patients with aahc from a prospective cohort of patients with acute colitis, and to test the cytotoxicity on hep-2 cells of k. oxytoca strains from patients with aahc and healthy carriers ... | 2003 | 15017655 |
| the role of bacterial and non-bacterial toxins in the induction of changes in membrane transport: implications for diarrhea. | bacterial toxins induce changes in membrane transport which underlie the loss of electrolyte homeostasis associated with diarrhea. bacterial- and their secreted toxin-types which have been linked with diarrhea include: (a) vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin, e1 tor hemolysin and accessory cholera enterotoxin); (b) escherichia coli (heat stable enterotoxin, heat-labile enterotoxin and colicins); (c) shigella dysenteriae (shiga-toxin); (d) clostridium perfringens (c. perfringens enterotoxin, alpha-tox ... | 2003 | 14757199 |
| [molecular epidemiology and laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | 2003 | 15552833 | |
| limited value of routine microbiological diagnostics in patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia. | current guidelines recommend microbiological diagnostic procedures as a part of the management of patients hospitalized for community-acquired pneumonia (cap), but the value of such efforts has been questioned. patients hospitalized for cap were studied retrospectively, focusing on the use of aetiological diagnostic methods and their clinical impact. adult patients, without known human immunodeficiency virus infection, admitted to hospital for cap during 12 months, were evaluated with regard to ... | 2002 | 12587618 |
| the clostridial mobilisable transposons. | mobilisable transposons are transposable genetic elements that also encode mobilisation functions but are not in themselves conjugative. they rely on coresident conjugative elements to facilitate their transfer to recipient cells. clostridial mobilisable transposons include tn4451 and tn4452 from clostridium perfringens, and tn4453a and tn4453b from clostridium difficile, all of which are closely related, and tn5398 from c. difficile. the tn4451 group of elements encodes resistance to chloramphe ... | 2002 | 12568329 |
| [clostridium difficile small intestinal involvement occurring after total colectomy]. | 2002 | 12534128 | |
| in vitro anti-anaerobic activity of the cephalosporin derivative rwj 54428, compared to seven other compounds. | agar dilution mic was used to test the activity of rwj 54428, a new cephalosporin derivative, compared to imipenem, meropenem, ceftriaxone, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, clindamycin and metronidazole against 363 anaerobes isolated from clinical specimens. rwj 54428 had low mics against most beta-lactamase-negative gram-negative rods, and all gram-positive strains except clostridium difficile. imipenem and meropenem had the lowest mics (mic50s of 0.125 mg/l and mic90s of 1.0 mg/l). piper ... | 2002 | 12519357 |
| how strictly should a patient with c. difficile be isolated? | 2002 | 12512485 | |
| a case if infant botulism due to neurotoxigenic clostridium butyricum type e associated with clostridium difficile colitis. | reported here is the sixth case of intestinal toxemia botulism caused by clostridium butyricum type e in italy since 1984. in this case, the patient was concomitantly affected with colitis due to clostridium difficile toxin. a review of previously reported cases revealed that some of these patients may also have had intestinal toxemia botulism associated with clostridium difficile colitis, based on the reported symptoms. given that this association has been shown to exist not only in italy but a ... | 2002 | 12479171 |
| neuroimmune and epithelial interactions in intestinal inflammation. | the gastrointestinal tract contains the most extensive immune system in the body as well as the largest and most diverse collection of nerves outside of the central nervous system. these systems are continuously involved in ongoing physiological activities of the bowel and they play an active role in pathophysiological processes. it is becoming increasingly clear that intestinal inflammation involves a dynamic interplay between at least three different cell systems: immune cells, neurons and muc ... | 2002 | 12482729 |
| role of the enteric nervous system in the pathophysiology of secretory diarrhea. | details of the physiology and pathophysiology of epithelial secretion in the gastrointestinal tract are becoming clear, leading to new models of the mechanisms underlying diarrhea. the enteric nervous system is a critical component of the mechanism regulating fluid secretion in the normal gut and a key element in the pathophysiology of diarrhea. neural reflex pathways increase epithelial fluid secretion in response to several enteric pathogens of veterinary importance such as salmonella spp., cr ... | 2002 | 12041649 |
| pneumatosis intestinalis after pediatric thoracic organ transplantation. | to review and describe pneumatosis intestinalis (pi) in children who have undergone thoracic organ transplantation and evaluate potential risk factors. | 2002 | 11986484 |
| neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis) after pediatric bone marrow transplant. | neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis) is a common consideration after bone marrow transplantation. this study reviews the authors' experience with abdominal pain and typhlitis in an active pediatric bone marrow transplant program. | 2002 | 11987097 |
| changes in predominant bacterial populations in human faeces with age and with clostridium difficile infection. | the bacterial composition of human faeces can vary greatly with factors such as age and disease, although relatively few studies have monitored these events, particularly at species level. in this investigation, bacteria were isolated from faecal samples from healthy young adults and elderly subjects, and elderly patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). the organisms were identified to species level on the basis of their cellular fatty acid profiles with the midi system. ... | 2002 | 11990498 |
| case of the month. pseudomembranous colitis. | 2002 | 11990652 | |
| distinct signaling pathways mediate cardiomyocyte phospholipase d stimulation by endothelin-1 and thrombin. | several g protein-coupled receptors which stimulate phospholipase c (plc) also activate phospholipase d (pld) in cardiomyocytes. here, we characterized pld activation in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes by the plc-stimulatory thrombin receptor par1, in comparison to the endothelin-1 receptor et(a)r, which induces pld stimulation by activation of protein kinase c (pkc) delta and epsilon. similar to et(a)r, activation of par1 induced pld stimulation, which, however, was insensitive to pkc inhibition. f ... | 2002 | 11991733 |
| genetic deficiency in the chemokine receptor ccr1 protects against acute clostridium difficile toxin a enteritis in mice. | the role of the cc chemokine receptor (ccr) 1 in acute enteritis was investigated by subjecting ccr1 knockout mice to clostridium difficile toxin a treatment. | 2002 | 11875005 |
| fulminant clostridium difficile: an underappreciated and increasing cause of death and complications. | to review the epidemiology and characteristics of patients who died or underwent colectomy secondary to fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | 2002 | 11882758 |
| the cdc42 and rac1 gtpases are required for capillary lumen formation in three-dimensional extracellular matrices. | here we show a requirement for the cdc42 and rac1 gtpases in endothelial cell (ec) morphogenesis in three-dimensional extracellular matrices. cdc42 and rac1 specifically regulate ec intracellular vacuole and lumen formation in both collagen and fibrin matrices. clostridium difficile toxin b (which blocks all three rho gtpases) completely inhibited the ability of ecs to form both vacuoles and lumens, whereas c3 transferase, a selective inhibitor of rho, did not. expression of either dominant-nega ... | 2002 | 11884513 |
| microvilli-like structures are associated with the internalization of virulent capsulated neisseria meningitidis into vascular endothelial cells. | bacterial pathogens are internalized into non-phagocytic cells either by a zipper mechanism involving a direct contact between a bacterial ligand and a cellular receptor or a trigger mechanism secondary to the formation of membrane ruffles. here we show that internalization of capsulated neisseria meningitidis within endothelial cells following type iv pilus-mediated adhesion is associated with the formation of cellular protrusions at the site of bacterial attachment. these protrusions, like mic ... | 2002 | 11884522 |
| [clostridium difficile infection]. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic species consisting of bacilli with large, oval, subterminal spores, normally found in intestines. it uses two toxins, which produce cytopathic changes in the intestinal mucosae, causing diarrhea. patients can present a spectrum of disease that varies from uncomplicated antibiotic-associated diarrhea to life threatening antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. c. difficile is the only species. there are no defined sterotypes. toxigenic and nontox ... | 2002 | 11885130 |
| characterization of clostridium perfringens strains isolated from polish patients with suspected antibiotic-associated diarrhea. | the aim of our research was to investigate the role of enterotoxin- producing anaerobic bacteria other than clostridium difficile in the etiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. this article presents data related to c. perfringens. | 2002 | 11887023 |
| severe clostridium difficile colitis: the role of intracolonic vancomycin? | 2002 | 11893379 | |
| [what measures are necessary in the demonstration of clostridium difficile toxin?]. | 2002 | 11894182 | |
| gastrointestinal: clostridium difficile colitis. | 2002 | 11895561 | |
| mechanism of lovastatin-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells. | we earlier showed that lovastatin potentiated the chemopreventive effects of sulindac against colon neoplasia in a rodent model and augments apoptosis induced by 5-fu and cisplatin in human colon cancer cells. in the present study, we investigated effects of lovastatin in spontaneously immortalized rat intestinal epithelial cells, iec-18 and their k-ras transformed clones. lovastatin induced morphologic changes (cell rounding and detachment) and apoptosis that were not influenced by k-ras mutati ... | 2002 | 11895868 |
| comparative in vitro activities of ertapenem (mk-0826) against 469 less frequently identified anaerobes isolated from human infections. | we studied the in vitro activity of ertapenem against 469 less frequently identified anaerobes from 11 genera and 52 species isolated from human infections. ertapenem was uniformly active against 460 of 469 (98%) strains at concentrations of < or = 4 microg/ml. only 4 of 14 clostridium difficile, 1 of 11 clostridium innocuum, and 4 of 6 lactobacillus sp. strains required ertapenem concentrations of > or = 8 microg/ml for inhibition. | 2002 | 11897608 |
| clostridium difficile infection associated with levofloxacin treatment. | nine cases of clostridium difficile (cd) infection were observed in the period of six months at a nursing home. eight of them occurred during or after antibiotic treatment. levofloxacin was used alone in three cases and in combination with another antibiotic in three other cases. cd infection occurred with other antibiotics in two cases. in one case, cd infection occurred without any antibiotic treatment. it is generally accepted that quinolones rarely cause cd infection. levofloxacin, a new ant ... | 2002 | 11898264 |
| phylogenetic analysis and pcr detection of clostridium chauvoei, clostridium haemolyticum, clostridium novyi types a and b, and clostridium septicum based on the flagellin gene. | the flagellin genes (flic) of clostridium chauvoei, clostridium haemolyticum, clostridium novyi types a and b, and clostridium septicum were analysed by pcr amplification and dna sequencing. the five clostridium species have at least two copies of the flagellin gene (flic) arranged in tandem on the chromosome. the deduced n- and c-terminal aminoacid sequences of the flagellin proteins (flics) of these clostridia are well conserved but their central region aminoacid sequences are not. phylogenic ... | 2002 | 11900959 |
| [probiotics in gastroenterology]. | probiotics are defined as live microorganisms of human origin. their use may favorably influence human health and ameliorate or prevent certain diseases. prebiotics are non-digestible foodstuffs (fiber, oligofructans - "colonic foods"), which enter the colon and are metabolized by the probiotics. probiotics should fulfill the following criteria: phenotypic and genotypic classification, no pathogenic properties, human origin, application in the living state, resistance to gastric acid and bile, a ... | 2002 | 11901455 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a triggers human colonocyte il-8 release via mitochondrial oxygen radical generation. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in generation of oxygen radicals and adenosine triphosphate (atp) depletion. we investigated whether mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in nuclear factor kappab (nf-kappab) activation and interleukin (il)-8 release from toxin a-exposed enterocytes. | 2002 | 11910356 |
| incidence of pseudomembranous colitis after vancomycin-treated mrsa infection. | 2002 | 11913373 | |
| e test susceptibility testing of nosocomial clostridium difficile isolates against metronidazole, vancomycin, fusidic acid and the novel agents moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, and linezolid. | 2002 | 11913510 | |
| morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden of nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in canadian hospitals. | to assess the healthcare burden, morbidity, and mortality of nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (n-cdad) in canadian hospitals. | 2002 | 11918118 |
| binding of clostridium difficile to caco-2 epithelial cell line and to extracellular matrix proteins. | adhesion of clostridium difficile to caco-2 was examined as a function of monolayers polarization and differentiation. the number of adherent c. difficile c253 bacteria per cell strongly decreased when postconfluent 15-day-old monolayers were used (1.7 bacteria per cell versus 17.3 with 3-day-old monolayers). following disruption of intercellular junctions by ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-n,n,n',n',-tetraacetic acid, a significant rise in the level of bacterial adhesion was observed ... | 2002 | 11934566 |
| emergence of cotrimoxazole- and quinolone-resistant campylobacter infections in bone marrow transplant recipients. | clinical and microbiological data were collected prospectively from 704 patients who underwent bone marrow transplantation (bmt) during an 11-year period (1991-2001), and the first two cases of campylobacter infection occurring in bmt recipients in the pre-engraftment period were identified. the two cases occurred on days 2 and 3 post-bmt, respectively. both patients had campylobacter jejuni enteritis, and one case was complicated by bacteraemia. in both cases the presenting symptoms were indist ... | 2002 | 11939393 |
| colorectal disease in liver allograft recipients -- a clinicopathological study with follow-up. | to determine the spectrum and outcome of colorectal diseases occurring in adult liver allograft recipients. | 2002 | 11953686 |
| effect of changes in surgical practice on the rate and detection of nosocomial infections: a prospective analysis. | the practice of surgery is being performed increasingly on an outpatient basis. how these changes have influenced the nosocomial infection rate and the ability of standard, center for disease control (cdc)-designed surveillance techniques to detect these infections is unknown. the goal of this study was to determine whether recent changes in surgical care have led to an increased nosocomial infection rate based on number of discharges and whether current surveillance techniques are adequate to d ... | 2002 | 11954823 |
| in vitro activity of linezolid against clostridium difficile. | we examined the in vitro activity of linezolid against clostridium difficile, including isolates with reduced susceptibility to metronidazole or vancomycin. the mic at which 50% of the isolates were inhibited (mic50) and mic90 were 0.5 and 2 microg/ml, respectively (range, 0.03 to 4 microg/ml). mics were always <or= 4 microg/ml, and thus, all isolates were considered susceptible. | 2002 | 11959617 |
| recurrent pseudomembranous colitis as a cause of recurrent severe sepsis. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) colitis accounts for nearly 15-20 % of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. manifestations include asymptomatic carriage, self-limited diarrhea, and pseudomembranous colitis, which is sometimes life-threatening. despite effective therapy with metronidazole and vancomycin relapse rates are 15-33 %. although colitis is seen in critically ill patients treated with combinations of broad-spectrum antibiotics, reports describing severe sepsis as a result of c. difficile ... | 2002 | 11961735 |
| molecular characterization of phenyllactate dehydratase and its initiator from clostridium sporogenes. | the heterotrimeric phenyllactate dehydratase from clostridium sporogenes, fldabc, catalyses the reversible dehydration of (r)-phenyllactate to (e)-cinnamate in two steps: (i) coa-transfer from the cofactor cinnamoyl-coa to phenyllactate to yield phenyllactyl-coa and the product cinnamate mediated by flda, a (r)-phenyllactate coa-transferase; followed by (ii) dehydration of phenyllactyl-coa to cinnamoyl-coa mediated by heterodimeric fldbc, a phenyllactyl-coa dehydratase. phenyllactate dehydratase ... | 2002 | 11967068 |
| abdominal infections in patients with acute leukaemia: a prospective study applying ultrasonography and microbiology. | a prospective study of 62 chemotherapy-induced neutropenic episodes in patients with acute leukaemia was conducted to determine the incidence and causes of abdominal infections, and to assess the diagnostic value of the combined use of ultrasonography (us) and microbiology. each patient underwent us of liver, gallbladder and complete bowel before chemotherapy, on days 2-4 after the end of chemotherapy and in cases of fever, diarrhoea or abdominal pain. us was combined with a standardized clinica ... | 2002 | 11972517 |
| high-density microarray of small-subunit ribosomal dna probes. | ribosomal dna sequence analysis, originally conceived as a way to provide a universal phylogeny for life forms, has proven useful in many areas of biological research. some of the most promising applications of this approach are presently limited by the rate at which sequences can be analyzed. as a step toward overcoming this limitation, we have investigated the use of photolithography chip technology to perform sequence analyses on amplified small-subunit rrna genes. the genechip (affymetrix co ... | 2002 | 11976131 |
| nadph oxidase mediates tissue factor-dependent surface procoagulant activity by thrombin in human vascular smooth muscle cells. | tissue factor (tf) initiates the extrinsic coagulation cascade leading to thrombin formation. thrombin induces tf mrna in vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs), thereby contributing to the prolonged procoagulant activity and enhanced thrombogenicity at sites of vascular injury. however, the signaling mechanisms mediating this thrombogenic cycle are unclear. characteristically, vascular injury promotes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros). because ros exert signaling functions, we inves ... | 2002 | 11980681 |
| etiology of diarrhea in patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in south india. | no studies so far have examined enteric infections in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (bmt) in developing countries where asymptomatic carriage and colonization with enteric pathogens is frequent. | 2002 | 11981416 |
| ulcerative colitis complicating pseudomembranous colitis of the right colon. | a 65-year-old man in the remission stage of ulcerative colitis developed severe bloody diarrhea and high fever. he was treated with imipenem/cilastatin and clindamycin for infectious enterocolitis at a local hospital, but there was no improvement in his condition. steroid pulse therapy was also ineffective. colonoscopy revealed pseudomembranous colitis extending from the ascending colon to the cecum, and clostridium difficile toxin was positive in the feces. the administration of vancomycin in a ... | 2002 | 11993517 |
| [evaluation of an advisory program in antibiotic therapy]. | increases in microbial resistance and pharmaceutical costs have prompted an interest in antibiotic control programs (acp). nevertheless, there is controversy on the optimal acp design and implementation. an acp based on the infectious diseases' specialist recommendations was evaluated. | 2002 | 11996759 |
| clostridium difficile toxin a alters in vitro-adherent neutrophil morphology and function. | the effects of purified toxin a in vitro on the shape and function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (pmnl) were examined. toxin a induced changes in adherent pmnl shape from a compact spherical or pyramidal shape to a thin and rope-like shape. this change in shape was accompanied by rearrangement of the f-actin cytoskeleton into aggregates. toxin a-treated pmnl exhibited increased adherence and expressed less l-selectin and more mac-1, compared with untreated pmnl. in contrast to these proinflamm ... | 2002 | 12001047 |
| analysis of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mls(b)) resistance determinant in strains of clostridium difficile. | the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin b (mlsb) resistance determinants have been detected among clostridia in both c. perfringens and c. difficile strains. previous studies have shown that mlsb-resistant c. difficile strains can be differentiated by specific hybridizing bands using an erm(b) probe. a recent study has demonstrated that c. difficile 630, a strain highly resistant to clindamycin and erythromycin (mic > or = 256 ml/l), showing a hybridizing band at 9.7 kb, contains two copies of a ... | 2002 | 12002649 |
| early versus late enteral feeding of mechanically ventilated patients: results of a clinical trial. | this study sought to compare 2 strategies for the administration of enteral feeding to mechanically ventilated medical patients. | 2002 | 12005458 |
| diarrhoea following renal transplantation. | in this study, we retrospectively evaluated all attacks of diarrhoea in our renal transplant recipients that came to our medical attention between 1985 and 2000. also, the clinical features of patients with diarrhoea were compared with the features of recipients without diarrhoea. we diagnosed 41 attacks of diarrhoea in 39 (12.6%) of 308 renal transplant recipients during this time period. an aetiology was detected in 33 (80.5%) of all diarrhoeal episodes and in seven (17.1%) of those the specif ... | 2002 | 12010146 |
| variable flagella expression among clonal toxin a-/b+clostridium difficile strains with highly homogeneous flagellin genes. | 2002 | 12010175 | |
| reassessment of clostridium difficile susceptibility to metronidazole and vancomycin. | clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified enteric pathogen in patients with nosocomially acquired, antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the drugs most commonly used to treat diseases associated with c. difficile are metronidazole and vancomycin. most clinical laboratories assume that all c. difficile isolates are susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin. we report on the antimicrobial susceptibilities of 415 c. difficile isolates to metronidazole and vancomycin over an 8-year period ... | 2002 | 12019070 |
| nitazoxanide as a broad-spectrum antiparasitic agent. | 2002 | 12023782 | |
| conditions associated with leukocytosis in a tertiary care hospital, with particular attention to the role of infection caused by clostridium difficile. | few modern studies have enumerated the conditions associated with leukocytosis. our clinical experience has implicated clostridium difficile infection in a substantial proportion of patients with leukocytosis. in a prospective, observational study of 400 inpatients with wbc counts of >/=15,000 cells/mm(3), we documented >/=1 infection in 207 patients (53%). of these 207 patients, 97 (47%) had pneumonia, 60 (29%) had urinary tract infection, 34 (16%) had soft-tissue infection, and 34 (16%) had c. ... | 2002 | 12032893 |
| evaluation of a test for clostridium difficile toxins a and b for the diagnosis of neonatal swine enteritis. | a commercially available 1-hour enzyme immunoassay (eia) for detecting the presence of clostridium difficile toxins a and b was evaluated for use in diagnosis of c. difficile infections in neonatal swine. this test was compared with a tissue culture cytotoxicity assay, which is considered to be the reference standard for the detection of c. difficile toxins. twenty-seven samples of colonic contents and 23 fecal samples were collected from freshly euthanized neonatal swine with a history of scour ... | 2002 | 12033686 |
| prevalence and genetic characterization of toxin a variant strains of clostridium difficile among adults and children with diarrhea in france. | toxin a variant strains (toxin a-negative, toxin b-positive strains) of clostridium difficile have been reported to be responsible for diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis in humans. these strains lack parts of the repeating sequences of the toxin a gene (tcda) and are toxin a negative by commercial enzyme immunoassays (eia). here, we report the prevalence of the toxin a variant strains in 334 patients with c. difficile-associated diarrhea in france. the repeating segment of the tcda gene (1,200 ... | 2002 | 12037068 |
| development and evaluation of a pcr method for detection of the clostridium difficile toxin b gene in stool specimens. | a pcr assay detecting clostridium difficile toxin b gene in stool specimens was compared to the cytotoxicity assay as the reference standard for the diagnosis of c. difficile antibiotic-associated diarrhea (cdad). overall, 118 stool samples were tested. all of the specimens that were negative by the cytotoxicity assay (59 out of 118) were also negative by the pcr method (specificity of 100%). of the 59 cytotoxin-positive samples, 54 were pcr positive (sensitivity of 91.5%). this pcr method is pr ... | 2002 | 12037113 |
| caveolin-associated filamentous actin (cav-actin) defines a novel f-actin structure in adipocytes. | dynamic actin remodeling has been implicated in the translocation of the insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (glut4) to the plasma membrane in adipocytes. here we show that fully differentiated 3t3l1 adipocytes have unique cortical filamentous actin structure, designated cav-actin (caveolae-associated f-actin). during 3t3l1 adipocyte differentiation, rhodamine-phalloidin staining demonstrated the formation of a cortical actin cytoskeleton that is composed of small dot-like f-actin spikes li ... | 2002 | 12039946 |
| comparative study of cefuroxime axetil versus amoxicillin in children with early lyme disease. | cefuroxime axetil has been shown to have efficacy comparable to doxycycline in adults with early lyme disease (ld). because of toxicity, doxycycline is usually avoided in children. for children who are unable to tolerate amoxicillin, there is currently no proven alternative oral therapy for ld. this randomized, unblinded study compared 2 dosage regimens of cefuroxime axetil (20 mg/kg/d and 30 mg/kg/d) with amoxicillin (50 mg/kg/d), each given for 20 days. children were enrolled if they were 6 mo ... | 2002 | 12042561 |
| probiotics in clinical conditions. | probiotics are nonpathogenic microorganisms which, when ingested, exert a positive influence on the health or physiology of the host. their mechanisms of action and effects are now studied using the same pharmacological approach as for drugs. this article summarizes and comments on evidence for the positive effects of probiotics in various clinical situations. substantial evidence can be achieved when randomized controlled trials or meta-analyses show positive results. the clinical situations st ... | 2002 | 12043384 |
| the commonality of risk factors for nosocomial colonization and infection with antimicrobial-resistant staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus, gram-negative bacilli, clostridium difficile, and candida. | recent years have witnessed a rapidly growing crisis in antimicrobial resistance, especially among microorganisms that cause nosocomial infection. to better understand common risk factors among multiresistant organisms, this review explores risk factors for nosocomial infection with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, clostridium difficile, extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing gram-negative bacilli, and candida. this review comprises data from 74 ... | 2002 | 12044132 |
| clostridium difficile diarrhea on a burn unit. | 2002 | 12052382 | |
| theodore e. woodward award. how bacterial enterotoxins work: insights from in vivo studies. | clostridium difficile is a spore forming, gram-positive anaerobic bacillus first described in 1935 by hall and o'toole as a commensal organism in the fecal flora of healthy newborn infants (1). the organism was given its unusual name because it grew slowly and was difficult to isolate in pure culture. its presence in the stool of healthy neonates suggested that c. difficile was a nonpathogen, even though it produced toxins in broth culture. following its original description, c. difficile passed ... | 2002 | 12053708 |
| interleukin-1 inhibits angiotensin ii-stimulated protein kinase b pathway in renal mesangial cells via the inducible nitric oxide synthase. | exposure of rat renal mesangial cells to angiotensin ii and angiotensin iii leads to a rapid phosphorylation and activation of the protein kinase b (pkb) pathway. the angiotensin ii analogs angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin-(1-6) and angiotensin-(3-8) were unable to activate pkb. the angiotensin ii and iii effects are mediated by the angiotensin type 1 receptor as documented by the inhibitory action of valsartan. furthermore, angiotensin ii-induced activation of pkb involves neither a pertussis tox ... | 2002 | 12065072 |
| experimental effects of saccharomyces boulardii on diarrheal pathogens. | saccharomyces boulardii is a selected strain of yeast that may have applications in the prevention and treatment of intestinal infections. the animal models and in vitro studies developed to elucidate the mechanisms of this protection are reviewed and discussed. | 2002 | 12067833 |
| signalling components involved in the coupling of alpha 1-adrenoceptors to phospholipase d in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. | activation of phospholipase d (pld) is assumed to be one major pathway by which alpha(1)-adrenoceptors (alpha(1)ars) induce hypertrophic responses in cardiac myocytes. heterotrimeric g proteins, protein kinase c (pkc) isoforms, protein tyrosine kinases, monomeric gtpases of the adp-ribosylation factor (arf) and rho families, and as important cofactor phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (pip(2)) seem to participate in the g protein-coupled receptor dependent regulation of pld. we therefore stud ... | 2002 | 12070761 |