Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| rectal immunization of mice with hepatitis a vaccine induces stronger systemic and local immune responses than parenteral immunization. | systemic (spleen cell (splc), serum antibodies) and intestinal mucosal (peyer's patch cells (ppc), lamina propria lymphocytes (lpls), coproantibodies) immune responses were compared in mice immunized with varying doses (144, 72, 36, 18 elisa units [eu]) of havrix, an alum-adsorbed killed hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine, delivered either intrarectally (i.r.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.) in three doses at weekly intervals. hav-specific igg, igm, and iga antibody responses were evaluated by elispot ... | 2003 | 12615450 |
| prevalence of antibodies to selected viruses in a long-term closed breeding colony of rhesus macaques (macaca mulatta) in brazil. | the rhesus macaque breeding colony of the oswaldo cruz foundation (fiocruz) was established in 1932 from a founding stock of 100 animals. this population has remained closed to new animal introductions for almost 70 years. a serologic survey was performed to determine the prevalence of antibodies to selected viruses as a first approach to identifying viral pathogens endemic in this population. banked serum samples were tested for antibodies to simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), simian t-lympho ... | 2003 | 12619046 |
| antigenic hepatitis a virus structures may be produced in escherichia coli. | the synthesis of 14s pentamers and 70s empty capsids of hepatitis a virus (hav) has been accomplished by expressing the viral genome for periods of time longer than 4 h in escherichia coli. hav pentamers (14s) self-assembled into capsids (70s) in vitro. the antibodies induced by these structures recognized and neutralized hav. | 2003 | 12620879 |
| genetic analysis of hav strains recovered from patients with acute hepatitis from southern italy. | southern italy is an endemic area for hav infection contributing to the majority of italian hepatitis a cases. using molecular analysis, hav strains have been classified in distinct genotypes and subgenotypes. to characterize hav wild-type strains circulating in southern italy, sequence analysis of vp3-vp1 and vp1/2a junction regions of hav isolates recovered from 25 patients with acute hepatitis during 2000 and 2001 was carried out. hav isolates showed a degree of identity, after pairwise compa ... | 2003 | 12766995 |
| homogeneous hepatitis a virus particles. proteolytic release of the assembly signal 2a from procapsids by factor xa. | among the picornaviridae, hepatitis a virus (hav) is unique in that its assembly is driven by domain 2a of p1-2a, the precursor of the structural proteins (probst, c., jecht, m., and gauss-müller, v. (1999) j. biol. chem. 274, 4527-4531). whereas infected individuals excrete in stool mature hav capsids with vp1 as the major structural protein, its c-terminal extended form vp1-2a is the main component of immature procapsids produced in hav-infected cells in culture. obviously, a postassembly prot ... | 2003 | 12782637 |
| seroepidemiology of hepatitis a virus infection among school children in delhi and north indian patients with chronic liver disease: implications for hav vaccination. | universal vaccination against hepatitis a virus (hav) has been recommended for children because of the changing epidemiological pattern of hav. vaccination has also been advised for patients with chronic liver disease as hav superinfection in these patients can result in severe or even fatal disease. in india, the indications for hav vaccination are not clear due to contradictory seroepidemiological data in children and lack of data on hav seroprevalence in patients with chronic liver disease. | 2003 | 12795755 |
| acute viral cholecystitis due to hepatitis a virus infection. | acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is frequent in developing countries. although some gallbladder abnormalities are defined during the course, an acute cholecystitis is extremely rare. we here report 2 additional cases of cholecystitis due to acute hav infection and review the previously reported 2 cases. one of our patients was admitted with jaundice and a suspicious portal mass with a presumed diagnosis of cholagiocarcinoma. the other presented with jaundice, abdominal pain, and constitut ... | 2003 | 12811216 |
| foodborne transmission of hepatitis a--massachusetts, 2001. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is transmitted typically from person to person by the fecal-oral route. foodborne transmission occurs when an hav-infected food handler contaminates food during preparation or when food is contaminated during harvesting or processing before reaching the food service establishment or home. postexposure prophylaxis (pep) with immune globulin (ig) can prevent hepatitis a among exposed persons if administered within 14 days of exposure. however, the decision about whether to ... | 2003 | 12816107 |
| [study on the effects of controlling hepatitis a epidemics by building the colony immune defence]. | to build the colony immune defence and to control the periodic epidemics of hepatitis a after a mass vaccination of live attenuated hepatitis a vaccine. | 2003 | 12820928 |
| the cytopathic 18f strain of hepatitis a virus induces rna degradation in frhk4 cells. | the mechanism responsible for the induction of apoptosis by the rapidly replicating hm175/18f strain of hepatitis a virus (hav) was investigated. full length hav rna and viral capsid protein vp1 were detected in 18f infected cells at earlier times post-infection than in hm175/clone 1 infected cells. analysis of total cellular rna from hm175/18f infected frhk4 cells by denaturing agarose gel electrophoresis and northern blot hybridization revealed extensive degradation of both the 28s and 18s rib ... | 2003 | 12827461 |
| evidence of recombination in natural populations of hepatitis a virus. | genetic analysis of selected genome regions of hepatitis a virus (hav) suggested that distinct genotypes of hav could be found in different geographical regions. at least seven hav genotypes have been identified all over the world, including four human genotypes (i, ii, iii, and vii) and three simian strains (iv, v, and vi). phylogenetic analysis using full-length vp1 sequences revealed that human strain 9f94 has a close genetic relation with strain slf-88 (sub-genotype vii). nevertheless, the s ... | 2003 | 12832202 |
| mixed infection of a child care provider with hepatitis a virus isolates from subgenotypes ia and ib revealed by heteroduplex mobility assay. | phylogenetic analysis based on a 168 base segment encompassing the putative vp1/2a junction of the hepatitis a virus (hav) genome has enabled the classification of hav isolates into seven genotypes (i-vii). genotype i, which includes the vast majority of the human hav isolates, has been divided further into subgenotypes ia and ib. an heteroduplex mobility assay was designed with amplification products from the vp1/2a junction region, and used as a genotyping method able to discriminate hav isola ... | 2003 | 12505637 |
| capsid functions of inactivated human picornaviruses and feline calicivirus. | the exceptional stability of enteric viruses probably resides in their capsids. the capsid functions of inactivated human picornaviruses and feline calicivirus (fcv) were determined. viruses were inactivated by uv, hypochlorite, high temperature (72 degrees c), and physiological temperature (37 degrees c), all of which are pertinent to transmission via food and water. poliovirus (pv) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are transmissible via water and food, and fcv is the best available surrogate for the ... | 2003 | 12514015 |
| vaccination strategies against hepatitis a in southern europe. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is decreasing in southern european countries, where epidemiological conditions vary among regions depending on the social and health-care system development. in high endemic settings, hav infection has not heavy social and economic weight while in countries with a moderate/low degree of endemia there is a call for targeted vaccination policy. in countries, like spain and in italy, where several studies confirm an increase in susceptible adults, vaccination strat ... | 2003 | 12531342 |
| multiple infections and subsequent cardiovascular events in the heart outcomes prevention evaluation (hope) study. | limited prospective epidemiological data are available on the relation between exposure to chlamydia pneumoniae, helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus (cmv), and hepatitis a virus (hav), individually or as a total pathogen score, and human cardiovascular (cv) disease. | 2003 | 12538424 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a virus infection among sewage workers in georgia. | wastewater (ww) workers could have opportunity for direct contact with raw sewage, which might contain hepatitis a virus (hav). | 2003 | 12541272 |
| blood safety monitoring among persons with bleeding disorders--united states, may 1998-june 2002. | since 1998, cdc has collaborated with approximately 140 federally funded hemophilia treatment centers (htcs) in the united states and its territories through the universal data collection (udc) surveillance project to monitor blood product safety and detect new viral hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infections. this report presents findings of investigations conducted during may 1998-june 2002 of 1,149 seroconversions for hepatitis viruses identified among persons with bleeding d ... | 2003 | 12553567 |
| aetiology, clinical course and outcome of sporadic acute viral hepatitis in pregnancy. | hepatitis e causes large-scale epidemics in endemic areas. the disease, during epidemics, has increased incidence and severity in pregnant women. sporadic acute viral hepatitis (avh) is common in endemic areas. the relationship of sporadic avh and pregnancy has not been well studied. over a 3-year period we prospectively studied 76 pregnant women and 337 non-pregnant women of childbearing age with sporadic acute viral hepatitis for aetiology, clinical course and outcome of disease. the aetiology ... | 2003 | 12558914 |
| interaction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase with secondary and tertiary rna structural elements of the hepatitis a virus 3' translated and non-translated regions. | proteins interacting with rna structures at the 3' non-translated region (3'ntr) of picornaviruses are probably important during viral rna replication. we have shown previously that a dominant cellular cytoplasmic protein of 38 kda (p38) interacts with the 3'ntr and upstream regions of the hepatitis a virus (hav) rna (kusov et al., j virol 70, 1890-1897, 1996). immunological and biochemical analyses of p38 have indicated that it is identical to gapdh, which has previously been described as modul ... | 2003 | 12560573 |
| immunofluorescent detection and quantitation of hepatitis a virus in sewage treatment effluent and on agri-food surfaces using scanning confocal microscopy. | an immunofluorescent (if) assay was developed for specific detection and quantitation of hepatitis a virus (hav) in sewage treatment effluent or attached to stainless steel, copper, high density polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride surfaces. polyclonal antibodies were produced in rabbits and characterized for specificity to hav. purified anti-hav antibodies were used in combination with alexa-anti-rabbit conjugate and confocal microscopy for detection and quantitation of hav in effluent samples. ... | 2003 | 12565149 |
| incidence of enteric viruses in groundwater from household wells in wisconsin. | recent studies on the contamination of groundwater with human enteric viruses have focused on public water systems, whereas little is known about the occurrence of viruses in private household wells. the objective of the present study was to estimate the incidence of viruses in wisconsin household wells located near septage land application sites or in rural subdivisions served by septic systems. fifty wells in seven hydrogeologic districts were sampled four times over a year, once each season. ... | 2003 | 12571044 |
| fluid mechanics, cell distribution, and environment in cellcube bioreactors. | cultivation of mrc-5 cells and attenuated hepatitis a virus (hav) for the production of vaqta, an inactivated hav vaccine (1), is performed in the cellcube reactor, a laminar flow fixed-bed bioreactor with an unusual diamond-shaped, diverging-converging flow geometry. these disposable bioreactors have found some popularity for the production of cells and gene therapy vectors at intermediate scales of operation (2, 3). early testing of the cellcube revealed that the fluid mechanical environment p ... | 2003 | 12572999 |
| hepatitis a virus detection in oysters (crassostrea gigas) in santa catarina state, brazil, by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. | shellfish are readily contaminated with viruses present in water containing sewage because of the concentration effect of filter feeding. hepatitis a virus (hav) is the main cause of acute hepatitis worldwide and may lead to severe illness or even death. it is transmitted through fecal and oral routes and causes widespread endemic and asymptomatic infections in young children. here we describe a method for the detection of hav rna in shellfish involving the extraction of total rna from oyster me ... | 2003 | 12636311 |
| analysis of the genotype-determining region of hepatitis a viral rna in relation to disease severities. | although hepatitis a is still a considerable problem in japan, correlation of genomic differences of hepatitis a virus (hav) and the clinical status of hepatitis a has not been studied. to examine whether the hav genotype is associated with the disease severity, we analyzed the hav genotype-determining region in sera from patients with hepatitis a of various clinical degrees. serum samples from 47 japanese patients with sporadic hepatitis a from 4 different areas in japan, including 8 with fulmi ... | 2003 | 12644048 |
| [a food poisoning outbreak caused by purple washington clam contaminated with norovirus (norwalk-like virus) and hepatitis a virus]. | a party of 57 people dined together in a restaurant in hamamatsu city on december 11, 2001. the next day, 22 of them developed symptoms of acute gastroenteritis, such as diarrhea, vomiting, and fever. examination of 4 fecal specimens from these patients by elisa for norovirus (norwalk-like virus, nv) detected both genogroup i (gi) and genogroup ii (gii) nv in all the 4 specimens. in addition, rt-pcr and real-time pcr methods for nv detected the nv gene. approximately one month after the outbreak ... | 2003 | 12661084 |
| comparative analysis of viral pathogens and potential indicators in shellfish. | shellfish can be responsible of outbreaks of infectious diseases and current health measures do not guarantee the absence of viral pathogens in this product. here we examine the presence of pathogenic viruses and potential indicators in shellfish in a comparative analysis.sixty shellfish samples collected in three areas with different levels of faecal contamination were analysed for escherichia coli, total coliforms, clostridium perfringens, somatic coliphages, f-specific phages of rna (f-rna), ... | 2003 | 12672594 |
| liposome entrapment and immunogenic studies of a synthetic lipophilic multiple antigenic peptide bearing vp1 and vp3 domains of the hepatitis a virus: a robust method for vaccine design. | multiple antigen peptides (map) have been demonstrated to be efficient immunological reagents for the induction of immune responses to a variety of infectious agents. several peptide domains of the hepatitis a virus (hav) capsid proteins, mainly vp1 and vp3, are the immunodominant targets for a protective antibody response. in the present study we analyse the immunogenic properties of a tetrameric heterogeneous palmitoyl-derivatised map containing two defined hav peptide sequences, vp1(11-25) an ... | 2003 | 12681496 |
| prevalence rates of viral hepatitis infections in refugee kurds from iraq and turkey. | since little is known about the burden of viral hepatitis in kurds, the prevalence of infection with hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis e virus (hev), hepatitis b virus (hbv) and hepatitis c virus (hcv) was investigated in a sample of refugee kurds from iraq and turkey. | 2003 | 12682810 |
| hepatitis a vaccination of infants: effect of maternal antibody status on antibody persistence and response to a booster dose. | infants with passively transferred maternal antibody (pma) to hepatitis a virus (hav) have lower concentrations of antibody to hav (anti-hav) after vaccination. we examined the effect of pma on persistence of anti-hav and on immune memory. | 2003 | 12690277 |
| sequential changes in hepatitis a virus genotype distribution in estonia during 1994 to 2001. | hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates from a large outbreak and from non-outbreak cases in estonia were characterized by sequencing the aminoterminal vp1 region. from january 1998 to december 1999, a total of 1084 cases of hepatitis a were reported to the harjumaa-tallinn and ida-virumaa health protection services in estonia. the attack rate was highest among males aged 15-29. initial cases were noted to be associated with injecting drug use. igm anti-hav positive sera were available from 107 hospita ... | 2003 | 12696104 |
| perinatal and intrafamily transmission of hepatitis b virus in three generations of a low-prevalence population. | family members of 47 hepatitis b virus (hbv)-carrier pregnant women were tested for the presence of hepatitis b surface antigen (hbsag), other markers of hbv infection, and hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies. eleven members of six families were found to be hbv dna positive. five of the anti-hbe-positive persons were found to be hbv dna carriers, too. the mean age of the hbv dna carriers was found to be lower than that of hbe carriers; therefore, it is suggested that seroconversion to hbe occurs ... | 2003 | 12696105 |
| hemophagocytic syndrome associated with fulminant hepatitis a: a case report. | a 37-year-old man had a sore throat and pyrexia since january 1999. he was treated at a nearby hospital, but not improved. jaundice was indicated there, and the patient was referred transferred to our hospital, where he was admitted for treatment with a diagnosis of severe acute hepatitis with acute renal failure. thereafter the patient was revealed to have had a past history of heavy drinking, and he underwent the treatment with a diagnosis of acute fulminant hepatitis due to hepatitis a virus ... | 2003 | 12713021 |
| [combined infection of abdominal typhoid and hepatitis a and e]. | 2003 | 12722365 | |
| loss of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies after peripheral stem cell transplantation (psct). | the majority of patients with hepatitis a have a benign course, but some may develop fulminant hepatitis and hematological complications. peripheral stem cell transplantation (psct) is associated with loss of immunity. there are no data regarding loss of hav antibodies (anti-hav) after psct. we retrospectively evaluated the persistence of anti-hav in a nonvaccinated population that underwent psct. serum detection of anti-hav was determined before and after psct using a qualitative commercially a ... | 2003 | 12732889 |
| hepatitis a virus vp3 may activate serum response element associated transcription. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is a major public health problem worldwide. the infection does not induce any visible cytopathic effects or interfere with macromolecular synthesis in host cells. however, the hepatitis b and c viruses have recently been reported to activate intracellular signals. to clarify the effects of hav infection on intracellular signalling, we examined the influence of 9 flag-tagged hav proteins (vp2, vp3, vp1-2a, 2b, 2c, 3a, 3bc, 3c and 3d) on signal transduction pathwa ... | 2003 | 12737447 |
| anti-hepatitis a virus immunoglobulin m antibodies in urine samples for rapid diagnosis of outbreaks. | the main goal of this study was to test the feasibility of using urine for diagnosing hepatitis a virus (hav) infections. a correlation of 90.78% between the test results of urine and serum samples was obtained. four outbreaks of hepatitis a were confirmed by testing only urine samples. the levels of anti-hav immunoglobulin m (igm) antibodies in urine samples remained stable during 6 months of storage at -70 degrees c but decreased when the samples were stored at 4 degrees c. the results of test ... | 2003 | 12738658 |
| risk groups for hepatitis a virus infection. | we report the conduct and results of a systematic search for evidence of risk of infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) among blood transfusion recipients, travellers, the military, healthcare workers, sewage workers, foodhandlers, day care assistants, institutionalised subjects, blood transfusion recipients, drug addicts, homosexuals, prisoners and other risk groups such a liver transplantees. we report our recommendations for the use of the hav vaccine in these groups. | 2003 | 12744847 |
| helicobacter pylori and hepatitis a virus infection in school-aged children on two isolated neighborhood islands in taiwan. | the transmission routes of helicobacter pylori and hepatitis a virus (hav) infections have been extensively discussed in previous literature. however, whether h. pylori and hav shared the same transmission pattern or not remains unclear. lower socioeconomic status was recognized as a consistent risk factor to both infections. however, whether fecal-oral transmission was a risk factor to both infections is still under debate. | 2003 | 12752727 |
| prevalence of hepatitis a, hepatitis b, and hiv among hepatitis c-seropositive state hospital patients: results from oregon state hospital. | multiple studies have shown that individuals with severe mental illness are at increased risk for acquiring infection from human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv). moreover, patients with chronic hcv infection are at risk for fulminant hepatitis from acquired infection with hepatitis a virus (hav) or hbv, but there are limited data on the prevalence of hiv, hav, and hbv in chronically hospitalized u.s. psychiatric patients without mental retardati ... | 2003 | 12755656 |
| hav replication in acute hepatitis with typical and atypical clinical course. | the correlation between the length of viremia as detected by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) and the clinical course of hepatitis a virus (hav) infection was studied. sixty-six consecutive patients with acute hepatitis a who were admitted to hospital in two infectious disease units in southern italy were enrolled: 57 had a self-limited course of the disease (typical course), 4 a prolonged course, and 5 relapsing hepatitis. plasma hav rna was sought by rt-pcr, using prime ... | 2003 | 12858402 |
| importance of amino acid 216 in nonstructural protein 2b for replication of hepatitis a virus in cell culture and in vivo. | clinical isolates of hepatitis a virus (hav) replicate inefficiently in cell culture unless mutations are acquired throughout the genome. an ala-to-val substitution in the nonstructural protein 2b (2b-216) was known to have a major impact on replication in cell culture. analysis of chimeric viruses confirmed that the 2b-a[216]v change was critical for efficient replication and that leu or ile could substitute for val. viruses containing val, ile, or leu at 2b-216 all replicated with similar kine ... | 2003 | 12858403 |
| outbreak of hepatitis a in the injecting drug user and homeless populations in bristol: control by a targeted vaccination programme and possible parenteral transmission. | to study the use of hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination in controlling an outbreak of hav in inner-city bristol among injecting drug users (idus). to study whether hepatitis c virus (hcv) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) co-infection increases morbidity. | 2003 | 12867801 |
| hepatitis a virus infections in injecting drug users. | 2003 | 12889283 | |
| changing epidemiology of hepatitis a: should we be doing more to vaccinate injecting drug users? | since 2001 there have been significant outbreaks of hepatitis a virus (hav) across south yorkshire, largely in intravenous drug users, and hav infection has been reported to be an increasing problem in england and scotland during this time. this paper reports a brief investigation to clarify current hav epidemiology in england and wales. the epidemiology of hav in england, but not yet wales, has recently changed. laboratory reports now show that most cases are occurring in young adults, mainly y ... | 2003 | 12889286 |
| outbreak of hepatitis a infection among intravenous drug users in suffolk and suspected risk factors. | a prolonged outbreak of hepatitis a infection amongst drug users in suffolk prompted a study of the natural immunity against hepatitis a in this population, and a retrospective analysis of the relationship between specific drug-taking behaviours and the risk of hepatitis a infection. prior to the outbreak, age-specific seroprevalence of hepatitis a igg in drug users was similar to that amongst blood donors in the region. of those without effective immunity, intravenous drug users, multiple drug ... | 2003 | 12889287 |
| recent advance on viral hepatitis a. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is an old disease in the world, usually spread by the fecal-oral route. the uncomplicated patients usually recovery within 6 months. its mortality is age-dependent. a high fatality rate with fulminate course and among chronic hepatitis b or c patients with hav super-infection was observed. in recent two to three decades, the improvement of public health and hygiene has reduced the incidence of hepatitis a in children and adolescents worldwide; therefore, a massi ... | 2003 | 12889499 |
| [expression of hepatitis a virus procapsids in the insect cells infected by recombinant baculovirus]. | the recombinant baculocvirus containing genome p1-2a-p3 of hepatitis a virus (hav) was constructed and used for infecting the sf9 insect cells. it was demonstrated that the deletion of 2bc from hav polyprotein and the insertion of a new 3c protease cleavage site between p1-2a and p3 did not interfere with the processing of polyprotein or with forming the 70s-procapsids. the identity of the protein contents as well as of morphological and antigen characteristics, obtained in sf9-cells, to hav emp ... | 2003 | 12894479 |
| retrospective detection of a subclinical hepatitis a virus (hav) epidemic affecting juvenile cohorts of the hungarian population. | sero-epidemiological surveys of serum samples taken in 1982, 1987, 1994 and 1999 have been performed with hepatitis a virus-specific (hav-specific) serological tests. results obtained during these surveys show that the proportion of seropositive blood donors decreased from 69% to 18% within 17 years. the authors have recognised a (mainly subclinical) epidemic, affecting about 115000 teenagers in 1992-1994 in hungary, is a threatening phenomenon. it was calculated that only about 3600 clinical di ... | 2003 | 12900060 |
| alteration of hepatitis a virus (hav) particles by a soluble form of hav cellular receptor 1 containing the immunoglobin-and mucin-like regions. | hepatitis a virus (hav) infects african green monkey kidney cells via hav cellular receptor 1 (havcr-1). the ectodomain of havcr-1 contains an n-terminal cysteine-rich immunoglobin-like region (d1), followed by a mucin-like region that extends d1 well above the cell surface. d1 is required for binding of hav, and a soluble construct containing d1 fused to the hinge and fc portions of human immunoglobin g1 (igg1), d1-fc, bound and neutralized hav inefficiently. however, d1-fc did not alter the vi ... | 2003 | 12901378 |
| pattern of viral hepatitis infection in a selected population from saudi arabia. | viral hepatitis is an important health problem worldwide. globally, three major viruses are the leading cause of hepatitis: hepatitis a, b, and c. in this study, we have investigated the pattern of hepatitis among the national guard personnel and their extended families seen in the central region of saudi arabia. the most dominant type of hepatitis infection was hepatitis b virus (hbv), followed by hepatitis c virus (hcv), and to a lesser extent hepatitis a virus (hav). our results showed three ... | 2003 | 12901469 |
| factors affecting hepatitis vaccination refusal at a sexually transmitted disease clinic among men who have sex with men. | men who have sex with men (msm) attending sexually transmitted disease (std) clinics should be considered candidates for hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) vaccination. however, vaccination rates in std clinics remain less than optimal. | 2003 | 12916132 |
| viral hepatitis among young men who have sex with men: prevalence of infection, risk behaviors, and vaccination. | men who have sex with men (msm) are at risk for acquiring hepatitis a virus (hav), hepatitis b virus (hbv), and hepatitis c virus (hcv). | 2003 | 12916134 |
| immunological priming of one dose of inactivated hepatitis a vaccine given during the first year of life in presence of maternal antibodies. | in hepatitis a virus (hav)-seronegative infants, inactivated hepatitis a vaccines are highly immunogenic. on the contrary, in infants who are hav-seropositive before vaccination, the interfering effect of passively-transferred maternal anti-hav antibodies leads to lower post-primary immunization anti-hav levels, as compared to those achieved by seronegative infants. one possible way to overcome this drawback is to delay hepatitis a vaccination later during the first year of life. the objective o ... | 2003 | 12922104 |
| lack of evidence for fecal-oral transmission of helicobacter pylori infection in taiwanese. | helicobacter pylori infection is primarily acquired in early childhood and its transmission routes are debated. the aims of this study were to determine the seroprevalence of anti-h. pylori immunoglobulin g (igg) in taiwanese and to investigate whether a common mode of transmission could be shared between h. pylori and hepatitis a virus (hav). | 2003 | 12923589 |
| efficacy of virosome hepatitis a vaccine in young children in nicaragua: randomized placebo-controlled trial. | immunization of young children could control hepatitis a virus (hav) infection, but the efficacy of hepatitis a vaccines in early childhood is unknown. in a randomized, double-blind trial of a single dose of a virosome-formulated, aluminum-free inactivated hav vaccine in nicaragua, 274 children (age range, 1.5-6 years) received vaccine or placebo injections; 239 children seronegative for hepatitis a were included in the primary efficacy analysis. hav infection documented by immunoglobulin m anti ... | 2003 | 12934183 |
| comparison between specific and multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for detection of hepatitis a virus, poliovirus and rotavirus in experimentally seeded oysters. | outbreaks of gastroenteritis have occurred among consumers of raw or undercooked shellfish harvested from faecally polluted waters. a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was applied for the simultaneous detection of hepatitis a virus (hav), poliovirus (pv) and simian rotavirus (rv-sa11) and compared with specific primers for each genome sequence. three amplified dna products representing hav (192 bp), pv (394 bp) and rv (278 bp) were identified when positive contro ... | 2003 | 12937755 |
| viral and clinical factors associated with the fulminant course of hepatitis a infection. | fulminant hepatitis is a severe complication of hepatitis a virus infection. its mechanism is unknown. liver transplantation can be necessary, but spontaneous recovery is frequent. there are no data on the level of viral replication according to the clinical form of hepatitis a. we reviewed the files of 50 patients with acute hepatitis a. nineteen patients had fulminant hepatitis (defined by encephalopathy and factor v <50%), and, from them, 10 patients underwent transplantation. hepatitis a vir ... | 2003 | 12939587 |
| hepatitis a igg seropositivity and coronary atherosclerosis assessed by angiography. | infectious agents, in particular intracellular pathogens that can establish long-term, persistent infection, may play an important role in atherogenesis. we tested the hypothesis that hepatitis a virus (hav) could be associated with significant coronary artery disease. | 2003 | 12957749 |
| comparison of four extraction methods to detect hepatitis a virus rna in serum and stool samples. | the efficiency of extraction methods for hepatitis a virus (hav) rna in clinical samples is of great importance for molecular diagnosis, especially in regions endemic for hav, such as brazil. we compared the efficiency of four different extraction techniques in serum and stool samples for the detection of hepatitis a virus by reverse transcription pcr (rt-pcr). we used pcr to analyse serum and stool samples of 12 patients who were referred to the brazilian reference center for viral hepatitis (b ... | 2003 | 12959685 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus in shellfish (mytilus galloprovincialis) with rt-pcr. | a pcr assay for the detection of hepatitis a virus (hav) in shellfish is described. the procedure involves the concentration of viral particles with the use of polyethylene glycol (peg), followed by viral rna extraction and purification with oligo(dt) cellulose. reverse transcriptase-pcr detection was accomplished in a single step with the use of primers specific for the vp3-vp1 region of the genome. the procedure detected one 50% tissue culture infective dose (0.6 pfu) per 25 g of shellfish hom ... | 2003 | 14503725 |
| sleep enhances the human antibody response to hepatitis a vaccination. | the common belief that sleep supports immune defense has received surprisingly little direct experimental support. the antibody response to vaccination provides a valid tool to assess the influence of sleep on adaptive immune functioning in humans, which is also clinically relevant. | 2003 | 14508028 |
| hepatitis a booster vaccination: is there a need? | hepatitis a is one of the most common vaccine-preventable infectious diseases in the world. effective vaccines against hepatitis a have been available since 1992, and they provide long-term immunity against the infection. however, there is no worldwide consensus on how long protection will last or whether there will be a need for hepatitis a virus (hav) booster vaccinations in the future. in most countries, booster-vaccination policy is guided by manufacturers' recommendations, national authorit ... | 2003 | 14522539 |
| seroepidemiology of helicobacter pylori and hepatitis a virus and the mode of transmission of infection: a 9-year cohort study in rural japan. | we compared the seroepidemiologic patterns of helicobacter pylori and hepatitis a virus (hav) infections among participants in 2 independent cross-sectional studies conducted in japan in 1986 and 1994. subgroups were monitored with successive blood sampling. h. pylori and hav infection status was defined by results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in 1986, the prevalence of h. pylori infection and hav infection, respectively, were 80% and 70% among adults and 31% and 5% among children. the ... | 2003 | 14523771 |
| regional variation in the cost effectiveness of childhood hepatitis a immunization. | routine childhood hepatitis a immunization is recommended in regions with incidence rates twice the national average, but it may be cost-effective in a wider geographic area. | 2003 | 14551492 |
| antibody titres after primary and booster vaccination of infants and young children with a virosomal hepatitis a vaccine (epaxal). | to evaluate the immunogenicity and tolerability of epaxal in infants and children, 30 infants (aged 6-7 months) and 30 children (aged 5-7 years) received a single intramuscular dose of the aluminium-free virosomal hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccine epaxal and a booster dose after 12 months. anti-hav antibody titres were measured at baseline (before injection), at 1 and 12 months after primary vaccination, and 1 month after the booster vaccination. sixteen evaluable infants had maternal anti-hav ant ... | 2003 | 14575771 |
| [hepatitis a virus infection. a review]. | the virus responsible for hepatitis a--hepatitis a virus (hav)--is a small, spherical, and exceptionally resistant rna-virus. it is transmitted preferentially by the faecal-oral route and apparently replicates exclusively in the liver. the damage of the liver ensuing from hav infection most likely does not stem directly from virus replication but is the result of an interaction of cell mediated virus-specific immunity with infected hepatocytes. infection is usually self limiting, yet, in individ ... | 2003 | 14579471 |
| a combined dual-chamber typhoid/hepatitis a vaccine as a booster dose in hepatitis a primed adults. | vivaxim is a combined hepatitis a/typhoid fever vaccine (ha/vi) licensed for vaccination of travellers, but long-term protection against hepatitis a requires two immunisations at least 6 months apart. a randomised, controlled study was performed in 116 healthy adults primed with hepatitis a vaccine (avaxim) to compare immune responses to ha/vi and avaxim given as booster doses 6 months later. both vaccines elicited marked booster responses achieving antibody geometric mean titres (gmts) of 4576 ... | 2003 | 14585671 |
| [seroprevalence of hepatitis a in hospitalized patients in limoges university hospital]. | age-specific prevalence of hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies (igg and igm anti hav). | 2003 | 14586245 |
| evidence against the fecal-oral route of transmission for helicobacter pylori infection in childhood. | acquisition of helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) occurs mainly in childhood. however, little is known about the mode of transmission. in such developing countries as turkey, where the hygienic situation facilitates the transmission of hepatitis a virus (hav), infection with hav is mainly transmitted via the enteral route. therefore, it seemed advisable to evaluate the role of fecal-oral transmission in the spread of h. pylori. | 2003 | 14586275 |
| evidence for quasispecies distributions in the human hepatitis a virus genome. | nucleotide sequence analysis of multiple molecular clones of the hepatitis a virus (hav), generated by reverse transcription-pcr of two capsid-coding regions, revealed a degree of heterogeneity compatible with a quasispecies structure in three clinical samples. passage of plaque-purified reference strain hav phm175 43c in frhk-4 cells documented the generation of a mutant distribution of hav genomes. the mutant spectra showed mutation frequencies in the range of 1 x 10(-3) to 1 x 10(-4) substitu ... | 2003 | 14592757 |
| a review of combined hepatitis a and hepatitis b vaccination for travelers. | hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis b virus (hbv) are the 2 most common vaccine-preventable diseases for which travelers are at risk. these viruses are a significant public health concern, as both hav and hbv cause substantial morbidity and both can be fatal. | 2003 | 14604737 |
| the relation between anti-hepatitis a virus antibodies and residence water access in rio de janeiro, brazil. | the objective of this study was to analyse the relation between residence water access (water taps) and hepatitis a virus (hav) antibodies, associated with socio-economic, environmental and demographic factors. | 2003 | 14626904 |
| effects of hepatitis a vaccination on atherogenesis in a murine model. | our laboratory demonstrated that seropositivity to hepatitis a virus (hav) independently predicts risk for coronary artery disease (cad). as these findings are based only on the presence of hav-specific antibodies, and not infectious virus, this prompted questions regarding possible effects of hav vaccines on cad development. if seropositivity to hav alone, resulting from hav vaccination, leads to increased atherogenesis, this raises important issues regarding the benefit of protection against h ... | 2003 | 14633176 |
| genome variability and capsid structural constraints of hepatitis a virus. | the number of synonymous mutations per synonymous site (k(s)), the number of nonsynonymous mutations per nonsynonymous site (k(a)), and the codon usage statistic (n(c)) were calculated for several hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates. while k(s) was similar to those of poliovirus (pv) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), k(a) was 1 order of magnitude lower. the n(c) parameter provides information on codon usage bias and decreases when bias increases. the n(c) value in hav was about 38, while in ... | 2003 | 12477850 |
| hepatitis agents with enteric transmission--an epidemiological analysis. | viral hepatitis is characterized by special clinical, biochemical and serological findings. this study was planned to determine the seroprevalence, epidemiological characteristics and clinical and biochemical findings of hepatitis a virus (hav) and hepatitis e virus (hev) infections during an outbreak of jaundice. | 2002 | 12478320 |
| small-bowel hemorrhage caused by cytomegalovirus vasculitis following fulminant hepatitis. | we describe life-threatening vasculitis of the small bowel following fulminant hepatitis. a 35-year-old man was admitted to our hospital due to consciousness disturbance and jaundice. he was diagnosed with fulminant hepatitis, and recovered after intensive medical care that included corticosteroid administration and artificial liver support. during reduction of the dosage of steroid, massive gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurred from the upper jejunum, revealed by arteriography. the hemorrhage co ... | 2002 | 12483252 |
| modified concentration method for the detection of enteric viruses on fruits and vegetables by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction or cell culture. | fruits and vegetables may act as a vehicle of human enteric virus if they are irrigated with sewage-contaminated water or prepared by infected food handlers. an elution-concentration method was modified to efficiently detect, by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) or by cell culture, contamination by poliovirus, hepatitis a virus (hav), and norwalk-like virus (nlv) of various fresh and frozen berries and fresh vegetables. the protocol included washing the fruit or vegetable ... | 2002 | 12495017 |
| vaccination for hepatitis a virus is not required for patients with chronic liver disease in india. | hepatitis a virus (hav) vaccination is recommended worldwide for patients with chronic liver disease to prevent decompensation due to superinfection with hav. india being endemic for hav, the prevalence of pre-existing antibodies against hav due to subclinical exposure to the virus in childhood among patients with chronic liver disease may be high and, therefore, vaccination may not be needed. however, data are lacking on the prevalence of hav antibody among patients with chronic liver disease i ... | 2002 | 12502138 |
| hospital-based diagnosis of hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and hepatitis in cambodian children. | surveillance was conducted for three clinical syndromes (hemorrhagic fever, encephalitis, and hepatitis) in cambodian children admitted to the national pediatric hospital in phnom penh from july 1996 through september 1998. acute- and convalescent-phase sera, and cerebrospinal fluid, when applicable, underwent diagnostic evaluation for infections with dengue virus (denv), japanese encephalitis virus (jev), and hepatitis a, b, c, and e viruses. of 621 children admitted with hemorrhagic fever, 499 ... | 2002 | 11996683 |
| detection of hepatitis a virus in mussels from different sources marketed in puglia region (south italy). | hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is endemic in puglia (south italy). epidemiological studies indicate that shellfish consumption, particularly mussels, is a major risk factor for hav infection, since these products are eaten raw or slightly cooked. nested reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) has been shown to be a sensitive technique for the detection of hav in mussels. the aim of the present study was to detect the presence of hav in a large sample of mussels by nested rt-p ... | 2002 | 11999106 |
| synthesis and evaluation of keto-glutamine analogues as inhibitors of hepatitis a virus 3c proteinase. | hepatitis a virus (hav) 3c enzyme is a picornaviral cysteine proteinase involved in the processing of the initially synthesized viral polyprotein and is therefore important for viral maturation and infectivity. although it is a cysteine proteinase, this enzyme has a topology similar to those of the chymotrypsin-like serine proteinases. since the enzyme recognizes peptide substrates with a glutamine residue at the p(1) site, a number of ketone-containing glutamine compounds analogous to nanomolar ... | 2002 | 12003522 |
| occupational risk for hepatitis a and hepatitis e among health care professionals? | since transmission routes of hepatitis e virus (hev) and hepatitis a virus (hav) are believed to be similar, comparable risk factors and a correlation between the two seroprevalence rates may be assumed. | 2002 | 12018477 |
| relative infectivity of hepatitis a virus by the oral and intravenous routes in 2 species of nonhuman primates. | hepatitis a virus (hav) is naturally transmitted by the fecal-oral route but can also be transmitted intravenously. to determine the relative infectivity of these 2 routes, an infectivity titration of a standard challenge pool of virulent hav was performed in tamarins and chimpanzees. in both species, 1 oral dose of hav was equivalent to 10(4.5) intravenous doses. these findings have relevance for attempts to develop live, attenuated hav vaccines that can be administered orally. | 2002 | 12023776 |
| hepatitis a outbreak in a public school in rio de janeiro, brazil. | from june 1 to july 1 1999, an outbreak involving 25 cases of hepatitis a occurred in a public school in rio de janeiro, brazil. since these cases were notified to the state health department, the national reference center for hepatitis viruses (cnrhv) was required to investigate the extent of hepatitis a virus (hav) dissemination. blood samples from all students were tested for igm and total anti-hav antibodies using a commercial enzyme-linked immunoassay (elisa). at the same time, a questionna ... | 2002 | 12048555 |
| foodborne viruses. | foodborne and waterborne viral infections are increasingly recognized as causes of illness in humans. this increase is partly explained by changes in food processing and consumption patterns that lead to the worldwide availability of high-risk food. as a result, vast outbreaks may occur due to contamination of food by a single foodhandler or at a single source. although there are numerous fecal-orally transmitted viruses, most reports of foodborne transmission describe infections with norwalk-li ... | 2002 | 12069883 |
| human cytomegalovirus salivary antibodies as related to stress. | human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is prevalent in 50-80% of the population worldwide. after primary infection it remains in a latent state until reactivation. stressful events induce the release of corticosteroids which activate hcmv. the effect of examination stress on hcmv reactivation among first year female students was studied by detecting the values of hcmv specific salivary igg and iga antibodies before, during and after two important examinations. hepatitis a virus (hav) salivary antibodies s ... | 2002 | 12071580 |
| seroprevalence of antibodies to hepatitis a and e viruses in pediatric age groups in turkey. | hepatitis a and hepatitis e are enteric transmitted viral diseases occurring in epidemic and sporadic forms especially in developing countries. previous studies in turkey showed that most residents are infected with hav by the second decade of life. since hev is generally transmitted by the same route as hav we conducted a community-based seroprevalence study for hav and hev infection in ahatli area in antalya, turkey where socioeconomic conditions are low. anti-hav total immunoglobulin was test ... | 2002 | 12073829 |
| association between severity of type a hepatitis and nucleotide variations in the 5' non-translated region of hepatitis a virus rna: strains from fulminant hepatitis have fewer nucleotide substitutions. | type a hepatitis is still a considerable problem in both underdeveloped and developed countries. why some patients progress to fulminant type a hepatitis and others do not is unclear. | 2002 | 12077097 |
| changing scenario of hepatitis a virus and hepatitis e virus exposure among the primitive tribes of andaman and nicobar islands, india over the 10-year period 1989-99. | the andaman and nicobar islands, union territory of india, are home to six primitive tribes. studies carried out earlier among these tribes revealed very high rates of hepatitis b infection. we have now studied hepatitis a and e infection among them. a total of 951 serum samples were collected from four accessible tribes (nicobarese, shompens, onges and great andamanese) and tested for antibodies against hepatitis a and e viruses. in addition, 240 serum samples collected a decade earlier from ag ... | 2002 | 12081610 |
| a nosocomial and occupational cluster of hepatitis a virus infection in a pediatric ward. | we describe a cluster of acute hepatitis a virus (hav) infection that involved two patients and one physician in the pediatric unit where two children with acute hav infection had been housed. an interview with the unit personnel revealed several breaches in infection control measures and the lack of vaccination of healthcare workers against hav . | 2002 | 12083241 |
| pretreatment to avoid positive rt-pcr results with inactivated viruses. | enteric viruses that are important causes of human disease must often be detected by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), a method that commonly yields positive results with samples that contain only inactivated virus. this study was intended to develop a pretreatment for samples, so that inactivated viruses would not be detected by the rt-pcr procedure. model viruses were human hepatitis a virus, vaccine poliovirus 1 and feline calicivirus as a surrogate for the norwalk-lik ... | 2002 | 12088831 |
| analysis of deletion mutants indicates that the 2a polypeptide of hepatitis a virus participates in virion morphogenesis. | unlike all other picornaviruses, the primary cleavage of the hepatitis a virus (hav) polyprotein occurs at the 2a/2b junction and is carried out by the only proteinase encoded by the virus, 3c(pro). the resulting p1-2a capsid protein precursor is subsequently cleaved by 3c(pro) to generate vp0, vp3, and vp1-2a, which associate as pentamers. an unidentified cellular proteinase acting at the vp1/2a junction releases the mature capsid protein vp1 from vp1-2a later in the morphogenesis process. alth ... | 2002 | 12097562 |
| chimeric hepatitis a virus particles presenting a foreign epitope (hiv gp41) at their surface. | hepatitis a virus (hav) protein 2a has been demonstrated to be involved in virus morphogenesis and suggested to be located on the surface of the particle. to determine whether this protein can function as a target structure to harbor and expose foreign epitopes on hav particles, a full-length hav cdna, containing a seven amino acid stretch of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) envelope protein gp41, was constructed. following vaccinia virus mva-t7-mediated expression of the cdna in cos7 ... | 2002 | 12103436 |
| [carriers of hepatitis c: should they all be vaccinated for hepatitis a?]. | to investigate the prevalence of immunization against hepatitis a virus (hav) in persons with hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection, in order to determine who should be vaccinated for the former. | 2002 | 12106556 |
| declining hepatitis a seroprevalence among medical students in bangkok, thailand, 1981-2001. | the severity of clinical symptoms following hepatitis a virus (hav) infection is age dependent. hepatitis a in children is mostly an asymptomatic disease while adolescents and adults usually show symptoms of clinical hepatitis. improved personal hygiene and environmental sanitation has led to a decline in natural immunity acquired in childhood, creating a population of susceptible adults. in the past decade, the incidence and prevalence of hepatitis a disease in thailand have decreased significa ... | 2002 | 12125918 |
| investigation of transfusion transmitted viruses in cases clinically suspected of posttransfusion hepatitis with undetermined ethiology. | transfusion transmitted viruses (ttv) were investigated in cardiac surgery cases who were previously transfused with blood and/or blood products and were suspected of having posttransfusion hepatitis (pth) based on the results of physical examination, clinical findings, biochemical blood test results and in a smaller number, on radiological results. they were identified as having non-a-c hepatitis based on serological or molecular test methods. in this study, out of 90 cases suspected for pth an ... | 2002 | 12126200 |
| effect of gamma irradiation on human cortical bone transplants contaminated with enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. | in the production of bone grafts intended for transplantation, basic safety measures to avoid the transmission of pathogens are selection and serological screening of donors for markers of virus infections. as an additional safety tool we investigated the effect of gamma irradiation on the sterility of human bone diaphysis transplants and evaluated its impact on the virus safety of transplants. model viruses were included in the study to determine the dose necessary to achieve a reduction factor ... | 2002 | 12127314 |
| mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis a virus by chlorine. | the study was intended to investigate the feasibility of reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) for evaluation of the efficacy of inactivation of viruses in water and to elucidate the mechanisms of inactivation of hepatitis a virus (hav) by chlorine. cell culture, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and long-overlap rt-pcr were used to detect the infectivity, antigenicity, and entire genome of hav inactivated or destroyed by chlorine. the cell culture results revealed the complete inactivation of inf ... | 2002 | 12324343 |
| impact of recurrent epidemics of hepatitis a virus infection on population immunity levels: bristol bay, alaska. | the dynamics of population-based immunity were examined by using serologic surveys of 7 villages in rural alaska between 2 epidemics of hepatitis a virus (hav) and after the second epidemic (1988-1990). among persons aged 2-30 years, the overall age-adjusted prevalence of antibody to hav (anti-hav) was 51% in 1983 and 49% in 1993 (p=.506). in children aged <5 years, prevalence rates were 0% and 11% in 1983 and 1993, respectively. the prevalence of hav infection increased with age in both surveys ... | 2002 | 12355357 |
| long-term immunogenicity of an inactivated virosome hepatitis a vaccine. | the aim of this study was to predict the long-term protection induced after immunisation with inactivated, aluminium-free virosome hepatitis a vaccine. the study population consisted of adult volunteers enrolled in four different clinical trials. lower 95% confidence interval limits and seroconversion rate were calculated by using a linear mixed model to estimate the persistence of serum antibodies over time. to assess the robustness of the mathematical model, several sensitivity analyses were p ... | 2002 | 12376955 |