Publications

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[compatibility between aspergillus clavatus (hyphomycetes) and neem oil (azadirachta indica) against the vector mosquito for filarial diseases culex quinquefasciatus (say, 1823) (diptera: culicidae)]. 200819241997
azadirachta indica modulates carcinogen biotransformation and reduced glutathione at peri-initiation phase of benzo(a)pyrene induced murine forestomach tumorigenesis.the present study evaluated the effects of aqueous azadirachta indica leaf extract (aaile) on the activities of certain phase i (cytochrome p450, cytochrome b(5) and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase) as well as phase ii (glutathione-s-transferase and udp-glucuronosyl transferase) biotransformation enzymes; and reduced glutathione (gsh) (in forestomach and hepatic tissues) during/after intra-gastric instillations of b(a)p in murine forestomach tumorigenesis bioassay protocol. the activities of phase ...200818729244
efficacy of azadirachta indica extracts against boophilus microplus.extracts were prepared from leaf, bark, and seed of azadirachta indica, leaf and seed of prunus persica, bark of mangifera indica, and leaf of psidium guajava and were evaluated against boophilus microplus. of the eight extracts screened, the extracts prepared from the a. indica seed showed very high level of efficacy (80%) after 5 h of treatment. besides the immediate effect on adult ticks, the egg-laying properties of the survived ticks was also assessed, and a significant reduction (p < 0.01) ...200818769940
neem seed extract shampoo, wash away louse, an effective plant agent against sarcoptes scabiei mites infesting dogs in egypt.in the present study, the efficacy of water-free neem seed extract shampoo wash away louse, provided by alpha-biocare gmbh, düsseldorf (germany), was investigated against sarcoptes scabiei infesting dogs in egypt. ten naturally infested dogs were collected from different areas in the nile delta. the occurrence of lesions, hair loss, and skin inflammation were regarded as signs of infestation and proved by detection of adult parasites and their developmental stages in scrapings of infested lesion ...200818769941
antioxidant, antihypertensive, and antibacterial properties of endophytic pestalotiopsis species from medicinal plants.pestalotiopsis species were most dominant endophytic species isolated from four medicinal plants including terminalia arjuna, terminalia chebula, azadirachta indica, and holarrhena antidysenterica. thirty pestalotiopsis species isolated from different parts of the medicinal plants were selected for the study. the antioxidant and antihypertensive properties of pestalotiopsis isolates were determined by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl inhibitory activity, lipid peroxidation, and angiotensi ...200818772940
effect of indian herbal hypoglycemic agents on antioxidant capacity and trace elements content in diabetic rats.in the present investigation we report the protective potential of some herbal hypoglycemic agents on antioxidant status and levels of metal ions in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. furthermore, in vitro antioxidant activity of the herbs was also evaluated. induction of diabetes mellitus in rats caused an increase in blood lipid peroxide levels that was associated with the reduced activity of red blood cell (rbc) antioxidant enzymes--namely, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reduc ...200818800899
laboratory evaluation of 3 repellents against anopheles stephensi in the islamic republic of iran.this study evaluated the repellency effect of 3 topical repellents (permethrin, deet and neem tree extract) against 3-5 day old females of laboratory and field strains of anopheles stephensi. probing/biting rates on the shaved belly of white rabbits were counted. effective dose (ed) 50 and ed95 values were calculated by probit statistic software. the results revealed ed50 values of 0.007, 0.005 and 0.191 mg/cm2 for permethrin, deet and neem, respectively, against the field strain. the figures fo ...200818561716
neem leaf glycoprotein helps to generate carcinoembryonic antigen specific anti-tumor immune responses utilizing macrophage-mediated antigen presentation.in an objective to generate effective carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) specific anti-tumor immune response in swiss mice, cea was presented using macrophages with adjuvant help from neem leaf glycoprotein (nlgp). such vaccination generates significantly higher antibody (igg2a) and t cell response than immunization protocol without nlgp. nlgp controls the function of both b cells and macrophages by altering the expressions of various regulatory molecules, like, cd19, cd11b, etc. nlgp also directs c ...200818590789
efficacy of local neem extracts for sustainable malaria vector control in an african village.larval control of malaria vectors has been historically successful in reducing malaria transmission, but largely fell out of favour with the introduction of synthetic insecticides and bed nets. however, an integrated approach to malaria control, including larval control methods, continues to be the best chance for success, in view of insecticide resistance, the behavioural adaptation of the vectors to changing environments and the difficulties of reaching the poorest populations most at risk. la ...200818651964
histochemical, ultrastructural, and biochemical evidences for azadirachta indica-induced apoptosis in benzo(a)pyrene-induced murine forestomach tumors.the present study reports aqueous azadirachta indica leaf extract (aaile)-mediated induction of apoptosis in a murine forestomach tumorigenesis model. histochemistry-based quantification of apoptosis revealed enhanced apoptotic index in the forestomach tumors of mice receiving aaile along with benzo(a)pyrene (b(a)p). transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of classical morphological features of apoptosis including chromatin condensation/marginalization, nuclear fragmentation, and ...200818652569
ethnobotanical study of some of mosquito repellent plants in north-eastern tanzania.the use of plant repellents against nuisance biting insects is common and its potential for malaria vector control requires evaluation in areas with different level of malaria endemicity. the essential oils of ocimum suave and ocimum kilimandscharicum were evaluated against malaria vectors in north-eastern tanzania.200818687119
field efficacy of azadirachtin-a, tetrahydroazadirachtin-a, neemazal and endosulfan against key pests of okra (abelmoschus esculentus).background unlike synthetic pesticides, azadirachtin-based neem pesticides are environmentally friendly and are well known for their diverse pest control properties. their use is, however, limited by the instability of azadirachtin, necessitating application at short intervals. the efficacy of relatively stable tetrahydroazadirachtin-a, therefore, needed to be established under field conditions. results: azadirachtin-a (aza-a), its stable derivative tetrahydroazadirachtin-a (tha) and other neem ...200818537118
biotransformation of valdecoxib by plant cell cultures.valdecoxib is a new anti-inflammatory drug that is highly selective for inhibition of the inducible form of cyclooxygenase (cox-2). in the present study, biotransformation of valdecoxib was investigated in cell cultures of five medicinal plants, viz., catharanthus roseus, azadirachta indica, capsicum annuum, ervatamia heyneana, and nicotiana tabacum. identification of the biotransformed products was carried out by using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection an ...200818556810
synthesis of natural products from the indian neem tree azadirachta indica.the synthesis of five natural products (3, 6, 7, 10, and 14), isolated from the indian neem tree azadirachta indica, is reported from a common intermediate (2). the judicious choice of transacetalization conditions allows efficient access to both the azadirachtinin (9 and 10) and the azadirachtin (3, 6, 7, and 14) skeletons.200818193879
effect of some biorational insecticides on spodoptera eridania in organic cabbage.to reduce pest attack, several biorational products are allowed for use on organic vegetables in brazil. this study investigated eight biorational products applied singly or in combination against spodoptera eridania cramer in field plots of cabbage intercropped with coriander. the treatments were applied once a week over a 5 week period, beginning 34 days after transplanting. the evaluations consisted of counting the larvae of s. eridania on the day before and 7 and 21 days after spraying. the ...200818300205
an antimalarial neem leaf extract has both schizonticidal and gametocytocidal activities.a crude acetone/water (50/50) extract of neem leaves (irab) was evaluated for activity against the asexual (trophozoites/schizonts) and the sexual (gametocytes) forms of the malarial parasite, plasmodium falciparum, in vitro. in separate 72 hour cultures of both asexual parasites and mature gametocytes treated with irab (0.5 microg/ml), parasite numbers were less than 50% of the numbers in control cultures, which had 8.0% and 8.5% parasitemia, respectively. in cultures containing 2.5 microg/ml, ...200818356629
field study on the efficacy of an extract of neem seed (mite -stop) against the red mite dermanyssus gallinae naturally infecting poultry in egypt.infestations with the poultry red mite dermanyssus gallinae represent a major ectoparasite problem in poultry and affects egg and meat production worldwide. the effects of the neem seed product mite-stop against the red poultry mite were investigated. five primitive poultry farms in two small villages in the nile delta and giza district were selected for the study. the neem extract was diluted 1:40 and 1:50 with tap water just prior to use. application of the two dilutions of the provided produc ...200818481087
efficacy of neem extract against the blowfly and housefly.the blowfly, chrysomya megacephala (fabricius), and housefly, musca domestica linnaeus, are ubiquitous insects that have the potential to spread a variety of pathogens to humans and livestock. pest management techniques for populations of these flies are needed. currently, bioinsecticides, particularly those derived from plant origin, have been increasingly evaluated in controlling populations of medically important insects. in this study, an attempt was made to evaluate the efficacy and biologi ...200818481088
ultrastructural alteration of larvae and puparia of blow fly chrysomya megacephala (f.) (diptera: calliphoridae) and house fly musca domestica l. (diptera: muscidae) exposed to neem extract.the effect of neem, azadirachta indica a. juss, on ultrastructural alteration of larvae and puparia of the blow fly, chrysomya megacephala (fabricius) (diptera: calliphoridae) and house fly, musca domestica (linnaeus) (diptera: muscidae), was investigated in the laboratory by using neem extract containing 0.24% azadirachtin a. larvae of both species exposed to single dipping with the neem product exhibited swelling of the integument in relation to the control as determined by scanning electron m ...200818948881
seasonal variations of airborne pollen in allahabad, india.using a burkard 7-day volumetric sampler a survey of airborne pollen grains in allahabad was carried out from december 2004--november 2005 to assess the qualitative and quantitative occurrence of pollen grains during different months of the year, and to characterize the pollen seasons of dominant pollen types in the atmosphere of allahabad. 80 pollen types were identified out of the total pollen catch of 3,416.34 pollen grains/m(3). bulk of the pollen originated from anemophilous trees and grass ...200819061265
assessment of skin and eye irritation of 14 products under the stepwise approach of the oecd.the determination of acute eye and skin irritation is included in international regulatory requirements for the testing of chemicals, because of the possibility of exposure during the production, transport, marketing, and disposal of products. although there have been some advances in the areas of refinement and reduction, no single battery of tests has emerged as being acceptable as a complete replacement for the conventional draize rabbit eye and skin irritation tests. currently, dermal irrita ...200818988087
effect of methanolic extract of neem leaf (azadirachta indica) on ovarian histology and hormonal milleu.extract of neem leaves is commonly consumed as an antimalarial therapy.200819391318
[control of ornithonyssus sylviarum (canestrini and fanzago, 1877) (acari: macronyssidae) infestation in commercial laying hens by using azadirachta indica extract].this study evaluated the effectiveness of a neem extract-based product to control o. sylviarum infestations in commercial laying hens. the birds were divided in 3 groups, which received 2, 3, or 4 applications of the product at 7 day intervals. the results obtained allow the conclusion that the neem extract at 2% is effective to control infestations by o. sylviarum, and at least 3 sprays of the product are required weekly for an effective control of the parasite.200819265573
inhibition of citrinin production in penicillium citrinum cultures by neem [azadirachta indica a. juss (meliaceae)].the efficacy of different concentrations of aqueous neem leaf extract (3.12 to 50 mg/ml) on growth and citrinin production in three isolates of penicillium citrinum was investigated under laboratory conditions. mycotoxin production by the isolates was suppressed, depending on the concentration of the plant extract added to culture media at the time of spore inoculation. citrinin production in fungal mycelia grown for 21 days in culture media containing 3.12 mg/ml of the aqueous extract of neem l ...200819325825
dioxin uptake by indian plant species.dioxins like various gaseous pollutants and aerosols can be scavenged by appropriate vegetative greenbelts. based on their stomatal properties and the models for contaminant uptake, uptake of dioxin (2,3,7,8-tcdd) by three important indian plant species, viz. eugenia jambolana (jamun), azadirachta indica (neem) and ficus religiosa (peepal), has been estimated. 2,3,7,8-tcdd is a contaminant with severe harmful ecological ramifications. computations show that ficus religiosa has highest uptake cap ...200817874332
study on the effect of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) leaf extract on the growth of aspergillus parasiticus and production of aflatoxin by it at different incubation times.aflatoxins are secondary metabolites that are produced by toxigenic strains of some aspergillus species on foods. neem plant is a known inhibitor of aflatoxin production. we studied the effects of different concentrations of aqueous neem leaf extract on fungal growth and aflatoxin production by aspergillus parasiticus (nrrl 2999) at different incubation times. the toxigenic fungus was cultured on sucrose low salts medium in the presence of various concentrations of extracts (0.2, 0.8, 3.12, 12.5 ...200818076593
oxidative metabolism-related changes in cryogenically stored neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) seeds.the seeds of azadirachta indica were successfully cryopreserved for 12 months with 45% survival following drying to 0.16 g h(2)o g(-1) dry mass (dm). highest survival (94-96%) was recorded during the first month of cryostorage. subsequent cryopreservation up to 12 months resulted in decreasing germination. post-thawing pre-heat treatment enhanced the recovery marginally in seeds cryopreserved from 3 to 12 months. viability of cryostored seeds was negatively correlated with leachate conductivity ...200817765361
ethnoveterinary practices for the treatment of parasitic diseases in livestock in cholistan desert (pakistan).this study was conducted to document the ethnoveterinary medicinal (evm) practices for the treatment of different parasitic diseases of livestock in cholistan desert, pakistan.200818524514
cardioprotective effect of azadirachta indica a. juss. on isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction in rats.the present study was designed to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of aqueous leaf extract of azadirachta indica a. juss. (ai) on the basis of haemodynamic, biochemical and histopathological parameters in isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction in rats and to compare with vitamin e, a known cardioprotective antioxidant. a significant (p<0.01) decrease in mean arterial blood pressure (map), systolic arterial blood pressure (sap), diastolic arterial blood pressure (dap) and increase in h ...200817467089
anthelmintic efficacy of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) and the homeopathic product fator vermes in morada nova sheep.gastrointestinal nematodes are becoming increasingly resistant to the commercial products used to control them. the cost of routine vermifuge applications on herds and the problem of residues in animal products and the environment have prompted research on the anthelmintic activity of plant extracts. this work examines the anthelmintic action of neem and the homeopathic product fator vermes in sheep kept in a pasture for 18 months. forty sheep of the morada nova breed were divided into four trea ...200818022188
efficacy of crude neem seed kernel extracts against natural infestation of sarcoptes scabiei var. ovis.this study was aimed to evaluate the efficacy of crude aqueous-methanol and aqueous extracts of neem (azadirachta indica) seed kernel against sarcoptic mange of sheep. crude aqueous-methanol (ame) and aqueous extracts (ae) of neem seed kernel (nsk) were prepared and formulated as 10% and 20% ointments (w/w), using vaseline as vehicle. forty-two lambs of pak karakul breed, having natural infection of sarcoptic mange were divided into seven experimental groups. skin scrapings and clinical examinat ...200818023309
neem leaf glycoprotein restores the impaired chemotactic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients by maintaining cxcr3/cxcl10 balance.interaction between cxcl10 and cxcr3 is dysregulated in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (hnscc) and hampers chemotaxis of cytotoxic cells at tumor site. in continuation of the demonstration of significant immunomodulatory effects of neem leaf preparation (nlp), the active ingredient of nlp is characterized as a glycoprotein (nlgp). nlgp is responsible for in vivo immunomodulation to restrict the growth of mice tumors. effect of nlgp in rectification of the dysregulated ifn gamma dependent ...200818182249
neem (azadirachta indica) seed kernel powder retards urease and nitrification activities in different soils at contrasting moisture and temperature regimes.a laboratory experiment was conducted to examine the potentiality of a natural resource neem (azadirachta indica) seed kernel powder (nskp) to reduce the urease and nitrification activities in different soils (viz., normal, acid, and sodic) at contrasting moisture (1:1 soil to water and field capacity) and temperature regimes (10 degrees c and 37 degrees c). results have revealed that application of nskp with urea did not exhibit any urease inhibitory property in normal and sodic soils, but in a ...200817360179
biosorption of zinc from aqueous solution using azadirachta indica bark: equilibrium and kinetic studies.the removal of zinc ions from aqueous solutions on the biomass of azadirachta indica bark has been studied by using batch adsorption technique. the biosorption studies were determined as a function of contact time, ph, initial metal ion concentration, average biosorbent size and biosorbent dosage. the equilibrium metal uptake was increased and percentage biosorption was decreased with an increase in the initial concentration and particle size of biosorbent. the maximum zinc biosorption occurred ...200817681426
azadirachata indicum (neem): an effective biosorbent for the removal of lead (ii) from aqueous solutions.laboratory batch experiments with azadirachata indicum indicated that this population had an excellent ability to bind lead (ii) from its aqueous solution. the experiments carried out examined ph, biomass quantity, time of contact, and temperature dependency. under optimum conditions, the removal of lead (ii) was found to be around 95%. column experiments were performed to examine the binding of lead (ii) to silica-immobilized biomass under flow conditions. during this, a slight decrease in the ...200717639318
identification and partial characterization of a highly active and stable phospholipase d from brassica juncea seeds.phospholipase d (pld) activity has been identified in some new plant sources i.e. brassica juncea (mustard) seeds, zingibar officinale (ginger) rhizomes and azadirachta indica (neem) leaves with the aim of identifying plds that possess high catalytic activity and stability. pld from mustard seeds (pld(ms)) exhibited the highest pld specific activity, which was highly ph and temperature tolerant. pld(ms) unlike many plant plds exhibited high thermal stability. the activity of pld(ms) is optimum i ...200716949665
antibacterial activity of some plant extracts used in folk medicine.in the present work, selected plants were screened for their potential antibacterial activity. for evaluating antibacterial activity, both aqueous and organic solvent methanol was used. the plants screened were ocimum sanctum, jatropha gossypifolia, boerhavia diffusa, azadirachta indica, solidago virgaurea, and commelina benghalensis. the antibacterial activity was assessed against six bacterial strains--pseudomonas testosteroni, staphylococcus epidermidis, klebsiella pneumoniae, bacillus subtil ...200718928141
in silico approach of azadirachtin binding with actins.in silico docking analysis reported here suggests that insect cellular cytoskeletal beta-actin could be the target of azadirachtin a (aza-the principle bioactive compound of neem seeds). the best docking energy of -40.09 kcal/mol at 8.73 a rmsd and predicted hydrogen bond between arg210 and carboxymethyl group of aza accompanied with seven hydrophobic interactions in the proposed binding site strongly support this hypothesis. this is of specific interest due to the non-affinity of aza to mammali ...200717517340
nematicidal metabolites produced by the endophytic fungus geotrichum sp. al4.from the endophytic fungal strain geotrichum sp. al4, cultivated from the leaves of the neem tree (azadirachta indica), four compounds, 1-4, were isolated from the acoet extract, including two new, chlorinated, epimeric 1,3-oxazinane derivatives. all compounds were assessed for their nematicidal activities against the nematodes bursaphelenchus xylophilus and panagrellus redivivus, and three out of the four isolates showed noticeable bioactivities.200717638333
acute, sublethal and combination effects of azadirachtin and bacillus thuringiensis toxins on helicoverpa armigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) larvae.the efficacy of neem (1500 ppm azadirachtin (ai)), delfin wg, a biological insecticide based on selected strain of bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) subspecies kurstaki, and cry1ac protein, either individually or in combination, were examined against first to fourth instar helicoverpa armigera (hübner) larvae. using an oral administration method, various growth inhibitory concentrations (ec) and lethal concentrations (lc) were determined for each bioagent. combinations of sublethal concentrat ...200717645816
development and evaluation of thin-layer chromatography-digital image-based analysis for the quantitation of the botanical pesticide azadirachtin in agricultural matrixes and commercial formulations: comparison with elisa.a simple thin-layer chromatography-digital image-based analytical method has been developed for the quantitation of the botanical pesticide, azadirachtin. the method was validated by analyzing azadirachtin in the spiked food matrixes and processed commercial pesticide formulations, using acidified vanillin reagent as a postchromatographic derivatizing agent. the separated azadirachtin was clearly identified as a green spot. the rf value was found to be 0.55, which was similar to that of a refere ...200717580640
impediment of diethylnitrosamine induced hepatotoxicity in male balb/c mice by pretreatment with aqueous azadirachta indica leaf extract.considering the hepatoprotective properties of azadirachta indica, the present study was designed to evaluate its preventive effects against diethylnitrosamine (ndea) induced hepatotoxicity in male balb/c mice. exposure of ndea caused a significant increase in micronucleated cell score, lipid peroxidation levels (lpo) and activity of lactate dehydrogenase (ldh). a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (gsh) contents and activity of glutathione-s-transferase (gst) was also observed upon nde ...200717477308
azadirachta indica leaf extract modulates initiation phase of murine forestomach tumorigenesis.the effects of aqueous azadirachta indica leaf extract (aaile) on benzo(a)pyrene [b(a)p]-induced forestomach tumorigenesis, b(a)p-dna adduct formation and certain parameters of carcinogen biotransformation system in mice have been reported earlier from our laboratory. in this study, the effects of aaile on the enzymes of b(a)p biotransformation, which play crucial role in initiation of chemical carcinogenesis - aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase (ahh) and uridinediphosphoglucuronosyltransferase (udp-g ...200717970278
mercury emission and distribution: potential environmental risks at a small-scale gold mining operation, phichit province, thailand.mercury (hg) contamination was assessed in environment near an amalgamation gold recovery operation located at a small scale mining operation (phanom pha) in phichit province, thailand. total mercury (thg) concentrations was determined in water, sediment, bivalves in the aquatic environment and as dry deposition or atmospheric fallout on surface soil and leaves of neem tree (azadirachta indica juss. var. siamensis valeton) near the mining operation. thg in surface soil, neem flowers (edible part ...200717616880
total phenol, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of some medicinal plants.phenols, a major group of antioxidant phytochemicals, have profound importance due to their biological and free radical scavenging activities. to identify their potential sources, extracts of some plants were studied for their total phenolic content (tpc), antioxidant (aoa) and free radical scavenging activities (frsa) by different methods at multiple concentrations followed by specific phenolic composition. the amount of tpc varied from 2.8 mg/g (withania somnifera, roots) to 107.8 mg/g (cassia ...200717415953
larvicidal effects of a neem (azadirachta indica) oil formulation on the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.larviciding is a key strategy used in many vector control programmes around the world. costs could be reduced if larvicides could be manufactured locally. the potential of natural products as larvicides against the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae s.s was evaluated.200717519000
fractionated neem leaf extract is safe and increases cd4+ cell levels in hiv/aids patients.the safety and effect of an acetone-water neem leaf extract (irab) on cd4 cells was investigated in 60 hiv/aids patients as part of an ongoing study to determine the influence of neem on immunity and viral load in hiv/aids. patients were confirmed as hiv i or ii positive, as having cd4 cell count, less than 300 cells/microl, and as antiretrovirally naïve. they were given oral irab (1.0 g daily for 12 weeks). clinical and laboratory tests were carried out at baseline and at 4 weekly intervals. th ...200717667213
antibody response against neem leaf preparation recognizes carcinoembryonic antigen.an immune serum generated in swiss mice against an aqueous preparation from neem leaf was reactive with carcinoembryonic antigen (cea) and a peptide sequence derived from it. using elisa, we have demonstrated that cea reactive antibody titer (chiefly igg2a) was significantly decreased after absorption of the immune sera with cea. neem leaf preparation (nlp) generated immune sera was also reactive with cea in immunoblotting and cea reactive component in the nlp sera can be immunoprecipitated. ide ...200717276888
some nigerian plants of dermatologic importance.according to the world health organization (who), 80% of the world's population uses medicinal plants in the treatment of diseases and, in african countries, this rate is much higher. in recent years, however, medicinal plants have represented a primary health source for the pharmaceutical industry. no less than 400 compounds derived from plants are currently used in the preparation of drugs, such as vincristine and vinblastine used in the treatment of cancer. nigerians still depend largely on c ...200717919209
antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic activity of azadirachta indica used to treat cholera and diarrhea in india.indigenous uses of azadirachta indica a. juss (maliaceae) (locally known as neem) leaves in different parts of india for curing gastrointestinal disorder such as diarrhea and cholera is wide spread. the objective of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial and antisecretory activity of neem extract against vibrio cholerae, a causative agent of watery diarrhea such as cholera. the methanol extract of neem leaf was tested for its antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic activity ...200717314018
in vitro antimicrobial activity of plants used in cambodian traditional medicine.the purpose of the present study was to screen 27 plant species used in the traditional medicine of cambodia for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities. thirty-three methanolic extracts were tested against escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, staphylococcus aureus, mycobacterium smegmatis and candida albicans. screened by disk diffusion assay, the extracts showed antimicrobial activity especially on gram-positive bacteria. none of the crude methanolic extracts showed activity agai ...200717963325
effect of azadirachta indica leaf methanol extracts on stem cell reproduction.methanol extracts of azadirachta indica leaves at concentration from 0.1 to 40 microg/ml showed in vitro an stimulatory activity in stem cell reproduction. these results suggest that the effect of methanol leaf extracts on stem cell reproduction could be of benefit to improve health.200717337134
the effect of mango and neem extract on four organisms causing dental caries: streptococcus mutans, streptococcus salivavius, streptococcus mitis, and streptococcus sanguis: an in vitro study.chewing twigs of the mango or neem tree is a common way of cleaning the teeth in the rural and semi-urban population. these twigs are also believed to possess medicinal properties. the present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of these chewing sticks on the microorganisms streptococcus mutans , streptococcus salivarius , streptococcus mitis , and streptococcus sanguis which are involved in the development of dental caries. an additional objective was to identify an inexpe ...200717938488
impact of azadirachtin, an insecticidal allelochemical from neem on soil microflora, enzyme and respiratory activities.the effect of 10% azadirachtin granules (alcoholic extract of neem seed kernel mixed with china clay) was studied on the population of bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, azotobacter and nitrifying bacteria; soil dehydrogenase, phosphatase and respiratory activities on 0, 15th, 30th, 60th and 90th days after application in sandy loam soil collected from the fields. it was observed that baring the azotobacter sp., azadirachtin at all the doses exerted a suppressive effect on the rest of the microbial ...200717166716
antiproliferative effect on human cancer cell lines after treatment with nimbolide extracted from an edible part of the neem tree (azadirachta indica).nimbolide, a triterpenoid extracted from the flowers of the neem tree (azadirachta indica), was found to have antiproliferative activity against some cancer cell lines. treatment of cells with 0.5-5.0 microm concentrations of nimbolide resulted in moderate to very strong growth inhibition in u937, hl-60, thp1 and b16 cell lines. flow cytometric analysis of u937 cells showed that nimbolide treatment (1-2.5 microm) resulted in cell cycle disruption by decreasing the number of cells in g0/g1 phase, ...200717163581
an evaluation of some trinidadian plant extracts against larvae of aedes aegypti mosquitoes.in recent times, bioprospecting for plants that show bioactive properties has yielded many chemicals that can be used in controlling mosquitoes. crude extracts of 4 terrestrial and 3 mangrove plants were assayed against 2-3 larval instars of aedes aegypti. among the plants tested, cordia curassavica showed the highest levels of activity for all the extracts tested. azadirachta indica showed the least activity, whereas the 2 cultivars of mangifera indica showed substantial activity for the aqueou ...200717847850
the endophytic mycoflora of bark, leaf, and stem tissues of azadirachta indica a. juss (neem) from varanasi (india).a systematic study was made of the endophytes of azadirachta indica a. juss (the neem tree) growing in several of its natural habitats in india. a total of 233 isolates of endophytic fungi representing 18 fungal taxa were obtained from segments of bark, stem, and leaves of this tree. hyphomycetes (62.2%) were the most prevalent followed by the coelomycetes (27.4%) and mycelia sterilia (7.7%). as mathematically determined, the maximum species richness and frequency of colonization of endophytes a ...200717394041
impact of the botanical insecticide neem azal on survival and reproduction of the biting louse damalinia limbata on angora goats.secondary metabolites present in the neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss, meliaceae), exhibit a wide range of biological activities in insects. however, few studies have been undertaken to assess the potential of neem products as insecticides for the control of ectoparasites of domestic animals. this study was undertaken to estimate the efficacy of neem azal, an azadirachtin-rich extract of neem seeds, in controlling damalinia limbata (phthiraptera) louse infestation of angora goats. the study ...200717161539
neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) components: candidates for the control of crinipellis perniciosa and phytophthora ssp.witches' broom and pod rot are the two most devastating diseases of cocoa in south america and africa, respectively. their control by means of phytosanitation and chemical fungicides is labor-intensive, costly and, in many cases, environmentally undesirable. therefore efforts are made in order to identify alternative, environmentally safe and cost-efficient methods for the control of these pathogens. promising candidates are components of the neem tree (azadirachta indica), that have been used f ...200716872817
neem leaf preparation induces apoptosis of tumor cells by releasing cytotoxic cytokines from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.a neem leaf preparation (nlp) was investigated for its role in the induction of tumor cell apoptosis to elucidate the mechanism of nlp mediated immunoprophylaxis in tumor growth restriction. as nlp did not induce direct apoptosis of human tumor cell lines kb, mcf7 and k562, it was used instead to stimulate human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) for 72 h. the pbmc derived culture supernatant (nlp-cs) was observed to induce the restriction of tumor cell proliferation as well as apoptosis. ...200717562567
efficacy of neem seed extract shampoo on head lice of naturally infected humans in egypt.sixty heavily lice-infested male and female children (4-15 years) were selected and subjected to the treatment with a neem seed extract shampoo. twenty to thirty milliliter of the shampoo were thoroughly mixed with completely wet hair and rubbed in to reach the skin of the scalp. after 5, 10, 15 and 30 min, the shampoo was washed out and the hair basically combed. head lice were collected and examined. the neem seed extract shampoo proved to be highly effective against all stages of head lice. n ...200716900389
neem leaf preparation enhances th1 type immune response and anti-tumor immunity against breast tumor associated antigen.an 85-kda breast tumor associated antigen (btaa) has been identified and partially characterized from human breast tumors. as btaa is poorly immunogenic, enhancement of the anti-tumor immunity induced by btaa is required to obtain an objective clinical response. the potent immune activation by an aqueous preparation of neem (azadirachta indica) leaf (nlp) suggests its possible utility for enhancing immune responses to tumor vaccines. mice (swiss and balb/c) and rats (sprague dawley) immunized wi ...200717394284
effect of aqueous extract of azadirachta indica (neem) leaves on germination and seedling growth of vigna radiata (l.).this research was carried out to evaluate the allelopathic effect of leaves aqueous extract of azadirachta indica on germination and seedling growth of vigna radiata. different methods were used to preparing leaves aqueous extract. germination percentage and seedling growth of v. radiata significantly decreased gradually as the concentration of the aqueous leaves extracts of a. indica increased in comparison with water control. severe toxicity was observed at high concentrations and moderate tox ...200719090247
enhanced nematicidal activity of organic and inorganic ammonia-releasing amendments by azadirachta indica extracts.the nematicidal activities of ammonium sulfate, chicken litter and chitin, alone or in combination with neem (azadirachta indica) extracts were tested against meloidogyne javanica. soil application of these amendments or the neem extracts alone did not reduce the root galling index of tomato plants or did so only slightly, but application of the amendments in combination with the neem extracts reduced root galling significantly. soil analysis indicated that the neem extract inhibited the nitrifi ...200719259469
soil solarization: a safe, affective and practicable technique for the control of soil born fungi and nematodes.a technique i.e., soil solarization and amendments (neem, chicken farmyard manure, farmyard manure and biokhad viz synthetic bio fertilizer), towards the natural cropping system has been evaluated for its effectiveness and practicability at the national agricultural research center islamabad pakistan. soil solarization and amendments were analyzed as a control measure against soil born fungi and nematodes. eight weeks of solarization resulted in about 11 degrees c increase in the soil temperatur ...200719069986
antibacterial activity of guava (psidium guajava l.) and neem (azadirachta indica a. juss.) extracts against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria.the antibacterial activity of guava (psidium guajava) and neem (azadirachta indica) extracts against 21 strains of foodborne pathogens were determined--listeria monocytogenes (five strains), staphylococcus aureus (four strains), escherichia coli o157:h7 (six strains), salmonella enteritidis (four strains), vibrio parahaemolyticus, and bacillus cereus, and five food spoilage bacteria: pseudomonas aeroginosa, p. putida, alcaligenes faecalis, and aeromonas hydrophila (two strains). guava and neem e ...200718041957
oral administration of azadirachta indica (l.) seed kernel active principle protects rat liver hepatocytes and testis seminiferous tubules from phenobarbitol-induced damage.the male albino rat testis and liver showed tissue modification upon exposure to phenobarbitol (pb), 24 mg/100 g of body weight, for about 3 weeks and upon staining of their sections with hematoxylin and eosin. in this procedure, the control liver showed normal hepatocytes with centrally placed nuclei, and the pb-treated hepatocyte showed degeneration of cytoplasm and nucleus, necrosis and fragmentation of nucleus, and pushing of nucleus to periphery. the control rat testis showed epithelial lay ...200718928146
combination of synthetic and natural products as pesticides (csynap): a new class of antifungal agents.in the present communication some dehydrated dialdol products such as 1, 5 - diphenyl pent - 1, 4 - diene - 3 - one (a1); 1, 9 - diphenylnon - 1, 3, 6, 8 - tetraene - 5 - one (a2); 1, 5 - di (2 - hydroxyphenyl) pent - 1, 4 - diene - 3 - one (a3); 1, 5 - difuran pent - 1, 4 - diene - 3 - one (a4); 1, 5 - di [4 - bis (n, ndimethyl) phenyl] pent - 1, 4 - diene - 3 - one (a5) were screened for their antifungal activity. to reduce their adverse effect on the environment, for the first time, we have a ...200721469500
cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants on allium cepa linn.the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of aqueous extracts of five medicinal plants: azadirachta indica (a. juss), morinda lucida (benth.), cymbopogon citratus (dc stapf.), mangifera indica (linn.) and carica papaya (linn.) was evaluated using the allium cepa assay. the extracts were prepared with tap water as practised locally. onion bulbs were exposed to 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50%; and 1, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% concentrations (v/v) of each of the extracts for macroscopic and microscopic analyses, respectiv ...200717572030
professional and consumer insecticides for management of adult japanese beetle on hybrid tea rose.in many states, japanese beetle, popilliajaponica newman (coleoptera: scarabeidae), is no longer quarantined, and management is left to professional applicators and consumers. adult management in hybrid tea rose, rosa l., was compared among biorational insecticides, novel imidacloprid applications (tablet, gel, and root dip), and conventional insecticides. efficacy of biorational insecticides used by consumers varied widely and may not offer predictable management: mortality was 3.0% with garlic ...200717598545
knockdown, residual, and antifeedant activity of pyrethroids and home landscape bioinsecticides against japanese beetles (coleoptera: scarabaeidae) on linden foliage.residual toxicity and leaf protection capability of five pyrethroids, professional and home garden azadirachtin formulations, and six other bioinsecticides for the home landscape were evaluated against the japanese beetle, popillia japonica newman (coleoptera: scarabaeidae), on linden, tilia cordata l. capacity of intoxicated beetles to recover and subsequently feed and disperse also was evaluated to provide insight on activity characteristics of the different compounds. intact shoots were spray ...200717461070
bioactivity of phytochemicals in some lesser-known plants and their effects and potential applications in livestock and aquaculture production systems.livestock and aquaculture production is under political and social pressure, especially in the european union (eu), to decrease pollution and environmental damage arising due to animal agriculture. the eu has banned the use of antibiotics and other chemicals, which have been shown to be effective in promoting growth and reducing environment pollutants because of the risk caused to humans by chemical residues in food and by antibiotic resistance being passed on to human pathogens. as a result of ...200722444893
behavioral responses of schistocerca americana (orthoptera: acrididae) to azadirex (neem)-treated host plants.azadirex (azadirachtin and other biologically active extracts from neem trees) has been shown to have considerable potential to be used in integrated pest management systems based on its growth regulator/insecticide properties. less well known are the antifeedant properties. the feeding-deterrent properties of a commercial azadirex formulation (azatrol ec) were evaluated using both no-choice and choice tests, the american grasshopper, schistocerca americana (drury), and four host plants [savoy c ...200717370818
[changes of oviposition preference of diamondback moth after experiencing a neem-based repellent/deterrent bioact-t].for the adults of phytophagous insects, their experience of non-host plant-originated repellent/deterrent may produce habituation or induced preference to it. in this study, the experience-induced changes in oviposition responses of diamondback moth plutelle xylostella l. to a neem-based repellent bioact-t ec508 were examined in laboratory. 2-6 days old female moths were offered with 2--6 times or 2-6 days experience of the repellent, and their ovipostion preference to untreated and bioact-treat ...200717450746
dielectric properties of the plasma membrane of cultured murine fibroblasts treated with a nonterpenoid extract of azadirachta indica seeds.neem oil is a natural product obtained from the seeds of the tree azadirachta indica. in this report, we investigate the alterations of the biophysical properties of the plasma membrane caused by treatment with the nonterpenoid fraction of neem oil that we defined as methanolic extract (mex). the dose-response effect was evaluated and a mex-dependent cytoxicity evidenced. the effect of mex on the plasma membrane was studied by a well-established dielectric spectroscopy technique: electrorotation ...200717437145
purification of the seven tetranortriterpenoids in neem (azadirachta indica) seed by counter-current chromatography sequentially followed by isocratic preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.counter-current chromatography (ccc) sequentially followed by isocratic preparative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was used to isolate the seven bio-actives (azadirachtin a, azadirachtin b, azadirachtin h, desacetylnimbin, desacetylsalannin, nimbin and salannin) from the seed concentrate (nsc) of the neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss). reproducible, narrow polarity range, high purity fractions were obtained from repeated injections of the nsc (700 mg loadings/injection ...200717428489
piscicidal potential of mesocarp of neem plant (azadirachta indica l.) fruit on hybrid, "heteroclarias".the piscicidal potential of water-extract mesocarp of azadirachta indica (l) was studied in static bioassay experiment with continuous aeration to determine its acute toxicity the mortality rate and opercular ventilation under laboratory conditions over 96 hr exposure were monitored. the 96 hrlc50 was 81.28 mgl(-1) while the threshold value was 21.13 mgl(-1). the fish exhibited respiratory distress (such as gasping air), loss of appetite, loss of balance and erratic swimming prior to mortality.200718380071
influence of physicochemical parameters of neem (azadirachta indica a juss) oils on nitrification inhibition in soil.the technology for the production of neem oil coated urea (nocu) developed by the indian agricultural research institute is in the pipeline for adaption by several indian fertilizer industries. use of nitrification inhibitors is one of the methods of improving the nitrogen use efficiency (nue) of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture. however, standard specifications for the neem oil as a raw material of nocu are desired. accordingly, the present study was undertaken to evaluate 25 samples of n ...200717263551
natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity of tumor cells initiated by neem leaf preparation is associated with cd40-cd40l-mediated endogenous production of interleukin-12.neem leaf preparation (nlp) was found to activate natural killer (nk) cells (cd56(+)cd3(-)) to enhance their cytotoxic ability to tumor cells and stimulate the release of interleukin-12 (il-12) from macrophages from healthy individuals and head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. nlp upregulated cytotoxic (cd16(+) and cd56(dim)) nk cells, and the cytotoxicity of nk-sensitive k562 cells by nlp-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells decreased significantly after il-12 neutralization. ...200717961770
effects of neem leaf dust and a commercial formulation of a neem compound on the longevity, fecundity and ovarian development of the melon fly, bactrocera cucurbitae (coquillett) and the oriental fruit fly, bactrocera dorsalis (hendel) (diptera: tephritidae).neem leaf dust and a commercial formulation of neem were tested on adult bactrocera cucurbitae (coquillett) and bactrocera dorsalis (hendel) to determine their effects on the longevity, fecundity and ovarian development. different combinations of neem leaf dust and a commercial formulation of a neem compound incorporated with sugar solution and adult rearing diets were tested. the laboratory tests showed that ingestion of neem can significantly reduced the longevity and fertility of both the fly ...200719093477
acute lethal and sublethal effects of neem leaf extract on the neotropical freshwater fish prochilodus lineatus.the aim of this study was to determine the toxicity of the aqueous extract of neem leaves, a product extensively used in fish-farms as alternative for the control of fish parasites and fish fry predators, for the neotropical fish prochilodus lineatus. the 24 h lc(50) of neem leaf extract for juveniles p. lineatus was estimated as 4.8 g l(-1); the fish were then exposed for 24 h to 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 g l(-1) or only clean water (control). plasma glucose levels were higher in fish exposed to 2.5 g l ...200717251062
productivity potentials and nutritional values of semi-arid zone earthworm (hyperiodrilus euryaulos; clausen, 1967) cultured in organic wastes as fish meal supplement.in the present study 60 adult earthworms (h. euryaulos) of weight and length range 1.7-3.0 g (mean-2.34 +/- 0.91 g) and 13.0-28.0 cm (mean-21.5 +/- 5.8 cm), respectively were cultured for 12 weeks. the productivity potential and nutrient composition of earthworm (h. euryaulos) cultured in two rearing substrata (cellulose substrate (control)--coded hs1 and dry neem and leaves and soil substrate--coded hs2) were assessed using six wooden boxes stocked in triplicates at the rate of 92.7 g earthworm ...200719090216
toxicity of neem pesticides on a fresh water loach, lepidocephalichthys guntea (hamilton buchanan) of darjeeling district in west bengal.static renewal bioassay tests were conducted to evaluate the acute toxicity of two neem based biopesticides, applied widely on tea plantation namely, nimbecidine and neem gold either separately as well as, in combination to the fingerlings (mean body length- 4.46 +/- 0.15 cm; mean body weight- 0.49 +/- 0.15g) of a fresh water loach, lepidocephalichthys guntea (hamilton buchanan) acclimatized to laboratory conditions prior to experiment. the 96 hours lc50 values for nimbecidine and neem gold and ...200717717997
the toxic effects of neem extract and azadirachtin on the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (stål) (bph) (homoptera: delphacidae).extracts of neem (azadirachta indica a. juss) are used in the developing world for many purposes including management of agricultural insect pests. the effects of different neem extracts (aqueous (nskeaq), ethanol (nskeeth) and hexane (nskehex)) on mortality, survival and weight of the brown planthopper, nilaparvata lugens (stål) (bph) (homoptera: delphacidae) third and fourth nymphal instars were investigated. when fed rice plants treated with neem derivatives in bioassays, the survival of bph ...200717113126
actin cytoskeleton as a putative target of the neem limonoid azadirachtin a.limonoids isolated from the indian neem tree (azadirachta indica) have been gaining global acceptance in agricultural applications and in contemporary medicine for their myriad but discrete properties. however, their mode of action is still not very well understood. we have studied the mode of action of azadirachtin a, the major limonoid of neem seed extracts, using drosophila melanogaster as the model system. azadirachtin a induces moderate-to-severe phenotypes in different tissues in a dose-de ...200717517339
enhanced production of azadirachtin by hairy root cultures of azadirachta indica a. juss by elicitation and media optimization.azadirachtin is one of the most potent biopesticides so far developed from a plant sources. influence of different culture media and elicitation on growth and production of azadirachtin by hairy root cultures of azadirachta indica was studied. out of the three media tested, namely ohyama and nitsch, gamborg's and murashige and skoog's basal media, hairy roots cultured on ohyama and nitsch's basal medium produced maximum yield of azadirachtin (0.0166% dry weight, dw). addition of biotic elicitor ...200717109981
identification of a putative azadirachtin-binding complex from drosophila kc167 cells.cell-proliferation in drosophila kc167 cells was inhibited by 50% when cell cultures contained 1.7 x 10(-7) m azadirachtin for 48 h (a tertranortriterpenoid from the neem tree azadirachta indica). drosophila kc167 cells exhibited direct nuclear damage within 6-h exposure to azadirachtin (5 x 10(-7) m and above) or within 24 h when lower concentrations were used (1 x 10(-9) m). fractionation of an extract of drosophila kc167 cells combined with ligand overlay technique resulted in the identificat ...200717366600
clinical investigation of hypoglycemic effect of seeds of azadirachta-inidca in type-2 (niddm) diabetes mellitus.the present study was designed to investigate clinically the hypoglycemic effect of seeds of azadirachta indica in type-2 diabetes mellitus. after assaying fasting plasma and urinary glucose, 10 patients of type-2 diabetes mellitus with no previous medication, 10 patients of type-2 diabetes mellitus taking oral hypoglycemic agents with history of inadequate control and six control subjects were given low (0.5 g tid) and high (2 g tid) doses of powdered part, aqueous extract and alcoholic extract ...200617105712
biodiversity, biopiracy and benefits: what allegations of biopiracy tell us about intellectual property.this paper examines the concept of biopiracy, which initially emerged to challenge various aspects of the regime for intellectual property rights (ipr) in living organisms, as well as related aspects pertaining to the ownership and apportioning of benefits from 'genetic resources' derived from the world's biodiversity. this paper proposes that we take the allegation of biopiracy seriously due to the impact it has as an intervention which indexes a number of different, yet interrelated, problemat ...200617038007
expression of pcna, cytokeratin, bcl-2 and p53 during chemoprevention of hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by ethanolic neem (azadirachta indica) leaf extract.to evaluate the effect of ethanolic neem leaf extract (enle) on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis associated proteins during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (dmba)-induced hamster buccal pouch (hbp) carcinogenesis.200616989797
bioactivity of neem, azadirachta indica, against spittlebug mahanarva fimbriolata (hemiptera: cercopidae) on sugarcane.the effect of neem, azadirachta indica a. juss, on some biological parameters of mahanarva fimbriolata (stil) (hemiptera: cercopidae) was studied in the laboratory by using neemazal-t/s, nimkol-ls, and an aqueous neem seed extract. initially, the lc,, was estimated for nymphs. later, nymphs fed on sugarcane, saccharum officinarum l., roots were sprayed with the respective lc,, for each product. the adults were maintained in cages on sugarcane plants sprayed at the base with the maximum rate reco ...200617195667
patchy stomatal behavior in broad-leaved trees grown in different habitats.effects of heterogeneity in stomatal behavior on gas-exchange characteristics of leaves from four tree species growing in different climates, including temperate, tropical monsoon and tropical rain forest, were investigated by combining gas-exchange measurements and the pressure-infiltration method. field observations indicated linear relationships between whole-leaf conductance and the ratio of infiltrated to non-infiltrated leaf area (open stomata area) in dipterocarpus sublamellatus foxw. and ...200617169896
a new tetracyclic triterpenoid from the leaves of azadirachta indica.a new tetracyclic triterpenoid zeeshanol [25,26,27-trinor-apotirucalla-(apoeupha)-6alpha-, 21-dihydroxy, 7alpha-acetoxy, 1,14,22-tri-en-3, 16-dione] (1) along with a known constituent desfurano-6alpha-hydroxyazadiradione (2) have been isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaves of azadirachta indica. the structure and the relative configurations of 1 were determined by the spectroscopic method (1h- and 13c-nmr, ir, and ms) and 2d-nmr experiments.200617127654
residues and persistence of neem formulations on strawberry after field treatment.azadirachtoids were determined by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (lc/ms) in five methanolic seed extracts of the neem tree and in a commercial formulation. on average, seed extracts contain azadirachtin a (10.9%), azadirachtin b (3.5%), nimbin (10.4%), and large quantities of salannin (19.0%). the composition of the commercial formulations may present different azadirachtoids contents depending on the natural extracts used in the preparation. because these compounds may also show insect ...200617177537
efficacy of neem products and insecticides for the control of shoot fly formosina flavipes mall. of cardamom (elettaria cardamomum maton.).experiments were conducted at zonal agricultural research station, mudigere, india, for two years with an objective to study the population fluctuation, seasonal incidence and evaluation of neem products and insecticides for their efficacy against cardamom shoot fly. during the study period, it was noticed that shoot fly population the increased during the dry months (march, may and october) but was low from june to september months. the population exhibited a negative correlation with rainfall, ...200617385516
effects of a neem extract on blood feeding, oviposition and oocyte ultrastructure in anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae).secondary metabolites of the neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss., meliaceae) exhibit a wide range of biological activities in insects. however, few studies have addressed the effects of neem extracts or compounds in arthropods of medical importance. in this study, a laboratory strain of anopheles stephensi was used to assess the effects of a commercial formulation (neem azal) (na)), containing azadirachtin a at 34%, on blood feeding, oviposition and oocyte ultrastructure. oral administration ...200617097701
effective method for extraction of larvicidal component from leaves of azadirachta indica and artemisia annua linn.leaves of artemisia annua linn. and azadirachta indica were extracted in petroleum ether and hexane respectively by different methods of extraction i.e. cold extraction, reflux extraction and soxhlet extraction. the crude extract obtained was tested against third instar larvae of anopheles stephensi. on comparison of larval mortality of crude extract obtained by these three methods, both soxhlet and reflux extraction method showed 100% mortality at 200 ppm after 48 hr in case of a. annua. howeve ...200616850885
medicinal plants useful for malaria therapy in okeigbo, ondo state, southwest nigeria.there is increasing resistance of malaria parasites to chloroquine, the cheapest and commonly used drug for malaria in nigeria. artemisin, a product from medicinal plant indigenous to china, based on active principle of artemisia annua, has been introduced into the nigerian market. however not much has been done to project antimalaria properties of indigenous medicinal plants. this study thus, has the main objective of presenting medicinal plants used for malaria therapy in okeigbo, ondo state, ...200620162091
a comparative study on the effect of plant extracts with the antibiotics on organisms of hospital origin.thirty five plants belonging to twenty families were studied for their antimicrobial activity. among the plants tested, 43 % showed antimicrobial activity. fifteen plants belonging to 10 families exhibited activity against gram positive bacteria and gram negative bacteria. four plants namely azadirachta indica, garadenia jasminoides, magnifera indica, and wrightia tinctora showed an appreciable activity against the gram positive bacteria and seven plants against gram negative organisms. leaf ext ...200622557227
biological monitoring of roadside plants exposed to vehicular pollution in jalgaon city.experiments on air and biomonitoring were conducted to evaluate pollution impact on the vegetation along the road in jalgaon city, maharashtra. the plantation along the roads and mainly includes neem (aadirachta indica), peepal (ficus religiosa), banyan (ficus benghalensis), almond (terminalia catapa). for biomonitoring, leaf area, total chlorophyll, plant protein were analyzed to study the impact of air pollutants. it was observed that vegetation at roadside with heavy traffic and markets was m ...200617436536
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