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photoinactivation of eight health-relevant bacterial species: determining the importance of the exogenous indirect mechanism.it is presently unknown to what extent the endogenous direct, endogenous indirect, and exogenous indirect mechanisms contribute to bacterial photoinactivation in natural surface waters. in this study, we investigated the importance of the exogenous indirect mechanism by conducting photoinactivation experiments with eight health-relevant bacterial species (bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, campylobacter jejuni, enterococcus faecalis, escherichia coli k12, e. coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar ...201627121126
impact of gluten-friendly bread on the metabolism and function of in vitro gut microbiota in healthy human and coeliac subjects.the main aim of this paper was to assess the in vitro response of healthy and coeliac human faecal microbiota to gluten-friendly bread (gfb). thus, gfb and control bread (cb) were fermented with faecal microbiota in ph-controlled batch cultures. the effects on the major groups of microbiota were monitored over 48 h incubations by fluorescence in situ hybridisation. short-chain fatty acids (scfas) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). furthermore, the death kinetics of l ...201627632361
effects of the food manufacturing chain on the viability and functionality of bifidobacterium animalis through simulated gastrointestinal conditions.the viability and functionality of probiotics may be influenced by industrial production processes resulting in a decrease in probiotic efficiency that benefit the health of humans. this study aimed to investigate the probiotic characteristics of bifidobacterium strains isolated from fecal samples of healthy thai infants. in the present work, three local strains (bf014, bf052, and bh053) belonging to bifidobacterium animalis showed a great resistance against conditions simulating the gastrointes ...201627333286
high iron-sequestrating bifidobacteria inhibit enteropathogen growth and adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells in vitro.the gut microbiota plays an important role in host health, in particular by its barrier effect and competition with exogenous pathogenic bacteria. in the present study, the competition of bifidobacterium pseudolongum pv8-2 (bp pv8-2) and bifidobacterium kashiwanohense pv20-2 (bk pv20-2), isolated from anemic infant gut microbiota and selected for their high iron sequestration properties, was investigated against salmonella typhimurium (s. typhi) and escherichia coli o157:h45 (ehec) by using co-c ...201627713730
pharmacological evaluation of poly(3-methylthiophene) and its titanium(iv)phosphate nanocomposite: dna interaction, molecular docking, and cytotoxic activity.cancer and pathogenic microbial diseases have terribly affected human health over a longer period of time. in response to the increasing casualties due to cancer and microbial diseases, unique poly(3-methylthiophene) and poly(3-methylthiophene)-titanium(iv)phosphate composite were prepared via in-situ oxidative chemical polymerization in this work. the poly(3-methylthiophene) and poly(3-methylthiophene)-titanium(iv)phosphate composite were well characterized by fourier transform infrared spectro ...201627710872
antimicrobial protein candidates from the thermophilic geobacillus sp. strain zgt-1: production, proteomics, and bioinformatics analysis.a thermophilic bacterial strain, geobacillus sp. zgt-1, isolated from zara hot spring in jordan, was capable of inhibiting the growth of the thermophilic g. stearothermophilus and the mesophilic bacillus subtilis and salmonella typhimurium on a solid cultivation medium. antibacterial activity was not observed when zgt-1 was cultivated in a liquid medium; however, immobilization of the cells in agar beads that were subjected to sequential batch cultivation in the liquid medium at 60 °c showed inc ...201627548162
comparative analysis of the effects of two probiotic bacterial strains on metabolism and innate immunity in the raw 264.7 murine macrophage cell line.probiotic and potential probiotic bacterial strains are routinely prescribed and used as supplementary therapy for a variety infectious diseases, including enteric disorders among a wide range of individuals. while there are an increasing number of studies defining the possible mechanisms of probiotic activity, a great deal remains unknown regarding the diverse modes of action attributed to these therapeutic agents. more precise information is required to support the appropriate application of p ...201627038159
synthesis and antimicrobial activity of 1,2-benzothiazine derivatives.a number of 1,2-benzothiazines have been synthesized in a three-step process. nine chalcones 1-9 bearing methyl, fluoro, chloro and bromo substituents were chlorosulfonated with chlorosulfonic acid to generate the chalcone sulfonyl chlorides 10-18. these were converted to the dibromo compounds 19-27 through reaction with bromine in glacial acetic acid. compounds 19-27 were reacted with ammonia, methylamine, ethylamine, aniline and benzylamine to generate a library of 45 1,2-benzothiazines 28-72. ...201627376253
identification of d-amino acid dehydrogenase as an upstream regulator of the autoinduction of a putative acyltransferase in corynebacterium glutamicum.expression of a putative acyltransferase encoded by ncgl- 0350 of corynebacterium glutamicum is induced by cell-free culture fluids obtained from stationary-phase growth of both c. glutamicum and pseudomonas aeruginosa, providing evidence for interspecies communication. here, we further confirmed that such communication occurs by showing that acyltransferase expression is induced by culture fluid obtained from diverse gram-negative and -positive bacterial strains, including escherichia coli, sal ...201627225460
use of a novel report protein to study the secretion signal of flagellin in bacillus subtilis.flagellin (also called hag) is the main component of bacterial flagellum and is transported across the cytoplasmic membrane by flagellar secretion apparatus. because flagella play an essential role in the pathogenesis of numerous pathogens, the flagellins of escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, pseudomonas aeruginosa, campylobacter jejuni, and vibrio cholerae have been intensively studied; however, very few studies have focused on the flagellin of bacillus subtilis, which is considered to b ...201627154466
bioprobes based on aptamer and silica fluorescent nanoparticles for bacteria salmonella typhimurium detection.in this study, we have developed an efficient method based on single-stranded dna (ssdna) aptamers along with silica fluorescence nanoparticles for bacteria salmonella typhimurium detection. carboxyl-modified tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(ii) hexahydrate (rubpy)-doped silica nanoparticles (cooh-fsinps) were prepared using reverse microemulsion method, and the streptavidin was conjugated to the surface of the prepared cooh-fsinps. the bacteria s. typhimurium was incubated with a specific ...201626983430
relationship between digital information and thermodynamic stability in bacterial genomes.ever since the introduction of the watson-crick model, numerous efforts have been made to fully characterize the digital information content of the dna. however, it became increasingly evident that variations of dna configuration also provide an "analog" type of information related to the physicochemical properties of the dna, such as thermodynamic stability and supercoiling. hence, the parallel investigation of the digital information contained in the base sequence with associated analog parame ...201626877724
purification and characteristics of a novel bacteriocin produced by enterococcus faecalis l11 isolated from chinese traditional fermented cucumber.to purify and characterize a novel bacteriocin with broad inhibitory spectrum produced by an isolate of enterococcus faecalis from chinese fermented cucumber.201626875092
evaluation of bioactive secondary metabolites from endophytic fungus pestalotiopsis neglecta bab-5510 isolated from leaves of cupressus torulosa d.don.six endophytic fungi were isolated from cupressus torulosa d.don and identified phenotypically and genotypically. the fungal cultures were further grown and the culture was extracted by two organic solvents methanol and ethyl acetate. the screening was carried out using the agar well diffusion method against human pathogen such as escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus. isolated strain of pestalotiopsis sp. was showing prominent antibacterial activi ...201628330281
the impact of oxygen on bacterial enteric pathogens.bacterial enteric pathogens are responsible for a tremendous amount of foodborne illnesses every year through the consumption of contaminated food products. during their transit from contaminated food sources to the host gastrointestinal tract, these pathogens are exposed and must adapt to fluctuating oxygen levels to successfully colonize the host and cause diseases. however, the majority of enteric infection research has been conducted under aerobic conditions. to raise awareness of the import ...201627261784
chemical composition, antioxidant and antibacterial activities of essential oils from ferulago angulata.ferulago angulata boiss. (apiaceae), a perennial aromatic herb, grows wild in iran. the aerial parts of f. angulata are used as a flavouring in foods, especially dairy foods by indigenous people in western and southwestern iran.201627102982
understanding the antimicrobial activity behind thin- and thick-rolled copper plates.the aim of this study was to compare the antibacterial properties of the surfaces of copper plates that were rolled to a thickness of 25 and 100 μm. differences in topology of 25- and 100-μm-thick copper plates were studied using scanning electron microscopy (sem), atomic force microscopy (afm), and x-ray diffraction (xrd). antibacterial activity of the copper surfaces was tested against strains of staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, klebsiella pneumoniae, pseudomonas aeruginosa, listeria m ...201626860943
evaluation of probiotic properties of lactobacillus plantarum wlpl04 isolated from human breast milk.lactobacillus plantarum wlpl04, a specific strain isolated from human breast milk, was investigated for its survival capacity (acid and bile salt tolerance, survival in simulated gastrointestinal tract, inhibition of pathogens, antibiotic susceptibility, yield of exopolysaccharides) and probiotic properties (antiadhesion of pathogens, protection from harmful effect of sodium dodecyl sulfate, and antiinflammatory stress on caco-2 cells). the results showed that lb. plantarum wlpl04 had broad-spec ...201626805974
antimicrobial effects of marine algal extracts and cyanobacterial pure compounds against five foodborne pathogens.the marine environment is a proven source of structurally complex and biologically active compounds. in this study, the antimicrobial effects of a small collection of marine-derived extracts and isolates, were evaluated against 5 foodborne pathogens using a broth dilution assay. results demonstrated that algal extracts from padina and ulva species and cyanobacterial compounds antillatoxin b, laxaphycins a, b and b3, isomalyngamide a, and malyngamides c, i and j showed antimicrobial activity agai ...201626775951
new benzophenones and xanthones from cratoxylum sumatranum ssp. neriifolium and their antibacterial and antioxidant activities.two new benzophenones (1 and 2) and four new xanthones (4-6 and 17) together with 24 known compounds (3, 7-16, and 18-30) were isolated from the roots and twigs of cratoxylum sumatranum ssp. neriifolium. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. compounds 5 and 26 showed antibacterial activity against micrococcus luteus, bacillus cereus, and staphylococcus epidermis with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 4 to 8 μg/ml, whereas compounds 7, 20, and 26 displayed select ...201627788582
aflatoxin b1 detoxification by aspergillus oryzae from meju, a traditional korean fermented soybean starter.aflatoxins are classified as group 1 (carcinogenic to humans) by the international agency for research on cancer (iarc). in this study, a total of 134 fungal strains were isolated from 65 meju samples, and two fungal isolates were selected as potential aflatoxin b₁ (afb₁)-biodetoxification fungi. these fungi were identified as aspergillus oryzae mao103 and a. oryzae mao104 by sequencing the beta-tubulin gene. the two a. oryzae strains were able to degrade more than 90% of afb1 (initial concentra ...201627817189
potential pitfalls associated with testing of enzyme preparations in the salmonella/microsome assay.the effect of a sample of food enzyme preparations on s9 activity was evaluated in bacterial mutation assays with the salmonella typhimurium strains ta98 and ta100 using benzo(a)pyrene, 2-aminoanthracene and 2-aminofluorene as model compounds. under the experimental conditions applied, aspergillus oryzae protease and porcine pancreas trypsin, applied at low non-toxic doses, proved to effectively inhibit the metabolic activation of benzo(a)pyrene by aroclor induced rat liver 9, while the activati ...201627330008
tatc-dependent translocation of pyoverdine is responsible for the microbial growth suppression.infections are often not caused by a colonization of pseudomonas aeruginosa alone but by a consortium of other bacteria. little is known about the impact of p. aeruginosa on the growth of other bacteria upon coinfection. here, cell-ree culture supernatants obtained from p. aeruginosa suppressed the growth of a number of bacterial strains such as corynebacterium glutamicum, bacillus subtilis, staphylococcus aureus, and agrobacterium tumefaciens, but had little effect on the growth of escherichia ...201626832668
potential of submergedly cultivated mycelia of ganoderma spp. as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.the study aimed to evaluate the antiradical and antimicrobial (antibacterial and antifungal) potentials of ethanol mycelial extracts of selected ganoderma species and strains and to define interand intraspecies diversity among ganoderma species and strains. ganoderma lucidum strains were good dpph• scavengers (neutralizing up to 57.12% radicals), contrary to g. applanatum (20.35%) and g. carnosum (17.04%). high correlations between the activities and contents of total phenols in the extracts sho ...201626420047
effect of biotransformation by liver s9 enzymes on the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of melanin extracted from aspergillus nidulans.a mutant that exhibited increased melanin pigment production was isolated from aspergillus nidulans fungus. this pigment has aroused biotechnological interest due to its photoprotector and antioxidant properties. in a recent study, we showed that melanin from a. nidulans also inhibits no and tnf-α production.201626459656
antimicrobial activity of the pygidial gland secretion of three ground beetle species (insecta: coleoptera: carabidae).the antimicrobial properties of the pygidial gland secretions released by the adults of the three ground beetle species, carabus ullrichii, c. coriaceus, and abax parallelepipedus, have been tested. microdilution method was applied for detection of minimal inhibitory concentrations (mics), minimal bactericidal concentrations (mbcs), and minimal fungicidal concentrations (mfcs). additionally, morpho-histology of the pygidial glands is investigated. we have tested 16 laboratory and clinical strain ...201627000261
comparison of the composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of green branches and leaves of egyptian navel orange (citrus sinensis (l.) osbeck var. malesy).the essential oils isolated from the leaves and green branches of the egyptian navel orange trees were analyzed by gc and gc/ms. a total of 33 and 24 compounds were identified from the oils of the leaves and branches accounting for 96.0% and 97.9%, respectively, of the total detected constituents. the major ones were sabinene (36.5; 33.0%), terpinen-4-ol (8.2; 6.2%), δ-3-carene (7.0; 9.4%), limonene (6.8; 18.7%), trans-ocimene (6.7; 6.1%), and β-myrcene (4.5; 4.4%). the antimicrobial activities ...201626948682
in silico analysis revealed high-risk single nucleotide polymorphisms in human pentraxin-3 gene and their impact on innate immune response against microbial pathogens.pentraxin-3 (ptx-3) protein is an evolutionary conserved protein that acts as a soluble pattern-recognition receptor for pathogens and plays important role in innate immune response. it recognizes various pathogens by interacting with extracellular moieties such as glactomannan of conidia (aspergillus fumigatus), lipopolysaccharide of pseudomonas aeruginosa, streptococcus pneumonia and salmonella typhimurium. thus, ptx-3 protein helps to clear these pathogens by activating downstream innate immu ...201626941719
5-alkyloxytryptamines are membrane-targeting, broad-spectrum antibiotics.antibiotic adjuvant therapy represents an exciting opportunity to enhance the activity of clinical antibiotics by co-dosing with a secondary small molecule. successful adjuvants decrease the concentration of antibiotics used to defeat bacteria, increase activity (in some cases introducing activity against organisms that are drug resistant), and reduce the frequency at which drug-resistant bacteria emerge. we report that 5-alkyloxytryptamines are a new class of broad-spectrum antibacterial agents ...201627765507
in vitro antibacterial activity of rhodanine derivatives against pathogenic clinical isolates.bacterial infections present a serious challenge to healthcare practitioners due to the emergence of resistance to numerous conventional antibacterial drugs. therefore, new bacterial targets and new antimicrobials are unmet medical needs. rhodanine derivatives have been shown to possess potent antimicrobial activity via a novel mechanism. however, their potential use as antibacterials has not been fully examined. in this study, we determined the spectrum of activity of seven rhodanine derivative ...201627711156
natural functional snps in mir-155 alter its expression level, blood cell counts, and immune responses.mir-155 has been confirmed to be a key factor in immune responses in humans and other mammals. therefore, investigation of variations in mir-155 could be useful for understanding the differences in immunity between individuals. in this study, four snps in mir-155 were identified in mice (mus musculus) and humans (homo sapiens). in mice, the four snps were closely linked and formed two mir-155 haplotypes (a and b). ten distinct types of blood parameters were associated with mir-155 expression und ...201627532002
structural and enzymatic characterization of abgp46, a novel phage endolysin with broad anti-gram-negative bacterial activity.the present study demonstrates the antibacterial potential of a phage endolysin against gram-negative pathogens, particularly against multidrug resistant strains of acinetobacter baumannii. we have cloned, heterologously expressed and characterized a novel endolysin (abgp46) from acinetobacter phage vb_abap_ceb1 and tested its antibacterial activity against several multidrug-resistant a. baumannii strains. lc-ms revealed that abgp46 is an n-acetylmuramidase, that is also active over a broad ph r ...201626955368
immunological study of an attenuated salmonella typhimurium expressing apxia, apxiia, apxiiia and ompa of actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in a mouse model.salmonella typhimurium strain expressing the actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae antigens, apxia, apxiia, apxiiia and ompa, was previously constructed as a vaccine candidate for porcine pleuropneumonia. this strain was a live attenuated (∆lon∆cpxr∆asd)salmonella as a delivery host and contained a vector containing asd. an immunological study of lymphocyte proliferation, t-lymphocyte subsets and cytokines in the splenocytes of a mouse model was carried out after stimulation with the candidate salmone ...201626227587
application of edible coating with starch and carvacrol in minimally processed pumpkin.the present study evaluated the effect of an edible coating of cassava starch and carvacrol in minimally processed pumpkin (mpp). the minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of carvacrol against escherichia coli, salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium, aeromonas hydrophila, and staphylococcus aureus was determined. the edible coating that contained carvacrol at the mic and 2 × mic was applied to mpp, and effects were evaluated with regard to the survival of experimentally inoculated bacteria an ...201627413224
antibacterial activity of litsea cubeba (lauraceae, may chang) and its effects on the biological response of common carp cyprinus carpio challenged with aeromonas hydrophila.the aims of this study were to characterize the antibacterial activity and the chemotype of litsea cubeba leaf essential oil (eo) harvested in north vietnam and to investigate the biological effects induced by the leaf powder on growth, nonspecific immunity and survival of common carp (cyprinus carpio) challenged with aeromonas hydrophila.201627124660
oral vaccination with attenuated salmonella typhimurium-delivered tspmy dna vaccine elicits protective immunity against trichinella spiralis in balb/c mice.our previous studies showed that trichinella spiralis paramyosin (tspmy) is an immunomodulatory protein that inhibits complement c1q and c8/c9 to evade host complement attack. vaccination with recombinant tspmy protein induced protective immunity against t. spiralis larval challenge. due to the difficulty in producing tspmy as a soluble recombinant protein, we prepared a dna vaccine as an alternative approach in order to elicit a robust immunity against trichinella infection.201627589591
the biofilm lifestyle involves an increase in bacterial membrane saturated fatty acids.biofilm formation on contact surfaces contributes to persistence of foodborne pathogens all along the food and feed chain. the specific physiological features of bacterial cells embedded in biofilms contribute to their high tolerance to environmental stresses, including the action of antimicrobial compounds. as membrane lipid adaptation is a vital facet of bacterial response when cells are submitted to harsh or unstable conditions, we focused here on membrane fatty acid composition of biofilm ce ...201627840623
effect of pulsed electric field on membrane lipids and oxidative injury of salmonella typhimurium.salmonella typhimurium cells were subjected to pulsed electric field (pef) treatment at 25 kv/cm for 0-4 ms to investigate the effect of pef on the cytoplasmic membrane lipids and oxidative injury of cells. results indicated that pef treatment induced a decrease of membrane fluidity of salmonella typhimurium (s. typhimuriumi), possibly due to the alterations of fatty acid biosynthesis-associated gene expressions (down-regulation of cfa and faba gene expressions and the up-regulation of fabd gene ...201627556460
development of an avirulent salmonella surrogate for modeling pathogen behavior in pre- and postharvest environments.recurrent outbreaks of bacterial gastroenteritis linked to the consumption of fresh fruits and vegetables highlight the paucity of understanding of the ecology of salmonella enterica under crop production and postharvest conditions. these gaps in knowledge are due, at least in part, to the lack of suitable surrogate organisms for studies for which biosafety level 2 is problematic. therefore, we constructed and validated an avirulent strain of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. the strain l ...201627129962
mapping polyclonal antibody responses to bacterial infection using next generation phage display.mapping polyclonal antibody responses to infectious diseases to identify individual epitopes has the potential to underpin the development of novel serological assays and vaccines. here, phage-peptide library panning coupled with screening using next generation sequencing was used to map antibody responses to bacterial infections. in the first instance, pigs experimentally infected with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium was investigated. igg samples from twelve infected pigs were probed in ...201627072017
bioprospecting red sea coastal ecosystems for culturable microorganisms and their antimicrobial potential.microorganisms that inhabit unchartered unique soil such as in the highly saline and hot red sea lagoons on the saudi arabian coastline, represent untapped sources of potentially new bioactive compounds. in this study, a culture-dependent approach was applied to three types of sediments: mangrove mud (mn), microbial mat (mm), and barren soil (bs), collected from rabigh harbor lagoon (rhl) and al-kharrar lagoon (akl). the isolated bacteria were evaluated for their potential to produce bioactive c ...201627626430
new role for fda-approved drugs in combating antibiotic-resistant bacteria.antibiotic resistance in medically relevant bacterial pathogens, coupled with a paucity of novel antimicrobial discoveries, represents a pressing global crisis. traditional drug discovery is an inefficient and costly process; however, systematic screening of food and drug administration (fda)-approved therapeutics for other indications in humans offers a rapid alternative approach. in this study, we screened a library of 780 fda-approved drugs to identify molecules that rendered raw 264.7 murine ...201627067323
salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium utilizes the clppx and lon proteases for optimal fitness in the ceca of chickens.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a leading cause of salmonellosis. poultry and poultry products are implicated in transmission of salmonella to humans. in 2013, an outbreak of s typhimurium occurred that comprised 39 states within the united states and was associated with backyard flocks of chickens. colonization of the avian host by s typhimurium requires numerous genetic factors encoded within the bacterium. of particular interest are genetic factors induced by alter ...201626994203
beyond antimicrobial resistance: evidence for a distinct role of the acrd efflux pump in salmonella biology.for over 20 years, bacterial multidrug resistance (mdr) efflux pumps have been studied because of their impact on resistance to antimicrobials. however, critical questions remain, including why produce efflux pumps under non-antimicrobial treatment conditions, and why have multiple pumps if their only purpose is antimicrobial efflux? salmonella spp. possess five efflux pump families, including the resistance-nodulation-division (rnd) efflux pumps. notably, the rnd efflux pump acrd has a unique s ...201627879336
cell-free spent media obtained from bifidobacterium bifidum and bifidobacterium crudilactis grown in media supplemented with 3'-sialyllactose modulate virulence gene expression in escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella typhimurium.complex oligosaccharides from human milk (hmo) possess an antimicrobial activity and can promote the growth of bifidobacteria such as bifidobacterium bifidum and bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis. in addition, fermentation of carbohydrates by bifidobacteria can result in the production of metabolites presenting an antivirulence effect on several pathogenic bacteria. whey is rich in complex bovine milk oligosaccharides (bmo) structurally similar to hmo and b. crudilactis, a species of bovine ...201627713728
cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and organic acids affect gene expression of selected oxidative stress and inflammation markers in ipec-j2 cells exposed to salmonella typhimurium.essential oils and organic acids are used as feed additives to improve health status and reduce colonization with pathogens. although bactericidal in vitro, concentrations achieved in the animal gut are probably not lethal to pathogens. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and cinnamic, lactic and propionic acids on the ability of salmonella typhimurium atcc 14028 (st) to invade intestinal epithelial cells (ipec-j2) and on the expression levels of imm ...201627561686
salmonella typhimurium utilizes a t6ss-mediated antibacterial weapon to establish in the host gut.the mammalian gastrointestinal tract is colonized by a high-density polymicrobial community where bacteria compete for niches and resources. one key competition strategy includes cell contact-dependent mechanisms of interbacterial antagonism, such as the type vi secretion system (t6ss), a multiprotein needle-like apparatus that injects effector proteins into prokaryotic and/or eukaryotic target cells. however, the contribution of t6ss antibacterial activity during pathogen invasion of the gut ha ...201627503894
clustered intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium blocks host cell cytokinesis.several bacterial pathogens and viruses interfere with the cell cycle of their host cells to enhance virulence. this is especially apparent in bacteria that colonize the gut epithelium, where inhibition of the cell cycle of infected cells enhances the intestinal colonization. we found that intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium induced the binucleation of a large proportion of epithelial cells by 14 h postinvasion and that the effect was dependent on an intact salmonella pathogeni ...201627185791
phenolic compounds and in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of three tropic fruits: persimmon, guava, and sweetsop.in our previous study, we have found that persimmon, guava, and sweetsop owned considerably high antioxidant activity and contained high total phenolic contents as well. in order to further supply information on the antibacterial and antioxidant activity of these three tropic fruits, they were extracted by 80% methanol. we then examined the extractions about their phenolic compounds and also studied the extractions and phenolic contents about their minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and mini ...201627648444
nadph oxidase-1 deficiency offers little protection in salmonella typhimurium-induced typhlitis in mice.to test whether nox1 plays a role in typhlitis induced by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. tm) in a mouse model.201628028364
factors that influence the immunological adjuvant effect of lactobacillus fermentum pc1 on specific immune responses in mice to orally administered antigens.this study examined the influences of the dosage of the adjuvant, the nature of the antigen and the host genetics on the capacity of l. fermentum pc1 (pc1) to function as an oral adjuvant. balb/c and dba/1 mice were vaccinated with either ovalbumin (ova) or salmonella typhimurium on days 0 and 14, mice were also dosed with the pc1 (10⁸ cfu or 10(11) cfu per dose per mouse) with the antigens (days 0 and 14) and alone (days -1 and 13). the higher pc1 dose elicited a greater specific serum igg2a re ...201627447674
comparison between immunization routes of live attenuated salmonella typhimurium strains expressing bcsp31, omp3b, and sod of brucella abortus in murine model.live, attenuated salmonella typhimurium vaccine candidate expressing bcsp31, omp3b, and sod proteins of brucella abortus was constructed. thirty balb/c mice were divided equally into three groups, group a, were intraperitoneally (ip) inoculated with 100 μl of approximately 1.2 × 10(6) colony-forming units (cfus)/ml of the salmonella containing vector only in 100 μl as a control. and groups b and c mice were orally and ip immunized with approximately 1.2 × 10(9) cfu/ml of the mixture of three del ...201627148232
pyroptosis of salmonella typhimurium-infected macrophages was suppressed and elimination of intracellular bacteria from macrophages was promoted by blocking qsec.qsec is a membrane-bound histidine sensor kinase found in gram-negative pathogens and is involved in the regulation of bacterial virulence. led209, a qsec-specific inhibitor, significantly inhibits the virulence of several pathogens and partially protects infected mice from death by blocking qsec. however, the mechanism of its antibacterial effects remains unclear. in this experiment, a salmonella typhimurium (s. typhimurium) and macrophage co-culture system was utilized to investigate possible ...201627853287
the in vitro redundant enzymes purn and purt are both essential for systemic infection of mice in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.metabolic enzymes show a high degree of redundancy, and for that reason they are generally ignored in searches for novel targets for anti-infective substances. the enzymes purn and purt are redundant in vitro in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, in which they perform the third step of purine synthesis. surprisingly, the results of the current study demonstrated that single-gene deletions of each of the genes encoding these enzymes caused attenuation (competitive infection indexes [ci] of ...201627113361
catch me if you can.direct contact between host cells allows some bacteria to spread within the body without being attacked by the immune system.201626919282
trogocytosis-associated cell to cell spread of intracellular bacterial pathogens.macrophages are myeloid-derived phagocytic cells and one of the first immune cell types to respond to microbial infections. however, a number of bacterial pathogens are resistant to the antimicrobial activities of macrophages and can grow within these cells. macrophages have other immune surveillance roles including the acquisition of cytosolic components from multiple types of cells. we hypothesized that intracellular pathogens that can replicate within macrophages could also exploit cytosolic ...201626802627
human gbp1 does not localize to pathogen vacuoles but restricts toxoplasma gondii.guanylate binding proteins (gbps) are a family of large interferon-inducible gtpases that are transcriptionally upregulated upon infection with intracellular pathogens. murine gbps (mgbps) including mgbp1 and 2 localize to and disrupt pathogen-containing vacuoles (pvs) resulting in the cell-autonomous clearing or innate immune detection of pv-resident pathogens. human gbps (hgbps) are known to exert antiviral host defense and activate the nlrp3 inflammasome, but it is unclear whether hgbps can d ...201626874079
salmonella suppresses the trif-dependent type i interferon response in macrophages.salmonella enterica is an intracellular pathogen that causes diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever. salmonella bacteria trigger an autophagic response in host cells upon infection but have evolved mechanisms for suppressing this response, thereby enhancing intracellular survival. we recently reported that s. enterica serovar typhimurium actively recruits the host tyrosine kinase focal adhesion kinase (fak) to the surface of the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv) (k. a. owen et ...201626884434
relevant genes linked to virulence are required for salmonella typhimurium to survive intracellularly in the social amoeba dictyostelium discoideum.the social amoeba dictyostelium discoideum has proven to be a useful model for studying relevant aspects of the host-pathogen interaction. in this work, d. discoideum was used as a model to study the ability of salmonella typhimurium to survive in amoebae and to evaluate the contribution of selected genes in this process. to do this, we performed infection assays using axenic cultures of d. discoideum co-cultured with wild-type s. typhimurium and/or defined mutant strains. our results confirmed ...201627602025
peracetic acid treatment generates potent inactivated oral vaccines from a broad range of culturable bacterial species.our mucosal surfaces are the main sites of non-vector-borne pathogen entry, as well as the main interface with our commensal microbiota. we are still only beginning to understand how mucosal adaptive immunity interacts with commensal and pathogenic microbes to influence factors such as infectivity, phenotypic diversity, and within-host evolution. this is in part due to difficulties in generating specific mucosal adaptive immune responses without disrupting the mucosal microbial ecosystem itself. ...201626904024
modulation of the substitution pattern of 5-aryl-2-aminoimidazoles allows fine-tuning of their antibiofilm activity spectrum and toxicity.we previously synthesized several series of compounds, based on the 5-aryl-2-aminoimidazole scaffold, that showed activity preventing the formation of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. here, we further studied the activity spectrum of a number of the most active n1- and 2n-substituted 5-aryl-2-aminoimidazoles against a broad panel of biofilms formed by monospecies and mixed species of bacteria and fungi. an n1-substituted compound showed very strong act ...201627550355
antimicrobial activities of bacteria associated with the brown alga padina pavonica.macroalgae belonging to the genus padina are known to produce antibacterial compounds that may inhibit growth of human- and animal pathogens. hitherto, it was unclear whether this antibacterial activity is produced by the macroalga itself or by secondary metabolite producing epiphytic bacteria. here we report antibacterial activities of epiphytic bacteria isolated from padina pavonica (peacocks tail) located on northern coast of tunisia. eighteen isolates were obtained in pure culture and tested ...201627462308
fine-tuning of amino sugar homeostasis by eiia(ntr) in salmonella typhimurium.the nitrogen-metabolic phosphotransferase system, pts(ntr), consists of the enzymes i(ntr), npr and iia(ntr) that are encoded by ptsp, ptso, and ptsn, respectively. due to the proximity of ptso and ptsn to rpon, the pts(ntr) system has been postulated to be closely related with nitrogen metabolism. to define the correlation between pts(ntr) and nitrogen metabolism, we performed ligand fishing with eiia(ntr) as a bait and revealed that d-glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase (glms) directly interacted ...201627628932
the molecular basis for ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like specificities in bacterial effector proteases.pathogenic bacteria rely on secreted effector proteins to manipulate host signaling pathways, often in creative ways. ce clan proteases, specific hydrolases for ubiquitin-like modifications (sumo and nedd8) in eukaryotes, reportedly serve as bacterial effector proteins with desumoylase, deubiquitinase, or, even, acetyltransferase activities. here, we characterize bacterial ce protease activities, revealing k63-linkage-specific deubiquitinases in human pathogens, such as salmonella, escherichia, ...201627425412
bcsz inhibits biofilm phenotypes and promotes virulence by blocking cellulose production in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.cellulose, a 1,4 beta-glucan polysaccharide, is produced by a variety of organisms including bacteria. although the production of cellulose has a high biological, ecological and economical impact, regulatory mechanisms of cellulose biosynthesis are mostly unknown. family eight cellulases are regularly associated with cellulose biosynthesis operons in bacteria; however, their function is poorly characterized. in this study, we analysed the role of the cellulase bcsz encoded by the bcsabzc cellulo ...201627756305
human genome-wide rnai screen for host factors that facilitate salmonella invasion reveals a role for potassium secretion in promoting internalization.salmonella enterica can actively invade the gastro-intestinal epithelium. this frequently leads to diarrheal disease, and also gives the pathogen access to phagocytes that can serve as vehicles for dissemination into deeper tissue. the ability to invade host cells is also important in maintaining the carrier state. while much is known about the bacterial factors that promote invasion, relatively little is known about the host factors involved. to gain insight into how salmonella enterica serovar ...201627880807
salmonella effectors ssef and sseg interact with mammalian protein acbd3 (gcp60) to anchor salmonella-containing vacuoles at the golgi network.following infection of mammalian cells, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s typhimurium) replicates within membrane-bound compartments known as salmonella-containing vacuoles (scvs). the salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type iii secretion system (spi-2 t3ss) translocates approximately 30 different effectors across the vacuolar membrane. ssef and sseg are two such effectors that are required for scvs to localize close to the golgi network in infected epithelial cells. in a yeast two-hybri ...201627406559
modulation of stat-1 in human macrophages infected with different species of intracellular pathogenic bacteria.the infection of human macrophages by pathogenic bacteria induces different signaling pathways depending on the type of cellular receptors involved in the microorganism entry and on their mechanism(s) of survival and replication in the host cell. it was reported that stat proteins play an important role in this process. in the present study, we investigate the changes in stat-1 activation (phosphorylation in p-tyr701) after uptake of two gram-positive (listeria monocytogenes and staphylococcus a ...201627437406
genetic functions of the naip family of inflammasome receptors for bacterial ligands in mice.biochemical studies suggest that the naip family of nlr proteins are cytosolic innate receptors that directly recognize bacterial ligands and trigger nlrc4 inflammasome activation. in this study, we generated naip5(-/-), naip1(-/-), and naip2(-/-) mice and showed that bone marrow macrophages derived from these knockout mice are specifically deficient in detecting bacterial flagellin, the type iii secretion system needle, and the rod protein, respectively. naip1(-/-), naip2(-/-), and naip5(-/-) m ...201627114610
purification and host specificity of predatory halobacteriovorax isolates from seawater.halobacteriovorax (formerly bacteriovorax) is a small predatory bacterium found in the marine environment and modulates bacterial pathogens in shellfish. four strains of halobacteriovorax originally isolated in vibrio parahaemolyticus o3:k6 host cells were separated from their prey by an enrichment-filtration-dilution technique for specificity testing in other bacteria. this technique was essential, since 0.45-μm filtration alone was unable to remove infectious vibrio minicells, as determined by ...201626590288
outer membrane vesicles from flagellin-deficient salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium induce cross-reactive immunity and provide cross-protection against heterologous salmonella challenge.outer membrane vesicles (omvs) isolated from salmonella typhimurium are potentially useful for developing subunit vaccines because of high immunogenicity and protective efficacy. however, flagella might remain in omv pellets following omv purification, resulting in non-essential immune responses and counteraction of bacterial protective immune responses when developing a vaccine against infection of multiple serotypes salmonella. in this study, a flagellin-deficient s. typhimurium mutant was con ...201627698383
live and inactivated salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium stimulate similar but distinct transcriptome profiles in bovine macrophages and dendritic cells.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) is a major cause of gastroenteritis in cattle and humans. dendritic cells (dc) and macrophages (mø) are major players in early immunity to salmonella, and their response could influence the course of infection. therefore, the global transcriptional response of bovine monocyte-derived dc and mø to stimulation with live and inactivated s. typhimurium was compared. both cell types mount a major response 2 h post infection, with a core common ...201627000047
an nk cell perforin response elicited via il-18 controls mucosal inflammation kinetics during salmonella gut infection.salmonella typhimurium (s.tm) is a common cause of self-limiting diarrhea. the mucosal inflammation is thought to arise from a standoff between the pathogen's virulence factors and the host's mucosal innate immune defenses, particularly the mucosal naip/nlrc4 inflammasome. however, it had remained unclear how this switches the gut from homeostasis to inflammation. this was studied using the streptomycin mouse model. s.tm infections in knockout mice, cytokine inhibition and -injection experiments ...201627341123
global rna recognition patterns of post-transcriptional regulators hfq and csra revealed by uv crosslinking in vivo.the molecular roles of many rna-binding proteins in bacterial post-transcriptional gene regulation are not well understood. approaches combining in vivo uv crosslinking with rna deep sequencing (clip-seq) have begun to revolutionize the transcriptome-wide mapping of eukaryotic rna-binding protein target sites. we have applied clip-seq to chart the target landscape of two major bacterial post-transcriptional regulators, hfq and csra, in the model pathogen salmonella typhimurium. by detecting bind ...201627044921
bee venom (apis mellifera) an effective potential alternative to gentamicin for specific bacteria strains: bee venom an effective potential for bacteria.mellitine, a major component of bee venom (bv, apis mellifera), is more active against gram positive than gram negative bacteria. moreover, bv has been reported to have multiple effects, including antibacterial, antivirus, and anti-inflammation effects, in various types of cells. in addition, wasp venom has been reported to have antibacterial properties. the aim of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity of bv against selected gram positive and gram negative bacterial strains of me ...201627695631
clonal spread of mcr-1 in pmqr-carrying st34 salmonella isolates from animals in china.since initial identification in china, the widespread geographical occurrence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1 in enterobacteriaceae has been of great concern. in this study, a total of 22 salmonella enterica were resistant to colistin, while only five isolates which belonged to st34 salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) were mcr-1 positive. four of them shared nearly identical pfge type, although they were from different host species and diverse geographical ...201627917926
salmonella typhimurium and multidirectional communication in the gut.the mammalian digestive tract is home to trillions of microbes, including bacteria, archaea, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. in monogastric mammals the stomach and small intestine harbor diverse bacterial populations but are typically less populated than the colon. the gut bacterial community (microbiota hereafter) varies widely among different host species and individuals within a species. it is influenced by season of the year, age of the host, stress and disease. ideally, the host and microbiot ...201627920756
use of attenuated but metabolically competent salmonella as a probiotic to prevent or treat salmonella infection.salmonella enterica is among the most burdensome of foodborne disease agents. there are over 2,600 serovars that cause a range of disease manifestations ranging from enterocolitis to typhoid fever. while there are two vaccines in use in humans to protect against typhoid fever, there are none that prevent enterocolitis. if vaccines preventing enterocolitis were to be developed, they would likely protect against only one or a few serovars. in this report, we tested the hypothesis that probiotic or ...201627185789
polysaccharide-capped silver nanoparticles inhibit biofilm formation and eliminate multi-drug-resistant bacteria by disrupting bacterial cytoskeleton with reduced cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells.development of effective anti-microbial therapeutics has been hindered by the emergence of bacterial strains with multi-drug resistance and biofilm formation capabilities. in this article, we report an efficient green synthesis of silver nanoparticle (agnp) by in situ reduction and capping with a semi-synthetic polysaccharide-based biopolymer (carboxymethyl tamarind polysaccharide). the cmt-capped agnps were characterized by uv, dls, fe-sem, edx and hr-tem. these agnps have average particle size ...201627125749
(anti)mutagenic and immunomodulatory properties of quercetin glycosides.quercetin-3-o-β-d-glucopyranoside (isoquercitrin) and quercetin-3-o-rutinoside (rutin) are common components of a normal human diet and are increasingly used in food supplements. here their effect on mutagenesis and immunity is shown.201625960089
evaluation of usage of essential oils instead of spices in meat ball formulation for controlling salmonella spp.the purpose of this study was to show the efficacy of essential oils (eos) in meat balls instead of spices because of their high antimicrobial effect and to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of origanum onites and ocimum basilicum eos against salmonella typhimurium in minced beef (20% fat) stored at 4 ℃ for seven days. this is the first study about use of o. basilicum eo in minced beef against bacterial pathogens. both eos inhibit microorganisms in in vitro antibacterial tests. minimum inhibitor ...201625677416
molecular profiling of sepsis in mice using fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy.sepsis is a life threatening condition resulting from a high burden of infection. it is a major health care problem and associated with inflammation, organ dysfunction and significant mortality. however, proper understanding and delineating the changes that occur during this complex condition remains a challenge. a comparative study involving intra-peritoneal injection of balb/c mice with salmonella typhimurium (infection), lipopolysaccharide (endotoxic shock) or thioglycollate (sterile peritoni ...201625808727
determination of mutagenicity of the precipitate formed by sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine using the ames test.the aim of this study was to determine the direct mutagenic potential of any precipitate formed by combining sodium hypochlorite (naocl) and chlorhexidine (chx). the precipitates formed by naocl and chx were dissolved in 100% dimethyl sulfoxide and cultured with mutant salmonella typhimurium strains. the cells were observed for reverse mutation. the numbers of positive/mutated wells were statistically compared with those in the background plates using the two-sample proportion independent t-test ...201625612244
comparative cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of 13 drinking water disinfection by-products using a microplate-based cytotoxicity assay and a developed sos/umu assay.the implications of disinfection by-products (dbps) present in drinking water are of public health concern because of their potential mutagenic, carcinogenic and other toxic effects on humans. in this study, we selected 13 main dbps found in drinking water to quantitatively analyse their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity using a microplate-based cytotoxicity assay and a developed sos/umu assay in salmonella typhimurium ta1535/psk1002. with the developed sos/umu test, eight dbps: 3-chloro-4-(dichloro ...201626188195
a tpl2 (map3k8) disease-risk polymorphism increases tpl2 expression thereby leading to increased pattern recognition receptor-initiated caspase-1 and caspase-8 activation, signalling and cytokine secretion.ibd is characterised by dysregulated intestinal immune homeostasis and cytokine secretion. in the intestine, properly regulating pattern recognition receptor (prr)-mediated signalling and cytokines is crucial given the ongoing host-microbial interactions. tpl2 (map3k8, cot) contributes to prr-initiated pathways, yet the mechanisms for tpl2 signalling contributions in primary human myeloid cells are incompletely understood and its role in intestinal myeloid cells is poorly defined. furthermore, f ...201626215868
polyphenols rich fraction from geoffroea decorticans fruits flour affects key enzymes involved in metabolic syndrome, oxidative stress and inflammatory process.geoffroea decorticans (chañar), is widely distributed throughout northwestern argentina. its fruit is consumed as flour, arrope or hydroalcoholic beverage. the chañar fruits flour was obtained and 39 phenolic compounds were tentatively identified by hplc-ms/ms(n). the compounds comprised caffeic acid glycosides, simple phenolics (protocatechuic acid and vanillic acid), a glycoside of vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid and its phenethyl ester as well as free and glycosylated flavonoids. the polypheno ...201626212988
salmonella typhimurium outbreak associated with a contaminated food container in a school in sichuan province, china.on 13 june 2013, a fever and diarrhoea outbreak occurred in a boarding school in sichuan province. we conducted a field investigation and compared food exposure of 81 case students and 104 control students (years 7 and 8) in order to identify the source of infection. there were 401 cases identified (399 students and two cooks). the attack rates were 23-46% in nursery, primary, and secondary schools, but 0% in the high school. eighty-five percent of case students, consumed cowpea salad compared t ...201626119077
in vitro and in vivo toxicological evaluations of methyl ferulate, methyl p-coumarate, and pulegone 1,2-epoxide.toxicological screening of natural compounds for medicinal purposes.201626067677
decomposition of flux distributions into metabolic pathways.genome-scale reconstructions are often used for studying relationships between fundamental components of a metabolic system. in this study, we develop a novel computational method for analyzing predicted flux distributions for metabolic reconstructions. because chemical reactions may have multiple reactants and products, a directed hypergraph where hyperarcs may have multiple tail vertices and head vertices is a more appropriate representation of the metabolic network than a conventional network ...201624334391
molecular level understanding of resistance to nalidixic acid in salmonella enteric serovar typhimurium associates with the s83f sequence type.nalidixic acid is an antibiotic drug used for treatment of salmonellosis, a gastrointestinal infection. dna gyrase subunit a (gyra) of salmonella typhimurium is the drug target for nalidixic acid. resistance of gyra to nalidixic acid, because of a point mutation in s. typhimurium, was recently reported. substitution of phe in place of ser at locus 83 in gyra of s. typhimurium has been experimentally associated with nalidixic acid resistance. despite recent efforts, the mechanism of this resistan ...201626329667
photodecomposition, photomutagenicity and photocytotoxicity of retinyl palmitate under he-ne laser photoirradiation and its effects on photodynamic therapy of cancer cells in vitro.our aim was to study photodecomposition, photomutagenicity and cytotoxicity of retinyl palmitate (rp), a principal storage form of vitamin a in humans and animals, under he-ne laser photoirradiation. moreover, the effect of different concentrations and timing protocol of antioxidants on photodynamic therapy (pdt) is contradictory, so the effect of rp (as antioxidant) on the pdt cytotoxicity was studied.201626365099
evaluation of the mutagenicity of simple substituted quinoxalines in salmonella typhimurium.limited information is available on the genotoxicity of simple quinoxalines, distinct from the food related carcinogenic derivatives bearing an aromatic amino group. isolated positive results, with no apparent structure-activity relationships, were reported in earlier studies on alkyl substituted quinoxalines, raising a safety concern in some regulatory authorities in view of the potential human exposure related to their use as food flavors. in order to elucidate the genotoxic hazard posed by si ...201626365056
asparagine deprivation mediated by salmonella asparaginase causes suppression of activation-induced t cell metabolic reprogramming.salmonellae are pathogenic bacteria that induce immunosuppression by mechanisms that remain largely unknown. previously, we showed that a putative type ii l-asparaginase produced by salmonella typhimurium inhibits t cell responses and mediates virulence in a murine model of infection. here, we report that this putative l-asparaginase exhibits l-asparagine hydrolase activity required for salmonella typhimurium to inhibit t cells. we show that l-asparagine is a nutrient important for t cell activa ...201626497246
salmonella typhimurium detection using a surface-enhanced raman scattering-based aptasensor.surface-enhanced raman spectroscopy (sers) has been used in a variety of biological applications due to its high sensitivity and specificity. here, we report a sers-based aptasensor approach for quantitative detection of pathogenic bacteria. a sers substrate bearing au@ag core/shell nanoparticles (nps) is functionalized with aptamer 1 (apt 1) for the capture of target molecules. x-rhodamine (rox)-modified aptamer 2 (apt 2) is used as recognition element and raman reporter. salmonella typhimurium ...201626599860
preparation of engineered salmonella typhimurium-driven hyaluronic-acid-based microbeads with both chemotactic and biological targeting towards breast cancer cells for enhanced anticancer therapy.in this study, a new type of targeted bacteriobots is prepared and investigated as a therapeutic strategy against solid tumors. maleimide-functionalized hyaluronic acid (ha) polymer is synthesized and cross-linked with four-arm-thiolated polyethylene glycol (peg-sh) to form ha microbeads with diameter of 8 μm through the michael-type addition. docetaxel (dtx)-loaded nanoparticles are encapsulated in ha-peg microbeads and sustained in vitro drug-release pattern of the dtx from the ha-peg microbea ...201626584018
protective effect of moderate exercise for balb/c mice with salmonella typhimurium infection.moderate exercise enhances resistance to pathogen-associated infections. however, its influence on intestinal iga levels and resistance to salmonella typhimurium in mice has not been reported. the aim of this study was to assess the impact of moderate exercise on bacterial resistance and the intestinal-iga response in a murine typhoid model. sedentary and exercised (under a protocol of moderate swimming) balb/c mice were orally infected with salmonella typhimurium and sacrificed on days 7 or 14 ...201626528943
in vitro screening of mare's milk antimicrobial effect and antiproliverative activity.the aims of this study were to examine the effect of mare's milk on virulence gene expression of salmonella typhimurium and observe its potential activity on proliferation of adenocarcinoma caco-2 cells. different supernatants of mare's milk, raw or heat-treated at 65°c for 15 s or 30 min, were studied. the changes in hila gene expression of salmonella typhimurium in presence of mare's milk supernatants were assessed using a reporter luminescent strain. a significant decrease in hila gene expres ...201626656278
rhythm and bugs: circadian clocks, gut microbiota, and enteric infections.to highlight recent developments in understanding the dynamic relationship between circadian rhythms, the gut microbiome, and gastrointestinal infections.201626628099
changing the codon usage of hfq gene has profound effect on phenotype and pathogenicity of salmonella typhimurium.genome recoding with bias codons (synonymous rare codons) or codon pair bias is being used as a method to attenuate virulence mostly in viruses. the target gene chosen for attenuation in general in bacteria is mostly toxin or virulence gene. we have used rna chaperone hfq, a global post-transcriptional regulator of bacterial gene expression that regulates about 20 % genes in salmonella, as the target of recoding. the hfq gene was recoded by replacing the codons of hfq gene with synonymous rare c ...201626620536
protective effects of five allium derived organosulfur compounds against mutation and oxidation.in this study, we examined the ability of five allium-derived organosulfur compounds to protect cells against mutation and oxidation. the compounds tested were 1-propylmercaptan (pm), dimethyl disulfide (dmds), diallyl disulfide (dads), propyl disulfide (pds), and 2,5-dimethylthiophene (dmt). our results showed that when used at concentrations of 100-400 μmol/l, the five compounds inhibited the mutagenicity of 4-nitroquinoline-n-oxide, a direct mutagen, and benzo[a]pyrene, an indirect mutagen, t ...201626617023
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