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suspected metastatic adrenocortical carcinoma revealing as pulmonary kaposi sarcoma in adrenal cushing's syndrome.kaposi sarcoma (ks) is a malignant disease most commonly diagnosed in the setting of a human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and in patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment. pulmonary ks has never been reported in association with endogenous cushing's syndrome (cs).201425077599
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lana recruits the dna polymerase clamp loader to mediate efficient replication and virus persistence.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) latently infects tumor cells and persists as a multiple-copy, extrachromosomal, circular episome. to persist, the viral genome must replicate with each cell cycle. the kshv latency-associated nuclear antigen (lana) mediates viral dna replication and persistence, but little is known regarding the underlying mechanisms. we find that lana recruits replication factor c (rfc), the dna polymerase clamp [proliferating cell nuclear antigen (pcna)] loader, t ...201425071216
kshv attachment and entry are dependent on αvβ3 integrin localized to specific cell surface microdomains and do not correlate with the presence of heparan sulfate.cellular receptors for kshv attachment and entry were characterized using tyramide signal amplification (tsa)-enhanced confocal microscopy. integrins αvβ3, αvβ5 and α3β1 were detected on essentially all the actin-based cell surface microdomains that initially bind kshv, while the presence of cd98 and heparan sulfate (hs), the putative attachment receptor, was more variable. kshv bound to the same cell surface microdomains with and without hs indicating that initial attachment of kshv is not depe ...201425063885
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus orf18 and orf30 are essential for late gene expression during lytic replication.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is associated with several human malignances. as saliva is likely the major vehicle for kshv transmission, we studied in vitro kshv infection of oral epithelial cells. through infection of two types of oral epithelial cells, normal human oral keratinocytes (nhoks) and papilloma-immortalized human oral keratinocyte (hok16b) cells, we found that kshv can undergo robust lytic replication in oral epithelial cells. by employing de novo lytic infection of ...201425056896
siltuximab for multicentric castleman's disease: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.multicentric castleman's disease is a rare lymphoproliferative disorder driven by dysregulated production of interleukin 6. no randomised trials have been done to establish the best treatment for the disease. we assessed the safety and efficacy of siltuximab-a chimeric monoclonal antibody against interleukin 6-in hiv-negative patients with multicentric castleman's disease.201425042199
interplay between kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the innate immune system.understanding of the innate immune response to viral infections is rapidly progressing, especially with regards to the detection of dna viruses. kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is a large dsdna virus that is responsible for three human diseases: kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric castleman's disease. the major target cells of kshv (b cells and endothelial cells) express a wide range of pattern recognition receptors (prrs) and play a central role in mobili ...201425037686
extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma initially presenting with hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis. 201425027567
disseminated kaposi's sarcoma in patients with hiv infection correlates to high serum levels of il-10.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) is the etiologic agent of all kaposi's sarcoma (ks), the outcome of which is associated with immuno-dysregulation, resulting in the abnormal production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. we quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay serum levels of interleukin (il)-10, il-17, interferon (ifn)-γ, and tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-α from patients with ks-aids, classic ks, and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) without ks. a correlation between hhv-8 molecular ...201425026101
human herpesvirus 8 glycoprotein b binds the entry receptor dc-sign.we have previously shown that human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8) uses dc-sign as an entry receptor for dendritic cells, macrophages and b cells. the viral attachment protein for dc-sign is unknown. hhv-8 virions contain five conserved herpesvirus glycoproteins, a single unique glycoprotein, and two predicted glycoproteins. previous studies have shown that dc-sign binds highly mannosylated glycoproteins. the hhv-8 glycoprotein b (gb) has been reported to be highly mannosylated, and therefore we hypothes ...201425018023
oncogenic herpesvirus kshv hijacks bmp-smad1-id signaling to promote tumorigenesis.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is the etiological agent of kaposi's sarcoma (ks), a malignancy commonly found in aids patients. whether ks is a true neoplasm or hyperplasia has been a subject of intensive debate until recently when kshv is unequivocally shown to efficiently infect, immortalize and transform rat primary mesenchymal precursor cells (mm). moreover, kshv-transformed mm cells (kmm) efficiently induce tumors with hallmark features of ks when inoculated into nude mice. ...201425010525
claudin-2 downregulation by kshv infection is involved in the regulation of endothelial barrier function.kaposi sarcoma (ks), caused by the infection of kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), is a disease manifested mainly by dark purple skin and mouth nodules. cancer care studies showed that co-infection of kshv and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was able to increase the patients' survival, but the underlying mechanisms are still elusive.201424995964
the rhesus rhadinovirus cd200 homologue affects immune responses and viral loads during in vivo infection.rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (rrv) is a gammaherpesvirus of rhesus macaque (rm) monkeys that is closely related to human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8)/kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), and it is capable of inducing diseases in simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected rm that are similar to those seen in humans coinfected with hiv and hhv-8. both hhv-8 and rrv encode viral cd200 (vcd200) molecules that are homologues of cellular cd200, a membrane glycoprotein that regulates immune respon ...201424991004
kaposi sarcoma herpes virus latency associated nuclear antigen protein release the g2/m cell cycle blocks by modulating atm/atr mediated checkpoint pathway.the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infects the human population and maintains latency stage of viral life cycle in a variety of cell types including cells of epithelial, mesenchymal and endothelial origin. the establishment of latent infection by kshv requires the expression of an unique repertoire of genes among which latency associated nuclear antigen (lana) plays a critical role in the replication of the viral genome. lana regulates the transcription of a number of viral and cellular ...201424972086
systematic analysis of human oncogenic viruses in colon cancer revealed ebv latency in lymphoid infiltrates.environmental factors may play a role in colon cancer. in this view, several studies investigated tumor samples for the presence of various viral dna with conflicting results.201424936208
the great mimickers: castleman disease.castleman disease (cd) was first described and most commonly occurs in the form of classic hyaline-vascular-type cd with hyperenhancing localized (unicentric) nonneoplastic lymphadenopathy. cd may affect any body region including unusual locations for isolated lymph node enlargement. this makes cd a great mimicker of more common benign and malignant masses in the neck, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. cd masses commonly raise the suspicion of lymphoma, paraganglioma, neuroendocrine tumor, metastatic ...201424929266
downregulation of irf4 induces lytic reactivation of kshv in primary effusion lymphoma cells.primary effusion lymphoma (pel), associated with the latent infection by kshv, constitutively expresses interferon-regulatory factor 4 (irf4). we recently showed that irf4 differentially regulates expression of cellular interferon-stimulated genes (isgs) and viral genes (forero et al., 2013). here, using inducible irf4 knockdown, we demonstrate that irf4 silencing results in enhanced transcription of kshv replication transactivator rta. as a result viral transcription is increased leading to vir ...201424928034
modulation of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interleukin-6 function by hypoxia-upregulated protein 1.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv, also called human herpesvirus 8) is linked to the development of kaposi's sarcoma (ks), primary effusion lymphoma (pel), and multicentric castleman's disease (mcd). kshv expresses several proteins that modulate host cell signaling pathways. one of these proteins is viral interleukin-6 (vil-6), which is a homolog of human il-6 (hil-6). vil-6 is able to prevent apoptosis and promote proinflammatory signaling, angiogenesis, and cell proliferation. alth ...201424920810
extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma presenting as a cutaneous tumor: a case report and literature review.primary effusion lymphoma is an unusual form of aggressive b-cell lymphoma universally associated with human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8) that involves mostly human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. characteristically, it presents as a malignant serous effusion involving body cavities, but without associated tumor mass. exceptionally, hhv8-positive lymphomas with features identical to primary effusion lymphoma may present as mass lesions in the absence of cavity effusions along the course ...201424917369
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus orf6 gene is essential in viral lytic replication.kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (kshv) is associated with kaposis's sarcoma (ks), primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric castleman's disease. kshv encodes at least 8 open reading frames (orfs) that play important roles in its lytic dna replication. among which, orf6 of kshv encodes an ssdna binding protein that has been proved to participate in origin-dependent dna replication in transient assays. to define further the function of orf6 in the virus life cycle, we constructed a recomb ...201424911362
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus k3 and k5 ubiquitin e3 ligases have stage-specific immune evasion roles during lytic replication.the downregulation of immune synapse components such as major histocompatibility complex class i (mhc-i) and icam-1 is a common viral immune evasion strategy that protects infected cells from targeted elimination by cytolytic effector functions of the immune system. kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) encodes two membrane-bound ubiquitin e3 ligases, called k3 and k5, which share the ability to induce internalization and degradation of mhc-i molecules. although individual functions of ...201424899205
maturation and vesicle-mediated egress of primate gammaherpesvirus rhesus monkey rhadinovirus require inner tegument protein orf52.the tegument layer of herpesviruses comprises a collection of proteins that is unique to each viral species. in rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (rrv), a close relative of the human oncogenic pathogen kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, orf52 is a highly abundant tegument protein tightly associated with the capsid. we now report that orf52 knockdown during rrv infection of rhesus fibroblasts led to a greater than 300-fold reduction in the viral titer by 48 h but had little effect on the number of ...201424899183
binding of the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus to the ephrin binding surface of the epha2 receptor and its inhibition by a small molecule.the ephrin receptor tyrosine kinase a2 (epha2) is an entry receptor for kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) that is engaged by the virus through its gh/gl glycoprotein complex. we describe here that natural ephrin ligands inhibit the gh/gl-epha2 interaction. the effects of point mutations within epha2 demonstrated that kshv gh/gl interacts with epha2 through a restricted set of the same residues that mediate binding of a-type ephrins. two previously described inhibitors of the epha2 i ...201424899181
cutaneous lymphatic malformation characterized by swelling of digits: a report of six cases.cutaneous lymphatic malformations represent a group of heterogeneous diseases. in clinical practice, some cases of cutaneous lymphatic malformation have been found to differ from the well-characterized entities, and are difficult to classify.201424877195
[kaposi sarcoma and hhv-8: a model of cutaneous cancer in immunosuppressed patients].the virus hhv-8 will celebrate its twentieth birthday by the end of this year and its relationships with kaposi sarcoma are not completely elucidated. hhv-8 is an enigmatic virus, with an inhomogeneous distribution, a salivary transmission while it is not an ubiquitous virus, at least in western countries. however, hhv-8 has a unique genetic equipment rending is role in kaposi sarcoma more than plausible. while the virus is necessary, it appears that it is not sufficient as the development of ka ...201424851358
auricular involvement of a multifocal non-aids kaposi's sarcoma: a case report.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is a multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular disease, mainly involving skin and mucosae, characterised by the proliferation of endothelial cells. the aetiology of ks still is unknown. nonetheless, it has been reported that several epidemiological and environmental factors may play a role in its pathogenesis. viral factors (i.e. human herpes virus 8, hhv-8) have also been claimed to play a role in the onset of ks. four main clinical presentations of ks have been describe ...201424843227
tyrosine 129 of the murine gammaherpesvirus m2 protein is critical for m2 function in vivo.a common strategy shared by all known gammaherpesviruses is their ability to establish a latent infection in lymphocytes--predominantly in b cells. in immunocompromised patients, such as transplant recipients or aids patients, gammaherpesvirus infections can lead to the development of lymphoproliferative disease and lymphoid malignancies. the human gamma-herpesviruses, ebv and kshv, encode proteins that are capable of modulating the host immune signaling machinery, thereby subverting host immune ...201425122496
rapid multiorgan failure due to large b-cell lymphoma arising in human herpesvirus-8-associated multicentric castleman's disease in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection.a 46-year-old man presented with a high-grade fever, multiple lymphadenopathies, hepatosplenomegaly and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) seropositivity, without severe immunosuppression. we suspected human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8)-associated multicentric castleman's disease (mcd) based on the results of a physical examination and laboratory investigations, including bone marrow aspiration. however, the patient died eight days after admission due to multiorgan failure. an autopsy revealed mcd and ...201425500443
activation of nf-κb by the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus k15 protein involves recruitment of the nf-κb-inducing kinase, iκb kinases, and phosphorylation of p65.kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (kshv) (or human herpesvirus 8) is the cause of kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma (pel), and the plasma cell variant of multicentric castleman's disease (mcd). the transmembrane k15 protein, encoded by kshv, has been shown to activate nf-κb and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) c-jun-n-terminal kinase (jnk) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) as well as phospholipase c gamma (plcγ) and to contribute to kshv-induced angiogenesis. here ...201425187543
human herpesvirus 8 induces polyfunctional b lymphocytes that drive kaposi's sarcoma.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is an unusual neoplasia wherein the tumor consists primarily of endothelial cells infected with human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8; kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) that are not fully transformed but are instead driven to excess proliferation by inflammatory and angiogenic factors. this oncogenic process has been postulated but unproven to depend on a paracrine effect of an abnormal excess of host cytokines and chemokines produced by hhv-8-infected b lymphocytes. using newl ...201425182322
concomitant kaposi sarcoma and multicentric castleman's disease in a heart transplant recipient.post-transplant human herpes virus -8 (hhv-8)/kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (kshv) infection is associated with neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. kaposi sarcoma (ks), multicentric castleman's disease (mcd), and primary effusion lymphomas (pel) are the most common hhv-8-associated neoplastic complications described in solid organ transplant (sot) patients. concurrent ks and mcd have been previously described after transplantation only twice - once after liver transplantation and once after re ...201425169666
fluorescent tagging and cellular distribution of the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus orf45 tegument protein.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), is a cancer-related human virus, classified as a member of the gammaherpesvirinae subfamily. we report here the construction of a dual fluorescent-tagged kshv genome (bac16-mcherry-orf45), which constitutively expresses green fluorescent protein (gfp) and contains the tegument multifunctional orf45 protein as a fusion protein with monomeric cherry fluorescent protein (mcherry). we confirmed that this virus ...201425165104
pet/ct presentation of primary effusion lymphoma-like lymphoma unrelated to human herpes virus 8, a rare nhl subtype.we present a 71-year-old female with human herpes virus 8 (hhv8)-unrelated primary effusion lymphoma (pel)-like lymphoma. dyspnea and pericardial effusion led to pericardiocentesis, diagnosing diffuse large b-cell lymphoma. she underwent positron emission tomography/computed tomography (pet/ct), which demonstrated hypermetabolic pericardial, pleural, and ascites fluid without lymphadenopathy elsewhere. malignant fluid in the absence of lymphadenopathy is a hallmark of pel. pel is associated with ...201425210290
human herpesvirus-8 and hepatitis b and c virus infections in pemphigus. 201425209723
high-level human herpesvirus-8 viremia and multicentric castleman's disease following initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. 201425197975
cellular and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus micrornas in sepsis and surgical trauma.once a patient is in septic shock, survival rates drop by 7.6% for every hour of delay in antibiotic therapy. biomarkers based on the molecular mechanism of sepsis are important for timely diagnosis and triage. here, we study the potential roles of a panel of cellular and viral mirnas as sepsis biomarkers. we performed genome-wide microrna (mirna) expression profiling in leukocytes from septic patients and nonseptic controls, combined with quantitative rt-pcr in plasmas from two cohorts of septi ...201425476907
case report: hiv negative isolated scrotal kaposi's sarcoma.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is a rare angioproliferative disorder of the vascular endothelium. the development of ks requires human herpes virus 8 (hhv-8) infection. an associated hiv infection is usually seen. isolated scrotal ks has rarely been reported. in this article, we present a case of ks that primarily involved the scrotum in a hiv negative patient.201425460481
descriptive epidemiology of kaposi sarcoma in europe. report from the rarecare project.kaposi sarcoma (ks) is a virus-related malignancy which most frequently arises in skin, though visceral sites can also be involved. infection with kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (kshv or hhv-8) is required for development of ks. nowadays, most cases worldwide occur in persons who are immunosuppressed, usually because of hiv infection or as a result of therapy to combat rejection of a transplanted organ, but classic kaposi sarcoma is predominantly a disease of the elderly without apparent immunosupp ...201425454979
kshv targeted therapy: an update on inhibitors of viral lytic replication.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is the causative agent of kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric castleman's disease. since the discovery of kshv 20 years ago, there is still no standard treatment and the management of virus-associated malignancies remains toxic and incompletely efficacious. as the majority of tumor cells are latently infected with kshv, currently marketed antivirals that target the virus lytic cycle have shown inconsistent results in clinic. ...201425421895
incidence and management of kaposi sarcoma in renal transplant recipients: the greek experience.one of the most common malignancies in kidney transplant recipients is kaposi sarcoma. the incidence of kaposi sarcoma, which develops after renal transplantation, is 400-500 times higher than that in the general population. the aims of this study were to review the experience with kaposi sarcoma in the highest-volume transplantation unit in greece and to analyze clinical characteristics and response to treatment, with respect to both the patients' survival and the renal graft function.201425420858
diagnosis and management of castleman disease.castleman disease is an uncommon lymphoproliferative disorder characterized as either unicentric or multicentric. unicentric castleman disease (ucd) is localized and carries an excellent prognosis, whereas multicentric castleman disease (mcd) is a systemic disease occurring most commonly in the setting of hiv infection and is associated with human herpesvirus 8. mcd has been associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, and the therapeutic landscape for its management continues to evolve ...201425310208
glutamate secretion and metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 expression during kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infection promotes cell proliferation.kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (kshv) is etiologically associated with endothelial kaposi's sarcoma (ks) and b-cell proliferative primary effusion lymphoma (pel), common malignancies seen in immunocompromised hiv-1 infected patients. the progression of these cancers occurs by the proliferation of cells latently infected with kshv, which is highly dependent on autocrine and paracrine factors secreted from the infected cells. glutamate and glutamate receptors have emerged as key regulator ...201425299066
microvenular hemangioma: a clinicopathologic review of 13 cases.microvenular hemangioma is an uncommon benign vascular tumor that can potentially be mistaken for malignancy.201425263662
exploitation of the complement system by oncogenic kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus for cell survival and persistent infection.during evolution, herpesviruses have developed numerous, and often very ingenious, strategies to counteract efficient host immunity. specifically, kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) eludes host immunity by undergoing a dormant stage, called latency wherein it expresses a minimal number of viral proteins to evade host immune activation. here, we show that during latency, kshv hijacks the complement pathway to promote cell survival. we detected strong deposition of complement membrane ...201425254972
functional analysis of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus vflip expression reveals a new mode of ires-mediated translation.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is an oncogenic virus, the etiological agent of kaposi's sarcoma (ks) and primary effusion lymphoma (pel). one of the key viral proteins that contributes to tumorigenesis is vflip, a viral homolog of the flice inhibitory protein. this kshv protein interacts with the nfκb pathway to trigger the expression of antiapoptotic and proinflammatory genes and ultimately leads to tumor formation. the expression of vflip is regulated at the translational level ...201425246653
contribution of viral mimics of cellular genes to kshv infection and disease.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv, also named human herpesvirus 8 hhv-8) is the cause of kaposi sarcoma (ks), the most common malignancy in hiv-infected individuals worldwide, primary effusion lymphoma (pel) and multicentric castleman disease (mcd). kshv is a double-stranded dna virus that encodes several homologues of cellular proteins. the structural similarity between viral and host proteins explains why some viral homologues function as their host counterparts, but sometimes at u ...201425243371
[fatal hhv-8-associated hemophagocytic syndrome in an hiv-negative patient]. 201425239145
oncogenic viruses associated with vulva cancer in hiv-1 patients in botswana.oncoviruses such as hpv, kshv, and ebv have been reported in patients with hiv infection and aids. how oncovirus-associated cancers rise in aids patients has not been fully established. the purpose of our study was to identify the viral agents in vulvar cancer and to assess their contribution to pathogenesis.201425225572
dendritic cells: key players in human herpesvirus 8 infection and pathogenesis.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8; kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus) is an oncogenic gammaherpesvirus that primarily infects cells of the immune and vascular systems. hhv-8 interacts with and targets professional antigen presenting cells and influences their function. infection alters the maturation, antigen presentation, and immune activation capabilities of certain dendritic cells (dc) despite non-robust lytic replication in these cells. dc sustains a low level of antiviral functionality durin ...201425221546
variable episomal silencing of a recombinant herpesvirus renders its encoded gfp an unreliable marker of infection in primary cells.the availability of reliable recombinant reporter virus systems has been a great boon to the study of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv/hhv-8). unexpectedly, we found that expression of the ostensibly constitutive green fluorescent protein (gfp) marker was progressively lost during unselected passage in primary rat mesenchymal precursor cells (mm), despite efficient maintenance of latent viral gene expression and episomal partitioning. this repression of ef1-α promoter-driven gfp exp ...201425402328
seroprevalence and determinants of kaposi sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus 8 in indian hiv-infected males.in india kaposi's sarcoma is rarely seen in aids patients. hence the current belief is that the incidence of human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) is very low in this subcontinent, most probably due to the heterosexual route of hiv transmission. however, there is a scarcity of data on the prevalence of hhv-8 in india. in india the primary mode of hiv transmission is the heterosexual route. therefore we aimed to determine the prevalence of antibodies against hhv-8 in north indian hiv-infected men naive of ...201425375960
long non-coding rna and epigenetic gene regulation of kshv.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv/human herpesvirus 8) is a γ-herpesvirus linked to kaposi's sarcoma (ks) and two lymphoproliferative disorders, primary effusion lymphoma (pel or body-cavity b-lymphoma [bcbl]) and a subset of multicentric castleman's disease. during lytic growth, pervasive viral transcription generating a variety of transcripts with uncertain protein-coding potential has been described on a genome-wide scale in β- and γ-herpesviruses. one class of such rnas is called ...201425375882
one hundred and five kaposi sarcoma patients: a clinical study in xinjiang, northwest of china.kaposi's sarcoma (ks) is an unusual illness that may be associated with human herpes virus 8 (hhv-8) infections, and appears mainly in jews, italians and greeks. there is a lack of patient data in xinjiang regarding the clinical characteristics of ks.201425350316
interaction of kshv with host cell surface receptors and cell entry.virus entry is a complex process characterized by a sequence of events. since the discovery of kshv in 1994, tremendous progress has been made in our understanding of kshv entry into its in vitro target cells. kshv entry is a complex multistep process involving viral envelope glycoproteins and several cell surface molecules that is utilized by kshv for its attachment and entry. kshv has a broad cell tropism and the attachment and receptor engagement on target cells have an important role in dete ...201425341665
kshv mirnas decrease expression of lytic genes in latently infected pel and endothelial cells by targeting host transcription factors.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) micrornas are encoded in the latency-associated region. knockdown of kshv mir-k12-3 and mir-k12-11 increased expression of lytic genes in bc-3 cells, and increased virus production from latently infected bcbl-1 cells. furthermore, islk cells infected with mir-k12-3 and mir-k12-11 deletion mutant viruses displayed increased spontaneous reactivation and were more sensitive to inducers of reactivation than cells infected with wild type kshv. predicted ...201425341664
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus induces nrf2 during de novo infection of endothelial cells to create a microenvironment conducive to infection.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is the etiological agent of kaposi's sarcoma (ks) and primary effusion b-cell lymphoma. kshv induces reactive oxygen species (ros) early during infection of human dermal microvascular endothelial (hmvec-d) cells that are critical for virus entry. one of the downstream targets of ros is nuclear factor e2-related factor 2 (nrf2), a transcription factor with important anti-oxidative functions. here, we show that ks skin lesions have high nrf2 activity ...201425340789
unique expression pattern of viral proteins in human herpesvirus 8-positive plasmablastic lymphoma: a case report.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8)-positive plasmablastic lymphoma is a disease which correlates with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). little is known about the pathogenesis of the disease due to its rarity. we report an autopsy case about aids related hhv-8-positive plasmablastic lymphoma and presents an examination about hhv8 related proteins for the disease by using immunohistochemical techniques.201425337302
the seroprevalence of kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus and human herpes virus-6 in pediatric patients with cancer and healthy children in a turkish pediatric oncology center.many studies have tried to be establish a pathogenic role for human herpesvirus-6 and -8 (hhv-6, hhv-8) in malignant diseases, but whether these viruses plays a role in these pathologies remains unclear. hhv-6 and hhv-8 seropositivity were shown in a healthy population. there is no published data in turkey about seroprevalence of these viruses. we aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hhv-6 and hhv-8 in pediatric cancer patients and to compare with healthy turkish children's viral seroprevale ...201425336794
new onset of kaposi sarcoma in a human immunodeficiency virus-1-infected homosexual man, despite early antiretroviral treatment, sustained viral suppression, and immune restoration.this is a rare case of new onset kaposi sarcoma in a man infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and receiving antiretroviral treatment since primary hiv infection, with normal cd4(+) cell count and suppressed viral load. the presentation questions the general understanding of kaposi sarcoma as an acquired immune deficiency syndrome-defining disease occurring predominantly in severely immunocompromised patients infected with hiv.201425734079
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genome programming during the early stages of primary infection of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.the early period of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infection involves the dynamic expression of viral genes, which are temporally and epigenetically regulated. kshv can effectively infect and persist in endothelial as well as human b cells with different gene expression patterns. to understand the temporal epigenetic changes which occur when kshv infects the lymphocytic compartment, we infected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs) and comprehensively analyzed the chan ...201425516617
kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus g-protein coupled receptor activates the canonical wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.kshv is a tumorigenic γ-herpesvirus that has been identified as the etiologic agent of kaposi's sarcoma (ks), a multifocal highly vascularized neoplasm that is the most common malignancy associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). the virus encodes a constitutively active chemokine receptor homologue, vgpcr that possesses potent angiogenic and tumorigenic properties, and is critical for kshv pathobiology. to date, a number of signaling pathways have been identified as key in media ...201425514828
kaposi sarcoma as initial presentation of hiv infection.kaposi's sarcoma (ks), a vascular tumor that manifests as nodular lesions on the skin and to a lesser extent, the visceral organs, is the most common neoplasm encountered in human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-infected patients. it consists of an angiosarcomatous change of not only the epithelial and mucous membrane-associated connective tissue in various sites, for example, skin, gastrointestinal system, lungs, and so on, but may also involve non-epithelial organs, such as lymph nodes. surgical ...201425599055
regulatory considerations for clinical development of cancer vaccines.cancer vaccines are aimed at stimulating an immune response to tumor tissue. there is a high level of clinical activity in this rapidly advancing field with over 1,400 trials registered on clincaltrials.gov. the recent approval of sipuleucel-t which is the first cancer vaccine approved in the us and eu has encouraged developers in this field. in contrast to more established approaches for treating cancer such as chemotherapy, regulatory guidelines have been developed relatively recently for canc ...201425625933
gammaherpesviruses and lymphoproliferative disorders.epstein-barr virus (ebv) and kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (kshv), formally designated human herpesvirus 4 (hhv-4) and 8 (hhv-8), respectively, are viruses that can cause a variety of cancers in humans. ebv is found in non-hodgkin and hodgkin lymphomas, as well as in lymphoproliferative disorders, which occur more commonly but not exclusively in individuals with immunodeficiency. ebv also causes nonlymphoid malignancies such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma. kshv causes primary effusion lymphomas, mul ...201424111911
a case of anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive large b-cell lymphoma: aspiration cytology findings.anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive (alk+) large b-cell lymphoma (lbcl) is a rare subtype of non-hodgkin b-cell lymphoma that exhibits a more aggressive clinical course and poorer prognosis than the typical diffuse large b-cell lymphoma. in this study, we report the case of a 67-year-old man with left cervical lymph node swelling. aspiration cytology revealed many clusters of cohesive, large, and solitary cells. the tumor cells had abundant cytoplasm and large round-to-oval nuclei with prominent ...201423457005
molecular biology of human herpesvirus 8: novel functions and virus-host interactions implicated in viral pathogenesis and replication.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv-8), also known as kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), is the second identified human gammaherpesvirus. like its relative epstein-barr virus, hhv-8 is linked to b-cell tumors, specifically primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric castleman's disease, in addition to endothelial-derived ks. hhv-8 is unusual in its possession of a plethora of "accessory" genes and encoded proteins in addition to the core, conserved herpesvirus and gammaherpesvirus genes that ar ...201424008302
a shutoff and exonuclease mutant of murine gammaherpesvirus-68 yields infectious virus and causes rna loss in type i interferon receptor knockout cells.significant loss of rna followed by severely reduced cellular protein pool, a phenomenon termed host shutoff, is associated with a number of lytic virus infections and is a critical player in viral pathogenesis. until recently, viral dna exonucleases were associated only with processing of viral genomic dna and its encapsidation. however, recent observations have identified host shutoff and exonuclease function for the highly conserved viral exonucleases in γ-herpesviruses, which include kaposi' ...201424552788
viral lymphomagenesis: from pathophysiology to the rationale for novel therapies.the association between viruses and lymphomas has long been recognized; however, the pathophysiological phenomena behind this relationship are unclear, and have been the object of intense research. although our understanding of such mechanisms is slowly improving, much is still left to learn. with the recent advances in cancer biology, a diversity of biological pathways and novel targets and agents have been described in patients with haematological malignancies and successfully put into clinica ...201424533596
hhv-8-positive and ebv-positive intravascular lymphoma: an unusual presentation of extracavitary primary effusion lymphoma.intravascular lymphomas are rare and aggressive hematolymphoid tumors. here, we describe a human herpesvirus type-8 (hhv-8)/kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-positive and epstein-barr virus (ebv)-positive intravascular lymphoma. the patient was a 59-year-old human immunodeficiency virus-positive man who presented with diarrhea, abdominal pain, fevers, night sweats, and weight loss. radiographic studies of the abdomen and pelvis revealed numerous subcentimeter nodules within the subcutaneous ...201424525514
is murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (mhv-68) a suitable immunotoxicological model for examining immunomodulatory drug-associated viral recrudescence?immunosuppressive agents are used for treatment of a variety of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (ra), systemic lupus erythematosis (sle), and psoriasis, as well as for prevention of tissue rejection after organ transplantation. recrudescence of herpesvirus infections, and increased risk of carcinogenesis from herpesvirus-associated tumors are related with immunosuppressive therapy in humans. post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (ptld), a condition characterized by deve ...201424512328
a de novo unclassified malignant spindle cell neoplasm of liver allograft.spindle cell neoplasms are rarely reported in liver allografts; most are benign and associated with epstein-barr virus infection. we present a case of a malignant spindle cell neoplasm arising in a liver allograft. the patient underwent orthotopic liver transplant for cirrhosis secondary to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. after 2 years, he presented with vague abdominal complaints. imaging studies revealed a 10-cm right hepatic lobe mass. the patient underwent right-sided hepatectomy. the tumor di ...201424476524
murine gammaherpesvirus-68 orf38 encodes a tegument protein and is packaged into virions during secondary envelopment.tegument is the unique structure of a herpesvirion which occupies the space between nucleocapsid and envelope. accumulating data have indicated that interactions among tegument proteins play a key role in virion morphogenesis. morphogenesis of gammaherpesviruses including kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) is poorly understood due to the lack of efficient de novo lytic replication in cell culture. murine gammaherpesvirus-68 (mhv-68) is genetically related ...201424474202
unconventional sequence requirement for viral late gene core promoters of murine gammaherpesvirus 68.infection with the human gammaherpesviruses, epstein-barr virus (ebv) and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), is associated with several cancers. during lytic replication of herpesviruses, viral genes are expressed in an ordered cascade. however, the mechanism by which late gene expression is regulated has not been well characterized in gammaherpesviruses. in this study, we have investigated the cis element that mediates late gene expression during de novo lytic infection with murine ...201424403583
murine gammaherpesvirus m2 protein induction of irf4 via the nfat pathway leads to il-10 expression in b cells.reactivation of the gammaherpesviruses epstein-barr virus (ebv), kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv68) from latently infected b cells has been linked to plasma cell differentiation. we have previously shown that the mhv68 m2 protein is important for virus reactivation from b cells and, when expressed alone in primary murine b cells, can drive b cell differentiation towards a pre-plasma cell phenotype. in addition, expression of m2 in primary murine ...201424391506
primary effusion lymphoma presenting as a cutaneous intravascular lymphoma.primary effusion lymphoma (pel) is a rare and aggressive lymphoma that arises in the context of immunosuppression and is characterized by co-infection with epstein-barr virus (ebv) and human herpesvirus-8/kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (hhv-8/kshv). it was originally described as arising in body cavity effusions, but presentation as a mass lesion (extracavitary pel) is now recognized. here, we describe a case of pel with an initial presentation as an intravascular lymphoma with associated ...201425355615
kshv lana and ebv lmp1 induce the expression of uch-l1 following viral transformation.ubiquitin c-terminal hydrolase l1 (uch-l1) has oncogenic properties and is highly expressed during malignancies. we recently documented that epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection induces uch-l1 expression. here we show that kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) infection induced uch-l1 expression, via cooperation of kshv latency-associated nuclear antigen (lana) and rbp-jκ and activation of the uch-l1 promoter. uch-l1 expression was also increased in primary effusion lymphoma (pel) cells c ...201424314660
acetylation changes at lysine 5 of histone h4 associated with lytic gene promoters during reactivation of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is a pathogenic agent of kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric castleman's disease in humans. similarly to other gammaherpesviruses such as epstein-barr virus (ebv) and herpesvirus saimiri (hvs), kshv displays two alternative life cycles, latent and lytic one. the transactivation from latency to the lytic phase is the result of transcriptional changes in the kshv genome caused by the replication and transcriptional activator ( ...201425283865
utilising proteomic approaches to understand oncogenic human herpesviruses (review).the γ-herpesviruses epstein-barr virus and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus are successful pathogens, each infecting a large proportion of the human population. these viruses persist for the life of the host and may each contribute to a number of malignancies, for which there are currently no cures. large-scale proteomic-based approaches provide an excellent means of increasing the collective understanding of the proteomes of these complex viruses and elucidating their numerous interactio ...201425279171
human dna tumor viruses generate alternative reading frame proteins through repeat sequence recoding.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) are human dna tumor viruses that express nuclear antigens [latency-associated nuclear antigen 1 (lana1) and epstein-barr nuclear antigen 1 (ebna1)] necessary to maintain and replicate the viral genome. we report here that both lana1 and ebna1 undergo highly efficient +1/-2 programmed ribosomal frameshifting to generate previously undescribed alternative reading frame (arf) proteins in their repeat regions. ebna1(arf) enc ...201425271323
spectrum of activity and mechanisms of resistance of various nucleoside derivatives against gammaherpesviruses.the susceptibilities of gammaherpesviruses, including epstein-barr virus (ebv), kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), and animal rhadinoviruses, to various nucleoside analogs was investigated in this work. besides examining the antiviral activities and modes of action of antivirals currently marketed for the treatment of alpha- and/or betaherpesvirus infections (including acyclovir, ganciclovir, penciclovir, foscarnet, and brivudin), we also investigated the structure-activity relation ...201425267682
four levels of hierarchical organization, including noncovalent chainmail, brace the mature tumor herpesvirus capsid against pressurization.like many double-stranded dna viruses, tumor gammaherpesviruses epstein-barr virus and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus withstand high internal pressure. bacteriophage hk97 uses covalent chainmail for this purpose, but how this is achieved noncovalently in the much larger gammaherpesvirus capsid is unknown. our cryoelectron microscopy structure of a gammaherpesvirus capsid reveals a hierarchy of four levels of organization: (1) within a hexon capsomer, each monomer of the major capsid pro ...201425220471
multiplex pcr/mass spectrometry screening of biological carcinogenic agents in human mammary tumors.while many studies have suggested a possible link between breast cancer pathogenesis and infection by viruses, the role of viruses in breast carcinogenesis remains controversial.201425088618
murine gammaherpesvirus 68 reactivation from b cells requires irf4 but not xbp-1.gammaherpesviruses display tropism for b cells and, like all known herpesviruses, exhibit distinct lytic and latent life cycles. one well-established observation among members of the gammaherpesvirus family is the link between viral reactivation from latently infected b cells and plasma cell differentiation. importantly, a number of studies have identified a potential role for a creb/atf family member, x-box binding protein 1 (xbp-1), in trans-activating the immediate early bzlf-1 or brlf1/gene ...201425078688
hits-clip and par-clip advance viral mirna targetome analysis.mirnas regulate gene expression by binding predominantly to the 3' untranslated region (utr) of target transcripts to prevent their translation and/or induce target degradation. in addition to the more than 1200 human mirnas, human dna tumor viruses such as kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) encode mirnas. target predictions indicate that each mirna targets hundreds of transcripts, many of which are regulated by multiple mirnas. thus, target identificatio ...201424940765
how do viruses trick b cells into becoming lymphomas?since the discovery of epstein-barr virus in burkitt's lymphoma 50  years ago, only one other virus, namely kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus-8, has been confirmed to be a direct cause of b-cell lymphoma. here we will review the evidence for epstein-barr virus and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus as causal lymphoma agents.201424886824
current concepts in primary effusion lymphoma and other effusion-based lymphomas.primary effusion lymphoma (pel) is a human herpes virus 8 (hhv8)-positive large b-cell neoplasm that presents as an effusion with no detectable tumor in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection or other immune deficiencies. pel is an aggressive neoplasm with a poor prognosis. pel cells show diverse morphologies, ranging from immunoblastic or plasmablastic to anaplastic. the immunophenotype of pel is distinct, but its lineage can be misdiagnosed if not assessed thoroughly. pel cell ...201424868220
virus-encoded micrornas facilitate gammaherpesvirus latency and pathogenesis in vivo.gammaherpesviruses, including epstein-barr virus (ebv), kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv, or hhv-8), and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (mhv68, γhv68, or muhv-4), are b cell-tropic pathogens that each encode at least 12 micrornas (mirnas). it is predicted that these regulatory rnas facilitate infection by suppressing host target genes involved in a wide range of key cellular pathways. however, the precise contribution that gammaherpesvirus mirnas make to viral life cycle and pathogenesis ...201424865551
identification of properties of the kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus latent origin of replication that are essential for the efficient establishment and maintenance of intact plasmids.the maintenance of latent kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) genomes is mediated in cis by their terminal repeats (tr). a kshv genome can have 16 to 50 copies of the 801-bp tr, each of which harbors a 71-bp-long minimal replicator element (mre). a single mre can support replication in transient assays, and the presence of as few as two trs appears to support establishment of kshv-derived plasmids. why then does kshv have such redundancy and heterogeneity in the number of trs? by dete ...201424829342
activation and repression of epstein-barr virus and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus lytic cycles by short- and medium-chain fatty acids.the lytic cycles of epstein-barr virus (ebv) and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) are induced in cell culture by sodium butyrate (nab), a short-chain fatty acid (scfa) histone deacetylase (hdac) inhibitor. valproic acid (vpa), another scfa and an hdac inhibitor, induces the lytic cycle of kshv but blocks ebv lytic reactivation. to explore the hypothesis that structural differences between nab and vpa account for their functional effects on the two related viruses, we investigated t ...201424807711
polymicrobial infection and bacterium-mediated epigenetic modification of dna tumor viruses contribute to pathogenesis.abstract the human body plays host to a wide variety of microbes, commensal and pathogenic. in addition to interacting with their host, different microbes, such as bacteria and viruses, interact with each other, sometimes in ways that exacerbate disease. in particular, gene expression of a number of viruses, including kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), is known to be regulated by epigenetic modifications induced by ba ...201424781742
immune escape of γ-herpesviruses from adaptive immunity.epstein-barr virus (ebv) and kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) are two γ-herpesviruses identified in humans and are strongly associated with the development of malignancies. murine γ-herpesvirus (mhv-68) is a naturally occurring rodent pathogen, representing a unique experimental model for dissecting γ-herpesvirus infection and the immune response. these γ-herpesviruses actively antagonize the innate and adaptive antiviral responses, thereby efficiently establishing latent or persis ...201424733560
hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and its role in viral carcinogenesis.the advent of modern molecular biology has allowed for the discovery of several mechanisms by which oncoviruses promote carcinogenesis. remarkably, nearly all human oncogenic viruses increase levels of the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (hif-1). in this review, we highlight hif-1׳s significance in viral oncogenesis, while providing an in-depth analysis of its activation mechanisms by the following oncoviruses: human papillomaviruses (hpvs), hepatitis b/c viruses (hbv/hcvs), epst ...201424698149
hiv-associated non-hodgkin lymphoma: viral origins and therapeutic options.hiv infection is associated with an increased risk of malignancy, especially b-cell lymphoid malignancies. many of these lymphomas are further driven by concomitant infection with viruses such as epstein-barr virus or human herpesvirus 8, the latter being implicated in uncommon types of lymphomas seen in the setting of hiv-1 infection. treatment outcomes have improved due to infusional chemotherapy, high-dose chemotherapy, and effective antiretroviral therapy. successful functional cure of hiv-1 ...201425696915
[khsv/ebv associated germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder: a rare entity, case report and review of the literature].we report a case of kshv/ebv associated germinotropic lymphoproliferative disorder (lpg) in a 49-year-old african patient, without immunosuppression. lpg is a rare entity arising in immunocompetent patients in opposition to other lymphoproliferative disorders associated to kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (kshv). the disease presents itself as localized lymphadenopathy with an infiltration of germinal centers by plasmablastic cells coinfected by kshv and ebv (epstein-barr virus). after tre ...201425439990
diverse clinicopathologic features in human herpesvirus 8-associated lymphomas lead to diagnostic problems.human herpesvirus 8 (hhv8)-associated lymphomas are uncommon, mainly affect men infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), and usually have a poor prognosis. we sought to characterize the hhv8+ lymphomas seen at our institution since the mid-1990s.201425389336
current status of treatment for primary effusion lymphoma.primary effusion lymphoma (pel) is a rare and aggressive b-cell non-hodgkin's lymphoma that usually presents with malignant effusions without tumor masses. an extracavitary or solid variant of pel has also been described. human herpes virus 8/kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (hhv-8/kshv) is universally associated with the pathogenesis of pel. more than 70% of cases occur with concurrent epstein-barr virus infection, but its relation to the pathogenesis is unknown. patients are found in the ...201425364646
human herpesviruses-encoded dutpases: a family of proteins that modulate dendritic cell function and innate immunity.we have previously shown that epstein-barr virus (ebv)-encoded dutpase can modulate innate immune responses through the activation of tlr2 and nf-κb signaling. however, whether this novel immune function of the dutpase is specific for ebv or a common property of the herpesviridae family is not known. in this study, we demonstrate that the purified viral dutpases encoded by herpes simplex virus type 2 (hsv-2), human herpesvirus-6a (hhv-6a), human herpesvirus-8 (hhv-8) and varicella-zoster virus ( ...201425309527
human cytomegalovirus major immediate early 1 protein targets host chromosomes by docking to the acidic pocket on the nucleosome surface.the 72-kda immediate early 1 (ie1) protein encoded by human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) is a nuclearly localized promiscuous regulator of viral and cellular transcription. ie1 has long been known to associate with host mitotic chromatin, yet the mechanisms underlying this interaction have not been specified. in this study, we identify the cellular chromosome receptor for ie1. we demonstrate that the viral protein targets human nucleosomes by directly binding to core histones in a nucleic acid-indepen ...201424227840
interaction of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus orf6 protein with single-stranded dna.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) orf6 is homologous to the herpes simplex virus 1 (hsv-1) icp8 and epstein-barr virus (ebv) balf2 proteins. here, we describe its single-stranded dna (ssdna) binding properties. based on previous findings with icp8 and balf2, a 60-amino-acid c-terminal deletion mutant of orf6 was generated, and the protein was purified to explore the function of the c terminus in ssdna binding. we showed that full-length orf6 binds cooperatively to m13 ssdna, disrupt ...201424850743
a novel mechanism inducing genome instability in kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus infected cells.kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) is an oncogenic herpesvirus associated with multiple aids-related malignancies. like other herpesviruses, kshv has a biphasic life cycle and both the lytic and latent phases are required for tumorigenesis. evidence suggests that kshv lytic replication can cause genome instability in kshv-infected cells, although no mechanism has thus far been described. a surprising link has recently been suggested between mrna export, genome instability and cancer ...201424788796
human cytomegalovirus latent infection alters the expression of cellular and viral microrna.micrornas (mirnas) play important roles in regulating gene expression of plants, animals and viruses. comprehensive characterization of host and viral mirna will help uncover the molecular mechanisms that underlie the progression of human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) latent infection. to investigate the mirna expression profile of hcmv and host cells during latent infection, we performed deep-sequencing analysis of the small rnas isolated from hcmv-infected and mock-infected human monocytic leukemia c ...201424361963
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