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proanthocyanidins in an astringent persimmon inhibit salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1) secretion.astringent compounds contained in persimmon fruits have been widely used in japan as food preservatives and thus as anti-bacterial and anti-fungi reagents. however, the molecular mechanism of the anti-microbial activity has been unclear. one of the virulence secretion systems in salmonella enterica was used to test the anti-microbial activity of extracts from a persimmon (diospyros kaki thunb 'saijo').201626041125
a multistate investigation of antibiotic-resistant salmonella enterica serotype i 4,[5],12:i:- infections as part of an international outbreak associated with frozen feeder rodents.while most human salmonella infections result from exposure to contaminated foods, an estimated 11% of all salmonella infections are attributed to animal exposures, including both direct animal handling and indirect exposures such as cleaning cages and handling contaminated pet food. this report describes the epidemiologic, environmental and laboratory investigations conducted in the united states as part of the response to an international outbreak of tetracycline-resistant salmonella enterica ...201625996458
serodiagnosis of acute typhoid fever in nigerian pediatric cases by detection of serum iga and igg against hemolysin e and lipopolysaccharide.inexpensive, easy-to-use, and highly sensitive diagnostic tests are currently unavailable for typhoid fever. to identify candidate serodiagnostic markers, we have probed microarrays displaying the full salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) proteome of 4,352 different proteins + lipopolysaccharides (lpss), with sera from nigerian pediatric typhoid and other febrile cases, nigerian healthy controls, and healthy u.s. adults. nigerian antibody profiles were broad (∼500 seropositive antigens) ...201627215295
rflm mediates target specificity of the rcscdb phosphorelay system for transcriptional repression of flagellar synthesis in salmonella enterica.the bacterial flagellum enables directed movement of salmonella enterica towards favorable conditions in liquid environments. regulation of flagellar synthesis is tightly controlled by various environmental signals at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. the flagellar master regulator flhd4 c2 resides on top of the flagellar transcriptional hierarchy and is under autogenous control by flhd4 c2 -dependent activation of the repressor rflm. the inhibitory activity of rflm depends on the ...201627206164
effect of reduced graphene oxide-hybridized zno thin films on the photoinactivation of staphylococcus aureus and salmonella enterica serovar typhi.the immobilization of photocatalyst nanoparticles on a solid substrate is an important aspect for improved post-treatment separation and photocatalyst reactor design. in this study, we report the simple preparation of reduced graphene oxide (rgo)-hybridized zinc oxide (zno) thin films using a one-step electrochemical deposition, and investigated the effect of rgo-hybridization on the photoinactivation efficiency of zno thin films towards staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) and salmonella enterica ...201627203568
mechanisms of salmonella typhi host restriction.salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) is the cause of typhoid fever, a life-threatening bacterial infection that is very common in the developing world. recent spread of antimicrobial resistant isolates of s. typhi makes typhoid fever, a global public health risk. despite being a common disease, still very little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying typhoid fever and s. typhi pathogenesis. in contrast to other salmonellae, s. typhi can only infect humans. the molecular bases ...201627193549
salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae maxillary sinusitis in a snake handler: first report.in this study, we report the first case of reptile-associated maxillary sinusitis due to salmonella enterica subspecies diarizonae in a snake handler and the third case of salmonella-associated sinusitis worldwide. the case highlights the potential of respiratory transmission and atypical salmonellosis presentations.201627186588
immune response of turkey poults exposed at 1 day of age to either attenuated or wild salmonella strains.salmonellosis is a foodborne zoonosis that is most often acquired by consuming poultry products such as eggs and poultry meat. amongst other measures the vaccination of food-producing poultry is thought to contribute to a reduction in human salmonellosis. in the european union (eu) in 2014 the licence of a commercially available salmonella vaccine for chickens and ducks was extended to turkeys. in the present study, we examined the course of infection with a virulent salmonella enterica ssp. ent ...201627185257
a prime-boost immunization with tc52 n-terminal domain dna and the recombinant protein expressed in pichia pastoris protects against trypanosoma cruzi infection.we have previously reported that the n-terminal domain of the antigen tc52 (ntc52) is the section of the protein that confers the strongest protection against trypanosoma cruzi infection. to improve vaccine efficacy, we conducted here a prime-boost strategy (ntc52pb) by inoculating two doses of pcdna3.1 encoding the ntc52 dna carried by attenuated salmonella (sntc52), followed by two doses of recombinant ntc52 expressed in picchia pastoris plus odn-cpg as adjuvant. this strategy was comparativel ...201627177947
a novel procedure on next generation sequencing data analysis using text mining algorithm.next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies have provided researchers with vast possibilities in various biological and biomedical research areas. efficient data mining strategies are in high demand for large scale comparative and evolutional studies to be performed on the large amounts of data derived from ngs projects. topic modeling is an active research field in machine learning and has been mainly used as an analytical tool to structure large textual corpora for data mining.201627177941
composing a tumor specific bacterial promoter.systemically applied salmonella enterica spp. have been shown to invade and colonize neoplastic tissues where it retards the growth of many tumors. this offers the possibility to use the bacteria as a vehicle for the tumor specific delivery of therapeutic molecules. specificity of such delivery is solely depending on promoter sequences that control the production of a target molecule. we have established the functional structure of bacterial promoters that are transcriptionally active exclusivel ...201627171245
house sparrows do not constitute a significant salmonella typhimurium reservoir across urban gradients in flanders, belgium.in recent decades major declines in urban house sparrow (passer domesticus) populations have been observed in north-western european cities, whereas suburban and rural house sparrow populations have remained relatively stable or are recovering from previous declines. differential exposure to avian pathogens known to cause epidemics in house sparrows may in part explain this spatial pattern of declines. here we investigate the potential effect of urbanization on the development of a bacterial pat ...201627168186
[laboratory surveillance of salmonella enterica from human clinical cases in colombia 2005-2011].salmonella is an enteropathogen acquired through contaminated food or water. in colombia, salmonella spp. is included in the national surveillance of acute diarrhoeal diseases and typhoid fever initiated in 1997. this report shows the phenotype and genotype results obtained from 2005 to 2011.201627038678
nontyphoidal salmonella disease: current status of vaccine research and development.among more than 2500 nontyphoidal salmonella enterica (nts) serovars, s. enterica serovar typhimurium and s. enterica serovar enteritidis account for approximately fifty percent of all human isolates of nts reported globally. the global incidence of nts gastroenteritis in 2010 was estimated to be 93 million cases, approximately 80 million of which were contracted via food-borne transmission. it is estimated that 155,000 deaths resulted from nts in 2010. nts also causes severe, extra-intestinal, ...201627032517
conserved transmembrane glycine residues in the shigella flexneri polysaccharide co-polymerase protein wzzb influence protein-protein interactions.the o antigen (oag) component of lipopolysaccharides (lps) is crucial for virulence and oag chain-length regulation is controlled by the polysaccharide co-polymerase class 1 (pcp1) proteins. crystal structure analyses indicate that structural conservation among pcp1 proteins is highly maintained, however the mechanism of oag modal-chain-length control remains to be fully elucidated. shigella flexneri pcp1 protein wzzbsf confers a modal-chain length of 10-17 oag repeat units (rus), whereas the sa ...201627028755
antimicrobial susceptibility and plasmid replicon typing of salmonella enterica serovar kentucky isolates recovered from broilers.salmonella kentucky has become the predominant serovar recovered from broilers slaughtered in the united states, and the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (amr) has increased dramatically in this serovar. relationships between amr, genotype, and plasmid replicon types were characterized for 600 salmonella kentucky isolates recovered from chicken carcasses from 2004 to 2013. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis cluster analysis revealed 112 unique types sharing 79% similarity. over half of the i ...201627028167
draft whole-genome sequences of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars enteritidis, veneziana, and salford, isolated from herbs.salmonellais a foodborne pathogen found in a wide variety of sources. here, we report draft genome sequences of threesalmonella entericasubsp.entericaserovars found in herbs: enteritidis, veneziana, and salford, with the latter two being extremely rare in california.201627013038
l-2,3-diaminopropionate generates diverse metabolic stresses in salmonella enterica.unchecked amino acid accumulation in living cells has the potential to cause stress by disrupting normal metabolic processes. thus, many organisms have evolved degradation strategies that prevent endogenous accumulation of amino acids. l-2,3-diaminopropionate (dap) is a non-protein amino acid produced in nature where it serves as a precursor to siderophores, neurotoxins and antibiotics. dap accumulation in salmonella enterica was previously shown to inhibit growth by unknown mechanisms. the prod ...201627010356
emergence and diversity of salmonella enterica serovar indiana isolates with concurrent resistance to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime from patients and food-producing animals in china.salmonellosis is a major global foodborne infection, and strains that are resistant to a great variety of antibiotics have become a major public health concern. the aim of this study was to identify genes conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones and extended-spectrum β-lactams in nontyphoidal salmonella (nts) from patients and food-producing animals in china. in total, 133 and 21 nts isolates from animals and humans, respectively, exhibiting concurrent resistance to ciprofloxacin and cefotaxime ...201627001808
whole genome sequencing provides insights into the genetic determinants of invasiveness in salmonella dublin.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar dublin (s. dublin) is one of the non-typhoidal salmonella (nts); however, a relatively high proportion of human infections are associated with invasive disease. we applied whole genome sequencing to representative invasive and non-invasive clinical isolates of s. dublin to determine the genomic variations among them and to investigate the underlying genetic determinants associated with invasiveness in s. dublin. although no particular genomic variation ...201626996313
broilers with low serum mannose-binding lectin show increased fecal shedding of salmonella enterica serovar montevideo.mannose-binding lectin (mbl) is a key molecule in innate immunity. mbl binds to carbohydrates on the surface of pathogens, initiating the complement system via the lectin-dependent pathway or facilitates opsonophagocytosis. in vivo studies using inbred chicken lines differing in mbl serum concentration indicate that chicken mbl affects salmonella resistance; further studies are imperative in conventional broiler chickens. in this study 104 conventional day-old chickens (offspring from a cross be ...201626994208
complete genome and methylome sequences of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar panama (atcc 7378) and salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar sloterdijk (atcc 15791).salmonella enterica spp. are pathogenic bacteria commonly associated with food-borne outbreaks in human and animals. salmonella enterica spp. are characterized into more than 2,500 different serotypes, which makes epidemiological surveillance and outbreak control more difficult. in this report, we announce the first complete genome and methylome sequences from two salmonella type strains associated with food-borne outbreaks, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar panama (atcc 7378) and salm ...201626988049
the smul_1544 gene product governs norcobamide biosynthesis in the tetrachloroethene-respiring bacterium sulfurospirillum multivorans.the tetrachloroethene (pce)-respiring bacterium sulfurospirillum multivorans produces a unique cobamide, namely, norpseudo-b12, which, in comparison to other cobamides, e.g., cobalamin and pseudo-b12, lacks the methyl group in the linker moiety of the nucleotide loop. in this study, the protein smul_1544 was shown to be responsible for the formation of the unusual linker moiety, which is most probably derived from ethanolamine-phosphate (ea-p) as the precursor. the product of the smul_1544 gene ...201627274028
salmonella enterica isolates from layer farm environments are able to form biofilm on eggshell surfaces.this study examined the eggshell biofilm forming ability of salmonella enterica isolates recovered from egg farms. multicellular behaviour and biofilm production were examined at 22 and 37°c by congo red morphology and the crystal violet staining assay. the results indicated that the biofilm forming behaviour of salmonella isolates was dependent on temperature and associated with serovars. significantly greater biofilm production was observed at 22°c compared with 37°c. the number of viable biof ...201627268931
complete and closed genome sequences of 10 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar anatum isolates from human and bovine sources.salmonella enterica is an important pathogen transmitted by numerous vectors. genomic comparisons of salmonella strains from disparate hosts have the potential to further our understanding of mechanisms underlying host specificities and virulence. here, we present the closed genome and plasmid sequences of 10 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar anatum isolates from bovine and human sources.201627257192
small molecule restores itaconate sensitivity in salmonella enterica: a potential new approach to treating bacterial infections.in the context of increasing global antibiotic resistance, the need for alternative therapeutic targets is great. although new antibiotics and resistance inhibitors provide temporary solutions, they are bound to become obsolete. in this work, we propose a new approach, coined "bacterio-modulation" that aims to restore macrophage potency towards bacterial strains that are able to survive in phagolysosomes. one key defense in the macrophage's arsenal is itaconate, an endogenous molecule with antim ...201627254798
serotype epidemiology and multidrug resistance patterns of salmonella enterica infecting humans in italy.salmonella enterica is the zoonotic agent most frequently responsible for foodborne infections in humans worldwide. in this work the presence of s. enterica was investigated in 734 unique enteropathogenic isolates collected from human patients between 2011 and 2012.201627252785
systemic concentrations of short chain fatty acids are elevated in salmonellosis and exacerbation of familial mediterranean fever.gut microbiota-produced short chain fatty acids (scfas) play an important role in the normal human metabolism and physiology. although the gradients of scfas from the large intestine, where they are largely produced, to the peripheral blood as well as the main routes of scfa metabolism by different organs are known well for the healthy state, there is a paucity of information regarding how these are affected in disease. in particular, how the inflammation caused by infection or autoinflammatory ...201627252692
prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in salmonella spp. isolated from commercial chickens and human clinical isolates from south africa and brazil.salmonellosis is a significant public health concern around the world. the injudicious use of antimicrobial agents in poultry production for treatment, growth promotion and prophylaxis has resulted in the emergence of drug resistant strains of salmonella. the current study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes from salmonella isolated from south african and brazilian broiler chickens as well as human clinical isolates. out of a total of 200 c ...201627247072
horizontal acquisition of a multidrug-resistance module (r-type assut) is responsible for the monophasic phenotype in a widespread clone of salmonella serovar 4,[5],12:i:.salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- is a monophasic variant of s. typhimurium incapable of expressing the second-phase flagellar antigen (fljab operon), and it is recognized to be one of the most prevalent serovars causing human infections. a clonal lineage characterized by phage type dt193, pulsenet pfge profile stymxb.0131 and multidrug resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulphonamides and tetracycline (r-type assut) is commonly circulating in europe. in this study we determined the d ...201627242707
engineering of a live salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis negative-marker strain that allows serological differentiation between immunised and infected animals.the usefulness of salmonella vaccine vehicles is limited by the fact that control programmes relying on salmonella bacteriology and serology cannot differentiate infected animals from vaccinated ones, an ability referred to as diva (differentiating infected from vaccinated animals). as a first step towards salmonella-based diva vaccines, the ompa gene was deleted in live attenuated δphop and δrpos vaccine strains. the ompa gene is present in all salmonella enterica serovars and it encodes an abu ...201627240916
genetically similar isolates of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis persistent in china for a long-term period.salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is an important causative agent of nontyphoidal salmonellosis in human populations. in this study, we collected 72 s. enteritidis strains from 2004 to 2014 in ningbo, mid-east china. of the 72 strains, we identified a dominant clone of 58 strains recovered from patient's feces (n = 48), blood (n = 1), pleural effusion (n = 1), chickens (n = 3), and dessert cakes (n = 5) by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and variable-number of tan ...201627228342
investigating salmonella eko from various sources in nigeria by whole genome sequencing to identify the source of human infections.twenty-six salmonella enterica serovar eko isolated from various sources in nigeria were investigated by whole genome sequencing to identify the source of human infections. diversity among the isolates was observed and camel and cattle were identified as the primary reservoirs and the most likely source of the human infections.201627228329
tiny turtles purchased at pet stores are a potential high risk for salmonella human infection in the valencian region, eastern spain.turtles may be considered unsafe pets, particularly in households with children. this study aimed to assess salmonella carriage by turtles in pet stores and in private ownership to inform the public of the potential health risk, enabling informed choices around pet selection. during the period between september and october 2013, 24 pet stores and 96 private owners were sampled in the valencian region (eastern spain). salmonella identification procedure was based on iso 6579: 2002 recommendations ...201627228194
genomic and phenotypic analyses reveal the emergence of an atypical salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg variant in china.human infections with salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar senftenberg are often associated with exposure to poultry flocks, farm environments, or contaminated food. the recent emergence of multidrug-resistant isolates has raised public health concerns. in this study, comparative genomics and phenotypic analysis were used to characterize 14 salmonella senftenberg clinical isolates recovered from multiple outbreaks in shenzhen and shanghai, china, between 2002 and 2011. single-nucleoti ...201627225410
images in clinical medicine. salmonella enterica aortitis. 201627223163
revisit of fluoroquinolone and azithromycin susceptibility breakpoints for salmonella enterica serovar typhi.in recent years, increase in occurrence of fluoroquinolone (fq)-resistant s almonella typhi isolates has caused considerable inconvenience in selecting appropriate antimicrobials for treatment of typhoid. the world health organization (who) recommends azithromycin for the empirical treatment option of uncomplicated typhoid. the clsi updated the breakpoints of disc diffusion (dd) and mic results of fqs and azithromycin for salmonella typhi in 2015, but dd breakpoints of ofloxacin and levofloxacin ...201627221661
interferon-driven alterations of the host's amino acid metabolism in the pathogenesis of typhoid fever.enteric fever, caused by salmonella enterica serovar typhi, is an important public health problem in resource-limited settings and, despite decades of research, human responses to the infection are poorly understood. in 41 healthy adults experimentally infected with wild-type s. typhi, we detected significant cytokine responses within 12 h of bacterial ingestion. these early responses did not correlate with subsequent clinical disease outcomes and likely indicate initial host-pathogen interactio ...201627217537
heat resistance of salmonella enterica is increased by pre-adaptation to peanut oil or sub-lethal heat exposure.cross-protection represents a considerable challenge in the food industry where hurdled interventions are often employed to reduce salmonella contamination. the heat resistance of salmonella strains from five serotypes (i.e., typhimurium, enteritidis, tennessee, thompson and hartford) at 70 °c was determined by measurement of viable cell populations before and after adaptation to two common stresses employed in low-water activity food processing, desiccation and sub-lethal heat treatment. surviv ...201627217370
effects of citrox and chitosan on the survival of escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica in vacuum-packaged turkey meat.in this study, we examined the antimicrobial effects of citrus extract (citrox(®)) and chitosan on lactic acid bacteria (lab) and the pathogens escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica on turkey meat during storage under vacuum packaging (vp) at 4 and 10 °c. we also examined the effects of citrox and chitosan on pathogen contamination in tryptic soy broth (tsb). chitosan alone or in combination with citrox inhibited the growth of endogenous lab in turkey meat, whereas citrus extract did ...201627217368
modeling the long-term kinetics of salmonella survival on dry pet food.due to multiple outbreaks and large-scale product recalls, salmonella has emerged as a priority pathogen in dry pet food and treats. however, little data are available to quantify risks posed by these classes of products to both pets and their owners. specifically, the kinetics of salmonella survival on complex pet food matrices are not available. this study measured the long-term kinetics of salmonella survival on a dry pet food under storage conditions commonly encountered during production, r ...201627217351
molecular identification of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovars gallinarum and pullorum by a duplex pcr assay.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar gallinarum biovar gallinarum (s gallinarum) and biovar pullorum (s pullorum) are 2 poultry pathogens that cause major economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. control of both diseases mainly relies on the adoption of biosecurity programs, and success is dependent on accurate and fast detection. based on this concept, we developed a duplex pcr assay, targeting 2 chromosomal sequences, which allowed us to precisely identify and differentiate s ...201627216724
a centrifugal direct recombinase polymerase amplification (direct-rpa) microdevice for multiplex and real-time identification of food poisoning bacteria.in this study, we developed a centrifugal direct recombinase polymerase amplification (direct-rpa) microdevice for multiplex and real-time identification of food poisoning bacteria contaminated milk samples. the microdevice was designed to contain identical triplicate functional units and each unit has four reaction chambers, thereby making it possible to perform twelve direct-rpa reactions simultaneously. the integrated microdevice consisted of two layers: rpa reagents were injected in the top ...201627216297
genome sequences of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar lubbock strains isolated from liver abscesses of feedlot cattle.the genome sequencing of 13 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar lubbock strains isolated from liver abscesses of feedlot cattle is reported here. the availability of these genomes will help to further understand the etiologic role of salmonella strains in liver abscesses of cattle and will serve as references in microbial trace-back studies to improve food safety.201627151794
draft genome sequences of 37 salmonella enterica strains isolated from poultry sources in nigeria.here, we report the availability of draft genomes of several salmonella serotypes, isolated from poultry sources from nigeria. these genomes will help to further understand the biological diversity of s. enterica and will serve as references in microbial trace-back studies to improve food safety.201627151793
a multischool outbreak due to salmonella enterica serovar napoli associated with elevated rates of hospitalizations and bacteremia, milan, italy, 2014.a multischool outbreak of salmonellosis caused by salmonella enterica serovar napoli was investigated in the province of milan from october to november 2014, following an increase in school absenteeism coinciding with two positive cases. epidemiological studies detected 47 cases in four primary schools: 46 children and 1 adult woman (51.4% males and 48.6% females, median age 8.9). from these, 14 cases (29.8%) were severe and resulted in hospitalization, including 6 children (12.8%) who developed ...201627148636
chitin mixed in potting soil alters lettuce growth, the survival of zoonotic bacteria on the leaves and associated rhizosphere microbiology.chitin is a promising soil amendment for improving soil quality, plant growth, and plant resilience. the objectives of this study were twofold. first, to study the effect of chitin mixed in potting soil on lettuce growth and on the survival of two zoonotic bacterial pathogens, escherichia coli o157:h7 and salmonella enterica on the lettuce leaves. second, to assess the related changes in the microbial lettuce rhizosphere, using phospholipid fatty acid (plfa) analysis and amplicon sequencing of a ...201627148242
preventing invasive salmonellosis in children through vaccination.vaccination is an important strategy to control endemic enteric fever (ef) and to interrupt transmission during outbreaks. the main aim of this paper is to discuss the efficacy of available ef vaccines in children and to highlight novel vaccination possibilities against ef and non-typhoid invasive salmonelloses.201627140662
altered virulence potential of salmonella enteritidis cultured in different foods: a cumulative effect of differential gene expression and immunomodulation.salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is one of the most common causes of food borne illness. bacterial growth environment plays an important role in regulating gene expression thereby affecting the virulence profile of the bacteria. different foods present diverse growth conditions which may affect the pathogenic potential of the bacteria. in the present study, the effect of food environments on the pathogenic potential of s. enteritidis has been evaluated. s. enteritidis wa ...201627132148
salmonella pneumonia complicated with encysted empyema in an immunocompromised youth: case report and literature review.in this case report we described a bahraini male patient of twenty years of age, a smoker and diagnosed with stage iv b hodgkin lymphoma. he presented with fever, nonproductive cough, upper back pain and shortness of breath due to right upper lobe pneumonia with right encysted pleural effusion. salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis was isolated from the sputum. he was successfully treated with 2 weeks of ceftriaxone followed by 2 weeks of oral cefixime. this was the first case of encysted emp ...201627131011
carriage prevalence of salmonella enterica serotype typhi in gallbladders of adult autopsy cases from mozambique.typhoid fever is an important public health problem in many low-income countries where asymptomatic carriers play an important role in its dissemination. the bacterium causing typhoid fever can live in the gallstones of asymptomatic persons after the infection. these carriers are reservoirs of s. typhi, are highly contagious, and spread the disease through the secretion of bacteria in feces and urine. the aim of this study was to determine the carrier rate in an area of mozambique.201627131005
emergence of host-adapted salmonella enteritidis through rapid evolution in an immunocompromised host.host adaptation is a key factor contributing to the emergence of new bacterial, viral and parasitic pathogens. many pathogens are considered promiscuous because they cause disease across a range of host species, while others are host-adapted, infecting particular hosts(1). host adaptation can potentially progress to host restriction where the pathogen is strictly limited to a single host species and is frequently associated with more severe symptoms. host-adapted and host-restricted bacterial cl ...201627127642
emergence of blactx-m-15, blatem-169 and blaper-1 extended-spectrum β-lactamase genes among different salmonella enterica serovars from human faecal samples.broad-spectrum β-lactams are used for empirical therapy of severe infections with non-typhoid salmonella serotypes; however, activities of these drugs against the strains producing different β-lactamase is not so clear. this study investigated the prevalence of β-lactamase genes among isolates of s. enterica serovars from human faecal samples and determined their diversity in activity against different β-lactams.201627117981
analysis of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic resistance mechanism of salmonella enterica isolates.quinolone-resistant salmonella strains were isolated from patient samples, and several quinolone-sensitive strains were used to analyze mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (qrdr) of gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare and to screen for plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance. among the 21 strains that showed resistance to nalidixic acid and ciprofloxacin (mic 0.125-2.0 μg/ml), 17 strains had a mutation in qrdr codon 87 of gyra, and 3 strains had a single mutation (ser83 → phe). another ...201627116992
nosocomial outbreak of a novel extended-spectrum β-lactamase salmonella enterica serotype isangi among surgical patients.objective nosocomial outbreaks caused by salmonella are rare. we describe the investigation and control of a cluster of novel extended-spectrum β-lactamase (esbl) salmonella enterica serotype isangi in a hospital in southeastern michigan. methods an epidemiologic investigation, including case-control study, assessment of infection control practices and environmental cultures, was performed to identify modes of transmission. healthcare workers (hcws) exposed to case patients were screened. strain ...201627108715
mp-v1 from the venom of social wasp vespula vulgaris is a de novo type of mastoparan that displays superior antimicrobial activities.mastoparans from the venom of social wasps have attracted considerable attention as effective antibiotic candidates. in this study, mastoparan v1 (mp-v1) from vespula vulgaris was first disclosed to have a peptide amino acid sequence distinct from typical mastoparans and its biochemical properties and antimicrobial effects were compared with those of typical mastoparans mp-l, -x(v) and -b. circular dichroism (cd) spectroscopy revealed that mp-v1 and -x(v) form more stable α-helical conformations ...201627104500
draft genome sequences of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar berta atcc 8392 and a nalidixic acid-resistant isolate of this strain.italic! salmonella entericasubspecies italic! entericaserovar berta has been isolated in multiple animal species and has been implicated in human disease. here, we report a 4.7-mbp draft genome sequence of italic! s. entericaserovar berta (atcc strain 8392) and a nalidixic acid-resistant isolate derived from this strain.201627103707
generation of a naïve human single chain variable fragment (scfv) library for the identification of monoclonal scfv against salmonella typhi hemolysin e antigen.antibody phage display is a useful tool for the isolation and identification of monoclonal antibodies. naive antibody libraries are able to overcome the limitations associated with the traditional hybridoma method for monoclonal antibody generation. antibody phage display is also a preferred method for antibody generation against toxins as it does not suffer from toxicity mediated complications. here, we describe a naïve multi ethnic scfv antibody library generated via two-step cloning with an e ...201627090555
genome sequence of the fish pathogen yersinia ruckeri sc09 provides insights into niche adaptation and pathogenic mechanism.yersinia ruckeri is the etiologic agent of enteric red mouth disease (erm), a severe fish disease prevailing in worldwide aquaculture industries. here we report for the first time the complete genome of y. ruckeri (yersinia ruckeri) sc09, a highly virulent strain isolated from ictalurus punctatus with severe septicemia. sc09 possesses a single chromosome of 3,923,491 base pairs, which contains 3651 predicted protein coding sequences (cds), 19 rrna genes, and 79 trna genes. among the cds, we have ...201627089334
serotypes and antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enterica isolated from pork, chicken meat and lettuce, bangkok and central thailand.food of animal origins, particularly pork and chicken meat, has long been recognized as major sources of human salmonellosis. there have been recent reports of human salmonellosis outbreaks due to consumption of leafy green vegetables such as lettuce. in this study, 120 (40 pork, 40 chicken meat and 40 lettuce) samples were randomly collected from retail markets in bangkok and central thailand during june to august 2015 for salmonella serotype identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test ...201627086423
status of paratyphoid fever vaccine research and development.salmonella enterica serovars typhi and paratyphi (s. paratyphi) a and b cause enteric fever in humans. of the paratyphoid group, s. paratyphi a is the most common serovar. in 2000, there were an estimated 5.4 million cases of s. paratyphi a worldwide. more recently paratyphoid fever has accounted for an increasing fraction of all cases of enteric fever. although vaccines for typhoid fever have been developed and in use for decades, vaccines for paratyphoid fever have not yet been licensed. sever ...201627083427
transmissible plasmid containing salmonella enterica heidelberg isolates modulate cytokine production during early stage of interaction with intestinal epithelial cells.the variation in cytokine production during bacterial invasion of human intestinal epithelial cells (iecs) is a contributing factor for progression of the infection. a few salmonella enterica heidelberg strains isolated from poultry products harbor transmissible plasmids (tps), including those that encode a type-iv secretion system. earlier, we showed that these tps are responsible for increased virulence during infection. this study examines the potential role of these tps in cytokine productio ...201627082282
the type three secreted effector sipc regulates the trafficking of perp during salmonella infection.salmonella enterica typhimurium employs type iii secreted effectors to induce cellular invasion and pathogenesis. we previously reported the secreted effector sipa is in part responsible for inducing the apical accumulation of the host membrane protein perp, a host factor we have shown is key to the inflammatory response induced by salmonella. we now report that the s. typhimurium type iii secreted effector sipc significantly contributes to perp redistribution to the apical membrane surface. to ...201627078059
salmonella infection and carriage in reptiles in a zoological collection.objective to identify important subspecies and serovars of salmonella enterica in a captive reptile population and clinically relevant risk factors for and signs of illness in salmonella-positive reptiles. design retrospective cross-sectional study. animals 11 crocodilians (4 samples), 78 snakes (91 samples), 59 lizards (57 samples), and 34 chelonians (23 samples) at the bronx zoo from 2000 through 2012. procedures data pertaining to various types of biological samples obtained from reptiles wit ...201627074614
transfer rna bound to mnmh protein is enriched with geranylated trna--a possible intermediate in its selenation?the wobble nucleoside 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine (mnm5s2u) is present in bacterial trnas specific for lys and glu and 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thio-uridine (cmnm5s2u) in trna specific for gln. the sulfur of (c)mnm5s2u may be exchanged by selenium (se)-a reaction catalyzed by the selenophosphate-dependent trna 2-selenouridine synthase encoded by the mnmh (ybbb, selu, sufy) gene. the mnmh protein has a rhodanese domain containing one catalytic cys (c97) and a p-loop domain containing a ...201627073879
dksa-dependent transcriptional regulation in salmonella experiencing nitrosative stress.redox-based signaling is fundamental to the capacity of bacteria to sense, and respond to, nitrosative and oxidative stress encountered in natural and host environments. the conserved rna polymerase regulatory protein dksa is a thiol-based sensor of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species. dksa-dependent transcriptional control promotes antinitrosative and antioxidative defenses that contribute to salmonella pathogenesis. the specific adaptive changes mediated by dksa in response to reactive specie ...201627065993
expression and secretion pattern of fljb of salmonella enterica serovar typhi in different culture conditions. 201627057676
the typhoid toxin promotes host survival and the establishment of a persistent asymptomatic infection.bacterial genotoxins, produced by several gram-negative bacteria, induce dna damage in the target cells. while the responses induced in the host cells have been extensively studied in vitro, the role of these effectors during the course of infection remains poorly characterized. to address this issue, we assessed the effects of the salmonella enterica genotoxin, known as typhoid toxin, in in vivo models of murine infection. immunocompetent mice were infected with isogenic s. enterica, serovar ty ...201627055274
fluorescence-based thermal shift data on multidrug regulator acrr from salmonella enterica subsp. entrica serovar typhimurium str. lt2.the fluorescence-based thermal shift (fts) data presented here include table s1 and fig. s1, and are supplemental to our original research article describing detailed structural, fts, and fluorescence polarization analyses of the salmonella enterica subsp. entrica serovar typhimurium str. lt2 multidrug transcriptional regulator acrr (stacrr) (doi:10.1016/j.jsb.2016.01.008) (manjasetty et al., 2015 [1]). table s1 contains chemical formulas, a chemical abstracts service (cas) registry number (cas ...201627054155
evaluation the antibacterial effects of echinophora platyloba extracts against some salmonella species.salmonellosis, which is caused by nontyphoid salmonella bacteria, is one of the most common foodborne diseases, and it causes gastrointestinal infections worldwide, most of which are limited gastroenteritis that requires antimicrobial treatment. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of echinophora platyloba extract on inhibiting the growth of salmonella typhi, salmonella enteritidis, and salmonella choleraesuis.201627054002
genetic relatedness of salmonella serovars isolated from catfish (clarias gariepinus) and tilapia (tilapia mossambica) obtained from wet markets and ponds in penang, malaysia.a total of 43 salmonella enterica isolates belonging to different serovars (salmonella albany, salmonella agona, salmonella corvallis, salmonella stanley, salmonella typhimurium, salmonella mikawasima, and salmonella bovismorbificans) were isolated from catfish (clarias gariepinus) and tilapia (tilapia mossambica) obtained from nine wet markets and eight ponds in penang, malaysia. thirteen, 19, and 11 isolates were isolated from 9 of 32 catfish, 14 of 32 tilapia, and 11 of 44 water samples, resp ...201627052872
irradiance and temperature influence the bactericidal effect of 460-nanometer light-emitting diodes on salmonella in orange juice.blue light-emitting diodes (leds) have been known to produce an antibacterial effect on various pathogenic bacteria. to extend this application to foods, blue 460-nm leds were evaluated for their antibacterial effect on salmonella in orange juice. a cocktail of salmonella enterica serovars gaminara, montevideo, newport, typhimurium, and saintpaul was inoculated into pasteurized orange juice and illuminated with 460-nm leds at irradiances of 92, 147.7, and 254.7 mw/cm(2) and temperatures of 4, 12 ...201627052858
diagnostic accuracy of rectoanal mucosal swab of feedlot cattle for detection and enumeration of salmonella enterica.cattle are noted carriers of the foodborne pathogen salmonella enterica. the perceived need to decrease the potential human health risk posed by excretion of this pathogen has resulted in numerous studies examining the factors that influence salmonella shedding in cattle. fecal grab (fg) samples have been the predominant method used to identify cattle colonized or infected with salmonella; however, fg sampling can be impractical in certain situations, and rectoanal mucosal swabs (rams) are a mor ...201627052855
evaluation of corn oil as an additive in the pre-enrichment step to increase recovery of salmonella enterica from oregano.phenolic compounds associated with essential oils of spices and herbs possess a variety of antioxidant and antimicrobial properties that interfere with salmonella detection from fresh and dried products. finding a compound to neutralize the effect of these antimicrobial compounds, while allowing salmonella growth during pre-enrichment, is a crucial step in both traditional pathogen isolation and molecular detection from these foods. this study evaluated the effectiveness of corn oil as a compone ...201627052719
prevalence and characterization of multi-drug resistant salmonella enterica serovar gallinarum biovar pullorum and gallinarum from chicken.salmonella is an important zoonotic pathogen responsible for animal and human diseases. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and stereotyping of salmonella isolates isolated from apparently healthy poultry. furthermore, the clonal relatedness among the isolated salmonella serovars was assessed.201627051187
immune protection of chickens conferred by a vaccine consisting of attenuated strains of salmonella enteritidis, typhimurium and infantis.the colonization of poultry with different salmonella enterica serovars poses an issue throughout the world. in this study we therefore tested the efficacy of a vaccine consisting of attenuated strains of salmonella enterica serovars enteritidis, typhimurium and infantis against challenge with the same serovars and with s. agona, dublin and hadar. we tested oral and aerosol administration of the vaccine, with or without co-administration of cecal microbiota from adult hens. the protective effect ...201627741950
draft genome sequences of four salmonella enterica strains isolated from turkey-associated sources.we report the draft genomes of four salmonella enterica isolates evaluated for the contribution of plasmids to virulence. strains se163a, se696a, and se710a carry plasmids demonstrated to facilitate plasmid-associated virulence, while se819 is less virulent and has been used as a recipient for conjugation experiments to assess plasmid-encoded virulence mechanisms.201627738037
first case of lung abscess due to salmonella enterica serovar abony in an immunocompetent adult patient.in healthy individuals, nontyphoidal salmonella species predominantly cause a self-limited form of gastroenteritis, while they infrequently invade or cause fatal disease. extraintestinal manifestations of nontyphoidal salmonella infections are not common and mainly occur among individuals with specific risk factors; among them, focal lung infection is a rare complication caused by nontyphoidal salmonella strains typically occurring in immunocompromised patients with prior lung disease. we descri ...201627429814
tuning the catalytic activity of subcellular nanoreactors.bacterial microcompartments are naturally occurring subcellular organelles of bacteria and serve as a promising scaffold for the organization of heterologous biosynthetic pathways. a critical element in the design of custom biosynthetic organelles is quantitative control over the loading of heterologous enzymes to the interior of the organelles. we demonstrate that the loading of heterologous proteins to the 1,2-propanediol utilization microcompartment of salmonella enterica can be controlled us ...201627427532
tissue colonization and circulating t lymphocytes in laying hens upon oral challenge with salmonella enterica serovars.evaluating the potential of salmonella serovars for tissue colonization and egg contamination in laying hens is critical due to widespread consumption of poultry and egg-containing products. the 2009 fda egg rule was implemented to target the eradication of salmonella enterica enteritidis (se) from layers; however, other salmonella serovars, such as heidelberg (sh) and typhimurium (st), have also been associated with poultry-related outbreaks. we conducted this study to see if serovars other tha ...201627418660
effect of simulated sanitizer carryover on recovery of salmonella from broiler carcass rinsates.numerous antimicrobial chemicals are currently utilized as processing aids with the aim of reducing pathogenic bacteria on processed poultry carcasses. carryover of active sanitizer to a carcass rinse solution intended for recovery of viable pathogenic bacteria by regulatory agencies may cause false-negative results. this study was conducted to document the potential carryover effect of five sanitizing chemicals commonly used as poultry processing aids for broilers in a postchill dip. the effect ...201627296416
fifteen years of successful spread of salmonella enterica serovar mbandaka clone st413 in poland and its public health consequences.in the 1990s, salmonella enterica serovar (s.) mbandaka occurred in feed and poultry in poland. in the following years, the serovar also gained epidemiological importance in other eu countries. the objectives of current study were to evaluate the genetic relationship of contemporary s. mbandaka with isolates originating from the beginning of the epidemics, and to assess the contribution of poultry as the source of infections in humans. seventy s. mbandaka isolated mainly in 2009 - 2010 from huma ...201627294625
detection of salmonella spp. with the bactec 9240 automated blood culture system in 2008 - 2014 in southern iran (shiraz): biogrouping, mic, and antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of isolates.human salmonellosis continues to be a major international problem, in terms of both morbidity and economic losses. the antibiotic resistance of salmonella is an increasing public health emergency, since infections from resistant bacteria are more difficult and costly to treat.201627284396
novel antimicrobial peptides with promising activity against multidrug resistant salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis and its stress response mechanism.to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of novel antimicrobial peptides (amps) against multidrug-resistant (mdr) salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis (salm. choleraesuis) and to delineate the amp-responsive mechanisms of wild-type (wt) and mdr strains.201627280957
zinc is required to ensure the expression of flagella and the ability to form biofilms in salmonella enterica sv typhimurium.zinc is known to play a central role in bacterial physiology and pathogenesis. here, we report that the accumulation of flic, the structural subunit of salmonella phase 1 flagella, is sharply reduced in a znuabc salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium strain grown in zinc-poor media. consequently, this mutant strain lacks motility, unless it grows in zinc-replete environments. this phenotype is the consequence of a general downregulation of all the genes involved in the biosynthesis of flagella, sug ...201627730246
salmonella enterica serovar typhi and gallbladder cancer: a case-control study and meta-analysis.in chile, where gallbladder cancer (gbc) rates are high and typhoid fever was endemic until the 1990s, we evaluated the association between salmonella enterica serovar typhi (s. typhi) antibodies and gbc. we tested 39 gbc cases, 40 gallstone controls, and 39 population-based controls for s. typhi vi antibodies and performed culture and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for the subset with bile, gallstone, tissue, and stool samples available. we calculated gender and education-adjusted odds ...201627726295
correction: zinc is required to ensure the expression of flagella and the ability to form biofilms in salmonella enterica sv typhimurium.correction for 'zinc is required to ensure the expression of flagella and the ability to form biofilms in salmonella enterica sv typhimurium' by serena ammendola et al., metallomics, 2016, doi: 10.1039/c6mt00108d.201627714016
outbreak of salmonella enteritidis linked to the consumption of frozen beefburgers received from a food bank and originating from poland: northern france, december 2014 to april 2015.a prolonged outbreak of salmonella enterica serotype enteritidis occurred in northern france between december 2014 and april 2015. epidemiological investigations following the initial notification on 30 december 2014 of five cases of salmonellosis (two confirmed s. enteritidis) in young children residing in the somme department revealed that all cases frequented the same food bank a. further epidemiological, microbiological and food trace-back investigations indicated frozen beefburgers as the s ...201627748250
prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in <i>salmonella</i> spp. isolated from commercial chickens and human clinical isolates from south africa and brazil.salmonellosis is a significant public health concern around the world. the injudicious use of antimicrobial agents in poultry production for treatment, growth promotion and prophylaxis has resulted in the emergence of drug resistant strains of salmonella. the current study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes from salmonella isolated from south african and brazilian broiler chickens as well as human clinical isolates. out of a total of 200 c ...201627796114
bloodstream infection due to ctx-m-15 and tem-1 extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing salmonella enterica serovar virchow st16.a 57-year-old man presented with a high fever and diarrhea. a blood culture showed the presence of a group c nontyphoidal salmonella isolate. on salmonella serotyping, the isolate was salmonella enterica serovar virchow. its sequence type was determined to be st16 by sequence analysis of seven different housekeeping genes. the blactx-m group 1 and blatem genes were amplified by multiplex pcr assays for detecting esbl genes. sequences of both amplicons were respectively identical to ctx-m-15- and ...201627795467
complete genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar indiana c629, a carbapenem-resistant bacterium isolated from chicken carcass in china.the carbapenem-resistant salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar indiana strain c629 was isolated from a chicken carcass collected from a slaughterhouse in qingdao, china. the complete genome sequence of c629 contains a circular 4,791,723-bp chromosome and a circular 210,106-bp plasmid. genes involved in carbapenem resistance of this bacterium were identified by whole-genome analysis.201627417837
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar widemarsh strain crjjgf_00058 (phylum gammaproteobacteria).here, we report a 4.73 mbp draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar widemarsh strain crjjgf_00058, isolated from eggs in 2008.201627417830
draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar lille strain crjjgf_000101 (phylum gammaproteobacteria).here, we report a 4.98 mbp draft genome sequence of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar lille strain crjjgf_000101, isolated from ground beef in 2007.201627417829
salmonella serogroup c: current status of vaccines and why they are needed.nontyphoidal salmonella (nts; i.e., salmonella enterica organisms that do not cause typhoid or paratyphoid) are responsible for 94 million infections and 155,000 deaths worldwide annually, 86% of which are estimated to be foodborne. although more than 50 serogroups and 2,600 serovars have been described, not all salmonella serovars cause disease in humans and animals. efforts are being made to develop nts vaccines, with most approaches eliciting protection against serovars typhimurium and enteri ...201627413069
animal models for salmonellosis: applications in vaccine research.salmonellosis remains an important cause of human disease worldwide. while there are several licensed vaccines for salmonella enterica serovar typhi, these vaccines are generally ineffective against other salmonella serovars. vaccines that target paratyphoid and nontyphoidal salmonella serovars are very much in need. preclinical evaluation of candidate vaccines is highly dependent on the availability of appropriate scientific tools, particularly animal models. many different animal models exist ...201627413068
bayesian inference of the evolution of a phenotype distribution on a phylogenetic tree.the distribution of a phenotype on a phylogenetic tree is often a quantity of interest. many phenotypes have imperfect heritability, so that a measurement of the phenotype for an individual can be thought of as a single realization from the phenotype distribution of that individual. if all individuals in a phylogeny had the same phenotype distribution, measured phenotypes would be randomly distributed on the tree leaves. this is, however, often not the case, implying that the phenotype distribut ...201627412711
multiple adaptive routes of salmonella enterica typhimurium to biocide and antibiotic exposure.biocides and antibiotics are used to eradicate or prevent the growth of microbial species on surfaces (occasionally on catheters), or infected sites, either in combination or sequentially, raising concerns about the development of co-resistance to both antimicrobial types. the effect of such compounds on salmonella enterica, a major food-borne and zoonotic pathogen, has been analysed in different studies, but only few works evaluated its biological cost, and the overall effects at the genomic an ...201627411385
impact of pulsed light on cellular activity of salmonella enterica.the objective of this study was a comprehensive characterization of physiological changes of salmonella enterica induced by intense broad spectrum pulsed light (pl). after exposing the bacteria to this nonthermal decontamination technology on a gel surface, multiple viability parameters beyond culturability were assessed.201627409040
a metabolic intermediate of the fructose-asparagine utilization pathway inhibits growth of a salmonella frab mutant.insertions in the salmonella enterica fra locus, which encodes the fructose-asparagine (f-asn) utilization pathway, are highly attenuated in mouse models of inflammation (>1000-fold competitive index). here, we report that f-asn is bacteriostatic to a frab mutant (ic50 19 μm), but not to the wild-type or a fra island deletion mutant. we hypothesized that the presence of frad kinase and absence of frab deglycase causes build-up of a toxic metabolite: 6-phosphofructose-aspartate (6-p-f-asp). we us ...201627403719
incidence and growth of salmonella enterica on the peel and pulp of avocado (persea americana) and custard apple (annona squamosa).the aim of this study was to assess the incidence and to estimate the growth kinetic parameters (maximum growth rate, μ; lag time, λ; and maximum population, κ) of salmonella on the peel and pulp of avocado (perseaamericana var. americana) and custard apple (annona squamosa l.) as affected by temperature (10-30°c). the incidence of salmonella was assessed on the peel and pulp of the fruits (n=200 of each fruit), separately, totalizing 800 analyses. only three samples of custard apple pulp were p ...201627393884
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