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over-expression of the apple spermidine synthase gene in pear confers multiple abiotic stress tolerance by altering polyamine titers.an apple spermidine synthase (spds) gene (mdspds1) was verified to encode a functional protein by the complementation of the spe3 yeast mutant, which lacks the spds gene. to justify our hypothesis that apple spds is involved in abiotic stress responses and to obtain transgenic fruit trees tolerant to abiotic stresses as well, mdspds1-over-expressing transgenic european pear (pyrus communis l. 'ballad') plants were created by agrobacterium-mediated transformation. a total of 21 transgenic lines s ...200817549601
microbial control of insect pests in temperate orchard systems: potential for incorporation into ipm.because of their selectivity and safety, microbial control agents (mcas) appear to be ready-made components of integrated pest management (ipm) systems that do not pose a threat to applicators or the environment and allow other natural enemies to function. control of several orchard pest insects using mcas, including viruses, bacillus thuringiensis, fungi, and entomopathogenic nematodes (epns), have been demonstrated in apple, pear, stone fruits, citrus, and several nut crops. b. thuringiensis i ...200817803454
lymphatics and bone.there is controversy regarding whether lymphatic vessels are present or absent in bone. although lymphangiomas have been described in bone, lymphatic vessels have not been identified morphologically with certainty in any other benign or malignant bone tumors or in normal human bone. in this study, we determined by immunohistochemistry, using 2 specific lymphatic endothelial cell markers, lyve-1 and podoplanin, whether lymphatics are present in normal bone and a wide range of primary and secondar ...200817904616
effect of seven different pollens on bio-ecological parameters of the predatory mite typhlodromus foenilis (acari: phytoseiidae).development, immature survival, reproduction, and life table parameters of the predatory mite typhlodromus foenilis oudemans were evaluated on seven different plant pollens (almond, apple, pear, cherry, apricot, plum, and walnut). experiments were conducted in environmental chambers at 20 +/- 1 degrees c with 65 +/- 5% rh and a photoperiod of 16:8 (l:d). t. foenilis successfully completed its development on all pollen diets. female mean developmental time from egg to adult emergence ranged from ...200818419905
the genome of erwinia tasmaniensis strain et1/99, a non-pathogenic bacterium in the genus erwinia.the complete genome of the bacterium erwinia tasmaniensis strain et1/99 consisting of a 3.9 mb circular chromosome and five plasmids was sequenced. strain et1/99 represents an epiphytic plant bacterium related to erwinia amylovora and e. pyrifoliae, which are responsible for the important plant diseases fire blight and asian pear shoot blight, respectively. strain et1/99 is a non-pathogenic bacterium and is thought to compete with these and other bacteria when occupying the same habitat during i ...200818462403
fermentation of opuntia stricta (haw.) fruits for betalains concentration.fermentation of juice and homogenized fruits of opuntia stricta fruits has been developed and optimized. the aim was to obtain the red food colorant betanin from prickly pear, at high concentration and low viscosity. among three strains assayed, saccharomyces cerevisiae var. bayanus awri 796 has been the optimum for this process. the optimum temperature value was found to be 35 degrees c for both sugar consumption and pigment preservation. after fermentation, biomass and residual vegetal tissue ...200818473472
efficacy of heat treatments with water and fludioxonil for postharvest control of blue and gray molds on inoculated pears and fludioxonil residues in fruit.the residue levels of fludioxonil (flu) were determined in pear cultivars precoce di fiorano, coscia, and spadona estiva after a 2-min dip in an aqueous mixture of flu containing 300 or 100 mg/liter of active ingredient at 20 or 50 degrees c and after 12 days at 17 degrees c and 80% relative humidity (simulated shelf life conditions). the accumulation trend of flu residues was determined in 'precoce di fiorano' pears after treatments with 25, 50, 100, or 200 mg/liter of active ingredient at 20 o ...200818522031
efficacy of dietary supplementation with botanicals on carbohydrate metabolism in humans.botanical products are widely used in nutritional supplementation for promotion of health or prevention of diseases. with the high prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism are common in the general population and obtaining glycemic control is important in reducing the complications of diabetes. if shown to be effective, botanical products have a unique position in potentially aiding the general public in regard to obesity and diabetes. they can be obtai ...200818537692
sperm morphology and fertility of progeny-tested ai dairy bulls in sweden.use of bull semen with high levels of sperm abnormalities, reflecting genital dysfunction, is not recommended for artificial insemination (ai) since it would most likely lead to subfertility. sperm quality, including sperm morphology, may deteriorate with increasing age of the bull thus becoming a source of concern when using older, progeny-tested ai bull sires. although a relationship between sperm morphology and fertility after ai in progeny-tested bull sires has been reported, it is yet uncle ...200818539320
histological features and management of a mandibular gorham disease: a case report and review of maxillofacial cases in the literature.gorham disease (gd) is a rare osteolysis without sex, race, or age predilection, affecting bones in different regions. based on clinical, histological, and molecular features, diagnosis is difficult and required exclusion of neoplastic, inflammatory, infectious, and endocrinologic disease. etiology is still unknown. we report the case of a 36-year-old man suffering from severe progressive osteolysis located at the mandible. histology showed massive osteolysis without malignant cells. immunohisto ...200818567509
[antitumor effect of polysaccharides from cactus pear fruit in s180-bearing mice].polysaccharide components of some traditional chinese medicine have certain antitumor effects and can promote immune responses. extractions from cactus pear fruit can inhibit the proliferation of cervical cancer, ovary cancer and bladder cancer cells, and suppress the growth of ovarian cancer in mice. this study was to observe the antitumor effect of polysaccharides extracted from cactus pear fruit in s180-bearing mice.200818570729
viability of lactobacillus rhamnosus r0011 in an apple-based fruit juice under simulated storage conditions at the consumer level.lactobacillus rhamnosus r0011 was inoculated in an apple-pear-raspberry juice blend at 4.5 x 10(9) cfu/250 ml portion, and viability was followed during storage in conditions simulating consumer use. study parameters were age of the juice (2 or 4 wk), sampling size (one to three 250-ml portions), incubation temperature (between 2 and 7 degrees c), and atmosphere (aerobic compared with anaerobic). dependent variables were ph, dissolved oxygen (do) level, and viable count. the do level in the unop ...200818577004
control of postharvest pear diseases using rhodotorula glutinis and its effects on postharvest quality parameters.rhodotorula glutinis was evaluated for its activity in reducing postharvest gray mold decay and blue mold decay of pear caused by botrytis cinerea and penicillium expansum respectively, and in reducing natural decay development of pear fruits, as well as its effects on postharvest quality of fruits. there was a significant negative correlation between concentrations of the yeast cells and infectivity of the pathogens. at concentrations of r. glutinis at 5x108 cfu/ml, the gray mold decay was comp ...200818579245
[gorham-stout syndrome in a patient with hiv infection]. 200818582424
four species of zygophiala (schizothyriaceae, capnodiales) are associated with the sooty blotch and flyspeck complex on apple.sooty blotch and flyspeck (sbfs) is a complex of fungi that cause late-season blemishes of apple and pear fruit that cosmetically damage the cuticle, which result in fruit that are unacceptable to consumers. previous studies reported that a single, wide-host-range species, schizothyrium pomi (presumed anamorph zygophiala jamaicensis), caused flyspeck on apple. in the present study we compared morphology and dna phylogeny (its, lsu) of 139 fungal strains isolated from flyspeck signs from 39 apple ...200818592899
macrophage immunomodulatory activity of polysaccharides isolated from opuntia polyacantha.opuntia polyacantha (prickly pear cactus) has been used extensively for its nutritional properties; however, less is known regarding medicinal properties of opuntia tissues. in the present study, we extracted polysaccharides from o. polyacantha and used size-exclusion chromatography to fractionate the crude polysaccharides into four polysaccharide fractions (designated as opuntia polysaccharides c-i to c-iv). the average m(r) of fractions c-i through c-iv was estimated to be 733, 550, 310, and 1 ...200818597716
a rapid and effective method for rna extraction from different tissues of grapevine and other woody plants.rna quality and integrity are critical for many studies in plant molecular biology. high-quality rna extraction from grapevine and other woody plants is problematic due to the presence of polysaccharides, polyphenolics and other compounds that bind or co-precipitate with the rna.200818618437
clinical and molecular delineation of the 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome.the chromosome 17q21.31 microdeletion syndrome is a novel genomic disorder that has originally been identified using high resolution genome analyses in patients with unexplained mental retardation.200818628315
evaluation of four whole-plant inoculation methods to analyze the pathogenicity of erwinia amylovora under quarantine conditions.four methods were tested to assess the fire-blight disease response on grafted pear plants. the leaves of the plants were inoculated with erwinia amylovora suspensions by pricking with clamps, cutting with scissors, local infiltration, and painting a bacterial suspension onto the leaves with a paintbrush. the effects of the inoculation methods were studied in dose-time-response experiments carried out in climate chambers under quarantine conditions. a modified gompertz model was used to analyze ...200818645961
hrpn of erwinia amylovora functions in the translocation of dspa/e into plant cells.the type iii secretion system (t3ss) is required by plant pathogenic bacteria for the translocation of certain bacterial proteins to the cytoplasm of plant cells or secretion of some proteins to the apoplast. the t3ss of erwinia amylovora, which causes fire blight of pear, apple and other rosaceous plants, secretes dspa/e, which is an indispensable pathogenicity factor. several other proteins, including hrpn, a critical virulence factor, are also secreted by the t3ss. using a cyaa reporter syste ...200818705858
[application of icp-ms to detection of trace elements and heavy metals in different kinds of honey].honey contains abundant trace elements, which are important nutritional elements for human health, but the difference between different species has not been reported. seven kinds of trace elements and five kinds of heavy metals in different honey species were analyzed by the method of icp-ms. the results showed that honey contained many wholesome elements, such as ca, fe, zn, mn, cu, se and mo, but there was great difference between different species. the highest concentrations of ca, fe, zn, mn ...200818800735
the study and analysis of the mating behavior and sound production of male cicada psalmocharias alhageos (kol.) (homoptera:cicadidae) to make disruption in mating.psalmocharias alhageos is an important pest of vine in most parts of iran, afghanistan, pakistan, southern areas of russia, turkey and iraq. this cicada is spread in most provinces in iran such as esfahan, hamedan, qazvin, markazi, lorestan, qom, kerman, tehran and kordestan. in addition to vine, this insect damages some other fruit trees, such as apple, sour cherry, quince, peach, pomegranate and pear trees and some non-fruit trees, namely white poplar, ash, elm, eglantine, silk and black popla ...200819266919
inactivation of listeria monocytogenes in raw fruits by enterocin as-48.the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of enterocin as-48 on listeria monocytogenes cect 4032 in fruits and fruit juice. fruits were contaminated with a l. monocytogenes cell suspension, washed with enterocin as-48 (25 microg/ml) or with sterile distilled water as control, and stored at different temperatures (-20, 6, 15, 22 degrees c). washing treatments significantly inhibited or completely inactivated l. monocytogenes in strawberries, raspberries, and blackberries stored at 15 ...200819244899
quantitative resistance traits and suitability of woody plant species for a polyphagous scarab, popillia japonica newman.the japanese beetle, popillia japonica newman, has an unusually broad host range among deciduous woody plants, yet it feeds only sparingly, or not at all, on certain species in the field. we evaluated beetles' preference, survival over time and fecundity on eight woody plant species historically rated as susceptible or resistant and, after verifying those ratings, tested whether resistance is correlated with so-called quantitative defense traits including leaf toughness, low nutrient content (wa ...200819161699
scale insects and mealy bugs (homoptera: coccoidea) attacking deciduous fruit trees in the western north coast of alexandria, egypt.this investigation covered a survey of scale insects and mealy bugs infesting ten growing species of deciduous fruit trees in three localities in alexandria govemorate. these localities were merghem, burg el-arab, and el-nahda about 50 km. west of alexandria under both rain-fed and irrigation system conditions. the common inspected fruit trees were fig, white mulberry, pomegranate, apple, pear, apricot, european plum, peach, almond, and persimmon. it was shown that a group of twenty scale insect ...200819226793
[adaptation of mycoplasma gallisepticum to unfavorable growth conditions: changes in morphological and physiological characteristics].adaptation of mycoplasma gallisepticum to unfavorable growth conditions results in altered morphological and physiological characteristics of the cells. m. gallisepticum populations in a complete nutrient medium contain pear-shaped vegetative cells (d approximately 0.3 microm; l approximately 0.8 microm) with pronounced polar and cytoskeleton-like structures. such mycoplasma cells are able to induce damage in a bacterial genome, causing an sos response of the test strain (escherichia coli pq37). ...200819137716
duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction reveals competition between erwinia amylovora and e. pyrifoliae on pear blossoms.erwinia amylovora and e. pyrifoliae are the causative agents of fire blight and asian pear blight, respectively. the pathogens are closely related, with overlapping host ranges. data are unavailable on the current distribution of e. pyrifoliae and on the interaction between the two species when they are present together on the same host. in this study, a duplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) protocol was developed to monitor the population dynamics of e. amylovora and e. pyrifoliae on ...200818944291
protective effect of cactus (opuntia ficus indica) cladode extract upon nickel-induced toxicity in rats.the purpose of this study carried out on male wistar rats, was to evaluate the protective effects of regular ingestion of juice from the prickly pear cactus (opuntia ficus indica) cladodes against nickel chloride toxicity. rats were given either normal tap water or water containing 25% of cactus juice for one month. then, rats of each group were injected daily, for 10 days, with either nicl(2) solution (4mg (30micromol)/kg body weight) or with the same volume of saline solution (300mm nacl). sig ...200818950672
erwinia amylovora strains isolated in romania from outbreaks of fire blight disease: phenotypic characterization.the fire blight disease was described for the first time in romania, in 1992. since then by continuous spreading, this disease has caused severe damages of the fruit trees production, particularly of the pear and quince orchards in different regions of the country, being advantaged by certain weather conditions (high temperatures and humidity). an epidemiological surveillance of this disease that was spreading over different regions of the country, has been instituted since 2002. during the year ...200819496475
a statistical comparison of the blossom blight forecasts of maryblyt and cougarblight with receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.abstract blossom blight forecasting is an important aspect of fire blight, caused by erwinia amylovora, management for both apple and pear. a comparison of the forecast accuracy of two common fire blight forecasters, maryblyt and cougarblight, was performed with receiver operating characteristic (roc) curve analysis and 243 data sets. the rain threshold of cougarblight was analyzed as a separate model termed cougarblight and rain. data were used as a whole and then grouped into geographic region ...200718944181
using pseudomonas spp. for integrated biological control.abstract pseudomonas spp. have been studied for decades as model organisms for biological control of plant disease. currently, there are three commercial formulations of pseudomonads registered with the u.s. environmental protection agency for plant disease suppression, bio-save 10 lp, bio-save 11 lp, and blightban a506. bio-save 10 lp and bio-save 11 lp, products of jet harvest solutions, longwood, fl, contain pseudomonas syringae strains esc-10 and esc-11, respectively. these products are appl ...200718944382
the role of luxs in the fire blight pathogen erwinia amylovora is limited to metabolism and does not involve quorum sensing.erwinia amylovora is a gram-negative phytopathogen that causes fire blight of pome fruit and related members of the family rosaceae. we sequenced the putative autoinducer-2 (ai-2) synthase gene luxs from e. amylovora. diversity analysis indicated that this gene is extremely conserved among e. amylovora strains. quorum sensing mediated by luxs has been implicated in coordinated gene expression, growth, and virulence in other enterobacteria; however, our evidence suggests this is not the function ...200717918630
[effects of exogenous nitric oxide donor on lipid peroxidation of pear leaves infected by physalosproa pirico nose].this paper studied the effects of 0.3 mmol x l(-1) snp on the antioxidant enzymes and reactive oxygen in pear leaves infected by physalosproa piricola nose. the results showed that compared with ck1 (spraying leaves with water and infecting with p. piricola nose), 0.3 mmol x l(-1) snp could increase the activities of leaf pod, sod, cat and ppo and the contents of leaf asa, gsh and proline by 39.41%, 21.11%, 41.61%, 13.04%, 44.45%, 48.32% and 33.80%, while decrease the contents of leaf mda and h2 ...200717886652
genetic mapping of genes for susceptibility to black spot disease in japanese pears.black spot disease, which is caused by the japanese pear pathotype of alternaria alternata (fr.) keissler, is one of the most harmful diseases in japanese pear cultivation. we identified the exact positions and linkage groups (lgs) of the genes for susceptibility to black spot in the japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia nakai) cultivars 'osa nijisseiki' (gene ani) and 'nansui' (gene ana). segregation of susceptibility and resistance fitted the expected ratio of 1:1 in progeny of 'nansui' but showed a ...200717893733
comparison of specificity and sensitivity of immunochemical and molecular techniques for reliable detection of erwinia amylovora.erwinia amylovora [(burrill) winslow et al.] (ea), the causal agent of fire blight, was detected in plant samples and pure bacterial cultures by means of pcr, ifas and elisa. polyclonal antibodies of neogen europe ltd. were used for ifas and pta-elisa and laboratory-generated primers eaf72 and ear560 for pcr. using the biolog system and an immature pear fruit assay, identities of all ea strains were confirmed as the fire blight bacterium. in assays of pure ea cultures, pta-elisa, and both ifas a ...200717575916
evaluation of different growth media for the recovery of the species of alicyclobacillus.five different isolation media, namely potato dextrose agar (pda), orange serum agar (osa), k agar, yeast-starch-glucose agar and bacillus acidocaldarius medium were evaluated for the recovery of alicyclobacillus spp. from inoculated diluted and undiluted fruit-juice concentrates.200717651223
mechanisms of antagonism of pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e against erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight.pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e was selected during a screening procedure for its high efficacy in controlling infections by erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease, on different plant materials. in field trials carried out in pear trees during bloom, eps62e colonized flowers until the carrying capacity, providing a moderate efficacy of fire-blight control. the putative mechanisms of eps62e antagonism against e. amylovora were studied. eps62e did not produce antimicrobial compo ...200717661291
antagonistic action of harpin proteins: hrpwea from erwinia amylovora suppresses hrpnea-induced cell death in arabidopsis thaliana.harpins are proteins secreted by the type-three secretion system of phytopathogenic bacteria. they are known to induce a hypersensitive response (hr) in non-host plant leaf tissue. erwinia amylovora, the fire blight pathogen of pear and apple trees, secretes two different harpins, hrpnea and hrpwea. in the present study, we showed that an erwinia amylovora hrpwea mutant induces stronger electrolyte leakages in arabidopsis thaliana foliar disks than the wild-type strain, thus suggesting that hrpw ...200717726062
increasing survival and efficacy of a bacterial biocontrol agent of fire blight of rosaceous plants by means of osmoadaptation.the efficacy of pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e in the biocontrol of erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight of apple and pear, depends on the colonization of plant surfaces after spray application. a procedure to increase cell survival in the phyllosphere was developed consisting of saline stress and osmolyte amendment to the growth medium during inoculum preparation. hyperosmotic stress induced the synthesis of the osmolytes trehalose, n-acetylglutaminylglutamine amide and glucosyl-g ...200717391328
pear distillates from pear juice concentrate: effect of lees in the aromatic composition.pear juice obtained from pear concentrate was fermented at room temperature using saccharomyces cerevisiae (bdx, enoferm, france) as the fermentation microorganism. during the fermentation process, total sugars were measured. high performance liquid chromatography analyses were used to monitor the fermentation process and to characterize the pear wine. the pear wine obtained was distilled with its lees using three different equipments: a glass alembic (a glass pot still coupled to a glass column ...200717394335
the notch1/c-myc pathway in t cell leukemia.the notch receptor family and its ligands (delta-like and jagged) have been found deregulated in several human cancers. we and the aster/pear group recently identified c-myc as a direct transcriptional target gene of the notch1 pathway in t cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (t-all). although the oncogenic roles of c-myc and notch1 are established, a direct link between notch1 and c-myc had not been demonstrated. importantly, our work in mouse tal1 tumor cell lines revealed that leukemic growth/s ...200717404512
biocontrol of blue and gray mold diseases of pear fruit by integration of antagonistic yeast with salicylic acid.this study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the biocontrol yeast cryptococcus laurentii and salicylic acid (sa) in suppressing the blue and gray mould rots in pear fruit and to explore possible mode of action involved. our results showed that the combined treatment of pear fruit with c. laurentii with sa at 100 microg ml(-1) resulted in a remarkably improved control of penicillium expansum and botrytis cinerea infections, including the pre-inoculated p. expansum, in comparison with the ...200717428566
effect of shape on the dielectric properties of biological cell suspensions.in this note, we analyze the effect of cell shape on the dielectric and conductometric behavior of biological cell suspension, in a frequency range where the interfacial polarization characteristic of highly heterogeneous systems occurs. we consider two different families of curves, both of them capable of generating a variety of symmetric or asymmetric shapes, ranging from oval, to dog-bone like, to lemniscate curves. these curves, which differ from those generally employed in dielectric models ...200717428746
cloning and characterization of a balsam pear class i chitinase gene (mcchit1) and its ectopic expression enhances fungal resistance in transgenic plants.a balsam pear (momordica charantia l.) chitinase (mcchit1) was purified and sequenced at the n-terminal. the genomic and cdna coding sequences of mcchit1 were cloned by rapid amplification of 3' cdna ends (3'-race) and the y-shaped adaptor dependent extension (yade) method. sequence analysis showed that the mcchit1 protein is a class i chitinase containing a chitin-binding domain and a catalytic domain, but no c-terminal extension. northern blot indicated that the mcchit1 transcription is wound- ...200717485855
morphological features of spermatozoa of swamp buffalo ai bulls in thailand.the appearance and incidence of sperm abnormalities was studied in 115 ejaculates, collected periodically over 1 year covering all seasons from five mature, healthy swamp buffalo (bubalus bubalis) bulls reared under tropical conditions and serving as the current source of semen for artificial insemination (ai) in thailand. light microscopy of stained smears was used to investigate sperm head shape morphology, while unstained wet smears were used to examine other sperm abnormalities. the most com ...200717493162
giardia lamblia infection diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration.the protozoan giardia lamblia is a major cause of gastrointestinal disease worldwide. we report the case of a 59-yr-old male who presented to his primary care physician with complaints of abdominal pain and weight loss. imaging studies revealed a liver mass and a pancreatic head mass. biopsy of the liver mass proved to be benign, and endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of the mass in the head of the pancreas showed no evidence of malignancy; however, numerous pear-shaped, binucle ...200717497659
occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in artisanal palmero cheese smoked with two types of vegetable matter.palmero cheese is a fresh smoked cheese from the isle of palma (canary islands), manufactured with goat's milk. to guarantee its safety, the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pah) in artisanal palmero cheese smoked with 2 types of vegetable matter (almond shells and dry prickly pear) was studied. the determination of pah includes extraction and clean-up steps, followed by separation, identification, and quantification of pah by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selected ion-m ...200717517711
polymorphism of sfbb-gamma and its use for s genotyping in japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia).japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia) exhibits the s-rnase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility where the pollen-part determinant, pollen s, had long remained elusive. recent identification of s locus f-box brothers (sfbb) in japanese pear and apple suggested that the multiple f-box genes are the pollen s candidates as they exhibited pollen specific expression, s haplotype-specific polymorphisms and linkage to the s locus. in japanese pear, three sfbbs were identified from a single s haplotype, and ...200717541597
evaluation of likelihood of co-occurrence of erwinia amylovora with mature fruit of winter pear.abstract phytosanitary concerns about fire blight prohibit export of u.s.-grown pears to some countries without this disease. to examine these concerns, we evaluated the potential for co-occurrence of erwinia amylovora with mature, symptomless winter pear fruit by inoculation experiments and by survey of commercial orchards. immature pear and apple fruit were inoculated in orchards with e. amylovora strain 153n as resuspended lyophilized cells or as ooze from diseased tissues. regardless of inoc ...200718943684
detection, distribution, sporulation, and survival of phytophthora ramorum in a california redwood-tanoak forest soil.abstract recovery of phytophthora ramorum from soils throughout sudden oak death-affected regions of california illustrates that soil may serve as an inoculum reservoir, but the role of soil inoculum in the disease cycle is unknown. this study addresses the efficacy of soil baiting, seasonal pathogen distribution under several epidemiologically important host species, summer survival and chlamydospore production in soil, and the impact of soil drying on pathogen survival. the efficacy of rhodode ...200718943696
first occurrence of strobilurin-resistant isolates of stemphylium vesicarium in an italian pear orchard. 200718396802
screening preharvest/postharvest strategies to prevent fruit rot decay.in fruit growing preharvest sprayings in the orchard are mainly applied to protect fruit from decaying. next to multisite fungicides (captan, thiram, tolylfluanid) the most commonly used products recognized for the belgium market are bellis (pyraclostrobin & boscalid) and the combination of topsin m (thiophanate-methyl) and frugico (diethofencarb). in general the spraying schedule varies depending on weather conditions (infection risk), preharvest interval of available fungicides, fruitgrower an ...200718396828
a library of linear undecapeptides with bactericidal activity against phytopathogenic bacteria.a 125-member library of synthetic linear undecapeptides was prepared based on a previously described peptide h-k(1)klfkkilkf(10)l-nh(2) (bp76) that inhibited in vitro growth of the plant pathogenic bacteria erwinia amylovora, xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, and pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae at low micromolar concentrations. peptides were designed using a combinatorial chemistry approach by incorporating amino acids possessing various degrees of hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity at po ...200717980935
purification and characterization of a non-s-rnase and s-rnases from styles of japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia).in this study we biochemically characterized stylar ribonucleases (rnases) of japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia), which exhibits s-rnase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility. we separated the rnase fractions ns-1, ns-2, and ns-3 from stylar extracts of the cultivar nijisseiki (s(2)s(4)). the rnase in each fraction was purified to homogeneity through a series of chromatographic steps. chemical analysis of the proteins revealed that the basic rnases in the ns-2 and ns-3 fractions were the s(4)- an ...200717988882
tuft cells.tuft cells, also known as brush cells, are widespread in the hollow organs of the digestive tract including the duct system of the salivary gland and in the respiratory tract, from simple vertebrates to humans. the shape of tuft cells varies from pear-shaped, to barrel-shaped and goblet-shaped, apparently depending on the plane of section. the most characteristic morphological features of tuft cells are their long and blunt microvilli, which have prominent rootlets, and a well developed tubulove ...200718062147
anatomical development of the fetal uterus.the objective of this study was to gather data on the morphology of the uterus during its development, to provide detailed information regarding the neighboring structures and its variations using anatomical dissections.200717045762
cutaneous lymphatic malformations in disappearing bone (gorham-stout) disease: a novel clue to the pathogenesis of a rare syndrome.gorham-stout disease is an unusual, progressive syndrome of unknown etiology characterized by mono- or polyostotic osteolysis most often affecting children and young adults. the onset is insidious and the disease progresses to extensive and potentially disabling osteolysis often unresponsive to therapeutic intervention. although bone and soft tissue lesions are the most frequent manifestations of gorham-stout disease, skin lesions can occur and may provide a clue to the pathogenesis of this rare ...200717097379
crystal structure of the human carboxypeptidase n (kininase i) catalytic domain.human carboxypeptidase n (cpn), a member of the cpn/e subfamily of "regulatory" metallo-carboxypeptidases, is an extracellular glycoprotein synthesized in the liver and secreted into the blood, where it controls the activity of vasoactive peptide hormones, growth factors and cytokines by specifically removing c-terminal basic residues. normally, cpn circulates in blood plasma as a hetero-tetramer consisting of two 83 kda (cpn2) domains each flanked by a 48 to 55 kda catalytic (cpn1) domain. we h ...200717157876
epiphytic fitness of a biological control agent of fire blight in apple and pear orchards under mediterranean weather conditions.the behaviour of pseudomonas fluorescens eps62e was investigated in apple and pear orchards under mediterranean climatic conditions. the trials studied the influence of weather conditions, plant host species, presence of indigenous microbial community and spread from treated to nontreated trees on colonization and survival. population dynamics were assessed by real-time pcr and cfu-counting methods. with inoculated flowers, weather conditions were optimal for colonization, and eps62e established ...200717233751
s locus f-box brothers: multiple and pollen-specific f-box genes with s haplotype-specific polymorphisms in apple and japanese pear.although recent findings suggest that the f-box genes sfb/slf control pollen-part s specificity in the s-rnase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility (gsi) system, how these genes operate in the system is unknown, and functional variation of pollen s genes in different species has been reported. here, we analyzed the s locus of two species of maloideae: apple (malus domestica) and japanese pear (pyrus pyrifolia). the sequencing of a 317-kb region of the apple s9 haplotype revealed two similar f ...200717237509
the hrpn(ea) harpin from erwinia amylovora triggers differential responses on the nonhost arabidopsis thaliana cells and on the host apple cells.erwinia amylovora is a gram-negative necrogenic bacterium causing fire blight of the maloideae subfamily of rosaceae such as apple and pear. it provokes progressive necrosis in aerial parts of susceptible host plants (compatible interaction) and a hypersensitive reaction (hr) when infiltrated in nonhost plants (incompatible interaction). the hrpn(ea) harpin is a type three secretion system effector secreted by e. amylovora. this protein is involved in pathogenicity and hr-eliciting capacity of e ...200717249426
indole-3-acetic acid enhances the biocontrol of penicillium expansum and botrytis cinerea on pear fruit by cryptococcus laurentii.this study evaluated the efficacy of indole-3-acetic acid (iaa) alone or with a biocontrol yeast, cryptococcus laurentii, in the inhibition of blue and gray mold diseases (penicillium expansum and botrytis cinerea) on pear fruit. the results demonstrated that a combination of c. laurentii with iaa at 100 microg ml(-1) was more effective in suppressing blue and gray mold infections on pear fruit than application of c. laurentii alone. iaa alone or with c. laurentii stimulated catalase, peroxidase ...200717286561
aggregation pheromone of metamasius spinolae (coleoptera: curculionidae): chemical analysis and field test.male metamasius spinolae (gylh.) produce several volatile compounds that are likely constituents of its aggregation pheromone. these compounds were identified by volatile collections and gas chromatography (gc), followed by coupled gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms), as 2-methyl-4-heptanone [1], 6-methyl-2hepten-4-one [2], and 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-heptanone [3]. preliminary field experiments using synthetic racemates of these compounds showed that significantly more adult cactus weevil ...200717349116
common subtropical and tropical nonpollen food sources of the boll weevil (coleoptera: curculionidae).it is known that substantial boll weevil, anthonomus grandis grandis boheman, individuals can survive mild subtropical winters in some habitats, such as citrus orchards. our study shows that endocarp of the fruit from prickly pear cactus, opuntia engelmannii salm-dyck ex. engel.; orange, citrus sinensis l. osbeck.; and grapefruit, citrus paradisi macfad., can sustain newly emerged adult boll weevils for >5 mo, which is the duration of the cotton-free season in the subtropical lower rio grande va ...200717349122
field evaluation of a botanical natural product against the pear psylla (homoptera: psyllidae).a 2-yr field study was conducted to evaluate a botanical natural product, aksebio2, for control of pear psylla, cacopsylla pyri l. (homoptera: psyllidae). three applications were made each year. whereas the first application was applied at the dormant period (just before the first eggs were deposited by overwintered females), the second and third applications, respectively, were against the first and second summer generations of pear psylla. the first application deterred winterform females from ...200717370811
the syrinx of the male mallard (anas platyrhynchos): special anatomical features.the aim of this study was to investigate the special anatomical and topographical features of the syrinx in male adult stock ducks (anas platyrhynchos). the syrinx of the mallard is a tracheobronchial type, consisting of a tympanum, a pessulus, medial tympaniform membranes, interanular membranes, an interbronchial ligament (bronchidesmus), and bronchosyringeal cartilage semi-rings. using a frozen sagittal section, it was possible to document the syringeal valve at the right lateral side of the t ...200717371385
leptographium piriforme sp. nov., from a taxonomically diverse collection of arthropods collected in an aspen-dominated forest in western canada.during a survey of fungi associated with arthropods collected in a southern boreal mixed-wood forest in alberta we obtained 29 isolates of a unique species of leptographium. this species displayed a distinct combination of characteristics, including curved conidia on short-stipitate conidiophores, a secondary micronematous conidial state, stalked pear-shaped cells and an optimal growth rate at 35 c, and is described as leptographium piriforme sp. nov. the isolates were most similar morphological ...200717256580
development of a caps marker system for genotyping european pear cultivars harboring 17 s alleles.the full-length cdnas of eight s ribonucleases (s-rnases) were cloned from stylar rna of european pear cultivars that could not be characterized by the cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (caps) marker system for genotyping european pear cultivars harboring nine s alleles sa, sb, sd, se, sh, sk, sl, sq, and sr. comparison of the nucleotide sequences between these cdnas and six putative s-rnase alleles previously amplified by genomic pcr revealed that five corresponded to the putative sc-, si ...200717061100
biological activity of ethyl (e,z)-2,4-decadienoate on different tortricid species: electrophysiological responses and field tests.ethyl (e,z)-2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) is known to be a kairomonal attractant for both male and female codling moths, cydia pomonella (l.) (lepidoptera: tortricidae). electroantennographic (eag) studies were conducted to investigate the sensitivities of codling moth, the chestnut torticid species cydia fagiglandana (zeller), cydia splendana (hübner), and pammene fasciana l., and the green budmoth hedya nubiferana haworth to pear ester. the attractiveness of this compound to the different spec ...200718284724
positive interaction of a feeding attractant and a host kairomone for trapping the codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.).codling moths are attracted to acetic acid and to ethyl-(e,z)-2,4-decadienoate, the pear ester, when presented individually. the attraction to acetic acid is thought to be a food finding behavior, whereas the pear odorant, ethyl-(e,z)-2,4-decadienoate, may be a host kairomone. we found, in a flight tunnel study, that more male and female codling moths were captured in traps when the compounds were presented together compared to tested separately. the combination of odorants provides a stronger l ...200717992562
evaluation of the pear ester kairomone as a formulation additive for the granulovirus of codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in pome fruit.(e,z) -2,4-decadienoate (pear ester) is a larval kairomone for the codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.) (lepidoptera: tortricidae). orchard studies were conducted in 2005 and 2006 in apple, malus domestica borkhausen, and pear, pyrus communis l., to evaluate a 5% active ingredient (ai), microencapsulated formulation of pear ester (pe-mec) as an insecticidal additive for the codling moth granulovirus (cpgv). although cpgv applied at 5-15-d intervals at commercial rates (2.2 x 10(12)-10(13) granules ...200717598528
influence of within-orchard trap placement on catch of codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in sex pheromone-treated orchards.the influence of trap placement on catches of codling moth, cydia pomonella l., was examined in a series of studies conducted in orchards treated with isomate-c plus sex pheromone dispensers. mark-recapture tests with sterilized moths released along the interface of pairs of treated and untreated apple and pear plots found that significantly more male but not female moths were recaptured on interception traps placed in the treated plots. in a second test, significantly higher numbers of wild mal ...200717445378
multiple mating of male and female codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) in apple orchards treated with sex pheromone.studies were conducted with codling moth, cydia pomonella l., to evaluate the mating status of male and female moths in apple, malus domestica (borkhausen), orchards treated with and without sex pheromone dispensers. laboratory studies first examined the effect of multiple mating of male and female moths on female fecundity and egg fertility. females that had mated three times had a significantly higher fecundity than singly mated moths. sequential mating by male moths had no effect on the fecun ...200717349129
insecticide resistance may enhance the response to a host-plant volatile kairomone for the codling moth, cydia pomonella (l.).the behavioral and electroantennographic responses of cydia pomonella (l.) to the ripe pear volatile ethyl (2e,4z)-2,4-decadienoate (et-e,z-dd), were compared in insecticide-susceptible and -resistant populations originating from southern france. a dose-response relationship to this kairomonal attractant was established for antennal activity and did not reveal differences between susceptible and resistant strains. conversely, males of the laboratory strains expressing metabolic [cytochrome p450- ...200717297628
disruption of mating in codling moth (lepidoptera: tortricidae) by chlorantranilipole, an anthranilic diamide insecticide.the influence of the anthranilic diamide insecticide chlorantranilipole (dpx-e2y45; rynaxypyr against the adult stage of codling moth, cydia pomonella l., was examined. insecticide residues in plastic cups sprayed with 56 mg ai l(-1) (equivalent to the recommended field rate) had a minimal effect on adult survival or fecundity, but significantly fewer female moths were mated in treated than in untreated cups. similar results were found in field studies with adults placed in screened cages on tre ...200717125149
spermiogenesis and sperm ultrastructure of deropristis inflata molin, 1859 (digenea, deropristidae), a parasite of anguilla anguilla.to our knowledge, this paper describes the first ultrastructural results on spermiogenesis and the spermatozoon of a digenea belonging to the family deropristidae, deropristis inflata. spermiogenesis follows the usual pattern found in the digeneans, but a single noteworthy characteristic concerns the centriole, which presents a "prominent pear-shaped electron-dense region." spermiogenesis in d. inflata begins with the formation of a differentiation zone. the two centrioles give rise to flagella. ...200717484073
characterization of phytophthora capsici from michigan surface irrigation water.abstract phytophthora capsici infects cucurbitaceous and solanaceous crops worldwide. in free water, p. capsici sporangia release zoospores that may be disseminated by moving surface water. surface irrigation sources (river system, ponds, and ditches) in three michigan counties with a history of p. capsici-susceptible crop production were monitored for the pathogen during four growing seasons (2002 to 2005). pear and cucumber baits were suspended in water at monitoring sites for 3- to 7-day inte ...200718943282
molecular features of new peach latent mosaic viroid variants suggest that recombination may have contributed to the evolution of this infectious rna.nucleotide sequences of a broad range of peach latent mosaic viroid (plmvd) variants were determined. the variants were isolated from peach, pear, and almond tree samples collected in tunisia. sequence analysis confirmed the high variability of plmvd, as no less than 119 new variants were identified. variations included new polymorphic positions, insertions of 11 to 14 nucleotides, and new mutations within the hammerhead self-cleavage motifs. we provide the first covariation-based evidence for c ...200717113618
phytoestrogens: food or drug?within the past several years, the relation between diet and health has been accepted by the mainstream nutrition community and in this connection interest in the physiological role of bioactive compounds present in plants has dramatically increased over the last decade.the phytoestrogens are bioactive molecules present as nutritional constituents of widely consumed vegetables. their name derives from the fact that they are able to bind to estrogen receptors and to induce an estrogenic/antiestro ...200722461212
carotenoids and color of fruit juice and milk beverage mixtures.seventeen commercially available, "ready to drink" fortified beverages consisting of mixtures of fruit juices and milk were analyzed to evaluate their carotenoid profile (including their z/e stereoisomers) and color during their commercial shelf life. lightness (l*) was found to be correlated with the content of milk in the mixtures (r= 0.649) whereas red-yellow colors were correlated with the contents of alpha-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, and beta-carotene supplied by the fruit. the beverages ...200718034704
occurrence of anthracnose on fruits of asian pear tree caused by colletotrichum acutatum.anthracnose symptoms often occurred on fruits of asian pear trees grown in anseong, naju, seonghwan and pyeongtaek in korea during the harvesting period from 2000 to 2005. a total of 28 isolates of colletotrichum sp. were obtained from the anthracnose symptoms. all the isolates were identified as colletotrichum acutatum based on their morphological and cultural characteristics. four isolates of the fungus were tested for pathogenicity to fruits of asian pear tree by artificial inoculation. all t ...200724015105
housing and feeding of xenopus laevis.introductiongood animal husbandry is vital for maintaining a healthy frog population. this requires some effort but is generally rewarded by high-quality egg and embryo production. a healthy frog is placid, with moderately slimy skin and a nice pear shape. jumpy frogs, frogs with dry or excessively slimy skin, bloated frogs, and frogs that look gray and thin or reddish are not healthy and should not be used for egg collection, as this would lead to further deterioration of the animals' condition ...200721357089
analyses of the secretomes of erwinia amylovora and selected hrp mutants reveal novel type iii secreted proteins and an effect of hrpj on extracellular harpin levels.summary erwinia amylovora is a plant pathogenic enterobacterium that causes fire blight disease of apple, pear and other rosaceous plants. a type iii (t3) secretion system, encoded by clustered, chromosomal hrp genes (hypersensitive response and pathogenicity), is essential for infection, but only a few proteins are known that are secreted through this pathway (the t3 'secretome'). we developed an efficient protocol for purification and concentration of extracellular proteins and used it to char ...200720507478
add-on mirtazapine enhances effects on cognition in schizophrenic patients under stabilized treatment with clozapine.the development of therapeutic strategies for cognitive dysfunction remains one of the primary goals in the treatment of schizophrenia. the pharmacodynamic profile of mirtazapine, an antidepressant that enhances noradrenergic and serotonergic transmission, is based on a presynaptic alpha2 antagonism and postsynaptic 5-ht2 and 5-ht3 antagonism. mirtazapine shares some pharmacological similarities with that of clozapine. this 8-week open label trial aimed to discover whether the addition of 30 mg ...200718179309
[trauma and psychosis].since the 1990's a vast amount of research has been done on early traumatic experiences leading to serious psychopathology in adults. at the same time, several researchers started to assume a relationship between posttraumatic stress disorder (ptsd) and psychotic states. patients suffering from ptsd often experience intrusive flashback memories which at the time seem quite present, real, absorbing and uncontrollable to them. from this point of view they have quite similar experiences as psychoti ...200718167424
formation of zinc-chlorophyll-derivative complexes in thermally processed green pears (pyrus communis l.).the formation of zinc-chlorophyll-derivative complexes was investigated in peels-on green d'anjou pears when subjected to blanching in zinc ion solution (1300, 2600, and 0 ppm) at 94 degrees c for 6, 12, or 18 min and then canning at 94 degrees c for 20 min. the peels removed from the pears were freeze-dried and ground into powders in liquid nitrogen for pigment extraction using ethyl ether. the visual absorption of the extracts was measured using a spectrophotometer along with identification an ...200717995638
proteomic analysis of core breakdown disorder in conference pears (pyrus communis l.).2-de was applied to study core breakdown disorder in controlled atmosphere stored 'conference' pears. this physiological disorder is characterized by internal browning of the fruit tissue and the development of cavities. suitable protein phenol extraction/ammonium acetate-methanol precipitation and 2-de protocols for a wide ph range were established for pear tissue. the protein expression profiles of healthy, sound (intact tissue of pears with core breakdown) and brown tissue were analyzed with ...200717566975
conversion of paper sludge to ethanol, ii: process design and economic analysis.process design and economics are considered for conversion of paper sludge to ethanol. a particular site, a bleached kraft mill operated in gorham, nh by fraser papers (15 tons dry sludge processed per day), is considered. in addition, profitability is examined for a larger plant (50 dry tons per day) and sensitivity analysis is carried out with respect to capacity, tipping fee, and ethanol price. conversion based on simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with intermittent feeding is exa ...200717106699
consumptive coagulopathy associated with gorham syndrome and subsequent kasabach-merritt syndrome during pregnancy: a case report.gorham and kasabach-merritt syndrome are rare diagnoses that can complicate pregnancy by increasing the risk of pelvic fracture and consumptive coagulopathy, respectively.200718210901
a delusion assessment scale for psychotic major depression: reliability, validity, and utility.although delusions are the hallmark of major depression with psychotic features, a scale to measure the intensity of beliefs across multiple delusional domains in this condition has been unavailable. the development and assessment of the delusional assessment scale (das) are described.200617046724
effect of girdling above the abscission zone of fruit on 'bartlett' pear ripening on the tree.pear fruit usually soften and develop a melting texture when harvested at the mature green stage and ripened. the reason why the fruit does not fully ripen on the tree is unknown. to clarify this, our attention was directed to the continuous supply of assimilates and/or other substances into the fruit via phloem transport. to determine the effect of inhibiting phloem transport on fruit ripening on the tree, a girdling treatment was applied to the branch above the abscission zone of 'bartlett' pe ...200616968877
retention of a european pear aroma model mixture using different types of saccharides.eight types of microcapsules of european pear (la france) aroma model mixture were prepared, and their retained aroma components and sample microstructures (both surface and cross-section) were compared. the la france pear aroma model mixture was prepared by the mixing of hexanal and five kinds of esters. alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-cd), gum arabic (ga), soybean soluble polysaccharide (ssps), and highly branched cyclic dextrin (hbcd) were used as carrier solids, and spray drying and freeze drying ...200616819918
gorham-stout syndrome in a male adolescent-case report and review of the literature.gorham-stout syndrome is a rare disease characterized by vascular proliferation in the bones, effecting osteolysis. when it is complicated by chylothorax, the prognosis is poor. the present case illustrates successful management of chylothorax by a combination of surgery (thoracic duct ligation and excision of lymphangiomatous tissue combined with pleurodesis) and treatment with alpha-2b interferon. treatment in 38 published cases is reviewed.200616679920
duropleural fistula as a consequence of gorham-stout syndrome: a combination of 2 rare conditions. 200616678627
cdna cloning of nine s alleles and establishment of a pcr-rflp system for genotyping european pear cultivars.nine full-length cdnas of s ribonucleases (s-rnases) were cloned from stylar rna of european pear cultivars by rt-pcr and 3' and 5' race. comparison of the nucleotide sequences between the nine s-rnases cloned and 13 putative s alleles previously amplified by genomic pcrs revealed that seven corresponded to sa, sb, sd, se, sh, sk and sl alleles, and the other two were new s alleles (designated as sq and sr alleles). genomic pcr with a set of a8ftqqyqa9 and a8ep-anti-iiwpnva9 primers was used to ...200616565843
skeletal dysplasia involving the subaxial cervical spine. report of two cases and review of the literature.because skeletal dysplasias are primary disorders of bone, they have not been commonly understood as neurosurgical diseases. nevertheless, neurosurgical complications are commonly encountered in many cases of dysplasia syndromes. the authors present two cases of skeletal dysplasia that caused overt instability of the cervical spine. one patient with a diagnosis of gorham disease of the cervical spine was treated with prolonged fixation in a halo brace after an initial attempt at instrumentation ...200616512659
case 92: gorham syndrome. 200616505400
gorham disease of bone: three cases and review of radiological features. 200617097429
chylothorax as a possible diagnostic pitfall: a report of 2 cases with cytologic findings.chyothorax is an uncommon medical condition. to the best of our knowledge, there have been no detailed english-language report dealing with its cytopathologic findings and diagnostic pitfalls200616124177
effect of gazing at the camera during a video link on recall.the impact of looking into the camera during a presentation over a video link (resulting in the perception of mutual gaze) on information recall was investigated. in a face-to-face context mutual gaze has been shown to facilitate the encoding and subsequent recall of information [fry, r., smith, g.f., 1975. the effects of feedback and eye contact on performance of a digit-coding task. j. soc. psychol. 96, 145-146; otteson, j.d., otteson, c.r., 1980. effect of teacher's gaze on children's story r ...200616081035
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