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epidemiology and etiology of influenza-like-illness in households in vietnam; it's not all about the kids!household studies provide opportunities to understand influenza-like-illness (ili) transmission, but data from (sub)tropical developing countries are scarce.201627479176
iterative structure-based improvement of a fusion-glycoprotein vaccine against rsv.structure-based design of vaccines, particularly the iterative optimization used so successfully in the structure-based design of drugs, has been a long-sought goal. we previously developed a first-generation vaccine antigen called ds-cav1, comprising a prefusion-stabilized form of the fusion (f) glycoprotein, which elicits high-titer protective responses against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in mice and macaques. here we report the improvement of ds-cav1 through iterative cycles of structur ...201627478931
respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults diagnosed in valencian region of spain. 201627478055
bacterial and viral contamination of breathing circuits after extended use - an aspect of patient safety?in the past, anaesthetic breathing circuits were identified as a source of pathogen transmission. it is still debated, whether breathing circuits combined with breathing system filters can be safely used for more than 1 day. the aim of this study was to evaluate the transmission risk of bacteria and also viruses via breathing circuits after extended use.201627470996
rapamycin increases rsv rna levels and survival of rsv-infected dendritic cell depending on t cell contact.the macrolide rapamycin inhibits mtor (mechanist target of rapamycin) function and has been broadly used to unveil the role of mtor in immune responses. inhibition of mtor on dendritic cells (dc) can influence cellular immune response and the survival of dc. rsv is the most common cause of hospitalization in infants and is a high priority candidate to vaccine development. in this study we showed that rapamycin treatment on rsv-infected murine bone marrow-derived dc (bmdc) decreases the frequency ...201627466155
evaluation of the adaptive immune response to respiratory syncytial virus.evaluation of the adaptive immune response is critical to the advancement of our basic knowledge and understanding of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). the cellular composition in the lung following rsv infection is often evaluated using flow cytometry. however, a limitation of this approach has been the inability to readily distinguish cells that are within the lung parenchyma from cells that remain in the pulmonary blood vessels. herein, we detail a procedure to evaluate the adaptive immune r ...201627464699
microrna profiling from rsv-infected biofluids, whole blood, and tissue samples.several studies have shown that respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can modulate the host innate immune response by dysregulation of host micrornas (mirnas) related to the antiviral response, a feature that also affects the memory immune response to rsv (thornburg et al. mbio 3(6), 2012). mirnas are small, endogenous, noncoding rnas that function in posttranscriptional gene regulation. here, we explain a compilation of methods for the purification, quantification, and characterization of mirna exp ...201627464696
a proteomic-based workflow using purified respiratory syncytial virus particles to identify cellular factors as drug targets.the identification of cellular factors that play a role in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) replication is an alternative strategy in the identification of druggable cellular protein that are essential for rsv replication. in this regard experimental strategies that are able to screen relevant proteins from the vast array of proteins in the cellular milieu will facilitate the identification of potential drug targets. in this chapter we describe a procedure where rsv particles are purified from ...201627464695
screening for host factors directly interacting with rsv protein: microfluidics.we present a high-throughput microfluidics platform to identify novel host cell binding partners of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) matrix (m) protein. the device consists of thousands of reaction chambers controlled by micro-mechanical valves. the microfluidic device is mated to a microarray-printed custom-made gene library. these genes are then transcribed and translated on-chip, resulting in a protein array ready for binding to rsv m protein.even small viral proteome, such as that of rsv, p ...201627464694
use of minigenome systems to study rsv transcription.minigenome assays have been essential tools in the understanding of viral transcription and rna replication for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). here, we describe the rsv minigenome assay for determining transcription by the viral polymerase in the absence of infection. we detail two different methods of detecting viral rna synthesis: a firefly luciferase assay for rapid and sensitive measurement of rsv polymerase activity; and a real-time quantitative pcr method for determination of specific ...201627464693
reverse genetics of respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a negative-strand rna virus that is associated with severe lower respiratory tract infections in young infants and the elderly. rsv remains a leading cause worldwide of infant mortality, and despite the high clinical and economic burden of the virus there are currently no available vaccines. here, we describe the methods for recovery of recombinant rsv viruses using a bacterial artificial chromosome and methods related to procurement and expansion of stocks o ...201627464692
host factors modulating rsv infection: use of small interfering rnas to probe functional importance.although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants and the elderly worldwide [1], the protein-protein interactions between the host cell and virus remain poorly understood. we have used a focused small interfering rna (sirna) approach to knock-down and examine the role(s) of various host cell proteins. here, we describe approaches for casein kinase 2α (ck2α) as a key example. we show how to study the effect of host gene (ck2α) knockdown usin ...201627464690
respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): neutralizing antibody, a correlate of immune protection.assays that measure rsv-specific neutralizing antibody activity are very useful for evaluating vaccine candidates, performing seroprevalence studies, and detecting infection. neutralizing antibody activity is normally measured by a plaque reduction neutralization assay or by a microneutralization assay with or without complement. these assays measure the functional capacity of serum (or other fluids) to neutralize virus infectivity in cells as compared to elisa assays that only measure the bindi ...201627464689
development of human monoclonal antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus using a high efficiency human hybridoma technique.human monoclonal antibodies against rsv have high potential for use as prophylaxis or therapeutic molecules, and they also can be used to define the structure of protective epitopes for rational vaccine design. in the past, however, isolation of human monoclonal antibodies was difficult and inefficient. here, we describe contemporary methods for activation and proliferation of primary human memory b cells followed by cytofusion to non-secreting myeloma cells by dielectrophoresis to generate huma ...201627464688
secretory expression and purification of respiratory syncytial virus g and f proteins in human cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the leading causes of range of symptoms from mild upper to serious lower respiratory virus infections in infants, immunocompromised individuals, and the elderly. despite many decades of research and development, a licensed rsv vaccine is not available for use in human. since the rsv f and g proteins induce neutralizing antibodies and confer protection from infection, they are important for understanding disease and for developing vaccines and access to ...201627464687
detection of rsv antibodies in human plasma by enzyme immunoassays.enzyme immunoassays (eias) to detect and quantify antibodies against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and rsv proteins in human plasma or sera are described. the first eia uses rsv lysate antigens produced in hep-2 cell line. the second eia uses rsv f or g gene-expressed antigen in hep-2 cells. the third eia uses 30-amino acid synthetic peptides from central conserved region of g protein of rsv a2 or rsv b1 virus and a peptide from the sars cov nucleoprotein as a negative control peptide. all t ...201627464686
rsv growth and quantification by microtitration and qrt-pcr assays.defective interfering viral particles have been reported as important determinants of the course of viral infection, and they can markedly temper the virulence of the infection. here, we describe a simple method, based on limiting dilution, for the removal of defective interfering particles from rsv. this method results in a high-titer viral preparation from both hep-2 and vero cell lines. we evaluated two concentrations of sucrose to stabilize the virus preparation, and demonstrate that rsv is ...201627464684
structure-based design of head-only fusion glycoprotein immunogens for respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a significant cause of severe respiratory illness worldwide, particularly in infants, young children, and the elderly. although no licensed vaccine is currently available, an engineered version of the metastable rsv fusion (f) surface glycoprotein-stabilized in the pre-fusion (pre-f) conformation by "ds-cav1" mutations-elicits high titer rsv-neutralizing responses. moreover, pre-f-specific antibodies, often against the neutralization-sensitive antigenic site ...201627463224
histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress rsv infection and alleviate virus-induced airway inflammation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children. however, the majority of rsv-infected patients only show mild symptoms. different severities of infection and responses among the rsv-infected population indicate that epigenetic regulation as well as personal genetic background may affect rsv infectivity. histone deacetylase (hdac) is an important epigenetic regulator in lung diseases. the present study aimed to explore th ...201627460781
aqueous solutions of didecyldimethylammonium chloride and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether: toward synergistic formulations against enveloped viruses.micellization of di-n-decyldimethylammonium chloride, [dic10][cl], and octaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, c12e8, mixtures have been investigated by surface tension and conductivity measurements. from these results, various physicochemical and thermodynamic key parameters (e.g. micellar mole fraction of [dic10][cl], interaction parameter, free energy of micellization, etc.) have been evaluated and discussed in detail. the results prove high synergistic effect between the two surfactants. base ...201627452423
human amniotic fluid antibodies protect the neonate against respiratory syncytial virus infection. 201627448445
formulation of the respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein with a polymer-based combination adjuvant promotes transient and local innate immune responses and leads to improved adaptive immunity.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes serious upper and lower respiratory tract infections in newborns and infants. presently, there is no licensed vaccine against rsv. we previously reported the safety and efficacy of a novel vaccine candidate (δf/triadj) in rodent and lamb models following intranasal immunization. however, the effects of the vaccine on the innate immune system in the upper and lower respiratory tracts, when delivered intranasally, have not been characterized. in the present ...201627591951
analysis of immune epitopes of respiratory syncytial virus for designing of vectored vaccines based on influenza virus platform.the immunoepitope database was used for analysis of experimentally detected epitopes of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) proteins and for selection of the epitope combinations for subsequent designing of recombinant vectored anti-rsv vaccines based on attenuated influenza viruses. three cassettes containing the most promising b- and t-cell rsv epitopes were selected: peptide f (243-294) supporting the formation of humoral immunity in animals; fragment m2-1 (70-101+114-146) containing two mh ...201627590768
a distinct low lung function trajectory from childhood to the fourth decade of life.low maximally attained lung function increases the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease irrespective of the subsequent rate of lung function decline.201627585385
new antiviral approaches for respiratory syncytial virus and other mononegaviruses: inhibiting the rna polymerase.worldwide, respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe disease in infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised people. no vaccine or effective antiviral treatment is available. rsv is a member of the non-segmented, negative-strand (nns) group of rna viruses and relies on its rna-dependent rna polymerase to transcribe and replicate its genome. because of its essential nature and unique properties, the rsv polymerase has proven to be a good target for antiviral drugs, with one compound, als-817 ...201627575793
neutrophil extracellular traps in pulmonary diseases: too much of a good thing?neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) arise from the release of granular and nuclear contents of neutrophils in the extracellular space in response to different classes of microorganisms, soluble factors, and host molecules. nets are composed by decondensed chromatin fibers coated with antimicrobial granular and cytoplasmic proteins, such as myeloperoxidase, neutrophil elastase (ne), and α-defensins. besides being expressed on net fibers, ne and mpo also regulate net formation. furthermore, hist ...201627574522
evolution and transmission of respiratory syncytial group a (rsv-a) viruses in guangdong, china 2008-2015.respiratory syncytial viruses (rsvs) including subgroups a (rsv-a) and b (rsv-b) are an important cause of acute respiratory tract infections worldwide. rsv-a include major epidemic strains. fundamental questions concerning the evolution, persistence and transmission of rsv-a are critical for disease control and prevention, yet remain unanswered. in this study, we generated 64 complete g gene sequences of rsv-a strains collected between 2008 and 2015 in guangdong, china. phylogenetic analysis wa ...201627574518
challenges and opportunities in rsv vaccine development: meeting report from fda/nih workshop.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of serious acute lower respiratory illness in infants and young children and a significant cause of disease burden in the elderly and immunocompromised. there are no licensed rsv vaccines to address this significant public health need. while advances in vaccine technologies have led to a recent resurgence in rsv vaccine development, the immune correlates of protection against rsv and the immunology of vaccine-associated enhanced respirat ...201627566900
clinical predictors of critical lower respiratory tract illness due to respiratory syncytial virus in infants and children: data to inform case definitions for efficacy trials.we analyzed data from 524 argentinean infants hospitalized with lower respiratory tract illness (lrti) due to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) to inform selection of clinical end points for rsv vaccine efficacy trials. cases of lrti due to rsv that required a mask, continuous or bilevel positive airway pressure, or mechanical ventilation were classified as critical. oxygen saturation of ≤90%, tachypnea, and tachycardia were each associated with an increased odds of critical lrti due to rsv (adj ...201627655869
pre-fusion f is absent on the surface of formalin-inactivated respiratory syncytial virus.the lack of a licensed vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can be partly attributed to regulatory hurdles resulting from vaccine enhanced respiratory disease (erd) subsequent to natural rsv infection that was observed in clinical trials of formalin-inactivated rsv (fi-rsv) in antigen-naïve infants. to develop an effective vaccine that does not enhance rsv illness, it is important to understand how formalin and heat inactivation affected the antigenicity and immunogenicity of fi-rsv com ...201627682426
host cytoskeleton in respiratory syncytial virus assembly and budding.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the major pathogens responsible for lower respiratory tract infections (lrti) in young children, the elderly, and the immunosuppressed. currently, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines available that effectively target rsv infections, proving a significant challenge in regards to prevention and treatment. an in-depth understanding of the host-virus interactions that underlie assembly and budding would inform new targets for antiviral development.cur ...201627670781
palivizumab exposure and the risk of autoimmune disease: a cross-national cohort study.treatment with biologic pharmaceuticals may be associated with an increased risk of immune-mediated disease. palivizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody designed to provide passive immunity against respiratory syncytial virus infection. palivizumab is primarily used in preterm children known to be immunologically immature. the long-term effect of palivizumab in terms of autoimmune diseases has not yet been investigated.201627665287
gu-ben-fang-xiao decoction attenuates sustained airway inflammation by suppressing er stress response in a murine asthma remission model of respiratory syncytial virus infection.in recent years, asthma has increased dramatically in prevalence with a considerable economic burden all over the world. long-term remission should be regarded as the promising and meaningful therapeutic goal in asthma management. however, the precise definition criteria and rational therapies for asthma remission have not been well-established. in academia, there is a consensus that even in those who develop asymptomatic remission of asthma, persistent airway inflammation is ubiquitous. gubenfa ...201627660012
application of traditional chinese medical herbs in prevention and treatment of respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a common viral pathogen of the lower respiratory tract, which, in the absence of effective management, causes millions of cases of severe illness per year. many of these infections develop into fatal pneumonia. in a review of english and chinese medical literature, recent traditional chinese medical herb- (tcmh-) based progress in the area of prevention and treatment was identified, and the potential anti-rsv compounds, herbs, and formulas were explored. trad ...201627688789
immunogenicity of rsv f dna vaccine in balb/c mice.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes severe acute lower respiratory tract disease leading to numerous hospitalizations and deaths among the infant and elderly populations worldwide. there is no vaccine or a less effective drug available against rsv infections. natural rsv infection stimulates the th1 immune response and activates the production of neutralizing antibodies, while earlier vaccine trials that used uv-inactivated rsv exacerbated the disease due to the activation of the allergic t ...201627688769
respiratory syncytial virus-infected mesenchymal stem cells regulate immunity via interferon beta and indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) has been reported to infect human mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) but the consequences are poorly understood. mscs are present in nearly every organ including the nasal mucosa and the lung and play a role in regulating immune responses and mediating tissue repair. we sought to determine whether rsv infection of mscs enhances their immune regulatory functions and contributes to rsv-associated lung disease. rsv was shown to replicate in human mscs by fluorescence mi ...201627695127
insurance status and the risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus disease in united states preterm infants born at 32-35 weeks gestational age.background.  database studies have identified that public health insurance status is associated with an increased risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease in us infants. however, these studies did not adjust for the presence of other risk factors and did not evaluate the risk in preterm infants. methods.  in this study, we evaluate the independent association between public insurance and severe rsv disease outcomes adjusting for other risk factors. the prospective, observational ...201627704018
respiratory rna viruses.acute upper and lower respiratory infections are a major public health problem and a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. at greatest risk are young children, the elderly, the chronically ill, and those with suppressed or compromised immune systems. viruses are the predominant cause of respiratory tract illnesses and include rna viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, and coronavirus. laboratory testing is req ...201627726802
prevalence and risk factors of respiratory viral infections in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) lead to high morbidity and mortality. respiratory virus infection is considered as one of the important causes of copd exacerbations. the aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of respiratory virus infection in copd exacerbations and to find the factors associated with susceptibility to viral infections. furthermore, we tried to examine if copd exacerbations caused by viral infections have more severe clinical outcomes in comp ...201627725531
a four year seasonal survey of the relationship between outdoor climate and epidemiology of viral respiratory tract infections in a temperate climate.the relation between weather conditions, viral transmission and seasonal activity of respiratory viruses is not fully understood.201627723525
retrospective multicenter study of respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in korean children with congenital heart diseases.we conducted a review of current data on respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis with palivizumab, in korean children with congenital heart diseases (chd). in 2009, the korean guideline for rsv prophylaxis had established up to five shots monthly per rsv season, only for children <1 year of age with hemodynamic significance chd (hs-chd).201627721865
a single intranasal immunization with a subunit vaccine formulation induces higher mucosal iga production than live respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes serious respiratory illness in infants and elderly. rsv infection induces short-lived immunity, which leaves people prone to re-infection. in contrast, the rsv fusion (f) protein formulated with a novel adjuvant (∆f/triadj) elicits long term protective immunity. a comparison of rsv-immunized mice to mice vaccinated with a single dose of ∆f/triadj showed no difference in igg1 and igg2a production; however, local iga secreting memory b cell development and ...201627721128
retrospective parameter estimation and forecast of respiratory syncytial virus in the united states.recent studies have shown that systems combining mathematical modeling and bayesian inference methods can be used to generate real-time forecasts of future infectious disease incidence. here we develop such a system to study and forecast respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). rsv is the most common cause of acute lower respiratory infection and bronchiolitis. advanced warning of the epidemic timing and volume of rsv patient surges has the potential to reduce well-documented delays of treatment in em ...201627716828
circulation of respiratory syncytial virus in morocco during 2014-2016: findings from a sentinel-based virological surveillance system for influenza.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in young infants, little was known on its circulation types and patterns in morocco. we conducted a prospective study using sentinel-based influenza surveillance to detect rsv by real time pcr in patients with acute respiratory infections, enrolled during two seasons (2014/15, 2015/16). during september 2014-april 2016, we obtained 1450 specimens, of which 267(18.4%) tested positive for rsv. the proportion of positiv ...201627714743
bronchiolitis.in england last year, nearly 40,000 babies and young children with bronchiolitis were admitted to hospital. this infection is usually caused by the respiratory syncytial virus, and in most cases symptoms are mild and last only a few days. however, a quality standard published in the summer by the national institute for health and care excellence (nice) states that admissions for bronchiolitis are rising. nice quality standards describe high-priority areas for improvement in a defined field of ca ...201627712322
comparing first- and second-year palivizumab prophylaxis in patients with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease in the caress database (2005-2015).respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization (rsvh) rates in children less than <2 years of age with hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease (hschd) are 2-4 fold higher compared with healthy term infants. pediatric recommendations differ as to whether palivizumab is beneficial beyond 1 year of age. the objective was to determine whether differences exist in respiratory-related illness hospitalization (rih) and rsvh in hschd infants receiving palivizumab during the first year versus s ...201627753795
respiratory syncytial virus aggravates renal injury through cytokines and direct renal injury.the purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between renal injury and reinfection that is caused by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) and to analyze the mechanism of renal injury. rats were repeatedly infected with rsv on days 4, 8, 14, and 28, then sacrificed and examined on day 56 after the primary infection. renal injury was examined by transmission electron microscopy and histopathology. the f protein of rsv was detected in the renal tissue by indirect immunofluorescence. pr ...201627747195
ginseng, the natural effectual antiviral: protective effects of korean red ginseng against viral infection.korean red ginseng (krg) is a heat-processed ginseng developed by the repeated steaming and air-drying of fresh ginseng. compared with fresh ginseng, krg has been shown to possess greater pharmacological activities and stability because of changes that occur in its chemical constituents during the steaming process. in addition to anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory activities, krg and its purified components have also been shown to possess protective effects against microbial in ...201627746682
respiratory syncytial virus a and b display different temporal patterns in a 4-year prospective cross-sectional study among children with acute respiratory infection in a tropical city.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most common etiological agents of childhood respiratory infections globally. information on seasonality of different antigenic groups is scarce. we aimed to describe the frequency, seasonality, and age of children infected by rsv antigenic groups a (rsva) and b (rsvb) among children with ari in a 4-year period.children (6-23 months old) with respiratory infection for ≤7 days were enrolled in a prospective cross-sectional study, from september, 2009 ...201627741144
epidemiology and clinical presentations of respiratory syncytial virus subgroups a and b detected with multiplex real-time pcr.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important pathogenic infections of children and requires in-depth research worldwide, and especially in developing countries. we used a novel multiplex real-time pcr to test 5483 patients (≤ 14 years old) hospitalized with respiratory illness in guangzhou, china, over a 3-year period. of these patients, 729 were positive for rsv-a (51.2%, 373/729) or rsv-b (48.8%, 356/729), but none was infected with both viruses. two seasonal peaks in total r ...201627764220
stability characterization of a vaccine antigen based on the respiratory syncytial virus fusion glycoprotein.infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes both upper and lower respiratory tract disease in humans, leading to significant morbidity and mortality in both young children and older adults. currently, there is no licensed vaccine available, and therapeutic options are limited. during the infection process, the type i viral fusion (f) glycoprotein on the surface of the rsv particle rearranges from a metastable prefusion conformation to a highly stable postfusion form. in people natura ...201627764150
palivizumab adherence and outcomes in canadian aboriginal children.aboriginal infants are at risk for serious respiratory infection.201627331856
intensive care unit admission and death rates of infants admitted with respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in mexico.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common etiology for acute respiratory infection hospital admissions in young children. case fatality rates for hospitalized patients range between 0% and 3.4%. recent reports indicate that deaths associated with rsv are uncommon in developed countries. however, the role of this virus as a current cause of mortality in other countries requires further examination.201627276178
similar to those who are breastfed, infants fed a formula containing 2'-fucosyllactose have lower inflammatory cytokines in a randomized controlled trial.evidence suggests that human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) provide multiple benefits to infants, including prebiotic effects, gut maturation, antimicrobial activities, and immune modulation. clinical intervention studies with hmos are required to confirm these benefits in infants.201627798337
respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: enter the microbiome. 201627797613
inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus replication by simultaneous targeting of mrna and genomic rna using dual-targeting sirnas.we attempted to generate sirnas with two active strands, which can simultaneously knock down the expression of mrna and viral genomic rna. in this study, short hairpin rnas (shrnas) against n and f genes were used. expression of f and n mrna transcripts as well as genomic rna was determined with relative real-time rt-pcr. the rsv load in infected cell culture supernatant was determined by absolute quantitative real-time pcr. we found that (i) in the presence of shrna-n, a greater reduction in vi ...201627766578
hydrogen sulfide is an antiviral and antiinflammatory endogenous gasotransmitter in the airways. role in respiratory syncytial virus infection.hydrogen sulfide (h2s) is an endogenous gaseous transmitter whose role in the pathophysiology of several lung diseases has been increasingly appreciated. our recent studies in vitro have shown, we believe for the first time, that h2s has an important antiviral and antiinflammatory activity in respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection, the leading cause of bronchiolitis and viral pneumonia in children. our objective was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of gyy4137, a novel slow-releasing h2 ...201627314446
pulmonary air leak syndrome associated with traumatic nasopharyngeal suctioning.we describe a healthy 7-month-old female infant who developed spontaneous pneumomediastinum (pm) and subcutaneous emphysema after traumatic nasopharyngeal suctioning (nps) while hospitalised for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. to the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of pulmonary air leak syndrome associated with traumatic nps in a healthy infant affected by bronchiolitis. although nps is currently the mainstay of treatment in patients admitted with bronchiolitis ...201627793871
rsv-specific anti-viral immunity is disrupted by chronic ethanol consumption.alcohol-use disorders (aud) persist in the united states and are heavily associated with an increased susceptibility to respiratory viral infections. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in particular has received attention as a viral pathogen commonly detected in children and immune-compromised populations (elderly, asthmatics), yet more recently was recognized as an important viral pathogen in young adults. our study evaluated the exacerbation of rsv-associated illness in mice that chronically co ...201627788776
respiratory syncytial virus vaccines: an update on those in the immediate pipeline.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is among the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infection among infants and the elderly worldwide. despite its long history, no licensed vaccine is available. recently, advances in the knowledge of rsv biology and pathology as well as the development of new techniques to generate vaccine candidates have increased the number of promising vaccines. the aim of this review is to analyze rsv characteristics, to consider the history of rsv vaccines and to d ...201627750448
nasogastric hydration in infants with bronchiolitis less than 2 months of age.to determine whether nasogastric hydration can be used in infants less than 2 months of age with bronchiolitis, and characterize the adverse events profile of these infants compared with infants given intravenous (iv) fluid hydration.201627522439
identification of different respiratory viruses, after a cell culture step, by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms).in this study matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms), a reliable identification method for the diagnosis of bacterial and fungal infections, is presented as an innovative tool to investigate the protein profile of cell cultures infected by the most common viruses causing respiratory tract infections in humans. maldi-tof ms was applied to the identification of influenza a and b viruses, adenovirus c species, parainfluenza virus types 1, 2 and 3 ...201627786297
management of bronchiolitis in community hospitals in ontario: a multicentre cohort study.bronchiolitis is the leading cause of hospital admission for infants, but few studies have examined management of this condition in community hospital settings. we reviewed the management of children with bronchiolitis presenting to community hospitals in ontario.201626906352
respiratory syncytial virus hospitalization outcomes and costs of full-term and preterm infants.infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), which causes lower respiratory tract infections, is the leading cause of hospitalization among children <1 year old in the united states. risk factors for rsv hospitalization include premature birth and younger chronologic age, along with several comorbid conditions. however, in terms of rsv hospitalization costs, premature infants are rarely studied separately from full-term infants. the objective of this study is to describe the cost and severi ...201627490190
age-related effect of viral-induced wheezing in severe prematurity.premature children are prone to severe viral respiratory infections in early life, but the age at which susceptibility peaks and disappears for each pathogen is unclear. methods: a retrospective analysis was performed of the age distribution and clinical features of acute viral respiratory infections in full-term and premature children, aged zero to seven years. results: the study comprised of a total of 630 hospitalizations (n = 580 children). sixty-seven percent of these hospitalizations occur ...201627775602
respiratory viruses: influenza, rsv, and adenovirus in kidney transplantation.although advances in immunosuppression and antimicrobial prophylaxis have led to improved patient and graft survival, respiratory viruses continue to be a common cause of morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised populations. we describe the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment options for influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and adenovirus infection in the kidney transplant population.201627772626
molecular evolution of respiratory syncytial virus subgroup a genotype na1 and on1 attachment glycoprotein (g) gene in central vietnam.we performed molecular evolutionary analyses of the g gene c-terminal 3rd hypervariable region of rsv-a genotypes na1 and on1 strains from the paediatric acute respiratory infection patients in central vietnam during the 2010-2012 study period. time-scaled phylogenetic analyses were performed using bayesian markov chain monte carlo (mcmc) method, and pairwise distances (p-distances) were calculated. bayesian skyline plot (bsp) was constructed to analyze the time-trend relative genetic diversity ...201627746294
three new polyphenolic acids from the leaves of eucalyptus citriodora with antivirus activity.six polyphenolic acids (1-6), including the three new compounds citriodolic acids a, b, and c (1-3), were isolated from the leaves of eucalyptus citriodora. their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including one dimensional (1d)- and 2d-nmr, high-resolution electrospray ionization (hr-esi)-ms, and circular dichroism (cd). the potential antivirus activity against respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) of all the isolated compounds was evaluated.201627523640
clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus infection in eastern china between 2009 and 2013: a retrospective study.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide in children aged <5 years and older adults with acute lower respiratory infections (alris). however, few studies regarding the epidemiology of hospitalizations for rsv infection have been performed previously in china. here, we aimed to describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of hospitalized patients with laboratory-confirmed rsv infection in eastern china. active surveillance for hospitaliz ...201627802292
vaccination strategies against respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common cause of us infant hospitalization. additionally, rsv is responsible for 10,000 deaths annually among the elderly across the united states, and accounts for nearly as many hospitalizations as influenza. currently, several rsv vaccine candidates are under development to target different age groups. to evaluate the potential effectiveness of age-specific vaccination strategies in averting rsv incidence, we developed a transmission model that int ...201627799521
altered treg and cytokine responses in rsv-infected infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in children under 1 y of age in the usa. the host immune response is believed to contribute to rsv-induced disease. we hypothesize that severe rsv infection in infants is mediated by insufficient regulation of the host immune response of regulatory t cells (tregs) resulting in immunopathology.201627486703
[effect of respiratory syncytial virus-related pulmonary infection on endogenous metabolites in large intestinal mucosa in mice].to investigate the effect of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related pulmonary infection on endogenous metabolites in large intestinal mucosa in balb/c mice using metabolomics technology based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms).201627817786
health care-acquired viral respiratory diseases.health care-acquired viral respiratory infections are common and cause increased patient morbidity and mortality. respiratory syncytial virus and influenza virus are frequently transmitted in the hospital setting. studies report decreased nosocomial transmission when aggressive infection control measures are implemented with more success using a multicomponent approach. influenza vaccination of health care personnel has been shown to further decrease rates of transmission, thus mandatory vaccina ...201627816139
non-invasive epicutaneous vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus: preclinical proof of concept.to put a respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine onto the market, new vaccination strategies combining scientific and technical innovations need to be explored. such a vaccine would also need to be adapted to the vaccination of young children that are the principal victims of acute rsv infection. in the present project, we describe the development and the preclinical evaluation of an original epicutaneous rsv vaccine that combines two technologies: viaskin® epicutaneous patches as a delivery p ...201627720994
local variations in the timing of rsv epidemics.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a primary cause of hospitalizations in children worldwide. the timing of seasonal rsv epidemics needs to be known in order to administer prophylaxis to high-risk infants at the appropriate time.201627835988
co-circulation of 72bp duplication group a and 60bp duplication group b respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) strains in riyadh, saudi arabia during 2014.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important viral pathogen of acute respiratory tract infection (ari). limited data are available on molecular epidemiology of rsv from saudi arabia. a total of 130 nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from children less than 5 years of age with ari symptoms attending the emergency department at king khalid university hospital and king fahad medical city, riyadh, saudi arabia between october and december, 2014. rsv was identified in the 26% of the hospita ...201627835664
transcriptome assists prognosis of disease severity in respiratory syncytial virus infected infants.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes infections that range from common cold to severe lower respiratory tract infection requiring high-level medical care. prediction of the course of disease in individual patients remains challenging at the first visit to the pediatric wards and rsv infections may rapidly progress to severe disease. in this study we investigate whether there exists a genomic signature that can accurately predict the course of rsv. we used early blood microarray transcriptome ...201627833115
management of respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis: 2015 survey of members of the european society for paediatric infectious diseases.in 1995, the european society for paediatric infectious diseases (espid) carried out a survey of its members to assess the variation in management of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis. the aim of the current study was to carry out a similar survey 20 years later to assess how the management had changed. an electronic, structured, english language survey, based on the united kingdom national institute for health and care excellence (nice) bronchiolitis draft guideline, was sent to e ...201627840650
absence of association between cord specific antibody levels and severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease in early infants: a case control study from coastal kenya.the target group for severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease prevention is infants under 6 months of age. vaccine boosting of antibody titres in pregnant mothers could protect these young infants from severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) associated disease. quantifying protective levels of rsv-specific maternal antibody at birth would inform vaccine development.201627851799
antiviral activity of polysaccharide extract from laminaria japonica against respiratory syncytial virus.this study was designed to investigate the inhibition activity of polysaccharide extract from laminaria japonica against rsv. the polysaccharide from laminaria japonica was isolated by ethanol precipitation. hek293 cells were infected with rvs, and the antiviral activity of polysaccharide extract against rsv in host cells was tested. by using elisa and western blot assay, the expression level of ifn-α and irf3 and their functional roles in polysaccharide-mediated antiviral activity against rsv w ...201627847204
clinical impact of mixed respiratory viral infection in children with adenoviral infection.although adenovirus (adv) infection occurs steadily all year round in korea and the identification of respiratory viral coinfections has been increasing following the introduction of multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction tests, the clinical impact of viral coinfection in children with adv infection has rarely been reported.201627883373
respiratory viral infections and host responses; insights from genomics.respiratory viral infections are a leading cause of disease and mortality. the severity of these illnesses can vary markedly from mild or asymptomatic upper airway infections to severe wheezing, bronchiolitis or pneumonia. in this article, we review the viral sensing pathways and organizing principles that govern the innate immune response to infection. then, we reconstruct the molecular networks that differentiate symptomatic from asymptomatic respiratory viral infections, and identify the unde ...201627871304
defining the risk and associated morbidity and mortality of severe respiratory syncytial virus infection among infants with chronic lung disease.the regal (rsv evidence-a geographical archive of the literature) series provide a comprehensive review of the published evidence in the field of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in western countries over the last 20 years. this third publication covers the risk and burden of rsv infection in infants with chronic lung disease (cld), formerly called bronchopulmonary dysplasia (bpd).201627864751
effects of chronologic age and young child exposure on respiratory syncytial virus disease among us preterm infants born at 32 to 35 weeks gestation.to estimate the incidence of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) disease as a function of chronologic age and exposure to young children in us preterm infants.201627898687
evaluation of the financial and health burden of infants at risk for respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading viral cause of death in infants younger than 1 year. in july 2014, the american academy of pediatrics (aap) committee on infectious diseases concluded that the "limited clinical benefit" for infants born at more than 29 weeks' gestation, together with the associated high cost of the immunoprophylaxis, no longer supported the routine use of palivizumab (synagis).201627926583
differences in the nasopharyngeal microbiome during acute respiratory tract infection with human rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus in infancy.respiratory viruses alter the nasopharyngeal microbiome and may be associated with a distinct microbial signature. to test this hypothesis, we compared the nasopharyngeal microbiome of 135 previously healthy infants with acute respiratory infection due to human rhinovirus (hrv; n = 52) or respiratory syncytial virus (rsv; n = 83). the nasopharyngeal microbiome was assessed by sequencing the v4 region of the 16s ribosomal rna. respiratory viruses were identified by quantitative reverse-transcript ...201627923952
pharmacist-driven respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis stewardship service in a neonatal intensive care unit.the development and implementation of a pharmacist-driven respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis stewardship program in a neonatal intensive care unit (nicu) are described.201627919877
synthetic biodegradable microparticle and nanoparticle vaccines against the respiratory syncytial virus.synthetic biodegradable microparticle and nanoparticle platform technology provides the opportunity to design particles varying in composition, size, shape and surface properties for application in vaccine development. the use of particle vaccine formulations allows improvement of antigen stability and immunogenicity while allowing targeted delivery and slow release. this technology has been design to develop novel vaccines against the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), the leading cause of lowe ...201627918420
hygiene factors associated with childhood food allergy and asthma.childhood food allergy and asthma rates are increasing. the hygiene hypothesis has been proposed as an explanation for the increased incidence of allergic disease.201627931290
secondhand smoke exposure, illness severity, and resource utilization in pediatric emergency department patients with respiratory illnesses.hospital-based data reveal that children who have secondhand smoke exposure (shse) experience severe respiratory illnesses and greater resource utilization. our objective was to assess the relationship between shse and illness severity/resource utilization among children presenting to the pediatric emergency department (ped) with three common respiratory conditions-asthma, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia.201627929695
experiences of caring for infants with severe bronchiolitis.background common in children under two years, bronchiolitis is usually caused by respiratory syncytial virus (jhawar 2003). symptoms are usually self-limiting although some children develop respiratory distress requiring hospitalisation (scottish intercollegiate guidelines network 2006). supplemental oxygen, fluid support and ventilator assistance may also be necessary. in cases of moderately severe bronchiolitis, oxygen can be delivered through a head box, but some hospitals deliver high-flow ...201627927115
cytokine elevation in sudden death with respiratory syncytial virus: a case report of 2 children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most common viral cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children worldwide. premature birth, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, congenital heart disease, and down syndrome are risk factors for high mortality and prolonged morbidity after rsv infection. conversely, many previously healthy, full-term children are also admitted to the hospital because of rsv, and some of them experience severe sequelae or die due to the virus. various complications of rsv i ...201627940684
commentary: blood eosinophilia is associated with unfavorable hospitalization outcomes in children with bronchiolitis. 201627965947
correction: effects of chronologic age and young child exposure on respiratory syncytial virus disease among us preterm infants born at 32 to 35 weeks gestation.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166226.].201627959962
[after the epidemic - before the epidemic. incidence of bronchiolitis at the pediatric ward of the bács-kiskun county hospital].bronchiolitis may cause severe respiratory insufficiency in infants and toddlers. respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is its most frequent infective agent.201627989226
vaccination against respiratory syncytial virus in pregnancy. 201627998593
seasonality of influenza and respiratory syncytial viruses and the effect of climate factors in subtropical-tropical asia using influenza-like illness surveillance data, 2010 -2012.the seasonality of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is well known, and many analyses have been conducted in temperate countries; however, this is still not well understood in tropical countries. previous studies suggest that climate factors are involved in the seasonality of these viruses. however, the extent of the effect of each climate variable is yet to be defined.201628002419
a live rsv vaccine with engineered thermostability is immunogenic in cotton rats despite high attenuation.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of infant hospitalization and there remains no pediatric vaccine. rsv live-attenuated vaccines (lavs) have a history of safe testing in infants; however, achieving an effective balance of attenuation and immunogenicity has proven challenging. here we seek to engineer an rsv lav with enhanced immunogenicity. genetic mapping identifies strain line 19 fusion (f) protein residues that correlate with pre-fusion antigen maintenance by elisa and ther ...201628000669
viral agents causing acute respiratory infections in children under five: a study from eastern india.background. acute respiratory infections (aris) are important cause of mortality and morbidity in children under five in developing country. methods. this observational study was conducted over two-year period in a tertiary care teaching hospital of eastern india. nasal and throat swabs were collected, transported to the laboratory at 2-8°c in viral transport media, and then processed for detection of viruses using mono/multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction. results. a total of 300 child ...201628018433
quantification and determinants of the amount of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) shed using real time pcr data from a longitudinal household study.background a better understanding of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) epidemiology requires realistic estimates of rsv shedding patterns, quantities shed, and identification of the related underlying factors. methods rsv infection data arise from a cohort study of 47 households with 493 occupants, in coastal kenya, during the 2009/2010 rsv season. nasopharyngeal swabs were taken every 3 to 4 days and screened for rsv using a real time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay. the amount of virus s ...201628066826
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