Publications

[siv as a source of hiv. on the origin of human immunodeficiency viruses from non-human primates].	it is assumed that hiv, the human immunodeficiency virus, started its spread after the second world war. molecular analysis of the genome of various hiv-1 types has shown that this virus can be divided into the groups m, n, and o and that these genome sequences fit perfectly to the genomes found in siv of chimpanzees (sivcpz) living in the area of west and central africa. sivcpz is nonpathogenic for chimpanzees indicating that the virus and host have adapted for a long period. hiv-2 genome seque ...	2004	15254823
a capillary electrophoretic assay for ribonuclease h activity.	a capillary electrophoretic assay was developed to measure the ribonuclease (rnase) h activity of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 reverse transcriptase. cleavage of a fluorescein-labeled rna-dna heteroduplex was monitored by capillary electrophoresis. this new assay was used as a secondary assay to confirm hits from a high-throughput screening program. since autofluorescent compounds in samples migrated differently from both substrate and product in most cases, the assay was extremely ...	2004	15265735
[guillain-barré syndrome in hiv-infected patients at bobo-dioulasso hospital (burkina faso)].	neurological manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection are frequent and several associated peripheral neuropathies have been recognized. among them, guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) may occur either early or during the course of the illness. we present a prospective study of 32 consecutive cases of gbs managed over a 5-year period at bobo-dioulasso hospital where hiv prevalence reaches 20.1p.cent. male gender predominated (24/32). gbs occurred during the dry season for 65.7p.ce ...	2004	15269674
transduction of cell lines and primary cells by fiv-packaged hiv vectors.	human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), simian immunodeficiency virus, and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) are capable of packaging viral rna derived from heterologous as well as homologous lentiviruses, a phenomenon referred to as "cross packaging." to remove the possibility of seroconversion to hiv proteins, and to avoid potential problems arising due to targeting of vector or packaging construct by antiviral genes, we investigated the feasibility of using an fiv-based packaging syste ...	2004	15272479
analysis of 15 novel full-length bk virus sequences from three individuals: evidence of a high intra-strain genetic diversity.	to determine the variability of bk virus (bkv) in vivo, the sequences of nine full-length molecular clones from the striated muscle and heart dna of a patient with bkv-associated capillary leak syndrome (bkvcap), as well as three clones each from the urine of one human immunodeficiency virus type 2-positive (bkvhi) and one healthy control subject (bkvhc), were analysed. the regulatory region of all clones corresponded to the archetypal regulatory region usually found in urine isolates. analysis ...	2004	15302959
cerebrospinal fluid viral load, virus isolation, and intrathecal immunoactivation in hiv type 2 infection.	four patients with hiv-2 infection were followed longitudinally with cerebrospinal fluid (csf) analyses. two patients had positive csf hiv-2 isolations. these two patients had cd4 cell count below 200 x 10(6)/liter and maximum csf hiv-2 rna viral loads above 4000 copies/ml. intrathecal immune activation was demonstrated by elevated csf neopterin concentrations (14-18 nmol/liter). no opportunistic infections were diagnosed. after antiretroviral treatment csf viral counts decreased to below 125 co ...	2004	15307916
codon optimization of the tat antigen of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 generates strong immune responses in mice following genetic immunization.	dna vaccines have been successful in eliciting potent immune responses in mice. their efficiency, however, is restricted in larger animals. one reason for the limited performance of the dna vaccines is the lack of molecular strategies to enhance immune responses. additionally, genes directly cloned from pathogenic organisms may not be efficiently translated in a heterologous host expression system as a consequence of codon bias. to evaluate the influence of codon optimization on the immune respo ...	2004	15308713
splicing affects presentation of rna dimerization signals in hiv-2 in vitro.	during retroviral replication, full-length viral rnas are encapsidated into new virus particles, while spliced rnas are excluded. the retroviridae are unique among viruses in that infectious viral particles contain a dimer of two identical genomic rna strands. a variety of experimental data has suggested that dimerization and encapsidation of full-length viral rnas are linked processes, although whether dimerization is a prerequisite for encapsidation, or conversely, dimerization follows encapsi ...	2004	15333691
chemokine receptor ccr5: insights into structure, function, and regulation.	cc chemokine receptor 5 (ccr5) is a seven-transmembrane, g protein-coupled receptor (gpcr) which regulates trafficking and effector functions of memory/effector t-lymphocytes, macrophages, and immature dendritic cells. it also serves as the main coreceptor for the entry of r5 strains of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1, hiv-2). chemokine binding to ccr5 leads to cellular activation through pertussis toxin-sensitive heterotrimeric g proteins as well as g protein-independent signalling pathways ...	2004	15337520
the natural history of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections in adults in africa: a literature review.	about 30 million people in africa are estimated to be living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (hiv/aids), yet data about the natural history of infection on the continent are sparse. we reviewed the literature on the natural history of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections among african adults. only one study, conducted in rural uganda, has reported on survival from the time of hiv-1 seroconversion: the median was 9.8 years, which is similar to that reported in develope ...	2004	15356940
humoral immunity and the evolution of hiv-2.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) evolved from the zoonotic transmission of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) that naturally infects sooty mangabeys found in west africa. using sera from hiv-2-infected humans, we discovered that an hypervariable region (the v4 loop) of hiv-2 induces antibody responses only weakly reactive against itself but strongly reactive against analogous sequences from the v4 loop of strains of siv. available sequence data indicates that all strains of hiv-2 hav ...	2004	15357909
field evaluation of a rapid human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) serial serologic testing algorithm for diagnosis and differentiation of hiv type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and dual hiv-1-hiv-2 infections in west african pregnant women.	we evaluated a two-rapid-test serial algorithm using the determine and genie ii rapid assays, performed on-site in four peripheral laboratories during the french agence nationale de recherches sur le sida (anrs) 1201/1202 ditrame plus cohort developed for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection in côte d'ivoire. a total of 1,039 specimens were retested by two commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas). the following specimens were te ...	2004	15365003
mannose-specific plant lectins from the amaryllidaceae family qualify as efficient microbicides for prevention of human immunodeficiency virus infection.	the plant lectins derived from galanthus nivalis (snowdrop) (gna) and hippeastrum hybrid (amaryllis) (hha) selectively inhibited a wide variety of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 strains and clinical (cxcr4- and ccr5-using) isolates in different cell types. they also efficiently inhibited infection of t lymphocytes by a variety of mutant virus strains. gna and hha markedly prevented syncytium formation between persistently infected hut-78/hiv cells and uninfected t lymphocy ...	2004	15388446
sequential modification of translation initiation factor eif4gi by two different foot-and-mouth disease virus proteases within infected baby hamster kidney cells: identification of the 3cpro cleavage site.	infection of cells by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes the rapid inhibition of cellular cap-dependent protein synthesis that results from cleavage of the translation initiation factor eif4g, a component of the cap-binding complex eif4f. two fmdv proteins, the leader (l) and 3c proteases, have been shown individually to induce cleavage of eif4gi at distinct sites within baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells. here, sequential cleavage of eif4gi by the l and 3c proteases was demonstrated in fmd ...	2004	15448358
human immunodeficiency virus type 2 gag interacts specifically with prp4, a serine-threonine kinase, and inhibits phosphorylation of splicing factor sf2.	using a yeast two-hybrid screen of a t-cell cdna library to identify cellular proteins that bind to the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) gag polyprotein, we identified prp4, a serine-threonine protein kinase. specific interaction of prp4 and hiv-2 gag was confirmed in in vitro and in vivo assays. the interacting region of hiv-2 gag is located in the conserved matrix and capsid domains, while both the rs (arginine-serine-rich) domain and the ks (kinase) domain of prp4 are able to bind ...	2004	15452250
antigenic activity of three chimeric synthetic peptides of the transmembrane (gp41) and the envelope (gp120) glycoproteins of hiv-1 virus.	the antigenicity of three chimeric synthetic peptides (qm, qm-16, and qm-17) incorporating an immunodominant epitope of the gp41 transmembrane protein (587-617) and the different epitopes of the gp120 envelope protein (495-516), (301-335), (502-516) of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1), separated by two glycine residues, was evaluated by ultramicroenzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (umelisa) by using panels of anti-hiv-1 positive sera (n = 47). the specificity was evaluated with samples from h ...	2004	15461139
t-cell activation leads to poor activation of the hiv-1 clade e long terminal repeat and weak association of nuclear factor-kappab and nfat with its enhancer region.	the enhancer region in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) 5'-long terminal repeat (ltr) is very important for viral transcription. this promoter sequence binds both nuclear factor-kappab and nfat, two important modulators of hiv-1 gene expression. previous studies have indicated that the enhancer regions of the different hiv-1 clade ltrs differ in their number of nf-kappab-binding sites. in this study, we have compared the activation potential of the different hiv-1 clade and hiv-2 ...	2004	15466412
vpx proteins of sivmac239 and hiv-2rod interact with the cytoskeletal protein alpha-actinin 1.	vpx genes of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and immunodeficiency viruses from macaques (sivmac), sooty mangabeys (sivsm) and red-capped mangabeys (sivrcm) encode a 112 aa protein that is packed into virion particles via interaction with the p6 domain of p55(gag). vpx localizes to the nucleus when expressed in the absence of other viral proteins. moreover, vpx is necessary for efficient nuclear import of the pre-integration complex (pic) and critical for virus replication in quiescen ...	2004	15483243
aids as a zoonosis? confusion over the origin of the virus and the origin of the epidemics.	based on findings demonstrating the simian ancestry of hiv, aids has been reported to be a zoonosis. however, this theory has never been proved and must seriously be questioned. several arguments show that hiv-aids is not a zoonosis. (i) if aids were a zoonosis, there must be evidence of aids being directly acquired from an animal species, as is rabies, a disease that is directly acquired from animals. (ii) despite long-term and frequent human exposure to siv-infected monkeys in africa, only 11 ...	2004	15525322
characterization of virus infectivity and cell-free capsid assembly of sivmnecl8.	we have previously described a cell-free system that reconstitutes immature capsid assembly of gag polypeptides from viruses belonging to three major primate lentiviral lineages, including hiv-1, hiv-2 and sivagm. studies described here examine a member of the sivmac/mne lineage, sivmnecl8, using assays for virus production and infectivity as well as cellular events in capsid formation. we report that sivmnecl8, a molecular clone with properties typical of transmitted viral variants, is less inf ...	2004	15525327
new multiple antigenic peptide-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of simian immunodeficiency virus infection in nonhuman primates and humans.	infections with human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2, respectively) are zoonotic infections. in africa, the potential exists for additional cross-species transmissions from at least 33 different species of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv)-infected nonhuman primates (nhps) through hunting and butchering of these animals for food. here we describe a highly sensitive and specific enzyme immunoassay (eia) with chemically modified, multiple antigenic peptides (maps) develope ...	2004	15528710
inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus replication by a dual ccr5/cxcr4 antagonist.	here we report that the n-pyridinylmethyl cyclam analog amd3451 has antiviral activity against a wide variety of r5, r5/x4, and x4 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 (50% inhibitory concentration [ic(50)] ranging from 1.2 to 26.5 microm) in various t-cell lines, ccr5- or cxcr4-transfected cells, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmcs), and monocytes/macrophages. amd3451 also inhibited r5, r5/x4, and x4 hiv-1 primary clinical isolates in pbmcs (ic(50), 1.8 to 7.3 ...	2004	15542651
determination of hiv-1 infectivity by lymphocytic cell lines with integrated luciferase gene.	we have established lymphocytic cell lines h9 and m8166 that contain integrated copy of luciferase gene under the control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) long terminal repeat (ltr). while h9 is known to be non-permissive for or insensitive to some particular mutant strains of hiv/simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), m8166 is one of the most susceptible lines to various hiv/sivs. the luciferase gene driven by hiv-1 ltr was transfected into h9 and m8166 cells with the neo gene, and ...	2004	15547676
optimization of unique, uncharged thioesters as inhibitors of hiv replication.	a combinatorial chemistry approach was employed to prepare a restricted library of n-substituted s-acyl-2-mercaptobenzamide thioesters. it was shown that many members of this chemotype display anti-hiv activity via their ability to interact with hiv-1, hiv-2, siv-infected cells, cell-free virus, and chronically and latently infected cells in a manner consistent with targeting of the highly conserved hiv-1 ncp7 zinc fingers. compounds were initially screened using two different in vitro antiviral ...	2004	15556761
tmc125, a novel next-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor active against nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis) are potent inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1); however, currently marketed nnrtis rapidly select resistant virus, and cross-resistance within the class is extensive. a parallel screening strategy was applied to test candidates from a series of diarylpyrimidines against wild-type and resistant hiv strains carrying clinically relevant mutations. serum protein binding and metabolic stability were addressed early in the s ...	2004	15561844
comparison of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-specific t-cell responses in hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected individuals in senegal.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection is typically less virulent than hiv-1 infection, which may permit the host to mount more effective, sustained t-cell immunity. we investigated antiviral gamma interferon-secreting t-cell responses by an ex vivo elispot assay in 68 hiv-1- and 55 hiv-2-infected senegalese patients to determine if differences relate to more efficient hiv-2 control. homologous hiv-specific t cells were detected in similar frequencies (79% versus 76%, p = 0.7) and ...	2004	15564501
[seroepidemiological survey of the human immunodeficiency virus, type 2].	to perform a seroepidemiological study and identify associated factors in a population infected by human immunodeficiency virus, type 2 (hiv-2). a total of 2202 individuals were tested to determine the seroprevalence of this virus.	2004	15941553
multicenter evaluation of a new, automated enzyme-linked immunoassay for detection of human immunodeficiency virus-specific antibodies and antigen.	a collaborative multicenter study was conducted to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and precision of a three-step, fully automated, qualitative microparticle-based enzyme-linked immunoassay (axsym hiv ag/ab combo; abbott laboratories), designed to simultaneously detect (i). antibodies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and/or type 2 (hiv-2) and (ii). hiv p24 antigen. a significant reduction in the hiv seroconversion window was achieved by combining detection of hiv antibod ...	2004	14715727
stampidine prevents mortality in an experimental mouse model of viral hemorrhagic fever caused by lassa virus.	the potential use of microorganisms as agents of biological warfare (bw) is a growing concern. lassa virus, a member of the arenavirus class of hemorrhagic fever (hf) viruses has emerged as a worldwide concern among public health officials. the purpose of the present study was to further elucidate the antiviral activity spectrum of stampidine, a novel nucleoside analog with potent anti-viral activity against the immunodeficiency viruses hiv-1, hiv-2, and fiv, by examining its effects on survival ...	2004	14720304
susceptibility of feline immunodeficiency virus/human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase chimeras to non-nucleoside rt inhibitors.	to map the determinants of the lack of susceptibility of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) reverse transcriptase (rt) to anti human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) non-nucleoside rt inhibitors (nnrtis), a variety of chimeric hiv-1/fiv rts were constructed. the majority of chimeric rts had an affinity (km) for their natural substrates comparable with that of the wild-type hiv-1 and fiv rts, but their catalytic efficacy was decreased. whereas hiv-1 rt could be made entirely insensitive to ...	2004	14722257
isolation of cd4-independent primary human immunodeficiency virus type 1 isolates that are syncytium inducing and acutely cytopathic for cd8+ lymphocytes.	previous studies have established the existence of cd4-independent simian immunodeficiency virus, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2), and laboratory strains of hiv-1. however, whether cd4-independent viruses may also exist in hiv-1-infected patients has remained unclear. we have recently reported the isolation of viruses from an aids patient that were able to infect cd8(+) cells independent of cd4, using cd8 as a receptor. using a similar approach, here we examined viruses from 12 rando ...	2004	14722279
no differences in cellular immune responses between asymptomatic hiv type 1- and type 2-infected gambian patients.	fewer people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 2 progress to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, compared with those infected with hiv-1. to understand the immune mechanisms leading to slow progression in hiv-2 infection, cell-mediated immune responses were compared between the 2 infections in asymptomatic subjects with a cd4 cell count > or =20%. interferon- gamma release from t lymphocytes and the cytotoxicity of cd8+ t lymphocytes were measured by elispot and 51cr release ...	2004	14745708
conservation of a stepwise, energy-sensitive pathway involving hp68 for assembly of primate lentivirus capsids in cells.	previously we have described a stepwise, energy-dependent pathway for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) capsid assembly in a cell-free system. in this pathway, gag polypeptides utilize the cellular factor hp68 and assemble into immature capsids by way of assembly intermediates that have defined biochemical characteristics. here we address whether this pathway is universally conserved among primate lentiviruses and can be observed in mammalian cells. we demonstrate that hiv-2 gag associ ...	2004	14747530
chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) virions containing hiv-2 or simian immunodeficiency virus nef are resistant to cyclosporine treatment.	the viral protein nef and the cellular factor cyclophilin a are both required for full infectivity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) virions. in contrast, hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) do not incorporate cyclophilin a into virions or need it for full infectivity. since nef and cyclophilin a appear to act in similar ways on postentry events, we determined whether chimeric hiv-1 virions that contained either hiv-2 or siv nef would have a direct effect on cyclophilin a ...	2004	14747548
comparative study of adaptive molecular evolution in different human immunodeficiency virus groups and subtypes.	molecular adaptation, as characterized by the detection of positive selection, was quantified in a number of genes from different human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) group m subtypes, group o, and an hiv-2 subtype using the codon-based maximum-likelihood method of yang and coworkers (z. h. yang, r. nielsen, n. goldman, and a. m. k. pedersen, genetics 155:431-449, 2000). the env gene was investigated further since it exhibited the strongest signal for positive selection compared to those ...	2004	14747561
lv2, a novel postentry restriction, is mediated by both capsid and envelope.	the characterization of restrictions to lentivirus replication in cells identifies critical steps in the viral life cycle and potential therapeutic targets. we previously reported that a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) isolate was restricted to infection in some human cells, which led us to identify a step in the life cycle of hiv-2 detected after reverse transcription but prior to nuclear entry. the block is bypassed with a vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein g (vsv-g) envelope ...	2004	14747565
[hiv-2 and htlv-i/ii infections in spain].	up to december 2002, a total of 56, 566 and 109 cases of human t-lymphotropic virus type 1 (htlv-i), htlv-ii and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection, respectively, were identified in spain. most htlv-i- and hiv-2-infected subjects were immigrants from endemic areas or spaniards who had traveled to, or had sexual contacts with natives from, these areas. in contrast, htlv-ii infection was mainly limited to spanish intravenous drug users (idu) who were frequently coinfected with h ...	2004	14987538
[hiv seroprevalence in ophthalmologic patients of cameroon].	it is difficult to estimate the exact hiv infection rates in countries such as cameroon because of diagnostic and statistical problems. the majority of people seek help from traditional healers outside the health system.	2004	14999411
evaluation of genetic immunization adjuvants to improve the effectiveness of a human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) envelope dna vaccine.	in an effort to develop a more effective genetic immunization strategy for hiv, we developed an hiv-2 env dna vaccine and evaluated three adjuvant formulations. the gp140 gene from hiv-2(uc2 )was synthesized using mammalian codons and cloned into a plasmid vector that expresses eukaryotic genes at high levels. we found that after three immunizations in mice, a novel cationic liposome formulation (vaxfectin) was superior at inducing systemic and mucosal antibody responses compared to a naked dna, ...	2004	15000750
actinohivin, a novel anti-human immunodeficiency virus protein from an actinomycete, inhibits viral entry to cells by binding high-mannose type sugar chains of gp120.	we searched human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) entry inhibitors and found a novel anti-hiv protein, actinohivin (ah), in a culture filtrate of the newly discovered genus actinomycete longispora albida gen. nov., sp. nov. this paper deals with the mechanism of action of the anti-hiv activity of ah. ah exhibited potent anti-hiv activities against various strains of hiv-1 and hiv-2. ah bound to the glycoprotein gp120 of various strains of hiv-1 and gp130 of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv), but ...	2004	15003531
quantitative real-time pcr on lightcycler for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2).	similar to hiv-1, the viral load in hiv-2 is a marker of the evolution of infection and the success of therapy. no approved or commercially distributed assay exists to determine the plasma viral load of hiv-2. we therefore developed a quantitative real-time pcr to determine the plasma rna viral load of hiv-2, based on the reference strains rod and eho, which represent subtypes a and b of hiv-2, respectively. after testing several pairs of primers, a set was chosen that recognised the 5'-ltr regi ...	2004	15019261
antiretroviral drug resistance in non-subtype b hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv.	patients infected with hiv-1 of subtype other than b ('non-subtype b') or with hiv-2 are being treated with antiretroviral drugs in increasing numbers. in addition, healthcare providers and laboratory workers working with clinical specimens or animals infected with hiv, siv or shiv are at risk of being exposed to the virus and might require post-exposure prophylactic treatment. thus, it is important to understand the inherent antiviral susceptibility of non-subtype b hiv-1, hiv-2 and siv to curr ...	2004	15040531
susceptibility of hiv-2, siv and shiv to various anti-hiv-1 compounds: implications for treatment and postexposure prophylaxis.	limited information is available on the activity of antiretroviral drugs against human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) strains to guide their use in treatment or prophylaxis. we evaluated the antiviral activity of 16 approved drugs and one experimental drug, amd3100, against two wild-type hiv-2 (rod and eho) isolates, two strains of siv (mac251 and b670), and two strains of simian-human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) that contain the reverse transcrip ...	2004	15040537
in vivo analysis of nef function.	the nef gene is present in all primate lentiviruses (hiv-1, hiv-2, and sivs). in vivo, nef has been shown to be a major determinant of virus pathogenicity. in vitro, many different nef activities have been reported, including cd4 and mhc i downregulation, enhanced virion infectivity, and t-cell activation. these four different activities have been extensively investigated and appear to increase the pathogenicity of the virus. however, the contribution that these activities (individually or toget ...	2003	15043211
evaluation of three commercial rapid tests for detecting antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus.	determine hiv-1/2, chembio hiv-1/2 stat-pak and pentest are simple/rapid tests for the detection of antibodies to hiv-1 and hiv-2 in human whole blood, serum and plasma samples. the assay is one step and the result is read visually within 15 minutes. using 92 known hiv-1 reactive sera and 108 known hiv-1 negative sera, the 3 hiv tests correctly identified all the known hiv-1 reactive and negative samples. the results indicated that determine hiv-1/2, chembio hiv-1/2 stat-pak and pentest hiv are ...	2003	14750391
restriction of multiple divergent retroviruses by lv1 and ref1.	the mouse gene fv1 encodes a saturable restriction factor that selectively blocks infection by n-tropic or b-tropic murine leukemia virus (mlv) strains. despite the absence of an fv1 gene, a similar activity is present in humans that blocks n-mlv infection (ref1). moreover, some non-human primate cell lines express a potentially related inhibitor of hiv-1 and/or sivmac infection (lv1). here, we examine the spectrum of retrovirus-restricting activities expressed by human and african green monkey ...	2003	12554640
cd4-dependent and cd4-independent hiv-2: consequences for neutralization.	hiv-2 is less pathogenic than hiv-1. in contrast to hiv-1, many isolates of hiv-2, including primary isolates, can infect cells independently of cd4.	2003	12556682
expression patterns of phenotypic markers on lymphocytes from human immunodeficiency virus type 2-infected baboons.	the development of aids in hiv-1-infected humans is associated with profound changes in the expression patterns of lymphocyte phenotypic markers associated with increased immune activation and with decreased recall immune responses. in assessing these immunologic changes in an animal model, we characterized the expression patterns of immune activation markers on lymphocyte subsets during the acute, chronic, and end stages of hiv-2 infection in baboons. using flow cytometry, we identified 21 huma ...	2003	12581514
comparison of hiv-1 and hiv-2 infectivity from a prospective cohort study in senegal.	from a prospective cohort study of 1948 initially human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) uninfected female commercial sex workers followed between 1985 and 1999 in dakar, senegal, the authors compared the male to female per infectious sexual exposure transmission probability of hiv types one (hiv-1) and two (hiv-2). new non-parametric competing risks failure time methods were used, which minimized modelling assumptions and controlled for risk factors for hiv infection. the hiv-1 versus hiv-2 infecti ...	2003	12590415
budding and secretion of hiv gag-env virus-like particles from recombinant human adenovirus infected cells.	we have characterized the assembly, budding and extra-cellular release of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) gag-env virus-like particles (vlps) from human embryonic kidney cells (293 cells expressing the e1a protein of adenovirus) infected with recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus type 5. recombinant human adenovirus vectors expressing the chimeric gag-env protein were constructed by inserting the gag-env fusion gene into the e1a region of the human adenovirus type 5. biochemical ...	2003	12606078
molecular investigation of gb virus c rna in hemodialysis and thalassemics patients from brazil.	the gb virus c (gbv-c)/hepatitis g virus (hgv) is a member of the flaviviridae family. based on the clinical and epidemiological profiles, this virus could be acquired mainly by parenteral transmission through contaminated blood. we therefore investigated the presence of gbv-c/hgv and its relation with the other blood borne viruses as hepatitis b and c viruses (hbv, hcv) in hemodialysis and thalassemic individuals and blood donors from ribeirão preto-brazil. detection of blood borne virus marker ...	2003	12617334
virus inactivation in bone tissue transplants (femoral heads) by moist heat with the 'marburg bone bank system'.	several virus inactivation procedures like heat treatment, gamma irradiation and chemical sterilization are used to increase the safety of bone tissue transplants. in this study we present data on the virus-inactivating effect of heat disinfection on human femoral heads, using the marburg bone bank system 'lobator sd-2'. three enveloped viruses (human immunodeficiency virus type 2 [hiv-2], bovine viral diarrhoea virus as a model for hepatitis c virus [hcv], and the herpesvirus pseudorabies virus ...	2003	12623062
the cationic amphipathic alpha-helix of hiv-1 viral protein r (vpr) binds to nucleic acids, permeabilizes membranes, and efficiently transfects cells.	viral protein r (vpr) is a small protein of 96 amino acids that is conserved among the lentiviruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus. we recently sought to determine whether the karyophilic properties of vpr, as well as its ability to bind nucleic acids, could be used to deliver dna into cells. we have found that the c-terminal domain of vpr-(52-96) is able to efficiently transfect various cell lines. here, we show that the shortest active seq ...	2003	12639957
cross-reaction of anti-simian immunodeficiency virus envelope protein antibodies with human immunoglobulins.	it has been recently established that retroviral envelope proteins (reps) have structural features similar to those of immunoglobulins (igs). in this study, we asked whether anti-rep antibodies cross-react with human igs (higs). to this end, murine monoclonal antibodies (mmoabs) that had been raised against a simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) envelope protein, sivmac251gp120, were screened for their ability to react with human monoclonal igs (hmigs). we show that two hmigs, rfsj2 (a rheumatoid ...	2003	12641652
role of hiv-1 vpr in aids pathogenesis: relevance and implications of intravirion, intracellular and free vpr.	vpr, a 14-kda, 96 amino acid protein, is conserved among the primate lentiviruses hiv-1, hiv-2 and simian immunodeficiency virus supporting the notion that it plays an important role in virus life cycle in vivo. vpr appears to have several functions including cell cycle arrest at g2 stage, apoptosis, nuclear localization, nuclear import of the pre-integration complex, cation selective channel activity and transcriptionally activate hiv-1 ltr and other heterologous promoters. over the years, we h ...	2003	12642033
a structurally disordered region at the c terminus of capsid plays essential roles in multimerization and membrane binding of the gag protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1.	crystal structures of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) capsid protein (ca) reveal that the last 11 c-terminal amino acids are disordered. this disordered region contains a glycine-rich sequence 353-gvggp-357 (numbering refers to the initiation methionine of gag) that is highly conserved within the gag proteins of hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus, which suggests the importance of this sequence in virus replication. in the present study, we demonstrate that changing any i ...	2003	12525611
noninvasive detection of new simian immunodeficiency virus lineages in captive sooty mangabeys: ability to amplify virion rna from fecal samples correlates with viral load in plasma.	the sooty mangabey (sm) (cercocebus atys) is the natural host of a simian immunodeficiency virus, termed sivsm, which gave rise to human immunodeficiency virus type 2. data on the geographic distribution, prevalence, and genetic diversity of sivsm in the wild remains limited. to address this issue, noninvasive strategies based on screening sm fecal and urine specimens for sivsm-specific antibodies and virion rna (vrna) were developed, and the results were correlated with viral loads in plasma. t ...	2003	12525656
comparing modified and plain peptide linked enzyme immunosorbent assay (elisa) for detection of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (hiv-1) and type-2 (hiv-2) antibodies.	serological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) based on detection of hiv antibodies is one of the easiest, cheapest and simplest assay. synthetic peptides corresponding to immunodominant regions of envelope glycoprotein (gp41, v3 loop for hiv-1 and gp36 for hiv-2) were used in the present study, to detect the anti-hiv antibodies in sera of sexually transmitted diseases (std), tuberculosis (tb), anti-natal care (anc) patients. about 550 serum samples were tested using enzyme linked i ...	2003	12663143
characterization of a novel rna-binding region of eif4gi critical for ribosomal scanning.	the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eif4gi binds several proteins and acts as a scaffold to promote preinitiation complex formation on the mrna molecule (48s). following mrna attachment this complex scans along the messenger in a 5' to 3' direction until it locates and recognizes the initiation start codon. by using a combination of retroviral and picornaviral proteases (hiv-2 and l respectively) in the reticulocyte lysate system, we have characterized a 40 amino acid (aa) region of eif ...	2003	12682023
performance characteristics of the trugene hiv-1 genotyping kit and the opengene dna sequencing system.	the trugene hiv-1 genotyping kit and opengene dna sequencing system are designed to sequence the protease (pr)- and reverse transcriptase (rt)-coding regions of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) pol. studies were undertaken to determine the accuracy of this assay system in detecting resistance-associated mutations and to determine the effects of rna extraction methods, anticoagulants, specimen handling, and potentially interfering substances. samples were plasma obtained from hiv-infec ...	2003	12682150
susceptibility of hvs-immortalized lymphocytic hsc-f cells to various strains and mutants of hiv/siv.	susceptibility of hsc-f, a cynomolgus macaque cell line immortalized by herpesvirus saimiri, to infection with various primate immunodeficiency viruses were monitored. while nl432 clone of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) did not grow at all in hsc-f cells, gh123 and gl-an clones of hiv-2, and ma239 clone of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from macaque monkeys (sivmac) did grow in these cells. in addition, nm-3 clone of a chimeric simian and human immunodeficiency virus (shiv) ...	2003	12684704
natural variation of the nef gene in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 infections in portugal.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infections cause severe immunodeficiency in humans, although hiv-2 is associated frequently with reduced virulence and pathogenicity compared to hiv-1. genetic determinants that play a role in hiv pathogenesis are relatively poorly understood but nef has been implicated in inducing a more pathogenic phenotype in vivo. however, relatively little is known about the role of nef in hiv-2 pathogenesis. to address this, the genetic composition of 44 nef alle ...	2003	12692296
serum immunoglobulin a (iga)-mediated immunity in human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection.	in the present study, we sought to define the importance of serum iga (siga)-mediated immunity in hiv-2 infection. serum samples from a total of 29 hiv-2-infected patients from guinea-bissau (n = 20) and portugal (n = 9) were studied. samples from seronegative individuals were used as controls. antibody reactivity to native and recombinant envelope glycoproteins as well as peptides representing various regions of the envelope glycoproteins was investigated. furthermore, the capacity of purified ...	2003	12706073
comparative in vitro effects of azt and extracts of ocimum gratissimum, ficus polita, clausena anisata, alchornea cordifolia, and elaeophorbia drupifera against hiv-1 and hiv-2 infections.	the effects of ocimum gratissimum (ghx-2), ficus polita (ghx-6), clausena anisata (ghx-7), alchornea cordifolia (ghx-26), elaeophorbia drupifera (ghx-27), and azt on in vitro hiv-1 and hiv-2 replication and cytopathicity were compared. all plant extracts inhibited hiv-1 strain htlviii(b) cytopathicity, the leaves of ghx-2 and the seeds of ghx-26 having high antiviral indices (110 and 90, respectively). against hiv-2 strain gh1, the ec(50) values ranged from <0.005 to 0.075 mg/ml when treatment w ...	2003	12719004
specific g2 arrest of caprine cells infected with a caprine arthritis encephalitis virus expressing vpr and vpx genes from simian immunodeficiency virus.	primate lentivirus (hiv and siv) vpr accessory genes encode 12- to 14-kda proteins which induce cell cycle arrest at the g2 phase of infected cells, preventing them from going through mitosis. members of the hiv-2/sivmac/sivsmm group also encode a second closely related accessory protein called vpx. vpx and hiv vpr are critical for virus replication in nondividing cells due to their participation in nuclear import of the preintegration complex. caprine arthritis encephalitis virus (caev) and mae ...	2003	12726725
naturally occurring amino acid substitutions in the hiv-2 rod envelope glycoprotein regulate its ability to augment viral particle release.	the envelope glycoprotein of hiv-2 rod10 has the intriguing ability to enhance the rate of viral particle release from infected cells. however, not all hiv-2 envelope glycoproteins are active in this regard. indeed, we have previously noted that, despite a high degree of identity with that of rod10, the envelope protein of the rod14 isolate was unable to enhance virus production. in this study, site-directed mutagenesis was employed to reveal that a single naturally occurring alanine-to-threonin ...	2003	12726729
vpx and vpr proteins of hiv-2 up-regulate the viral infectivity by a distinct mechanism in lymphocytic cells.	mutants of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) carrying a frame-shift mutation in vpx, vpr, and in both genes were monitored for their growth potentials in a newly established lymphocytic cell line, hsc-f. worthy of note, the replication of a vpx single mutant, but not vpr, was severely impaired in these cells, and that of a vpx-vpr double mutant was more damaged. defective replication sites of the vpx single and vpx-vpr double mutants were demonstrated to be mapped, respectively, to the ...	2003	12737994
identification of a subset of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1), hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus strains able to exploit an alternative coreceptor on untransformed human brain and lymphoid cells.	the chemokine receptors ccr5 and cxcr4 are the major coreceptors for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv). at least 12 other chemokine receptors or close relatives support infection by particular hiv and siv strains on cd4(+) transformed indicator cell lines in vitro. however, the role of these alternative coreceptors in vivo is presently thought to be insignificant. infection of cell lines expressing high levels of recombinant cd4 and coreceptors thus does ...	2003	12743271
hemophilia care in the state of rio de janeiro, brazil.	in the developing countries of the world, few people with hemophilia receive adequate care. nevertheless, brazil has made significant advances in the treatment of hemophilia over the last decade. the provision of factor concentrates imported by the government of brazil is gradually increasing, and patients receive the concentrates for free. a national register was established as well as a coordinated program for comprehensive care. of the 6 297 persons with hemophilia in brazil who were register ...	2003	12744788
a retrospective clinical, laboratory and outcome analysis in 43 cases of acute aseptic meningitis.	forty-three consecutive cases of acute aseptic meningitis (aam) presenting within a 24-months period were retrospectively analysed with respect to clinical symptomatology, cerebrospinal fluid (csf) findings, clinical course, treatment and outcome. nineteen of the 43 aam cases (44%) were caused by enterovirus, one by hiv (2%), two by varicella zoster virus (5%), three due to herpes simplex virus i (7%), two due to herpes simplex virus ii (5%), one due to central european encephalitis virus (2%), ...	2003	12752401
antiretroviral activity of semisynthetic derivatives of glycopeptide antibiotics.	a variety of semisynthetic derivatives of natural antibacterial glycopeptide antibiotics such as vancomycin, eremomycin, ristocetin a, teicoplanin a(2)-2, da-40926, their aglycons, and also the products of their partial degradation with a destroyed or modified peptide core show marked anti-retroviral activity in cell culture. in particular, aglycon antibiotic derivatives containing various substituents of a preferably hydrophobic nature displayed activity against human immunodeficiency virus typ ...	2003	12801238
evolution and diversity of hiv-1 in africa--a review.	the hiv/aids pandemic represents a major development crisis for the african continent, which is the worst affected region in the world. currently, almost 30 of the 42 million people infected with hiv worldwide live in africa. aids in humans is caused by two lentiviruses, hiv-1 and hiv-2, which entered the human population by zoonotic transmissions from at least two different african primate species. extensive phylogenetic analyses of partial and full-length genome sequences have helped to gain i ...	2003	12803467
infection with hepatitis b and c viruses and human retroviruses (htlv-i and hiv) among high-risk lebanese patients.	three groups of lebanese patients (haemophiliacs, patients on cycled cancer chemotherapy who were regularly receiving blood transfusions, and intravenous drug users) and a control group of healthy blood donors were checked for markers of infection with hepatitis viruses (b and c) and human retroviruses (hiv and htlv-i). compared with the controls, all three groups of patients were more likely to be seropositive for antibody to hepatitis c virus (anti-hcv), and the haemophiliacs and cancer patien ...	2003	12803874
human immunodeficiency virus type 2 reverse transcriptase activity in model systems that mimic steps in reverse transcription.	human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection is a serious problem in west africa and asia. however, there have been relatively few studies of hiv-2 reverse transcriptase (rt), a potential target for antiviral therapy. detailed knowledge of hiv-2 rt activities is critical for development of specific high-throughput screening assays of potential inhibitors. here, we have conducted a systematic evaluation of hiv-2 rt function, using assays that model specific steps in reverse transcription ...	2003	12805462
diagnosis, antiretroviral therapy, and emergence of resistance to antiretroviral agents in hiv-2 infection: a review.	human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and type 2 (hiv-2) are the causative agents of aids. hiv-2 is prevalent at moderate to high rates in west african countries, such as senegal, guinea, gambia, and cape verde. diagnosis of hiv-2 is made with a positive hiv-1/hiv-2 elisa or simple/rapid assay, followed by one or two confirmatory tests specific for hiv-2. following cd(4)(+)t cell counts, hiv-2 viral burden and clinical signs and symptoms of immunodeficiency are beneficial in monitoring hiv ...	2003	12807687
mechanisms of cd4+ t lymphocyte cell death in human immunodeficiency virus infection and aids.	aids, caused by the retroviruses human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and type 2 (hiv-1 and hiv-2), has reached pandemic proportions. therefore, it is critical to understand how hiv causes aids so that appropriate therapies can be formulated. primarily, hiv infects and kills cd4(+) t lymphocytes, which function as regulators and amplifiers of the immune response. in the absence of effective anti-retroviral therapy, the hallmark decrease in cd4(+) t lymphocytes during aids results in a weakened im ...	2003	12810858
viral reservoirs/transient infection in hiv/aids: where are we now and where should we go? summary of the june 13-14, 2002 think tank meeting.	highly active antiretroviral therapy in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) often lowers serum levels of virus to below current detection limits. however, cessation of therapy results in there appearance of virus replication, indicating that hiv-infected cells persist in such individuals. identification, and elimination, of such reservoirs of virus-infected cells are crucial for eradicating hiv from infected individuals. more research studies are needed to devise strateg ...	2003	12816085
greater cd8+ tcr heterogeneity and functional flexibility in hiv-2 compared to hiv-1 infection.	virus-specific cd8(+) t cells are known to play an important role in the control of hiv infection. in this study we investigated whether there may be qualitative differences in the cd8(+) t cell response in hiv-1- and hiv-2-infected individuals that contribute to the relatively efficient control of the latter infection. a molecular comparison of global tcr heterogeneity showed a more oligoclonal pattern of cd8 cells in hiv-1- than hiv-2-infected patients. this was reflected in restricted and con ...	2003	12817012
identification of the nuclear localization signal of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 vpx.	the vpx protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) is a viral accessory protein related to, but distinct from, the vpr protein of hiv-1. vpx is packaged into virions and, as a component of the viral preintegration complex (pic), vpx is required for efficient virus replication in nondividing cells. therefore, the localization of vpx in cells is dynamic and dependent upon discrete domains of the protein. expressed in the absence of other viral proteins, vpx localizes to the nucleus of ...	2003	12832198
clinical progression in early and late stages of disease in a cohort of individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus-2 in guinea-bissau.	the aim of this study was to assess the rate of clinical progression to early and late stages of human immunodeficiency virus-2 (hiv-2) infection. cd4 cell counts and other potential prognostic markers for disease progression were also evaluated. in january 1990 an open prospective cohort of police officers in guinea-bissau was initiated with yearly serological and clinical follow-up. follow-up ended in june 1998. symptoms were classified according to the world health organization staging system ...	2003	12839157
whole-blood agglutination assay for on-site detection of human immunodeficiency virus infection.	simple and rapid diagnostic tests are needed to curtail human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection, especially in the developing and underdeveloped nations of the world. the visible-agglutination assay for the detection of hiv with the naked eye (neva hiv, which represents naked eye visible-agglutination assay for hiv) is a hemagglutination-based test for the detection of antibodies to hiv in whole blood. the neva hiv reagent is a cocktail of highly stable recombinant bifunctional antibody fus ...	2003	12843006
polymorphism of human and primate rantes, cx3cr1, ccr2 and cxcr4 genes with regard to hiv/siv infection.	among genes that influence human susceptibility to hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) infection or aids (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) progression, chemokine-receptor and chemokine genes were extensively studied because of their role as hiv co-receptors or co-receptor competitors, respectively. we have studied in non-human primates (chimpanzee, gorilla, gibbon, orang-utan, crab-eating and rhesus macaque, baboon and marmoset) the rantes, ccr2 and cx3cr1 gene sequences in regions surrounding ...	2003	12879309
increased risk of high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical cancer among african women with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and 2 infections.	to assess the risk of prevalent high-grade cervical squamous intraepithelial lesions (hsils) or invasive cervical cancer (icc) associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1, hiv-2, and human papillomavirus (hpv) infections, hiv load, and cd4 cell count, we studied 4119 women attending an outpatient clinic in senegal. hiv infection was associated with increased rates of cervical infection with high-risk hpvs. among women infected with high-risk hpvs, those with hiv-1 (odds ratio [or], ...	2003	12898443
pol gene sequence variation in swedish hiv-2 patients failing antiretroviral therapy.	there is limited knowledge about how to treat and interpret results from genotypic resistance assays in hiv-2 infection. here, genetic variation in hiv-2 pol gene was studied in 20 of 23 known hiv-2 cases in sweden. five patients with signs of virological treatment failure were longitudinally studied. clinical, virological and immunological data were collected and the protease (pr) and first half of the reverse transcriptase (rt) was amplified and directly sequenced from plasma samples. moderate ...	2003	12908931
the packaging signal of simian immunodeficiency virus is upstream of the major splice donor at a distance from the rna cap site similar to that of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2.	deletion mutation of the rna 5' leader sequence of simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) was used to localize the virus packaging signal. deletion of sequences upstream of the major splice donor (sd) site produced a phenotype most consistent with a packaging defect when analysed by both rnase protection assay and rt-pcr. sequences downstream of the sd were deleted and produced varying effects but did not affect packaging: a large downstream deletion had little effect on function, whereas a nested ...	2003	12917463
male circumcision for prevention of heterosexual acquisition of hiv in men.	the findings from observational studies, reviews and meta-analyses, supported by biological theories, that circumcised men appear less likely to acquire human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) has contributed to the recent ground swell of support for considering male circumcision as a strategy for preventing sexually acquired infection. we sought to elucidate and appraise the global evidence from published and unpublished studies that circumcision can be used as an intervention to prevent hiv infecti ...	2003	12917962
cyanovirin-n gel as a topical microbicide prevents rectal transmission of shiv89.6p in macaques.	cyanovirin-n (cv-n), an 11-kda cyanobacterial protein, potently inactivates diverse strains of hiv-1, hiv-2, and simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) and also prevents virus-to-cell fusion, virus entry, and infection of cells in vitro. these properties make cv-n an attractive candidate for use as a topical microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of hiv. we evaluated the efficacy of gel-formulated, recombinant cv-n gel asa topical microbicide in male macaques (macaca fascicularis) that were ...	2003	12921090
reduction of the diagnostic window in three cases of human immunodeficiency-1 subtype e primary infection with fourth-generation hiv screening assays.	the influence of genetic variability on the sensitivity of serological diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection has, to date, been poorly investigated. the aim of the present study was to assess whether fourth-generation assays for the combined detection of hiv antigen and antibodies to hiv (anti-hiv) permit a reduction of the diagnostic window in comparison to third-generation antibody enzyme immunoassays (eias), which so far have shown a poor sensitivity for detection of hiv-1 ...	2003	12925157
a non-canonical transferable signal mediates nuclear import of simian immunodeficiency virus vpx protein.	protein transport into the nucleus is generally considered to involve specific nuclear localization signals (nls) though it is becoming increasingly evident that efficient and well controlled import of proteins which lack a canonical nls also occurs in cells. vpx, a 112 amino acid protein from human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) and the closely related simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) is one such protein, which does not have an identifiable canonical nls and is yet efficiently importe ...	2003	12927548
a small molecule hiv-1 inhibitor that targets the hiv-1 envelope and inhibits cd4 receptor binding.	bms-378806 is a recently discovered small molecule hiv-1 inhibitor that blocks viral entrance to cells. the compound exhibits potent inhibitory activity against a panel of r5-(virus using the ccr5 coreceptor), x4-(virus using the cxcr4 coreceptor), and r5/x4 hiv-1 laboratory and clinical isolates of the b subtype (median ec50 of 0.04 microm) in culture assays. bms-378806 is selective for hiv-1 and inactive against hiv-2, siv and a panel of other viruses, and exhibits no significant cytotoxicity ...	2003	12930892
inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus by a new class of pyridine oxide derivatives.	a new class of pyridine oxide derivatives as inhibitors of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) and/or hiv-2 replication in cell culture has been identified. the compounds, which specifically inhibit hiv-1, behave as typical nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nnrtis). the most active congener of this group, jpl-133 (uc-b3096), has a 50% effective concentration of 0.05 microg/ml for hiv-1(iii(b)) with a selectivity index of approximately 760 in cem cell cultures. however, the ...	2003	12937000
identification and characterization of hiv-2 strains obtained from asymptomatic patients that do not use ccr5 or cxcr4 coreceptors.	in vivo, human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (hiv-2) infection reveals several unique characteristics when compared to hiv-1 infection, the most remarkable of which is the extraordinarily long asymptomatic period. here we describe two hiv-2 primary isolates, obtained from asymptomatic individuals, which do not infect any coreceptor-expressing cell lines tested. in those cells, we show that the absence of replication is directly related to cell entry events. furthermore, productive infection obse ...	2003	12951028
down-modulation of mature major histocompatibility complex class ii and up-regulation of invariant chain cell surface expression are well-conserved functions of human and simian immunodeficiency virus nef alleles.	recently, it has been demonstrated that the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) nef from laboratory strains down-modulates cell surface expression of mature major histocompatibility complex class ii (mhc-ii) molecules, while up-regulating surface expression of the invariant chain (ii) associated with immature mhc-ii (p. stumptner-cuvelette, s. morchoisne, m. dugast, s. le gall, g. raposo, o. schwartz, and p. benaroch, proc. natl. acad. sci. usa 98:12144-12149, 2001). these nef functions ...	2003	12970439
hepatitis b and c virus infections in the immune compromised.	this review compares and contrasts the natural history and treatment of hepatitis b and c virus infections in three principal populations of immune compromised individuals: (1) patients co-infected with hiv; (2) patients with liver failure secondary to hepatitis b or c virus infection who undergo liver transplantation, and (3) patients with hepatitis b or c virus infection who undergo anticancer chemotherapy.	2003	14502001
novel human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) inhibitors that have a dual mode of anti-hiv action.	we have found that novel pyridine oxide derivatives are inhibitors of a wide range of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 (hiv-1) and hiv-2 strains in cem cell cultures. some of the compounds showed inhibitory activities against recombinant hiv-1 reverse transcriptase (rt), whereas others were totally inactive against this viral protein in vitro. partial retention of anti-hiv-1 activity against virus strains that contain a variety of mutations characteristic of those for resistance to nonn ...	2003	14506017
replication of chimeric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) containing hiv-2 integrase (in): naturally selected mutations in in augment dna synthesis.	the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) integrase (in) protein augments the initiation of reverse transcription. chimeric hiv-1 containing hiv-2 in (sg3(in2)) is severely impaired in virus infectivity and dna synthesis. to analyze the nature of this defect, we infected t cells with the chimeric sg3(in2) virus and by continuous passage in cell culture selected for virus with improved replication properties. viruses from two different time points were chosen for further analysis, an early ...	2003	14512553
sexually transmitted diseases in japanese female commercial sex workers working in massage parlors with cell baths.	a cross-sectional study of japanese female commercial sex workers (fcsws) working in massage parlors with cell baths (mpcbs) was conducted between july 1999 and december 2001. the study subjects were 171 fcsws aged from 19 to 36 years. a questionnaire included sexual characteristics in addition to working name and date of birth. we serologically or bacteriologically confirmed the prevalence of hiv-1, hiv-2, hepatitis b virus (hbv), hepatitis c virus (hcv), chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorr ...	2003	14513394
synthesis and antiviral activity of some 5'-n-phthaloyl-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine analogues.	a variety of substituted 5'-n-phthaloyl-3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine derivatives has been evaluated for their activity against hiv-1, hiv-2 and moloney murine sarcoma virus (msv) in cell culture. most of the 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine (azt, zidovudine) derivatives showed antiviral activity in the lower micromolar concentration range and there was a close correlation between their anti-hiv and anti-msv activity (r = 0.99). the adamantyl phthaloyl derivative was active at submicromolar con ...	2003	14521330
synthetic peptides in the diagnosis of hiv infection.	peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays have been found to be enough sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus specific antibodies in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. this review provides an overview of the most important peptides developed for use as synthetic antigens in immunodiagnosis of hiv-infected patients. in particular, many studies have been devoted to discriminate between the two retroviruses hiv-1 and hiv-2, as well as different sub ...	2003	14529535
clinical potential of the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates cidofovir, adefovir, and tenofovir in treatment of dna virus and retrovirus infections.	the acyclic nucleoside phosphonates hpmpc (cidofovir), pmea (adefovir), and pmpa (tenofovir) have proved to be effective in vitro (cell culture systems) and in vivo (animal models and clinical studies) against a wide variety of dna virus and retrovirus infections: cidofovir against herpesvirus (herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalovirus [cmv], epstein-barr virus, and human herpesviruses 6, 7, and 8), polyomavirus, papillomavirus, adenovirus, and poxvirus (variola ...	2003	14557287