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invasion of the raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides in europe: history of colonization, features behind its success, and threats to native fauna.we aimed to review the history of the introduction and colonization of the raccoon dog nyctereutes procyonoides in europe, the features behind its successful expansion and its impact on native fauna. the raccoon dog quickly colonized new areas after being introduced to the european part of the former soviet union. today it is widespread in northern and eastern europe and is still spreading in central europe. features behind its success include its adaptability, high reproductive potential, omniv ...201132288758
chromosome elimination in the evolution of the silver fox. 20106036115
permanent genetic resources added to molecular ecology resources database 1 october 2009-30 november 2009.this article documents the addition of 411 microsatellite marker loci and 15 pairs of single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) sequencing primers to the molecular ecology resources database. loci were developed for the following species: acanthopagrus schlegeli, anopheles lesteri, aspergillus clavatus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus oryzae, aspergillus terreus, branchiostoma japonicum, branchiostoma belcheri, colias behrii, coryphopterus personatus, cynogolssus semilaevis, cy ...201021565039
spatial distribution and genetic diversity of echinococcus multilocularis in hungary.human alveolar echinococcosis, caused by the tapeworm echinococcus multilocularis, is the most pathogenic helminthic zoonosis in the temperate and arctic region of europe. between november 2008 and february 2009, 840 red fox (vulpes vulpes) carcasses, were randomly collected from the whole hungarian territory. the intestinal mucosa from all the foxes was tested by sedimentation and counting technique. e. multilocularis adult worms were detected in foxes of 16 out of the 19 hungarian counties and ...201020880633
a multiplex pcr assay to differentiate between dog and red fox.foxes are frequently the cause of car accidents in baden-württemberg (bw, germany). the domestic dog (canis familiaris) is in close relation to the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and the silver fox which is a coat colour variant of the red fox. as insurance claims that involve accidents with animals require authentication, we analyzed frequency distribution and allele sizes in two canine microsatellite loci in 26 dogs (different breeds) and 19 red foxes of the region of bw, germany. moreover, sequencin ...201020884310
spirocerca lupi isolated from gastric lesions in foxes (vulpes vulpes) in sicily (italy).spirocerca lupi (rudolphi 1809) is a cosmopolitan nematode of dogs and wild carnivores. in the past it has been reported in italy, mainly in southern regions and in sicily, where the parasite was observed in foxes in 2005. the parasite typically produces nodular masses in the oesophagus and thoracic aorta. during the 2003-2004 hunting season, the authors investigated a total of 55 foxes (vulpes vulpes) hunted or killed by car accidents in the provinces of palermo and agrigento. all the foxes wer ...201021033560
high seroprevalence of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in wild animals from portugal.we report an investigation of antibodies to toxoplasma gondii in 52 wild birds and 20 wild mammals from northern and central areas of portugal by using the modified agglutination test. the birds comprised 26 common buzzards (buteo buteo), five tawny owls (strix aluco), four white storks (ceconia ceconia), three eurasian eagle owls (bubo bubo), three northern goshawks (accipiter gentilis), two booted eagles (hieraaetus pennatus), two common barn owls (tyto alba), two eurasian sparrowhawks (accipi ...201021104273
a large survey of croatian wild mammals for giardia duodenalis reveals a low prevalence and limited zoonotic potential.abstract wild mammals are considered an important source of potentially zoonotic giardia duodenalis parasites, yet surprisingly little information is available on the actual prevalence and the genetic identity of the species they harbor. a large survey was conducted in croatia by collecting 832 fecal samples from red deer (cervus elaphus, n = 374), roe deer (capreolus capreolus, n = 21), wild boars (sus scrofa, n = 144), foxes (vulpes vulpes, n = 66), bears (ursus arctos, n = 19), wolves (canis ...201021142957
explosive vocal activity for attracting human attention is related to domestication in silver fox.domestication affects behavioral and vocal responses, involved in communication with humans; in particular, those that attract human attention. in this study, we found that silver foxes of tame strain, experimentally domesticated for a few tenses of generation, displayed bursts of vocal activity during the first minute after appearance of an unfamiliar human, that faded quickly during the remaining time of the test, when the experimenter stayed passively before the cage. distinctively, foxes of ...201021145949
survey of antibodies to trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp. in gray and red fox populations from north carolina and virginia.american trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis are caused by related hemoflagellate parasites, trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania spp., which share several common host species. both zoonotic protozoans are endemic in the united states. canines, including domestic and wild canids, are reservoir hosts for human infections with t. cruzi and leishmania spp. the present study examined the seroprevalence of t. cruzi and leishmania spp. in wild canids from north carolina and virginia. wild canine species tes ...201021158642
prins detection of 18s rdna in pig, red fox and chinese raccoon dog, and centromere dna in horse.the fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) technique is widely used in animal cytogenetics. contrary to fish procedure, primed in situ dna synthesis (prins) does not require the dna probe preparation (design, synthesis, gel purification of pcr products and labeling). the prins method with primers used as 'dna probes' is both pcr-sensitive and allows for chromosomal localization of dna sequences. here, we show the application of prins reaction with one unlabeled oligonucleotide pair to identif ...201021166802
potential risk of zoonotic infections in recreational areas visited by sus scrofa and vulpes vulpes. case study--wolin island, poland.the relation between intestinal parasite prevalence in wild boars and red foxes and the sanitary condition of the soil in recreational estates were determined. the analysis was made based on 36 samples of boar faeces and 22 samples of fox faeces, collected in their habitat as well as 60 samples of soil from two recreational areas. two methods were used for faecal samples--flotation and direct faecal smear; and flotation in nano3 for soil samples examination. zoonotic nematode eggs were recovered ...201021174955
high prevalence of capillaria plica infections in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in southern germany.the nematode capillaria plica is an ubiquitous parasite of the urinary tract of canidae and felidae. it causes a wide spectrum of clinical symptoms, ranging from asymptomatic infections to urinary bladder inflammation, pollacisuria, dysuria, and hematuria. foxes serve as reservoir hosts and are considered to be a potential source of infection for companion and hunting dogs as well as domestic cats which acquire the infection by ingestion of earthworms which are the intermediate hosts. despite it ...201021190041
toxoplasma gondii and neospora caninum in wildlife: common parasites in belgian foxes and cervidae?sera from cervidae were tested for the presence of antibodies against neospora caninum using elisa; and against toxoplasma gondii using sag1-elisa and a commercially available agglutination test. the t. gondii seroprevalence was 52% (38/73) in roe deer (capreolus capreolus), 0% in bred fallow deer (0/4) (dama dama) and red deer (0/7) (cervus elaphus). we found 2.7% of the roe deer samples and none of the bred deer samples positive for n. caninum. brain samples from wild roe deer, red deer and re ...201021236577
immunohistochemical study of rabies virus within the central nervous system of domestic and wildlife species.immunohistochemistry using a commercial polyclonal antibody for lyssavirus was applied to 39 archival cases of rabies. paraffin blocks from 13 different species were available, including 3 dogs, 4 cats, 1 pig, 6 cattle, 4 horses, 1 llama, 7 skunks (mephitis mephitis), 7 raccoons (procyon lotor), 1 bat (myotis species), 1 white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus), 1 bobcat (lynx rufus), 2 gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus), and 1 red fox (vulpes vulpes). all cases had previously been diagnose ...201020484176
the new species brucella microti replicates in macrophages and causes death in murine models of infection.the recent isolation of brucella microti from the common vole, the red fox, and the soil raises the possibility of an eventual reemergence of brucellosis in europe. in this work, the pathogenic potential of this new brucella species in both in vitro and in vivo models of infection was analyzed.201020497040
the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and the arctic fox (vulpes lagopus) are definitive hosts of sarcocystis alces and sarcocystis hjorti from moose (alces alces).the aim of this study was to determine whether foxes might act as definitive hosts of sarcocystis alces in moose. in 2 experiments, 6 silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) and 6 blue foxes (vulpes lagopus) were fed muscle tissue from moose containing numerous sarcocysts of s. alces, and euthanazed 7-28 days post-infection (p.i.). intestinal mucosal scrapings and faecal samples were screened microscopically for sarcocystis oocysts/sporocysts, which were identified to species by means of species-specific p ...201020500918
pearsonema (syn capillaria) plica associated cystitis in a fennoscandian arctic fox (vulpes lagopus: a case report.the bladderworm pearsonema (syn capillaria) plica affects domestic dogs and wild carnivores worldwide. a high prevalence in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) has been reported in many european countries. p. plica inhabits the lower urinary tract and is considered to be of low pathogenic significance in dogs mostly causing asymptomatic infections. however, a higher level of pathogenicity has been reported in foxes. a severe cystitis associated with numerous bladderworms was found in a captive arctic fox ...201020540788
complete mitochondrial genome of the red fox (vuples vuples) and phylogenetic analysis with other canid species.the whole mitochondrial genome sequence of red fox (vuples vuples) was determined. it had a total length of 16 723 bp. as in most mammal mitochondrial genome, it contained 13 protein coding genes, two ribosome rna genes, 22 transfer rna genes and one control region. the base composition was 31.3% a, 26.1% c, 14.8% g and 27.8% t, respectively. the codon usage of red fox, arctic fox, gray wolf, domestic dog and coyote followed the same pattern except for an unusual att start codon, which initiates ...201020545001
application of a naturalistic psychogenic stressor in periadolescent mice: effect on serum corticosterone levels differs by strain but not sex.abstract:201020565762
importance of canine distemper virus (cdv) infection in free-ranging iberian lynxes (lynx pardinus).canine distemper virus (cdv) is a morbillivirus that is the etiological agent of one of the most important viral diseases affecting canids and an expanding range of other carnivores. using real-time rt-pcr, cdv rna was detected in organs of an iberian lynx (lynx pardinus) found dead in the doñana national park, southwestern andalusia, spain. this finding may be of great importance for the conservation of the species; at present the iberian lynx is the most critically endangered wild felid. the a ...201020570061
babesia microti-like infections are prevalent in north american foxes.babesia microti-like organisms have recently been identified as a cause of hemolytic anemia and azotemia in european dogs. a genetically and morphologically similar b. microti-like parasite has been identified in two foxes from north america. in order to assess the prevalence of this parasite in north american wild canids we screened blood samples from coyotes (canis latrans) and red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from eastern canada and red foxes and gray foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) from north caro ...201020580162
molecular detection of theileria annae and hepatozoon canis in foxes (vulpes vulpes) in croatia.an epizootiological field study on tick-borne protozoan infections in foxes (vulpes vulpes) was carried out in different parts of croatia. spleen samples of 191 carcasses of red foxes killed in sanitary hunting, were examined for the presence of hematozoa by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and subsequent sequencing. the investigation revealed four species of hematozoa in 57 foxes (30%), namely theileria annae, theileria sp. 3182/05 and hepatozoon canis. t. annae was found in 10 foxes (5%), theil ...201020646832
neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii antibody prevalence in alaska wildlife.free-ranging caribou and moose populations in some regions of alaska undergo periodic declines in numbers. caribou and moose are managed by the state as valuable resources for not only sustenance and subsistence, but also for cultural heritage. incidence and prevalence of diseases that may impact herd health and recruitment from year to year are relevant to management decisions aimed to protect the long-term viability of these herds. neospora caninum and toxoplasma gondii are two apicomplexan pa ...201020688628
serosurvey for canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus, leptospira interrogans, and toxoplasma gondii in free-ranging canids in scandinavia and svalbard.prevalence of antibodies reactive to canine distemper virus (cdv), canine adenovirus type 1 (cav-1), leptospira interrogans serovars canicola and icterohaemorrhagiae, and toxoplasma gondii were examined in free-ranging scandinavian canids. sampling included 275 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from mainland norway, 60 arctic foxes (vulpes lagopus) from the high-arctic islands of svalbard, and 98 wolves (canis lupus) from the joint swedish-norwegian population. methods used included virus neutralization ...201020688639
babesia (theileria) annae in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) from prince edward island, canada.a 4-6-mo-old female red fox (vulpes vulpes) was presented to the atlantic veterinary college (avc) teaching hospital, prince edward island, canada. on presentation, the fox was weak and had pale mucous membranes. a complete blood count and a serum biochemistry profile were performed. blood smear examination revealed low numbers of erythrocytes containing centrally to paracentrally located, single, rarely multiple, approximately 1 x 2 microm, oval to round organisms with morphology similar to bab ...201020688661
determinants of tick-borne encephalitis in counties of southern germany, 2001-2008.tick-borne encephalitis (tbe) virus can cause severe symptoms in humans. the incidence of this vector-borne pathogen in humans is characterised by spatial and temporal heterogeneity. to explain the variation in reported human tbe cases per county in southern germany, we designed a time-lagged, spatially-explicit model that incorporates ecological, environmental, and climatic factors.201020707897
angiostrongylus species in wild carnivores in the iberian peninsula.a survey of angiostrongylus parasites was carried out between 2003 and 2006 in wild carnivore species in the basque country (northern spain). parasitological examination consisted in the dissection of heart and lungs for the extraction of adult worms. nematodes were identified using morphometrical features and also pcr amplification and sequencing analysis. the animal species included in this study were eurasian badger (meles meles), weasel (mustela nivalis), beech marten (martes foina), pine ma ...201020728995
variability of cag tandem repeats in exon 1 of the androgen receptor gene is not related with dog intersexuality.numerous mutations of the human androgen receptor (ar) gene cause an intersexual phenotype, called the androgen insensitivity syndrome. the intersexual phenotype is also quite often diagnosed in dogs. the aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the entire coding sequence (eight exons) of the ar gene in healthy and four intersex dogs, as well as in three other canids (the red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog). the coding sequence of the studied species appeared to be con ...201019482445
molecular detection of hemoprotozoa and rickettsia species in arthropods collected from wild animals in the burgos province, spain.limited information on the presence of bacterial and hematozoan infections in parasitic arthropods from spain is available. in an attempt to address this issue, the prevalence of theileria, babesia, hepatozoon, and rickettsia species was investigated by polymerase chain reaction plus sequencing. in a survey for zoonotic pathogens in ectoparasites, 42 wild animals (which included rodents, carnivores, sciuridae, and cervidae) were captured in burgos (spain). a total of 256 arthropods (including 10 ...201020055580
infectious canine hepatitis in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in the united kingdom.the pathological findings are described in three cases of infectious canine hepatitis in free-ranging red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in england. the foxes died after short periods of clinical illness. mild jaundice and hepatic congestion were evident grossly. on histopathological examination, intranuclear inclusion bodies were visible in hepatocytes, in association with hepatocyte dissociation and necrosis, as well as in renal glomeruli, renal tubular epithelial cells and vascular endothelial cells. ...201020097890
epidemiological survey of trichinellosis in wild boar (sus scrofa) and fox (vulpes vulpes) in a french insular region, corsica.the mediterranean island of corsica was considered trichinella-free until 2004, when t. britovi larvae were discovered in domestic pigs at meat inspection. one red fox was also found infected the same year and in the same area than the infected pigs. this last finding highlighted the presence of trichinellosis in corsican wildlife. a trichinella survey was thus performed in wild boar (sus scrofa) and fox (vulpes vulpes), the two large wild species present on the island, to determine prevalence o ...201020471753
the relationships between morphological features and social signalling behaviours in juvenile dogs: the effect of early experience with dogs of different morphotypes.research on dog communication has tended to focus on breed differences and the use of lupine signals by the domestic dog. however, the relationship between morphological change and communication has received little empirical study. the link between morphology and behavioural selection in a canid undergoing domestication, the silver fox (vulpes vulpes), has been well documented. therefore, it is reasonable to propose a similar link may be present in another canid species that has undergone domest ...201020472041
influence of parasitism on trace element contents in tissues of red fox (vulpes vulpes) and its parasites mesocestoides spp. (cestoda) and toxascaris leonina (nematoda).bioaccumulation of cadmium, chromium, copper, manganese, nickel, lead, and zinc in 56 foxes (vulpes vulpes) and their parasites mesocestoides spp. (cestoda) and toxascaris leonina (nematoda) was studied. the levels of heavy metals were determined in the livers and kidneys of the animals depending on parasitism in the following ranges: pb, 0.029-3.556; cd, 0.055-9.967; cr, 0.001-0.304; cu, 4.15-41.15; mn, 1.81-19.94; ni: 0.037-0.831; zn, 52.0-212.9 microg/g dry weight (dw). cd in parasites (0.038 ...201019578999
elucidating the spread of the emerging canid nematode angiostrongylus vasorum between palaearctic and nearctic ecozones.angiostrongylus vasorum is an emerging parasite that is currently distributed through western europe and parts of south america. an isolated population is also present in newfoundland, canada. this presents a risk of onward spread into north america, but its origin is unknown. to ascertain the phylogeographic relationships and genetic diversity of a. vasorum within the western palaearctic and eastern nearctic ecozones, a total of 143 adult and larval nematode specimens were collected from foxes ...201020139034
a morphologically distinct granule cell type in the dentate gyrus of the red fox correlates with adult hippocampal neurogenesis.wild red foxes, proverbially cunning carnivores, are investigated for adult hippocampal neurogenesis and morphological characteristics of the dentate gyrus. adult red foxes harbor almost 15-times more young, doublecortin-positive neurons in their dentate gyrus than domesticated dogs. the number of doublecortin-positive cells corresponds to 4.4% of the total granule cell number, whereas dividing cells amount to only 0.06%. compared to laboratory mice, proliferating (ki67-positive) and dying cells ...201020206610
top predators, mesopredators and their prey: interference ecosystems along bioclimatic productivity gradients.1. the mesopredator release hypothesis (mrh) suggests that top predator suppression of mesopredators is a key ecosystem function with cascading impacts on herbivore prey, but it remains to be shown that this top-down cascade impacts the large-scale structure of ecosystems. 2. the exploitation ecosystems hypothesis (eeh) predicts that regional ecosystem structures are determined by top-down exploitation and bottom-up productivity. in contrast to mrh, eeh assumes that interference among predators ...201020337755
molecular and biological characteristics of toxoplasma gondii isolates from wildlife in france.toxoplasma gondii isolates have been classified into 3 genetic types. little is known about genotypes of t. gondii isolates in wild animals in europe. in this report, genotypes of t. gondii isolates from wildlife in france are described. sera from wildlife were tested for antibodies to t. gondii with the modified agglutination test, and the hearts from animals with titers superior or equal to 1:6 were bioassayed individually in mice. t.gondii was isolated from 9 of 14 seropositive red foxes (vul ...201020417034
the first report of hepatozoon canis identified in vulpes vulpes and ticks from italy.this is the first report on the presence of hepatozoon canis in vulpes vulpes in italy. during the years 2005 and 2006, a total of 119 foxes were collected and their spleen tissues were screened by microscopy, polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing. in the same area, 290 ticks were picked off from dogs or collected from the environment. microscopy detected inclusion bodies regarded as belonging to the genus hepatozoon in four samples, whereas molecular diagnostics evidenced 16 foxes (13.4%) a ...201020420538
frequency distribution of echinococcus multilocularis and other helminths of foxes in kyrgyzstan.echinococcosis is a major emerging zoonosis in central asia. a study of the helminth fauna of foxes from naryn oblast in central kyrgyzstan was undertaken to investigate the abundance of echinococcus multilocularis in a district where a high prevalence of this parasite had previously been detected in dogs. a total of 151 foxes (vulpes vulpes) were investigated in a necropsy study. of these 96 (64%) were infected with e. multilocularis with a mean abundance of 8669 parasites per fox. this indicat ...201020434845
predator dietary response to prey density variation and consequences for cestode transmission.the functional response of predators to prey density variations has previously been investigated in order to understand predation patterns. however, the consequences of functional response on parasite transmission remain largely unexplored. the rodents microtus arvalis and arvicola terrestris are the main prey of the red fox vulpes vulpes in eastern france. these species are intermediate and definitive hosts of the cestode echinococcus multilocularis. we explored the dietary and contamination re ...201020461413
geographical variations of the skull in the red fox vulpes vulpes on the japanese islands: an exception to bergmann's rule.in order to clarify the morphological differences between two subspecies of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) on the japanese islands and test the validity of bergmann's rule, we examined geographical variations in 25 cranial and 24 dental characters in v. v. schrencki from hokkaido and v. v. japonica from the other main islands of japan (honshu, shikoku, and kyushu). many skull measurements, including the male greatest length, condylobasal length, and the length of upper and lower tooth rows, were si ...201021110720
uncertainty in population growth rates: determining confidence intervals from point estimates of parameters.demographic models are widely used in conservation and management, and their parameterisation often relies on data collected for other purposes. when underlying data lack clear indications of associated uncertainty, modellers often fail to account for that uncertainty in model outputs, such as estimates of population growth.201021049049
directional asymmetry in the limbs, skull and pelvis of the silver fox (v. vulpes).directional asymmetry (da) is a characteristic of most vertebrates, most strikingly exhibited by the placement of various organs (heart, lungs, liver, etc.) but also noted in small differences in the metrics of skeletal structures such as the pelvis of certain fish or sauropsids. we have analyzed da in the skeleton of the fox (v. vulpes), using ∼1,000 radiographs of foxes from populations used in the genetic analysis of behavior and morphology. careful measurements from this robust data base dem ...201020862692
immobilization of red fox (vulpes vulpes) with medetomidine-ketamine or medetomidine-midazolam and antagonism with atipamezole.thirty-two free-ranging red foxes (vulpes vulpes) were immobilized with one of three combinations: medetomidine (0.076 +/- 0.017 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.1 +/- 0.5 mg/kg; mk, n = 16), medetomidine (0.057 +/- 0.008 mg/kg) and low-dose midazolam (0.6 +/- 0.1 mg/kg; mm-0.5, n = 10), or medetomidine (0.067 +/- 0.012 mg/kg) and high-dose midazolam (1.3 +/- 0.2 mg/kg; mm-1, n = 6) by i.m. injection. induction and recovery times were recorded. pulse, respiratory rate, body temperature, systolic and diast ...201020722251
a- and b-chromosome pairing and recombination in male meiosis of the silver fox (vulpes vulpes l., 1758, carnivora, canidae).we examined a- and b-chromosome pairing and recombination in 12 males from the farm-bred population of the silver fox (2n = 34 + 0-10 bs) by means of electron and immunofluorescent microscopy. to detect recombination at a and b chromosomes, we used immunolocalisation of mlh1, a mismatch repair protein of mature recombination nodules, at synaptonemal complexes. the mean total number of mlh1 foci at a-autosomes was 29.6 foci per cell. the xy bivalent had one mlh1 focus at the pairing region. total ...201020697834
population structures of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) on the hokkaido island, japan, revealed by microsatellite analysis.in order to examine the population structures of the red fox (vulpes vulpes) on the hokkaido island in japan, we conducted analysis on 250 foxes from all over the island for 12 microsatellite loci. assignment tests using the genotype data set showed that they were divided into 6 subpopulations. of the 6, one was geographically isolated in the southern region and considered definitive subpopulation, whereas the other 5 were not. the slight differences among the latter 5 subpopulations were explai ...201020696669
red in tooth and claw: how top predators shape terrestrial ecosystems.top predators are increasingly recognized as important regulators of ecosystem structure. elmhagen et al. in this issue show how a recolonizing population of lynx in finland is in the process of imposing control of the abundance of a mesopredator, the red fox, and relaxing predation pressure on a prey species. their study shows how ecological restoration programs could use the power of top predators to limit mesopredator populations and control total predation pressure on prey species.201020636839
taming of the silver fox.the first silver-fox, silver-ammonia-fox, and silver-amine-fox compounds were synthesized by the reactions of silver nitrate with k-fox or guanidine-fox in water, aqueous ammonia, and amines, respectively. the crystal structure of silver-ammonia-fox exhibits unique covalent bonding behavior, which is supported by nbo calculations.201020550113
vocalization toward conspecifics in silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) selected for tame or aggressive behavior toward humans.we examined the production of different vocalizations in three strains of silver fox (unselected, aggressive, and tame) attending three kinds of behavior (aggressive, affiliative, and neutral) in response to their same-strain conspecifics. this is a follow-up to previous experiments which demonstrated that in the presence of humans, tame foxes produced cackles and pants but never coughed or snorted, whilst aggressive foxes produced coughs and snorts but never cackled or panted. thus, cackle/pant ...201020123117
moonlight avoidance in gerbils reveals a sophisticated interplay among time allocation, vigilance and state-dependent foraging.foraging animals have several tools for managing the risk of predation, and the foraging games between them and their predators. among these, time allocation is foremost, followed by vigilance and apprehension. together, their use influences a forager's time allocation and giving-up density (gud) in depletable resource patches. we examined allenby's gerbils (gerbilus andersoni allenbyi) exploiting seed resource patches in a large vivarium under varying moon phases in the presence of a red fox (v ...201020053649
concentrations of trace elements in tissues of red fox (vulpes vulpes) and stone marten (martes foina) from suburban and rural areas in croatia.trace elements concentrations (as, cd, cu, pb and hg) were determined in the liver, kidney and muscle of 28 red fox (vulpes vulpes) and 16 stone marten (martes foina) from suburban and rural habitats from croatia. rural and suburban habitats affected cd and hg levels in the muscle, liver and kidney of red fox. significant differences in metal concentrations in the muscle, liver and kidney were detected among species. suburban stone marten accumulated the highest levels of trace elements (mg/kg w ...201021069280
mapping loci for fox domestication: deconstruction/reconstruction of a behavioral phenotype.during the second part of the twentieth century, belyaev selected tame and aggressive foxes (vulpes vulpes), in an effort known as the "farm-fox experiment", to recapitulate the process of animal domestication. using these tame and aggressive foxes as founders of segregant backcross and intercross populations we have employed interval mapping to identify a locus for tame behavior on fox chromosome vvu12. this locus is orthologous to, and therefore validates, a genomic region recently implicated ...201021153916
determination of bromadiolone residues in fox faeces by lc/esi-ms in relationship with toxicological data and clinical signs after repeated exposure.in many countries, the fox (vulpes vulpes), predator of small mammals, is particularly affected by anticoagulant rodenticides such as bromadiolone due to secondary poisoning. nevertheless, to date, no method of exposure monitoring is applicable in the field over large areas, and no toxicological data are available concerning sensitivity of foxes to bromadiolone. the aim of this work was to compare excretion kinetics of bromadiolone in fox faeces with clinical and haemostatic effects after repeat ...201020692656
a slow life in hell or a fast life in heaven: demographic analyses of contrasting roe deer populations.1. environmental conditions shape population growth through their impact on demographic parameters. while knowledge has accumulated concerning the effects of population density and climatic conditions, a topical question now concerns how predation and harvest influence demographic parameters and population growth (lambda). 2. we performed a comparative demographic analysis based on projection matrix models for female roe deer. population-specific matrices were parameterized based on longitudinal ...200919379139
habitat and roe deer fawn vulnerability to red fox predation.1. notwithstanding the growing amount of literature emphasizing the link between habitat, life-history traits and behaviour, few empirical studies investigated the combined effect of these parameters on individual predation risk. we investigated direct and indirect consequences of habitat composition at multiple spatial scales on predation risk by red foxes on 151 radio-monitored roe deer fawns. we hypothesized that the higher resource availability in fragmented agricultural areas increased pred ...200919563469
kind granddaughters of angry grandmothers: the effect of domestication on vocalization in cross-bred silver foxes.the genetic basis of the effects of domestication has previously been examined in relation to morphological, physiological and behavioural traits, but not for vocalizations. according to belyaev [belyaev, d.k., 1979. destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication. j. hered. 70, 301-308], directional selection for tame behaviour toward humans resulted in domestication. this hypothesis has been confirmed experimentally on the farm-bred silver fox vulpes vulpes population that has undergone 4 ...200919520236
a comparison of the efficacy and cardiorespiratory effects of four medetomidine-based anaesthetic protocols in the red fox (vulpes vulpes).to evaluate the anaesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of four anaesthetic protocols in red foxes (vulpes vulpes).200919470141
phylogeography of the north american red fox: vicariance in pleistocene forest refugia.fossil, archaeological, and morphometric data suggest that indigenous red foxes in north america were derived from vicariance in two disjunct refugia during the last glaciation: one in beringia and one in the contiguous usa. to test this hypothesis, we conducted a phylogeographical analysis of the north american red fox within its presettlement range. we sequenced portions of the mitochondrial cytochrome b (354 bp) gene and d-loop (342 bp) from 220 historical red fox specimens. phylogenetic anal ...200919457180
genetic detection of sex-biased and age-biased dispersal in a population of wild carnivore, the red fox, vulpes vulpes.field studies conducted on rural red fox (vulpes vulpes) populations suggest that the majority of males tend to disperse while the majority of females tend to be philopatric, that males disperse farther than females, and that most of the foxes disperse during their first year of life. however, the quantification of dispersal parameters is poorly documented in the red fox, because this carnivore is notoriously difficult to follow from birth to maturity. the aim of this study was to test hypothese ...200919341332
patch use in time and space for a meso-predator in a risky world.predator-prey studies often assume a three trophic level system where predators forage free from any risk of predation. since meso-predators themselves are also prospective prey, they too need to trade-off between food and safety. we applied foraging theory to study patch use and habitat selection by a meso-predator, the red fox. we present evidence that foxes use a quitting harvest rate rule when deciding whether or not to abandon a foraging patch, and experience diminishing returns when foragi ...200919082629
first passage time analysis of animal movement and insights into the functional response.movement plays a role in structuring the interactions between individuals, their environment, and other species. although movement models coupled with empirical data are widely used to study animal distribution, they have seldom been used to study search time. this paper proposes first passage time as a novel approach for understanding the effect of the landscape on animal movement and search time. in the context of animal movement, first passage time is the time taken for an animal to reach a s ...200918825463
[black-silver fox vulpes vulpes male reproductive potential after longitudinal selection on domestic behavior]. 200916756099
animal and human rabies in mongolia.the prevalence of animal rabies differs in each area of mongolia. wolves (canis lupus linnaeus, 1758), foxes ( vulpes vulpes linnaeus, 1758), corsac foxes (vulpes corsac linnaeus, 1768) and manuls (felis manul pallas, 1778) are considered to be the infective wild animals in natural foci. amongst livestock, cattle have had the most rabies cases, followed by camels, sheep, goats and horses. the peak prevalence of animal rabies occurred in the 1970s. dundgovi province had the highest incidence duri ...200920462156
endoparasites of red fox (vulpes vulpes) in central italy.a parasitologic study on 129 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) from tuscany (central italy) was carried out in 2004-2006. five intestinal species were found at necropsy: dipylidium caninum (prevalence 57.3%), mesocestoides lineatus (45.4%), uncinaria stenocephala (39.1%), toxocara canis (9.1%), and toxascaris leonina (5.4%). other parasites not associated with the intestine included crenosoma vulpis (14.7%), capillaria aerophila (7.0%), angiostrongylus vasorum (7.0%), and filarial parasites (17.8%). cop ...200919617506
safety studies on an adenovirus recombinant vaccine for rabies (adrg1.3-onrab) in target and non-target species.a replication-competent human adenovirus vector in which the rabies virus glycoprotein gene was inserted (adrg1.3-onrab) was given by direct instillation into the oral cavity to representatives of three wildlife vector species of concern in ontario (red fox, raccoon and striped skunk) and to a variety of non-target wildlife species, domestic and laboratory species. despite use of a relatively high dose of vaccine, no untoward clinical signs were observed. subsequent to vaccine exposure, detectio ...200919698811
a serological survey of infectious disease in yellowstone national park's canid community.gray wolves (canis lupus) were reintroduced into yellowstone national park (ynp) after a >70 year absence, and as part of recovery efforts, the population has been closely monitored. in 1999 and 2005, pup survival was significantly reduced, suggestive of disease outbreaks.200919756151
differentiated evolutionary conservatism and lack of polymorphism of crucial sex determination genes (sry and sox9) in four species of the family canidae.the sex determination process is under the control of several genes of which two (sry and sox9), encoding transcription factors, play a crucial role. it is well-known that mutations at these genes may cause the development of an intersexual phenotype. the aim of this study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the coding sequence and 5'-flanking regions of both genes in four species of the family canidae (the dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog). similarity of the coding sequence ...200919777961
thelazia callipaeda (spirurida, thelaziidae) in wild animals: report of new host species and ecological implications.thelazia callipaeda infects the eyes of carnivores and humans in far eastern asiatic and european countries. studies have demonstrated the occurrence of t. callipaeda in foxes from areas where canine thelaziosis is endemic. however, there is little information on the role of wild carnivores as hosts of this nematode. from may 2003 to may 2009, a total of 130 carcasses of red foxes (vulpes vulpes; n=75), wolves (canis lupus; n=2), beech martens (martes foina; n=22), brown hares (lepus europaeus; ...200919782474
muscular sarcocystosis in wild carnivores in honshu, japan.a total of 65 free-living carnivores collected on honshu island, japan were examined for muscular sarcocystis species infections. among them, 12 japanese raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides viverrinus), one japanese red fox (vulpes vulpes japonica), three japanese martens (martes melampus melampus), and two japanese badgers (meles meles anakuma) were found to have sarcocysts in their muscles. no inflammatory reactions associated with sarcocysts were observed. ultrastructurally, the sarcocysts ...200919841942
rabies in northeastern europe--the threat from invasive raccoon dogs.the red fox (vulpes vulpes) is the main terrestrial wildlife rabies vector in europe. however, recently the raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides)--an invasive species originating from east asia--has become increasingly important as secondary host, especially in the baltic states. this imposes problems on neighboring rabies-free countries (such as finland), where the density of each of the two vector species on its own might be too low to sustain a long-term rabies epizootic, but the community o ...200919901385
detection and identification of bartonella sp. in fleas from carnivorous mammals in andalusia, spain.a total of 559 fleas representing four species (pulex irritans, ctenocephalides felis, ctenocephalides canis and spilopsyllus cuniculi) collected on carnivores (five iberian lynx lynx pardinus, six european wildcat felis silvestris, 10 common genet genetta genetta, three eurasian badger meles meles, 22 red fox vulpes vulpes, 87 dogs and 23 cats) in andalusia, southern spain, were distributed in 156 pools of monospecific flea from each carnivore, and tested for bartonella infection in an assay ba ...200919941605
bartonella rochalimae in raccoons, coyotes, and red foxes.to determine additional reservoirs for bartonella rochalimae, we examined samples from several wildlife species. we isolated b. rochalimae from 1 red fox near paris, france, and from 11 raccoons and 2 coyotes from california, usa. co-infection with b. vinsonii subsp. berkhoffii was documented in 1 of the coyotes.200919961681
comparative genomics of 3 farm canids in relation to the dog.there are 3 canids besides the dog (canis familiaris): the red fox (vulpes vulpes), arctic fox (alopex lagopus) and chinese raccoon dog (nyctereutes procyonoides procyonoides), which have been extensively studied with the use of cytogenetic and molecular genetics techniques. these 3 species are considered as farm fur-bearing animals. in addition, they are also useful models in comparative genomic studies of the canids. in this review genome organization, karyotype evolution, comparative marker m ...200920016159
a comparison of coding sequence and cytogenetic localization of the myostatin gene in the dog, red fox, arctic fox and chinese raccoon dog.the gene encoding myostatin (mstn), due to its crucial function for growth of skeletal muscle mass, is an important candidate for muscularity. in this study we analyzed the nucleotide sequence and fish localization of this gene in 4 canids, including 3 farm species. the nucleotide sequence of the mstn coding fragment turned out to be highly conserved, since its identity among the studied species was very high and varied between 99.4 and 99.7%. only 1, widely spread, silent single nucleotide poly ...200920016167
anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of red foxes (vulpes vulpes).the investigation of anaplasma phagocytophilum infection covered 111 red foxes from the mazovian province. determination was based on pcr amplification of 16s rrna gene and the portion of msp4 gene coding msp4 major surface protein. the presence of a. phagocytophilum was found in 2.7 % of foxes.200920047265
[cloning and expression of fox growth hormone gene in pichia pastoris].to prepare recombinant fox growth hormone (fgh), we amplified its cdna from silver fox pituitary tissue by rt-pcr and cloned into yeast shuttle vector ppic9k down stream of a-factor signal peptide sequence by snab i and not i restriction sites. the recombinant secretion vector ppic9k/fgh, linearized by sal i, was transformed into histidine-deficient pichia pastoris strain gs115 by electroporation. we selected his+ -transformed methylotropic (his+, mut+) yeast using histidine-absent medium contai ...200920112690
echinococcus in the wild carnivores and stray dogs of northern tunisia: the results of a pilot survey.echinococcus granulosus is endemic throughout tunisia and e. multilocularis has previously been reported as the cause of two cases of human alveolar echinococcosis in the north-west of the country. the aim of the present study was to screen wild carnivores from the north-western jendouba governorate and semi-stray dogs from the siliana and sejnane regions of northern tunisia for these two zoonotic cestodes. the results of the coproscopy, coproelisa and copropcr that were undertaken were compared ...200919508750
analysis of vaccine-virus-associated rabies cases in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) after oral rabies vaccination campaigns in germany and austria.to eradicate rabies in foxes, almost 97 million oral rabies vaccine baits have been distributed in germany and austria since 1983 and 1986, respectively. since 2007, no terrestrial cases have been reported in either country. the most widely used oral rabies vaccine viruses in these countries were sad (street alabama dufferin) strains, e.g. sad b19 (53.2%) and sad p5/88 (44.5%). in this paper, we describe six possible vaccine-virus-associated rabies cases in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) detected dur ...200919521660
keystone effects of an alien top-predator stem extinctions of native mammals.alien predators can have catastrophic effects on ecosystems and are thought to be much more harmful to biodiversity than their native counterparts. however, trophic cascade theory and the mesopredator release hypothesis predict that the removal of top predators will result in the reorganization of trophic webs and loss of biodiversity. using field data collected throughout arid australia, we provide evidence that removal of an alien top-predator, the dingo, has cascading effects through lower tr ...200919535372
chromosomal mapping of canine-derived bac clones to the red fox and american mink genomes.high-quality sequencing of the dog (canis lupus familiaris) genome has enabled enormous progress in genetic mapping of canine phenotypic variation. the red fox (vulpes vulpes), another canid species, also exhibits a wide range of variation in coat color, morphology, and behavior. although the fox genome has not yet been sequenced, canine genomic resources have been used to construct a meiotic linkage map of the red fox genome and begin genetic mapping in foxes. however, a more detailed gene-spec ...200919546120
disease threats to the endangered iberian lynx (lynx pardinus).the iberian lynx, (lynx pardinus), is the most endangered felid in the world. to determine whether sympatric carnivores are reservoirs of pathogens posing a disease risk for the lynx, evidence of exposure to 17 viral, bacterial and protozoan agents was investigated in 176 carnivores comprising 26 free-living lynx, 53 domestic cats, 28 dogs, 33 red foxes (vulpes vulpes), 24 egyptian mongooses (herpestes ichneumon), 10 common genets (genetta genetta) and 2 eurasian badgers (meles meles) in the are ...200918555712
echinococcus multilocularis--adaptation of a worm egg isolation procedure coupled with a multiplex pcr assay to carry out large-scale screening of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in norway.echinococcus multilocularis, causing alveolar echinococcosis in humans, is a highly pathogenic emerging zoonotic disease in central europe. the gold standard for the identification of this parasite in the main host, the red fox, namely identification of the adult parasite in the intestine at necropsy, is very laborious. copro-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) with confirmatory polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been suggested as an acceptable alternative, but no commercial copro-elisa t ...200918923842
isolation of brucella microti from mandibular lymph nodes of red foxes, vulpes vulpes, in lower austria.from the mandibular lymph nodes of wild red foxes (vulpes vulpes) hunted in the region of gmünd, lower austria, two gram-negative, oxidase- and urease-positive, coccoid rod-shaped bacteria (strains 257 and 284) were isolated. cells were fast growing, nonmotile, and agglutinated with monospecific anti-brucella (m) serum. both strains were biochemically identified as ochrobactrum anthropi by using the api 20ne test. however, sequencing of the 16s rrna and reca genes clearly identified strains 257 ...200918973444
leptospirosis in wild and domestic carnivores in natural areas in andalusia, spain.leptospirosis is a zoonosis that affects humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. carnivores are at the top of the feeding chain, thus being exposed to pathogens through their preys. from june 2004 to april 2007, we analyzed for evidences of contact with 14 serovars of leptospira interrogans sensu lato serum (analyzed by indirect microscopic agglutination test) and urine or kidney samples (analyzed by microscopic observation, immunostaining and culture) collected from 201 wild and domestic carniv ...200918973450
the birth of a trichinella britovi focus on the mediterranean island of sardinia (italy).for 60 years, the islands of the mediterranean basin were considered to be trichinella-free. in april 2005, an outbreak of human trichinellosis due to the consumption of infected pork involved 11 persons in the villages of orgosolo and lanusei (nuoro province) on the island of sardinia (italy). we conducted an investigation to identify free-range and backyard pigs and other humans with trichinella infection in the area of the 2005 outbreak. we also tested wild animals from various parts of sardi ...200919041178
long-term survey on trichinella prevalence in wildlife of slovakia.in slovakia, monitoring the prevalence of trichinella spp. in wildlife was performed since 2000 in the main reservoir animals, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) and wild boar (sus scrofa), using artificial digestion method as recommended by international commission on trichinellosis. the results of investigation performed in 5270 red foxes showed that trichinella infection is widespread across slovakia and prevalence increased significantly from 4.9% in 2000 to 20.5% in 2007. recently, a higher trichi ...200919042089
report of trichinella spiralis in a red fox (vulpes vulpes) in northern ireland.no systematic studies of the occurrence of trichinella in wildlife have been carried out in northern ireland (ni) in recent years, and the last reports of trichinellosis in livestock and human outbreaks in ni date back to 1979 and 1945, respectively. in this study, covering the period 2003/2004 and 2007/2008, a total of 443 red foxes (vulpes vulpes) were collected throughout the country and screened for trichinellosis using a modified muscle digest method. one examined animal was found to be inf ...200919070433
multi-locus microsatellite analysis supports the hypothesis of an autochthonous focus of echinococcus multilocularis in northern italy.echinococcus multilocularis is characterised by a wide geographical distribution, encompassing three continents (north america, asia and europe) yet very low genetic variability is documented. recently, this parasite has been detected in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) circulating in an alpine region of italy, close to austria. this finding raised the question as to whether an autochthonous cycle exists in italy or whether the infected foxes originated from the neighbouring regions of austria. studies ...200919150351
development of a real-time pcr assay for the detection of trichinella spiralis in situ.trichinellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease caused by nematodes of the genus trichinella. most human infections are caused by trichinella spiralis, with pig meat being the main source of infection. as a consequence, all countries in the eu inspect slaughtered animals to prevent the distribution of infected meat to consumers. however, trichinella spp. infect nearly all orders of mammals and so wildlife monitoring is often required in regions that want to provide evidence of negligible risk of ...200919153012
rodents as shared indicators for zoonotic parasites of carnivores in urban environments.rodents are shared intermediate or paratenic hosts for echinococcus multilocularis, toxocara spp. and toxoplasma gondii, and may serve as valuable indicators for assessing the occurrence and the level of environmental contamination and infection pressure with free-living stages of these zoonotic parasites. we investigated 658 non-commensal rodents for parasite infections in the canton of geneva, switzerland. the prevalence of infection with e. multilocularis was highest in arvicola terrestris ca ...200919154652
serologic survey for canine distemper virus and canine parvovirus in free-ranging wild carnivores from portugal.a serologic survey for canine distemper virus (cdv) and canine parvovirus (cpv) was performed on serum and lung extract from an opportunistic sample of 120 free-ranging wild carnivores (13 species) from portugal, collected from 1995 to 2006. antibodies to cdv were detected in wolf (canis lupus; 3/27) and red fox (vulpes vulpes; 2/22). antibodies to cpv were detected in wolf (9/28), red fox (2/14), wildcat (felis silvestris;1/8), genet (genetta genetta; 17/18), and stone marten (martes foina; 3/1 ...200919204354
animal evolution during domestication: the domesticated fox as a model.we review the evolution of domestic animals, emphasizing the effect of the earliest steps of domestication on its course. using the first domesticated species, the dog (canis familiaris), for illustration, we describe the evolutionary peculiarities during the historical domestication, such as the high level and wide range of diversity. we suggest that the process of earliest domestication via unconscious and later conscious selection of human-defined behavioral traits may accelerate phenotypic v ...200919260016
crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), a south american canid, as a definitive host for hammondia heydorni.hammondia heydorni is a cyst forming coccidia closely related to other apicomplexans, such as toxoplasma gondii, neospora caninum and hammondia hammondi with a two-host life cycle. dogs and other canids as red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and coyotes (canis latrans) may serve as definitive hosts for h. heydorni. sporulated oocysts are infective for cattle, sheep and goats, which may serve as intermediate hosts. herein, we describe the ability of crab-eating fox (cerdocyon thous), a wild carnivore that ...200919303215
[spatiotemporal analysis of the infection of the red fox (vulpes vulpes l.) with echinococcus multilocularis in saxony-anhalt].a total of 2757 red foxes from 952 locations were examined parasitologically for echinococcus multilocularis between the years 1998 and 2007 at the state office of consumer protection saxony-anhalt. this examination was carried out in parallel to rabies monitoring. a period-prevalence of 17.4% of infection was found. employing different cluster tests spatial as well as spatiotemporal clusters were detected. spatial clusters remained largely stable throughout the complete time interval and were s ...200919350806
serological detection of anti-trichinella antibodies in wild foxes and experimentally infected farmed foxes in norway.trichinella surveillance in wildlife has relied on the detection of muscle larvae using digestion techniques. serology has been proposed as more suitable for large-scale epidemiological studies in wildlife. in this study, 328 individual sera from wild red foxes and 16 sera from experimentally infected farmed foxes were serologically tested with both excretory/secretory antigen (e/s) and the synthetic beta-tyvelose glycan antigen, in indirect elisa tests. the wild red foxes (vulpes vulpes) had pr ...200919380206
the carriage of larval echinococcus multilocularis and other cestodes by the musk rat (ondatra zibethicus) along the ourthe river and its tributaries (belgium).in belgium, the carriage of echinococcus multilocularis by the red fox (vulpes vulpes) can be very high in some areas. this study was designed to evaluate the carriage of the larval form of e. multilocularis and other cestodes in a musk rat (ondatra zibethicus) population trapped along the ourthe river (southeastern belgium). six hundred fifty-seven musk rats were necropsied, and the larval cestodes of the abdominal and pleural cavities were identified. for e. multilocularis, the fertility of th ...200919395737
animal rabies in massachusetts, 1985-2006.in this study, we review annual rabies data from massachusetts from 1985 to 2006, spanning the introduction of raccoon strain rabies in 1992. of 52,034 animals tested, 9.7% (5,049/52,034) were rabid, representing 26 of over 67 species submitted. bats were the most common rabid animals prior to 1992 (50 of 52), but raccoons (procyon lotor) became the most common rabies-positive species upon arrival of raccoon strain rabies virus (38.2%, 2,728 of 7,138 tested), followed by striped skunks (mephitis ...200919395747
physaloptera sibirica in foxes and badgers from the western alps (italy).we investigated the presence of physaloptera sibirica and its distribution as well as the association among the parasite, host (i.e. mange due to sarcoptes scabiei) and environmental factors (i.e. altitudes) in foxes (vulpes vulpes) and badgers (meles meles) from the north-west of italy. from 1996 to 2008 a total of 608 foxes, culled by hunters or road killed, and 39 road killed badgers were examined in order to investigate the presence of nematodes in the stomach. p. sibirica was found in 16 fo ...200919411141
experimental infection of foxes with european bat lyssaviruses type-1 and 2.since 1954, there have been in excess of 800 cases of rabies as a result of european bat lyssaviruses types 1 and 2 (eblv-1, eblv-2) infection, mainly in serotine and myotis bats respectively. these viruses have rarely been reported to infect humans and terrestrial mammals, as the only exceptions are sheep in denmark, a stone marten in germany and a cat in france. the purpose of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of foxes to eblvs using silver foxes (vulpes vulpes) as a model.200919454020
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