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a transposon-derived dna polymerase from entamoeba histolytica displays intrinsic strand displacement, processivity and lesion bypass.entamoeba histolytica encodes four family b2 dna polymerases that vary in amino acid length from 813 to 1279. these dna polymerases contain a n-terminal domain with no homology to other proteins and a c-terminal domain with high amino acid identity to archetypical family b2 dna polymerases. a phylogenetic analysis indicates that these family b2 dna polymerases are grouped with dna polymerases from transposable elements dubbed polintons or mavericks. in this work, we report the cloning and bioche ...201223226232
virtual screening, identification and in vitro testing of novel inhibitors of o-acetyl-l-serine sulfhydrylase of entamoeba histolytica.the explosive epidemicity of amoebiasis caused by the facultative gastrointestinal protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica is a major public health problem in developing countries. multidrug resistance and side effects of various available antiamoebic drugs necessitate the design of novel antiamobeic agents. the cysteine biosynthetic pathway is the critical target for drug design due to its significance in the growth, survival and other cellular activities of e. histolytica. here, we have scree ...201222355310
effect of bovine lactoferrin in a therapeutic hamster model of hepatic amoebiasis.entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of amoebiasis, a disease that produces dysentery as a result of the perforation of the large intestine. this parasite often invades other organs, primarily the liver, leading to an amoebic liver abscess (ala), which can cause death. metronidazole is the drug of choice for the treatment of ala; however, it produces toxic side effects in patients. lactoferrin (lf) is a glycoprotein of the innate immune response that sequesters iron in the mucosae. lf po ...201222332957
leptin protects host cells from entamoeba histolytica cytotoxicity by a stat3-dependent mechanism.the adipocytokine leptin links nutritional status to immune function. leptin signaling protects from amebiasis, but the molecular mechanism is not understood. we developed an in vitro model of ameba-host cell interaction to test the hypothesis that leptin prevents ameba-induced apoptosis in host epithelial cells. we demonstrated that activation of mammalian leptin signaling increased cellular resistance to amebic cytotoxicity, including caspase-3 activation. exogenous expression of the leptin re ...201222331430
cloning, expression and evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinase (ehcp4) antigen in minipig.cysteine proteinases 4 (ehcp4) of entamoeba histolytica are considered important for ameba pathogenicity. the recombinant gene was obtained by cloning and expression of the ehcp4 gene in heterologous host escherichia coli bl-21 (de3), were used to evaluate their ability to induce immune protective responses in minipig against challenge infection in a minipig-e. histolytica model. there was a 53.16% reduction (p<0.001) in the group of recovery of challenged e. histolytica compared with that in th ...201222326593
establishment of a transient transfection system and expression of firefly luciferase in entamoeba invadens.entamoeba invadens is used as a model system to study trophozoite to cyst differentiation since entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis cannot encyst in culture. however, a system for introduction of cloned genes in e. invadens is not available. here we report an electroporation-based method for transfection of e. invadens tophozoites and demonstrate the expression of firefly luciferase reporter gene driven from the e. invadens ribosomal protein l3 promoter. the efficiency of lu ...201222321531
evaluation of the intestinal microbial diversity in miniature pig after orally infected with entamoeba histolytica.the objective of this study was to analyze the difference in intestinal microbial diversity between healthy and (entamoeba histolytica) orally infected minipig. enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric)-pcr was applied to analyze this diversity and dynamic change, including the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and rectum from healthy and orally infected minipig at different time points. the results showed that the intestinal microbial community of the control minipigs was stable and ...201222314784
quantification of diarrhea risk related to wastewater contact in thailand.wastewater reuse contributes to closing the nutrient recycling loop as a sustainable way of managing water resources. bangkok has over a thousand man-made drainage and irrigation canals for such purposes. its use for agricultural and recreational purposes has a long tradition in rural and peri-urban areas. however, the continuation of these practices is increasingly questioned since potential health risks are an issue if such practices are not appropriately managed. the microbial and chemical qu ...201222311100
synthesis, characterization and antiamoebic activity of some hydrazone and azole derivatives bearing pyridyl moiety as a promising heterocyclic scaffold.in an effort to develop effective antiamoebic agents, some hydrazones and azoles containing pyridyl moiety were synthesized and screened for in vitro antiamoebic activity against hm1:imss strain of entamoeba histolytica. among all the compounds, only five compounds (1, 3, 5, 9 and 11) were found to be better inhibitors of growth of e. histolytica than the reference drug metronidazole. the cytotoxic studies of these compounds on human breast cancer mcf-7 cell line revealed that all the compounds ...201222309914
profiles of entamoeba histolytica-specific immunoglobulins in human sera.to determine the profiles of anti-entamoeba histolytica (e. histolytica) iga, igg, and igm in sera of diarrheic and non-diarrheic individuals and partially characterize target antigens.201222305791
porcine colon explants in the study of innate immune response to entamoeba histolytica.human amebiasis is caused by the protozoan entamoeba histolytica. this protozoan is responsible for muco-hemorrhagic diarrhoea and liver abscess in affected populations. e. histolytica can be asymptomatic commensally confined to the intestinal lumen or can result in invasion of the colonic mucosa leading to ulceration and/or liver abscesses. recently, human colonic explants have been identified as valuable in the study of host-parasite interactions. here we investigated the potential of porcine ...201222297149
obtaining of three recombinant antigens of entamoeba histolytica and evaluation of their immunogenic ability without adjuvant in a hamster model of immunoprotection.a 30-kda surface collagen binding protein peroxiredoxin of entamoeba histolytica (ehcbp30) was evaluated either alone or fused to the chaperone (chp) or atpase (atp) domains of heat shock protein 70 of trypanosoma cruzi (tchsp70) as a vaccine candidate in a hamster model of experimental amoebic liver abscess (ala) development. three constructs were produced containing the ehcbp30 dna sequence, one expressing ehcbp30 and two expressing ehcbp30 fused to either chp or atp domains of tchsp70. high p ...201222266120
human milk oligosaccharides reduce entamoeba histolytica attachment and cytotoxicity in vitro.human milk oligosaccharides (hmo), complex sugars that are highly abundant in breast milk, block viral and bacterial attachment to the infant's intestinal epithelium and lower the risk of infections. we hypothesised that hmo also prevent infections with the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica, as its major virulence factor is a lectin that facilitates parasite attachment and cytotoxicity and binds galactose (gal) and n-acetyl-galactosamine. hmo contain gal, are only minimally digested in th ...201222264879
newly visualized fibrillar collagen scaffolds dictate entamoeba histolytica invasion route in the human colon.the extracellular matrix (ecm) and its role in the outcome of infectious diseases have been poorly investigated. in this study, we determined the impact of the collagen fibres architecture on the invasive process of the enteric parasite entamoeba histolytica. the behaviour of e. histolytica wild-type and silenced for the cysteine protease a5 (cp-a5) were compared on a three-dimensional collagen matrix and within human colon fragments for fibrillar collagen cleavage and migration. the interstitia ...201222233454
amoebicidal activity of the rhizomes and aerial parts of allium sivasicum on entamoeba histolytica.amebiasis is a severe illness caused by entamoebachistolytica. the aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro amebicidal activity of the rhizomes and aerial parts of allium sivasicum, an endemic plant species from the flora of turkey. both extracts showed a time- and dose-dependent amebicidal action on the trophozoites. among the extracts tested, rhizomes of a. sivasicum showed the strongest amebicidal effect on the trophozoites. in the presence of the rhizome extract at 2.0 mg/ml concentrati ...201222215196
[ileocecal ameboma: a case diagnosed by pathology and molecular biology].colonic ameboma is a rare benign inflammatory tumor due to the infection by entamoeba histolytica and poses frequently the problem of colon cancer. we report a case of a 52 year-old patient who presented a cecal amoeboma revealed by a painful mass in the right iliac fossa. radiologic and endoscopic examinations depicted a parietal thickening of the right colon and the cecum. a presumptive diagnosis of colon cancer was firstly discussed. confirmation of ameboma was made on pathological examinatio ...201224834662
detection of entamoeba histolytica in experimentally induced amoebic liver abscess: comparison of three staining methods.to compare the efficacy of three different tissue stains, namely haematoxylin and eosin (h&e), periodic-acid schiff (pas) and immunohistochemical (ihc) stains for detection of entamoeba histolytica (e. histolytica) trophozoites in abscessed liver tissues of hamster.201223569836
synthesis, characterization and structure optimization of a series of thiazolidinone derivatives as entamoeba histolytica inhibitors.a series of thiazolidinone derivatives were synthesized by sodium acetate assisted cyclization of 1-isobutyl-3-phenylthiourea with chloroacetic acid followed by the piperidine facilitated substitution of the resulting thiazolidinone with different substituted aldehydes. the ethene and imine double bonds adopt (z,z) configuration as indicated by (1)h-(1)h cosy and 2d-noesy (1)h nmr and further confirmed by the crystal structure studies. the in vitro antiamoebic activity of these compounds was eva ...201222840694
a multilocus sequence typing system (mlst) reveals a high level of diversity and a genetic component to entamoeba histolytica virulence.the outcome of an entamoeba histolytica infection is variable and can result in either asymptomatic carriage, immediate or latent disease (diarrhea/dysentery/amebic liver abscess). an e. histolytica multilocus genotyping system based on trna gene-linked arrays has shown that genetic differences exist among parasites isolated from patients with different symptoms however, the trna gene-linked arrays cannot be located in the current assembly of the e. histolytica reference genome (strain hm-1:imss ...201222839995
metronidazole thiosalicylate conjugates: synthesis, crystal structure, docking studies and antiamoebic activity.metronidazole thiosalicylate conjugates were synthesized and crystallised in order to discover new molecules having better efficacy than therapeutically administered drug metronidazole, used against entamoeba histolytica. the three compounds (4-6) showed lower ic(50) values than metronidazole on hm1:imss strain of e. histolytica and displayed low cytotoxicity on mcf-7 cell line. in order to get an insight into the mechanisms of action of these compounds, a homology model of e. histolytica thiore ...201222832309
a pentapeptide monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor protects brain ischemia injury by targeting the eef1a1/endothelial nitric oxide synthase pathway.ischemic stroke is a major cause of death worldwide but lacks viable treatment or treatment targets. monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (mlif) is a small heat-stable pentapeptide produced by entamoeba histolytica in axenic culture, which is supposed to protect the brain from ischemic injury; the mechanism, however, remains unknown. in this study, we further investigated the mechanism underlying the protective role of mlif in brain ischemia.201222829547
a detoxifying oxygen reductase in the anaerobic protozoan entamoeba histolytica.we report the characterization of a bacterial-type oxygen reductase abundant in the cytoplasm of the anaerobic protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica. upon host infection, e. histolytica is confronted with various oxygen tensions in the host intestine, as well as increased reactive oxygen and nitrogen species at the site of local tissue inflammation. resistance to oxygen-derived stress thus plays an important role in the pathogenic potential of e. histolytica. the genome of e. histolytica has ...201222798391
infantile amoebiasis: a case report.amoebiasis continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality in children in developing countries. entamoeba histolytica infections are commonly observed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world including iran. in developed countries entamoeba histolytica infections are commonly seen in travelers, recent immigrants, homosexual men, and inmates of institutions. the disease is more severe in the two extremes of life. this paper paper describes a four-month-old male infant with entamo ...201222779016
seroprevalence of entamoeba histolytica infection in china.the seroprevalence of entamoeba histolytica infection in the residents of seven provinces in china was examined by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with a crude antigen and a recombinant surface antigen, c-igl, of the parasites. a total of 1,312 serum samples were investigated. the positivity rates for these two antigens were 11.05% and 6.25%, respectively. there was no significant difference in the seropositivity to e. histolytica between men and women. we used a logistic regression m ...201222764298
antiamoebic properties of the actinomycete metabolites echinomycin a and tirandamycin a.entamoeba histolytica infects 50 million people per year, causing 100,000 deaths worldwide. the primary treatment for amoebiasis is metronidazole. however, increased pathogen resistance combined with the drug's toxic side effects encourages a search for alternative therapeutic agents. secondary metabolites from marine bacteria are a promising resource for antiprotozoan drug discovery. in this study, extracts from a collection of marine-derived actinomycetes were screened for antiamoebic properti ...201222763704
autophosphorylation of ser428 of ehc2pk plays a critical role in regulating erythrophagocytosis in the parasite entamoeba histolytica.the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica can invade both intestinal and extra intestinal tissues resulting in amoebiasis. during the process of invasion e. histolytica ingests red blood and host cells using phagocytic processes. though phagocytosis is considered to be a key virulence determinant, the mechanism is not very well understood in e. histolytica. we have recently demonstrated that a novel c2 domain-containing protein kinase, ehc2pk is involved in the initiation of erythrophagocytos ...201222753771
entamoeba histolytica infection in men who have sex with men.entamoeba histolytica infection (amoebiasis) is the second leading cause of death from parasitic diseases. epidemiological studies from developed countries have reported an increasing prevalence of amoebiasis and of invasive infections, such as amoebic colitis, among men who have sex with men (msm) who engage in oral-anal sex. although most infections with e histolytica are asymptomatic, clinical manifestations of invasive amoebiasis mainly include amoebic colitis and amoebic liver abscess, whic ...201222917103
real-time analysis of gut flora in entamoeba histolytica infected patients of northern india.amebic dysentery is caused by the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica and the ingestion of quadrinucleate cyst of e. histolytica from fecally contaminated food or water initiates infection. excystation occurs in the lumen of small intestine, where motile and potentially invasive trophozoites germinate from cysts. the ability of trophozoites to interact and digest gut bacteria is apparently important for multiplication of the parasite and its pathogenicity; however the contribution of reside ...201222913622
a functional study of nucleocytoplasmic transport signals of the ehncabp166 protein from entamoeba histolytica.ehncabp166 is an entamoeba histolytica actin-binding protein that localizes to the nucleus and cytoplasm. bioinformatic analysis of the ehncabp166 amino acid sequence shows the presence of 3 bipartite nuclear localization signals (nls) and a nuclear export signal (nes). the present study aimed to investigate the functionality of these signals in 3 ways. first, we fused each potential nls to a cytoplasmic domain of ehfln to determine whether the localization of this domain could be altered by the ...201222906852
sink or swim: lipid rafts in parasite pathogenesis.lipid rafts, sterol- and sphingolipid-rich membrane microdomains, have been extensively studied in mammalian cells. recently, lipid rafts have been shown to control virulence in a variety of parasites including entamoeba histolytica, giardia intestinalis, leishmania spp., plasmodium spp., toxoplasma gondii, and trypanosoma spp. parasite rafts regulate adhesion to host and invasion, and parasite adhesion molecules often localize to rafts. parasite rafts also control vesicle trafficking, motility, ...201222906512
flexibility of ef-hand motifs: structural and thermodynamic studies of calcium binding protein-1 from entamoeba histolytica with pb2+, ba2+, and sr2+.ef-hand proteins can be activated by the binding of various heavy metals other than calcium, and such complexes can disturb the calcium-signaling pathway and cause toxicity and disease causing state. so far, no comprehensive study has been done to understand different heavy metals binding to calcium signaling proteins.201222906057
a genome-wide over-expression screen identifies genes involved in phagocytosis in the human protozoan parasite, entamoeba histolytica.functional genomics and forward genetics seek to assign function to all known genes in a genome. entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite for which forward genetics approaches have not been extensively applied. it is the causative agent of amoebic dysentery and liver abscess, and infection is prevalent in developing countries that cannot prevent its fecal-oral spread. it is responsible for considerable global morbidity and mortality. given that the e. histolytica genome has been sequenced, ...201222905196
novel pyrophosphate-forming acetate kinase from the protist entamoeba histolytica.acetate kinase (ack) catalyzes the reversible synthesis of acetyl phosphate by transfer of the γ-phosphate of atp to acetate. here we report the first biochemical and kinetic characterization of a eukaryotic ack, that from the protist entamoeba histolytica. our characterization revealed that this protist ack is the only known member of the askha structural superfamily, which includes acetate kinase, hexokinase, and other sugar kinases, to utilize inorganic pyrophosphate (pp(i))/inorganic phospha ...201222903977
amebic infection in humans.clinical human infections with the protozoa entamoeba histolytica is still estimated to occur in 50 million people worldwide, of which approximately 100,000 die annually. although most clinical symptoms are due to involvement of the large intestine, 1 % present with involvement of the liver in the form of a liver abscess, a potentially fatal condition. distinguishing an invasive form (e. histolytica) from a morphologically identical non-invasive one (e. dispar) requires molecular or enzymatic ch ...201222903366
the glyoxalase pathway in protozoan parasites.the glyoxalase system is the main catabolic route for methylglyoxal, a non-enzymatic glycolytic byproduct with toxic and mutagenic effects. this pathway includes two enzymes, glyoxalase i and glyoxalase ii, which convert methylglyoxal to d-lactate by using glutathione as a catalytic cofactor. in protozoan parasites the glyoxalase system shows marked deviations from this model. for example, the functional replacement of glutathione by trypanothione (a spermidine-glutathione conjugate) is a charac ...201222901378
computational prediction and validation of c/d, h/aca and eh_u3 snornas of entamoeba histolytica.small nucleolar rnas are a highly conserved group of small rnas found in eukaryotic cells. genes encoding these rnas are diversely located throughout the genome. they are functionally conserved, performing post transcriptional modification (methylation and pseudouridylation) of rrna and other nuclear rnas. they belong to two major categories: the c/d box and h/aca box containing snornas. u3 snorna is an exceptional member of c/d box snornas and is involved in early processing of pre-rrna. an ant ...201222892049
axenic cultivation and comparative phospholipase a2 activity of giardia duodenalis in a serum-free medium.mammalian serum is essential for the growth of giardia duodenalis cultivated under axenic conditions. unfortunately, some factors present in bovine serum used as supplement in the culture medium may inhibit protozoal growth and activity. tyi-33-pacsr is a tyi medium supplemented with a serum replacement (pacsr) made up of earle's amino acid solution, diamond's vitamin-tween 80 mixtures and lcr (a lipid-cholesterol - rich mixture). pacsr was previously used in the culture media for axenic cultiva ...201222875669
structure analysis of entamoeba histolytica dnmt2 (ehmeth).in eukaryotes, dna methylation is an important epigenetic modification that is generally involved in gene regulation. methyltransferases (mtases) of the dnmt2 family have been shown to have a dual substrate specificity acting on dna as well as on three specific trnas (trna(asp), trna(val), trna(gly)). entamoeba histolytica is a major human pathogen, and expresses a single dna mtase (ehmeth) that belongs to the dnmt2 family and shows high homology to the human enzyme as well as to the bacterial d ...201222737219
potential cytotoxic and amoebicide activity of first row transition metal compounds with 2,9-bis-(2',5'-diazahexanyl)-1,1-phenanthroline (l1).a new synthetic pathway was reported to obtain n6 donor ligand 2,9-bis-(2',5'-diazahexanyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (l1) and its coordination compounds of essential divalent metal ions mn, fe, co, ni, cu and zn. complete characterization of all compounds was done with the conventional techniques. crystal structures of [nil1](pf(6))(2) and [znl1](pf(6))(2)·h(2)o were also reported. electrochemical studies have shown an active participation of the aromatic moiety of the ligand in redox reactions. the ...201222722265
development of a multiplex pcr assay to detect gastroenteric pathogens in the feces of mexican children.acute gastroenteritis (age) is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide; the etiology of age includes viruses, bacteria, and parasites. a multiplex pcr assay to simultaneously identify human astrovirus (hastv), calicivirus (hucvs), entamoeba histolytica (e. histolytica), and enteroinvasive escherichia coli (eiec) in stool samples is described. a total of 103 samples were individually analyzed by elisa (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays) and rt-pcr/pcr. hastv and hucvs were d ...201222711331
virulence and virulence factors in entamoeba histolytica, the agent of human amoebiasis.human infections with entamoeba histolytica sporadically become pathogenic, unknown triggers converting the parasite to its invasive phenotype. parasite virulence results from complex host-parasite interactions implicating multiple amoebic and host factors, eliciting host defence responses and parasite resistance to stress caused by the host reactions and changing environments during tissue invasion.201222710276
risk of underdiagnosing amebic dysentery due to false-negative entamoeba histolytica antigen detection.entamoeba histolytica antigen assays on stool are widely used to diagnose amebiasis. we report a case of confirmed amebic colitis with a false-negative antigen detection that became positive after treatment. our results indicate that these assays may underdiagnose acute amebic infection when used alone and should be used cautiously.201222683092
evaluation of a rapid point-of-care fecal antigen detection test for entamoeba histolytica.amebiasis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. a reliable point-of-care test would help to improve diagnosis and early treatment. we evaluated a novel rapid fecal antigen detection test for e. histolytica (e. histolytica quik chek; techlab, inc., blacksburg, va), in a cohort of children in bangladesh where amebiasis is endemic. this point-of-care test had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100% when compared with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antigen d ...201222665604
entamoeba histolytica: a snapshot of current research and methods for genetic analysis.entamoeba histolytica represents one of the leading causes of parasitic death worldwide. although identified as the causative agent of amebiasis since 1875, the molecular mechanisms by which the parasite causes disease are still not fully understood. studying entamoeba reveals insights into a eukaryotic cell that differs in many ways from better-studied model organisms. thus, much can be learned from this protozoan parasite on evolution, cell biology, and rna biology. in this review we discuss s ...201222664276
synthesis and in vitro evaluation of novel tetrazole embedded 1,3,5-trisubstituted pyrazoline derivatives as entamoeba histolytica growth inhibitors.a series of pyrazoline derivatives (1a-15a) was synthesized by cyclization of chalcones (1-15) with 2-[5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1h-tetrazol-1-yl]acetohydrazide under basic conditions and were screened in vitro, to find out effect on the growth of hm1: imss strain of entamoeba histolytica. the compounds 3a, 4a, 11a, 13a and 14a showed encouraging results with ic(50) value in the range of 0.86-1.28 μm. however compound 13a showed most promising results with ic(50) = 0.86 μm which is half of the metroni ...201222658085
ccr9+ t cells contribute to the resolution of the inflammatory response in a mouse model of intestinal amoebiasis.analysis of the mechanisms underlying the inflammatory response in amoebiasis is important to understand the immunopathology of the disease. mucosal associated effector and regulatory t cells may play a role in regulating the inflammatory immune response associated to entamoeba histolytica infection in the colon. a subpopulation of regulatory t cells has recently been identified and is characterized by the expression of the chemokine receptor ccr9. in this report, we used ccr9 deficient (ccr9(-/ ...201222633147
genomic diversity of the human intestinal parasite entamoeba histolytica.entamoeba histolytica is a significant cause of disease worldwide. however, little is known about the genetic diversity of the parasite. we re-sequenced the genomes of ten laboratory cultured lines of the eukaryotic pathogen entamoeba histolytica in order to develop a picture of genetic diversity across the genome.201222630046
common pathways for receptor-mediated ingestion of escherichia coli and ldl cholesterol by entamoeba histolytica regulated in part by transmembrane kinase 39.the single-celled parasite, entamoeba histolytica, is an enteric pathogen that ingests bacteria and host cells. inhibition of phagocytosis renders the parasite avirulent. the ligand/receptor interactions that allow e. histolytica to phagocytose are not well understood. we hypothesised that e. histolytica trophozoites might accomplish ingestion through the utilisation of a scavenger receptor for cholesterol. here we show that acetylated low density lipoprotein cholesterol was phagocytosed by amoe ...201222619755
recombinant sines are formed at high frequency during induced retrotransposition in vivo.non-long terminal repeat retrotransposons are referred to as long interspersed nuclear elements (lines) and their non-autonomous partners are short interspersed nuclear elements (sines). it is believed that an active sine copy, upon retrotransposition, generates near identical copies of itself, which subsequently accumulate mutations resulting in sequence polymorphism. here we show that when a retrotransposition-competent cell line of the parasitic protist entamoeba histolytica, transfected with ...201222617294
a high-throughput drug screen for entamoeba histolytica identifies a new lead and target.entamoeba histolytica, a protozoan intestinal parasite, is the causative agent of human amebiasis. amebiasis is the fourth leading cause of death and the third leading cause of morbidity due to protozoan infections worldwide(1), resulting in ~70,000 deaths annually. e. histolytica has been listed by the national institutes of health as a category b priority biodefense pathogen in the united states. treatment relies on metronidazole(2), which has adverse effects(3), and potential resistance of e. ...201222610278
proteomic analysis of the cyst stage of entamoeba histolytica.the category b agent of bioterrorism, entamoeba histolytica has a two-stage life cycle: an infective cyst stage, and an invasive trophozoite stage. due to our inability to effectively induce encystation in vitro, our knowledge about the cyst form remains limited. this also hampers our ability to develop cyst-specific diagnostic tools.201222590659
unique short tandem repeat nucleotide sequences in entamoeba histolytica isolates from china.a few pcr-based dna typing methods using repetitive elements contained within both protein-coding genes and noncoding dnas have been reported for entamoeba histolytica over the years. the serine-rich e. histolytica protein and trna-linked short tandem repeats (strs) are most commonly used to investigate the relationship between parasite genotype and e. histolytica infection outcome. many e. histolytica infections in china have been reported; however, little genome information has been provided. ...201222562237
intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and orally infected rabbit with entamoeba histolytica by eric-pcr.enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (eric)-pcr was applied to analyze the difference of intestinal microbial community diversity between healthy and orally infected rabbits with entamoeba histolytica. the dynamic changes in different parts of digestive system including the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, and rectum in healthy and infected rabbits at different time points were also tested. the intestinal microbial community of the control healthy rabbits was steady, and the total nu ...201222562215
transient and stable transfection in the protozoan parasite entamoeba invadens.entamoeba histolytica is an important human pathogen and a major health problem worldwide. many aspects of parasite biology can be studied with the exception of stage conversion, which cannot be reproduced adequately in e. histolytica. the reptile parasite entamoeba invadens is a vital model system for studying stage conversion since it can be induced to undergo both encystation and excystation with high efficiency in vitro. however, functional studies using e. invadens have been limited by the ...201222561071
susceptibility to entamoeba histolytica intestinal infection is related to reduction in natural killer t-lymphocytes in c57bl/6 mice.entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan that causes amoebiasis. recent studies demonstrated that natural killer t lymphocytes (nkt) are critical for preventing the development of amoebic liver abscess. in spite of that, there are only a handful of studies in the area. herein, we explored the role of nkt cells in e. histolytica infection using c57bl/6 wild-type and cd1(-/-) mice. animals were inoculated with e. histolytica and sacrificed 48 hours later to collect caecum samples that were used for qu ...201224470941
withdrawn: use of a recombinant entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinase antigen to evaluation of the efficacy of immune protective responses in miniature pigs.this article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. the publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. the full elsevier policy on article withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.201222522180
evaluation of the efficacy of a recombinant entamoeba histolytica cysteine proteinase (ehcp112) antigen in minipig.cysteine proteinases 112 (ehcp112) of entamoeba histolytica are considered important for ameba pathogenicity. the recombinant gene was obtained by cloning and expression of the ehcp112 gene in heterologous host escherichia coli bl-21 (de3), were used to evaluate their ability to induce immune protective responses in minipig against challenge infection in a minipig-e. histolytica model. there was a 46.29% reduction (p<0.001) in the group of recovery of challenged e. histolytica compared with that ...201222521909
exposure to host ligands correlates with colocalization of gal/galnac lectin subunits in lipid rafts and phosphatidylinositol (4,5)-bisphosphate signaling in entamoeba histolytica.entamoeba histolytica is an intestinal parasite that causes dysentery and liver abscess. parasite cell surface receptors, such as the gal/galnac lectin, facilitate attachment to host cells and extracellular matrix. the gal/galnac lectin binds to galactose or n-acetylgalactosamine residues on host components and is composed of heavy (hgl), intermediate (igl), and light (lgl) subunits. although igl is constitutively localized to lipid rafts (cholesterol-rich membrane domains), hgl and lgl transien ...201222505337
ehadh112 is a bro1 domain-containing protein involved in the entamoeba histolytica multivesicular bodies pathway.ehadh112 is an entamoeba histolytica bro1 domain-containing protein, structurally related to mammalian alix and yeast bro1, both involved in the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (escrt)-mediated multivesicular bodies (mvb) biogenesis. here, we investigated an alternative role for ehadh112 in the mvb protein trafficking pathway by overexpressing 166 amino acids of its n-terminal bro1 domain in trophozoites. trophozoites displayed diminished phagocytosis rates and accumulated exo ...201222500103
a novel class of cysteine protease receptors that mediate lysosomal transport.the transport of lysosomal proteins is, in general, mediated by mannose 6-phosphate receptors via carbohydrate modifications. here, we describe a novel class of receptors that regulate the transport of lysosomal hydrolases in the enteric protozoan entamoeba histolytica, which is a good model organism to investigate membrane traffic. a novel 110 kda cysteine protease (cp) receptor (cp-binding protein family 1, cpbf1) was initially discovered by affinity co-precipitation of the major cp (ehcp-a5), ...201222486861
entamoeba histolytica cell surface calreticulin binds human c1q and functions in amebic phagocytosis of host cells.phagocytosis of host cells is characteristic of tissue invasion by the intestinal ameba entamoeba histolytica, which causes amebic dysentery and liver abscesses. entamoeba histolytica induces host cell apoptosis and uses ligands, including c1q, on apoptotic cells to engulf them. two mass spectrometry analyses identified calreticulin in amebic phagosome preparations, and, in addition to its function as an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, calreticulin is believed to be the macrophage receptor for ...201222473608
purification and cellular localization of the entamoeba histolytica transcarboxylase.genome analysis of entamoeba histolytica predicts the presence of acetyl-coa carboxylase. using western blot, histochemistry, and confocal microscopy, we demonstrated the presence of a biotin-containing protein in the cytoplasm of e. histolytica, with a molecular weight of 136 kda and biotin-carboxylase activity. this protein probably corresponds to a transcarboxylase that catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction leading to fatty acid elongation.201222453500
oral lactoferrin treatment resolves amoebic intracecal infection in c3h/hej mice.entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite that causes amoebiasis, an illness that affects many people around the world. we have previously reported that lactoferrin is able to kill e. histolytica in in vitro cultures. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of orally administered bovine lactoferrin in the control of intestinal amoebiasis of susceptible c3h/hej mice. the results showed that 20 mg lactoferrin/kg orally administered each day for 1 week was able to el ...201222452668
lipids induce expression of serum-responsive transmembrane kinase ehtmkb1-9 in an early branching eukaryote entamoeba histolytica.mechanisms underlying the initiation of proliferative response are known only for a few organisms, and are not understood for the medically important organisms including entamoeba histolytica. the trans membrane kinase ehtmkb1-9 of e. histolytica is one of the early indicators of proliferation and its' expression is regulated by serum, one of the components necessary for cellular proliferation in vitro. in this study we show that bovine serum albumin (bsa) can induce ehtmkb1-9 expression in plac ...201222451862
[five year surveillance of entamoeba histolytica and giardia antigen of stool samples by elisa method].the aim of this study is to show the ratio of detection of distribution of e. histolytica ve giardia in the fecal samples of the patients with diarrhoea complaints admitted to the hospitals and medical centers of our instution between june 2004 and june 2009.201222450915
evidence for a link between locus r-r sequence type and outcome of infection with entamoeba histolytica.the results of entamoeba histolytica infections range from asymptomatic colonization to variable disease outcomes. however, markers that may predict infection outcomes are not known. here, we investigated sequence types of a non-coding trna-linked locus r-r to identify surrogate markers that may show association with infection outcomes. among 112 clinical samples--21 asymptomatic, 20 diarrhoea/dysentery and 71 liver abscesses--we identified 11 sequence types. sequence type 5rr was mostly associa ...201222448930
thiosemicarbazone fragment embedded within 1,2,4-triazole ring as inhibitors of entamoeba histolytica.a series of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives containing thiosemicarbazone linkage was synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiamoebic activity against hm1:imss strain of entamoeba histolytica. all the compounds were capable of inhibiting the growth of e. histolytica out of which four compounds (ic(50)=0.28-1.38 μm) were found to have better efficacy than the standard drug metronidazole (ic(50)=1.8 μm). cytotoxicity of the active compounds was assessed by mtt assay using human breast cancer mc ...201222444681
stable transfection and continuous expression of heterologous genes in entamoeba invadens.amoebiasis is spread by the ingestion of dormant entamoeba histolytica cysts. intervention of encystation could break the transmission cycle, thereby reducing disease burden. the model system used to study trophozoite to cyst differentiation is entamoeba invadens. here we describe an electroporation-based method for stable transfection of e. invadens with a plasmid peineo-luc containing the neomycin phosphotransferase gene under the control of e. invadens ribosomal protein gene s10 promoter. the ...201222426570
efficacy of a gal-lectin subunit vaccine against experimental entamoeba histolytica infection and colitis in baboons (papio sp.).to determine the efficacy of a gal-lectin based intranasal synthetic peptide vaccine, we developed a new experimental primate model of entamoeba histolytica intestinal infection. release of xenic e. histolytica trophozoites (5×10(6)) into the small bowel of baboons (papio sp.) resulted in a rapid intestinal anti-amebic antibody response and a brief infection; however, release of trophozoites directly into the cecum (5 baboons) elicited a sustained e. histolytica infection, as determined by quant ...201222406457
programmed cell death in giardia.programmed cell death (pcd) has been observed in many unicellular eukaryotes; however, in very few cases have the pathways been described. recently the early divergent amitochondrial eukaryote giardia has been included in this group. in this paper we investigate the processes of pcd in giardia. we performed a bioinformatics survey of giardia genomes to identify genes associated with pcd alongside traditional methods for studying apoptosis and autophagy. analysis of giardia genomes failed to high ...201222405231
self-circularizing 5'-ets rnas accumulate along with unprocessed pre ribosomal rnas in growth-stressed entamoeba histolytica.the primary transcript of rrna genes is a large pre rrna which is precisely processed to release the mature rrnas. the 5'-external transcribed spacer (ets) of rrna genes contains important sites for pre rrna processing. once the processing is accomplished the ets is rapidly degraded. we show that in growth-stressed cells of the human parasitic protist entamoeba histolytica the a'-a(0) sub-fragment of the 5'-ets accumulates to high levels as a family of rna molecules of size 666 to 912 nt. these ...201222396851
biochemical, mutational and in silico structural evidence for a functional dimeric form of the ornithine decarboxylase from entamoeba histolytica.entamoeba histolytica is responsible for causing amoebiasis. polyamine biosynthesis pathway enzymes are potential drug targets in parasitic protozoan diseases. the first and rate-limiting step of this pathway is catalyzed by ornithine decarboxylase (odc). odc enzyme functions as an obligate dimer. however, partially purified odc from e. histolytica (ehodc) is reported to exist in a pentameric state.201222389745
novel protein-protein interactions between entamoeba histolyticad-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase and phosphoserine aminotransferase.physical interactions between d-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (ehpgdh) and phosphoserine aminotransferase (ehpsat) from an enteric human parasite entamoeba histolytica was observed by pull-down assay, gel filtration chromatography, chemical cross-linking, emission anisotropy, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations. the protein-protein complex had a 1:1 stochiometry with a dissociation constant of 3.453 × 10(-7) m. ionic interactions play a significant role in complex formation and ...201222386871
endoplasmic reticulum stress-sensing mechanism is activated in entamoeba histolytica upon treatment with nitric oxide.the endoplasmic reticulum stores calcium and is a site of protein synthesis and modification. changes in er homeostasis lead to stress responses with an activation of the unfolded protein response (upr). the entamoeba histolytica endomembrane system is simple compared to those of higher eukaryotes, as a canonical er is not observed. during amoebiasis, an infection of the human intestine and liver by e. histolytica, nitric oxide (no) triggers an apoptotic-like event preceded by an impairment of e ...201222384074
multisite performance evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of giardia, cryptosporidium, and entamoeba histolytica antigens in human stool.a novel fecal antigen detection assay for fresh and frozen human samples that detects but does not differentiate giardia spp, cryptosporidium spp, and entamoeba histolytica, the tri-combo parasite screen, was compared to three established enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) at three international sites. it exhibited 97.9% sensitivity and 97.0% specificity, with positive and negative predictive values of 93.4% and 99.1%, respectively. the tri-combo test proved a reliable means to limit th ...201222378909
toward low-cost affinity reagents: lyophilized yeast-scfv probes specific for pathogen antigens.the generation of affinity reagents, usually monoclonal antibodies, remains a critical bottleneck in biomedical research and diagnostic test development. recombinant antibody-like proteins such as scfv have yet to replace traditional monoclonal antibodies in antigen detection applications, in large part because of poor performance of scfv in solution. to address this limitation, we have developed assays that use whole yeast cells expressing scfv on their surfaces (yeast-scfv) in place of soluble ...201222363793
entamoeba histolytica thioredoxin reductase: molecular and functional characterization of its atypical properties.entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal protozoan that is the causative agent of amoebiasis, is exposed to elevated amounts of highly toxic reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during tissue invasion. thioredoxin reductase catalyzes the reversible transfer of reducing equivalents between nadph and thioredoxin, a small protein that plays key metabolic functions in maintaining the intracellular redox balance.201222967759
microbiological and pharmacological evaluation of the micropropagated rubus liebmannii medicinal plant.rubus liebmannii is an endemic species from mexico used in traditional medicine primarily to treat dysentery and cough. the in vitro activity against giardia lamblia and entamoeba histolytica that produces the ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of the plant led us to expand the pharmacological and phytochemical research of this species. gastrointestinal disorders including amebiasis remain one of the health problems that need to be addressed and it is of interest to find alternatives that imp ...201222966243
is routine medical examination of food handlers enough to ensure food safety in hospitals?nosocomial food outbreaks due to infected food handlers is primarily due to inadequate knowledge and faulty practices of food handlers during diarrhoeal episodes. the aim of this study was to assess: 1) prevalence of enteropathogen infection among food handlers working in our hospital during 2007 to 2011 and 2) adequacy of precautions taken by them during gastroenteritis episodes. stool samples submitted by food handlers during 2007 to 2011 were examined for the presence of enteropathogens by st ...201225145060
sexually transmitted penile amoebiasis in iran: a case series.four cases of penile amoebiasis (pa) presenting as genital ulceration seen among men who practiced unprotected insertive anal intercourse in tehran are described.201222930345
intestinal parasitic infection among school children.intestinal parasitosis is a major public health problem of developing countries, children being major victims. higher prevalence has been reported among school children, mostly in hilly regions of nepal. this study aims at assessing prevalence of intestinal parasitosis among school children of a school in a border town of nepal and the associated factors.201222929631
amoebic liver abscess in travellers: indication for image-guided puncture?although amoebic liver abscess due to entamoeba histolytica is one of the most common parasitic infections worldwide, invasive disease remains uncommon in industrialized countries. metronidazole is the standard of care for complicated and uncomplicated invasive amoebiasis. puncture of amebic liver abscesses is a treatment option primarily for complicated abscesses (localized in left lobe, multiple, and/or pyogenic abscesses). the role of image-guided percutaneous puncture in initially uncomplica ...201223064858
a review of amoebic liver abscess for clinicians in a nonendemic setting.amoebic liver abscess (ala) is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication of infection with the protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica. e histolytica is widely distributed throughout the tropics and subtropics, causing up to 40 million infections annually. the parasite is transmitted via the fecal-oral route, and once it establishes itself in the colon, it has the propensity to invade the mucosa, leading to ulceration and colitis, and to disseminate to distant extraintestinal si ...201223061067
the chitin biosynthesis pathway in entamoeba and the role of glucosamine-6-p isomerase by rna interference.entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis, infects through its cyst form. a thick chitin wall protects the cyst from the harsh environment outside of the body. it is known that chitin is synthesized only during encystation, but the chitin synthesis pathway (csp) of entamoeba is not well characterized. in this report, we have identified the genes involved in chitin biosynthesis from the entamoeba genome database and verified their expression profile at the transcriptional level in ...201223058929
entamoeba histolytica rho1 regulates actin polymerization through a divergent, diaphanous-related formin.entamoeba histolytica requires a dynamic actin cytoskeleton for intestinal and systemic pathogenicity. diaphanous-related formins represent an important family of actin regulators that are activated by rho gtpases. the e. histolytica genome encodes a large family of rho gtpases and three diaphanous-related formins, of which ehformin1 is known to regulate mitosis and cytokinesis in trophozoites. we demonstrate that ehformin1 modulates actin polymerization through its formin homology 2 domain. des ...201223050667
feed-forward regulation of phagocytosis by entamoeba histolytica.the parasitic protozoan entamoeba histolytica is aptly named for its capacity to destroy host tissue. when e. histolytica trophozoites invade the lamina propria of a host colon, extracellular matrices are degraded while host cells are killed and phagocytosed. the ability of e. histolytica to phagocytose host cells correlates with virulence in vivo. in order to better understand the mechanism of phagocytosis, we used an e. histolytica affymetrix microarray chip to measure the total gene expressio ...201223045476
induction of virulence factors, apoptosis, and cytokines in precision-cut hamster liver slices infected with entamoeba histolytica.precision-cut liver slices (pcls) are mainly used to evaluate hepatotoxicity and metabolism of chemicals, as well as to study mechanisms of liver damage and repair. however, recently they have been used as a system to study amoebic infections. the aim of this study was to validate this model as an alternative for experimental amoebic liver absess (ala) in animals. to do this, the pcls was analyzed for the expression of amoebapore and cysteine proteinases 1 and 5, three of the most studied virule ...201223043979
an unusual cause of haemoptysis: a diagnostic challenge for clinicians.a 32-year-old male patient presented with haemoptysis in the background of high-grade fever for 3 weeks. chest examination and x-ray were suggestive of right-sided moderate pleural effusion. on finding tender hepatomegaly in abdominal examination, an ultrasonography of abdomen was performed which was suggestive of ruptured hepatic abscess. cytological examination of both sputum and aspirate from hepatic abscess showed neutrophilic debris mixed with red blood cells. the serological test for antib ...201223035164
amebic liver abscess diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction in 14 returning travelers.amebic liver abscesses (ala) are not commonly described in travelers. the ala diagnosis is usually based on serology and entamoeba histolytica polymerase chain reaction (pcr) is a new tool. we retrospectively reviewed all ala cases diagnosed by pcr on the liver abscess pus aspirate of patients admitted in 4 teaching hospitals in paris, france between 2007 and 2011. fourteen cases (10 male, median age 48 years) were included. the median lag time between return and onset of symptoms was 23 days am ...201223033402
dramatic increase in glycerol biosynthesis upon oxidative stress in the anaerobic protozoan parasite entamoeba histolytica.entamoeba histolytica, a microaerophilic enteric protozoan parasite, causes amebic colitis and extra intestinal abscesses in millions of inhabitants of endemic areas. trophozoites of e. histolytica are exposed to a variety of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during infection. since e. histolytica lacks key components of canonical eukaryotic anti-oxidative defense systems, such as catalase and glutathione system, alternative not-yet-identified anti-oxidative defense strategies have been postu ...201223029590
mrna decay proteins are targeted to poly(a)+ rna and dsrna-containing cytoplasmic foci that resemble p-bodies in entamoeba histolytica.in higher eukaryotes, mrna degradation and rna-based gene silencing occur in cytoplasmic foci referred to as processing bodies (p-bodies). in protozoan parasites, the presence of p-bodies and their putative role in mrna decay have yet to be comprehensively addressed. identification of p-bodies might provide information on how mrna degradation machineries evolved in lower eukaryotes. here, we used immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy assays to investigate the cellular localization of mrna d ...201223029343
optimization of entamoeba histolytica culturing in vitro.entamoeba histolytica is among the most deadly parasites accounting for the second highest mortality rate among parasitic diseases. nevertheless, contrary to trypanosomatids, this protozoan in hardly studied by parasitology groups. this astonishing discrepancy is largely due to the remarkable intricate conditions required for parasite proliferation in vitro, particularly whenever large cell numbers are required. the present study was undertaken in order to optimize e. histolytica culturing harve ...201223026453
real-time pcr assay for rapid qualitative and quantitative detection of entamoeba histolytica.simple real-time pcr assay with one set of primer and probe for rapid, sensitive qualitative and quantitative detection of entamoeba histolytica has been used. consensus sequences were used to amplify a species-specific region of the 16s rrna gene, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer hybridization probes were used for detection in a lightcycler platform (roche). the anchor probe sequence was designed to be a perfect match for the 16s rrna gene of entamoeba species, while the acceptor prob ...201223195553
nitroimidazole drugs vary in their mode of action in the human parasite giardia lamblia.giardia lamblia (syn. duodenalis, intestinalis) is a globally occurring micro-aerophilic human parasite that causes gastrointestinal disease. standard treatment of g. lamblia infections is based on the 5-nitroimidazole drugs metronidazole and tinidazole. in two other micro-aerophilic parasites, entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis, 5-nitroimidazole drugs bind to proteins involved in the thioredoxin-mediated redox network and disrupt the redox equilibrium by inhibiting thioredoxin redu ...201224533278
molecular epidemiology of human intestinal amoebas in iran.many microscopic-based epidemiological surveys on the prevalence of human intestinal pathogenic and non-pathogenic protozoa including intestinal amoeba performed in iran show a high prevalence of human intestinal amoeba in different parts of iran. such epidemiological studies on amoebiasis are confusing, mainly due to recently appreciated distinction between the entamoeba histolytica, e. dispar and e. moshkovskii. differential diagnosis can be done by some methods such as pcr-based methods, mono ...201223193500
cloning, purification, crystallization and preliminary crystallographic study of calcium-binding protein 5 from entamoeba histolytica.entamoeba histolytica is the causative agent of human amoebiasis. phagocytosis is the major route of food intake by this parasite and is responsible for its virulence. calcium and calcium-binding proteins play major roles in its phagocytosis. calcium-binding protein 5 from e. histolytica (ehcabp5) is a cytoplasmic protein; its expression is very sensitive to serum starvation and it seems to be involved in binding to myosin i. in this study, ehcabp5 was cloned, expressed in escherichia coli and p ...201223192043
heterotrimeric g-protein signaling is critical to pathogenic processes in entamoeba histolytica.heterotrimeric g-protein signaling pathways are vital components of physiology, and many are amenable to pharmacologic manipulation. here, we identify functional heterotrimeric g-protein subunits in entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic colitis. the e. histolytica gα subunit ehgα1 exhibits conventional nucleotide cycling properties and is seen to interact with ehgβγ dimers and a candidate effector, ehrgs-rhogef, in typical, nucleotide-state-selective fashions. in contrast, a crys ...201223166501
the dynamic interdependence of amebiasis, innate immunity, and undernutrition.entamoeba histolytica, the protozoan parasite that causes amebic dysentery, greatly contributes to disease burden in the developing world. efforts to exhaustively characterize the pathogenesis of amebiasis have increased our understanding of the dynamic host-parasite interaction and the process by which e. histolytica trophozoites transition from gut commensals to invaders of the intestinal epithelium. mouse models of disease continue to be instrumental in this area. at the same time, large-scal ...201223114864
[current pharmacotherapy of amebiasis, advances in new drugs, and design of a vaccine].although many drugs destroy entamoeba histolytica within the colonic lumen, the number of tissue amebicides used to treat invasive amebiasis is still relatively limited. metronidazole (mtz), which is the drug of choice for invasive amebiasis, and other nitroimidazoles have greatly simplified the chemotherapy of this disease. however, eradication of e. histolytica infection after completion of mtz therapy requires additional treatment with luminal amebicides, such as paramomycin. after decades of ...201223248973
[the distribution of intestinal parasites detected in the uludag university medical faculty hospital between 2009-2010].intestinal parasite infection is still an important public health problem. in this study, patients with various gastrointestinal system complaints presenting at various clinics of the uludag university medical faculty, between 2009-2010 were investigated for intestinal parasites.201222450916
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