Publications

reciprocal 13c-labeling: a method for investigating the catabolism of cosubstrates.	the principle of reciprocal labeling is to use a uniformly 13c-labeled substrate as the primary carbon source and a naturally labeled cosubstrate. metabolites derived from a naturally labeled cosubstrate, in this case amino acids, can then be identified by their relatively lower content of 13c, and information on the degradation pathway can be deduced. the technique is based on gc-ms measurements of amino acid labeling patterns, making the technique well suited for investigating the relative imp ...	2002	11934281
a penicillium chrysogenum gene ( aox) identified by specific induction upon shifting ph encodes for a protein which shows high homology to fungal alcohol oxidases.	parallel cultures of penicillium chrysogenum were grown in controlled bioreactors under conditions of penicillin production and one was shifted from the initial ph 6.0 to ph 8.0. rna was isolated from both cultures and used for a differential hybridization experiment to identify genes specifically induced upon this ph shift. about 2,000 plaques of a cdna library constructed from ph 8.0 material were screened with a ph 8.0 to ph 6.0 subtracted probe. two independent clones of which the rna was hi ...	2002	11935224
molecular and immunological characterization and ige epitope mapping of pen n 18, a major allergen of penicillium notatum.	the mould genus, penicillium, is a significant source of environmental aero-allergens. a major allergen from penicillium notatum, pen n 18, was identified by two-dimensional immunoblotting using monoclonal antibody g11a10, raised against the vacuolar serine protease of penicillium citrinum, followed by matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization-time-of-flight ms analysis of the peptide digest. pen n 18 was then cloned and the amino acid sequence deduced from the cdna sequence. the cdna encoded ...	2002	11964171
influence of surfactants on solubilization and fungal degradation of fluorene.	eighteen fungal strains were tested in toxicity assays with surfactants in order to select surfactants and strains tolerant to surfactants for degradation assays. two nonionic surfactants were used, an alkylphenol ethoxylate, triton x-100, a sorbitan ester, tween 80 and an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate. solubilization and biodegradation tests were conducted in liquid medium batch; fluorene was quantified by hplc. results showed the enhancement of fluorene solubilization by the three ...	2002	11996151
assessment of the microbody luminal ph in the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum.	the enzymes of the penicillin biosynthetic pathway in penicillium chrysogenum are located in different subcellular compartments. consequently, penicillin pathway precursors and the biologically active penicillins have to cross one or more membranes. the final enzymatic step that is mediated by acyltransferase takes place in a microbody. the ph of the microbody lumen in penicillin producing cells has been determined with fluorescent probes and mutants of the green fluorescent protein and found to ...	2002	12007786
metabolic network analysis of an adipoyl-7-adca-producing strain of penicillium chrysogenum: elucidation of adipate degradation.	an adipoyl-7-adca-producing, recombinant strain of penicillium chrysogenum was characterized by metabolic network analysis, with special focus on the degradation of adipate and determination of the metabolic fluxes. degradation of the side-chain precursor, adipate, causes an undesired consumption of adipate in the production of 7-adca. using (13)c-labeled glucose and measurement of metabolite labeling patterns, it was shown that adipate was degraded by beta-oxidation to succinyl-coa and acetyl-c ...	2002	12009794
enzymes for animal feeding from penicillium chrysogenum mycelial wastes from penicillin manufacture.	several enzymes from mycelial wastes of penicillium chrysogenum fungal cultures from penicillin manufacture were studied as supplements for animal feeding.	2002	12028421
comparison of the effects of temperature and water activity on growth rate of food spoilage moulds.	the influence of temperature (t) and water activity (aw) on the growth rate (mu) of seven moulds (alternaria alternata, aspergillus flavus, cladosporium cladosporioides, mucor racemosus, penicillium chrysogenum, rhizopus oryzae and trichoderma harzianum) was assessed in suboptimal conditions. firstly, the dependence of fungal growth on temperature, at aw 0.99, was modelled through an approach described previously for bacteria. a dimensionless growth rate variable: mu(dimalpha)=mu/mu (optalpha) d ...	2002	12032803
purification and characterization of an extracellular protease from penicillium chrysogenum pg222 active against meat proteins.	an extracellular protease from penicillium chrysogenum (pg222) isolated from dry-cured ham has been purified. the purification procedure involved several steps: ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange chromatography, filtration, and separation by high-performance liquid chromatography. based on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) analysis and gel filtration, the purified fraction showed a molecular mass of about 35 kda. the hydrolytic properties of the purif ...	2002	12089038
nitrate regulation of alpha-aminoadipate reductase formation and lysine inhibition of its activity in penicillium chrysogenum and acremonium chrysogenum.	alpha-aminoadipate reductase (alpha-aar) is a key enzyme in the branched pathway for lysine and beta-lactam biosynthesis of filamentous fungi since it competes with alpha-aminoadipyl-cysteinyl-valine synthetase for their common substrate l-alpha-aminoadipic acid. the alpha-aar activity in two penicillin-producing penicillium chrysogenum strains and two cephalosporin-producing acremonium chrysogenum strains has been studied. the alpha-aar activity peaked during the growth-phase preceding the onse ...	2002	12111157
delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase, that mediates the first committed step in penicillin biosynthesis, is a cytosolic enzyme.	penicillin biosynthesis by penicillium chrysogenum is a compartmentalized process. the first catalytic step is mediated by delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine synthetase (acv synthetase), a high molecular mass enzyme that condenses the amino acids l-alpha-aminoadipate, l-cysteine, and l-valine into the tripeptide acv. acv synthetase has previously been localized to the vacuole where it is thought to utilize amino acids from the vacuolar pools. we localized acv synthetase by subcellu ...	2002	12223189
cloning and characterization of an aromatic amino acid and leucine permease of penicillium chrysogenum.	the gene encoding the amino acid permease arlp (aromatic and leucine permease) was isolated from the filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum after pcr using degenerated oligonucleotides based on conserved regions of fungal amino acid permeases. the cdna clone was used for expression of the permease in saccharomyces cerevisiae m4054, which is defective in the general amino acid permease gap1. upon overexpression, an increase in the uptake of l-tyrosine, l-phenylalanine, l-tryptophan and l-leuc ...	2002	12225854
proteolytic activity of penicillium chrysogenum and debaryomyces hansenii during controlled ripening of pork loins.	the role of micro-organisms on the ripening process of dry-cured ham, particularly with respect to proteolysis, is not clear. this is partially due to the lack of an adequate system to study changes on a sterile control meat product for long ripening times. using a meat system based on sterile pork loins ripened under aseptic conditions for 106 days, the contribution to the proteolysis of two micro-organisms isolated from dry-cured ham has been established. changes were studied by sds-page of sa ...	2002	22061201
origin-independent assembly of kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus dna replication compartments in transient cotransfection assays and association with the orf-k8 protein and cellular pml.	six predicted kaposi's sarcoma virus herpesvirus (kshv) proteins have homology with other well-characterized herpesvirus core dna replication proteins and are expected to be essential for viral dna synthesis. intact flag-tagged protein products from all six were produced from genomic expression vectors, although the orf40/41 transcript encoding a primase-helicase component proved to be spliced with a 127-bp intron. the intracellular localization of these six kshv replication proteins and the mec ...	2001	11152521
beta-galactosidase of penicillium chrysogenum: production, purification, and characterization of the enzyme.	intracellular beta-galactosidase from penicillium chrysogenum ncaim 00237 was purified by procedures including precipitation with ammonium sulfate, ion-exchange chromatography on deae-sephadex, affinity chromatography, and chromatofocusing. these steps resulted a purification of 66-fold, a yield of about 8%, and a specific activity of 5.84 u mg(-1) protein. some enzyme characteristics were determined using o-nitrophenyl-beta-d-galactopyranoside as substrate. the ph and temperature optimum of the ...	2001	11162383
quantitative analysis of penicillium chrysogenum wis54-1255 transformants overexpressing the penicillin biosynthetic genes.	the low penicillin-producing, single gene copy strain wis54-1255 was used to study the effect of overexpressing the penicillin biosynthetic genes in penicillium chrysogenum. transformants of wis54-1255 were obtained with the amds expression-cassette using the four combinations: pcbab, pcbc, pcbc-pende, and pcbab-pcbc-pende of the three penicillin biosynthetic genes. transformants showing an increased penicillin production were investigated during steady-state continuous cultivations with glucose ...	2001	11180058
electrooxidation of phenol by catalase immobilized on graphite electrodes.	electrocatalytic properties of catalase (cat) immobilized on graphite and soot to mediate electrooxidation of phenol have been investigated. the kinetic parameters--km, k(s), deltag*ar and z0 of the process studied were calculated. conclusions on a probable mechanism of the biocatalytic and electrochemical process observed were drawn from the calculated values of activation and kinetic parameters. a quantitative uv-spectrophotometrical approach was used as an analytical tool. the electrochemical ...	2001	11206917
characterization of the lys2 gene of acremonium chrysogenum encoding a functional alpha-aminoadipate activating and reducing enzyme.	a 5.2-kb noti dna fragment isolated from a genomic library of acremonium chrysogenum by hybridization with a probe internal to the penicillium chrysogenum lys2 gene, was able to complement an alpha-aminoadipate reductase-deficient mutant of p. chrysogenum (lysine auxotroph l-g-). enzyme assays showed that the alpha-aminoadipate reductase activity was restored in all the transformants tested. the lys2-encoded enzyme catalyzed both the activation and reduction of alpha-aminoadipic acid to its semi ...	2001	11254122
prediction of conidial germination of penicillium chrysogenum as influenced by temperature, water activity and ph.	conidial germination of penicillium chrysogenum was carried out under operating conditions compatible with a pastries manufacturing process.	2001	11264739
penicillin fermentation: mechanisms and models for industrial-scale bioreactors.	even after many years of research and industrial practice, the production of penicillin g in fed-batch fermentation by penicillium crysogenum continues to attract research interest. there are many reasons: the commercial and therapeutic importance of penicillin and its derivatives, the complexity of cell growth, and the impact of engineering variables, the last of which are significant in large bioreactors but are not yet fully understood. extensive research has generated new information on the ...	2001	11305366
the aspergillus nidulans gata transcription factor gene areb encodes at least three proteins and features three classes of mutation.	in aspergillus nidulans, the principal transcription factor regulating nitrogen metabolism, area, belongs to the gata family of dna-binding proteins. in seeking additional gata factors, we have cloned areb, which was originally identified via a genetic screen for suppressors of area loss-of-function mutations. based on our analysis, areb is predicted to encode at least three distinct protein products. these arise from the use of two promoters, differential splicing and translation initiating at ...	2001	11309119
reduced function of a phenylacetate-oxidizing cytochrome p450 caused strong genetic improvement in early phylogeny of penicillin-producing strains.	the single-copy paha gene from penicillium chrysogenum encodes a phenylacetate 2-hydroxylase that catalyzes the first step of phenylacetate catabolism, an oxidative route that decreases the precursor availability for penicillin g biosynthesis. paha protein is homologous to cytochrome p450 monooxygenases involved in the detoxification of xenobiotic compounds, with 84% identity to the aspergillus nidulans homologue phaca. expression level of paha displays an inverse correlation with the penicillin ...	2001	11544206
metabolism of the phosphonate herbicide glyphosate by a non-nitrate-utilizing strain of penicillium chrysogenum.	a penicillium chrysogenum strain was isolated for its ability to grow in minimal medium containing the herbicide glyphosate as the only nitrogen source. the presence of concentrations up to 25 mm progressively stimulated the fungal growth rate, which was negligible in media lacking reduced nitrogen. however, glyphosate utilization never exceeded 1 mmol g-1 mycelial dry mass, and below a threshold concentration both herbicide uptake and fungal growth were subject to a lag phase, suggesting that t ...	2001	11561407
nonlinear estimation of microbial and enzyme kinetic parameters from progress curve data.	a computer program (biokinfit) was developed to estimate microbial and enzyme kinetic parameters from progress curve data by nonlinear regression. biokinfit overcomes the limitations associated with parameter estimation in nonlinear equations that are implicit in the dependent variable by numerically approximating the substrate concentration in the integrated kinetic expressions. the simplex method was used to minimize the error between experimentally observed and theoretically predicted substra ...	2001	11561584
identification of fungi from dairy products by means of 18s rrna analysis.	the role of fungi as cause of spoilage of dairy products, such as cheese and yoghurt, has been clearly demonstrated. despite of this, there is still a lack in rapid methods for the identification of food-associated fungi. in the course of the present work, molecular taxonomical techniques were developed and used to identify yeasts involved in the spoilage of yoghurt and moulds responsible for spoilage of vacuum-packaged hard cheese. three methods for dna extraction and purification were evaluate ...	2001	11589556
prevalence of immunoglobulin e for fungi in atopic children.	the prevalence of sensitization to fungi in young atopic patients in relation to age and clinical importance is largely unknown.	2001	11678856
conversion of pipecolic acid into lysine in penicillium chrysogenum requires pipecolate oxidase and saccharopine reductase: characterization of the lys7 gene encoding saccharopine reductase.	pipecolic acid is a component of several secondary metabolites in plants and fungi. this compound is useful as a precursor of nonribosomal peptides with novel pharmacological activities. in penicillium chrysogenum pipecolic acid is converted into lysine and complements the lysine requirement of three different lysine auxotrophs with mutations in the lys1, lys2, or lys3 genes allowing a slow growth of these auxotrophs. we have isolated two p. chrysogenum mutants, named 7.2 and 10.25, that are una ...	2001	11717275
application of doehlert design to determine the combined effects of temperature, water activity and ph on conidial germination of penicillium chrysogenum.	the influence of temperature, water activity and ph on the time necessary for germination of 90% of penicillium chrysogenum conidia inoculated (t90) was determined.	2001	11722668
replacement of tyrosine-197 and the corresponding tyrosine-195 to isoleucine in cephalosporium acremonium and streptomyces clavuligerus isopenicillin n synthase.	isopenicillin n synthase (ipns) is one of the key enzymes in the penicillin and cephalosporin biosynthetic pathway which catalyses the conversion of delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine to isopenicillin n. the ipns from penicillium chrysogenum 23x-80-269-37-2, a high penicillin v-producer, was found to possess an isoleucine residue instead of tyrosine at position 195. an attempt to increase the specific activity of ipns from cephalosporium acremonium and streptomyces clavuligerus was ...	2001	11724386
physiological characterisation of penicillium chrysogenum strains expressing the expandase gene from streptomyces clavuligerus during batch cultivations. growth and adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid production.	the production of adipoyl-7-aminodeacetoxy-cephalosporanic acid (ad-7-adca) was studied, using two recombinant strains of penicillium chrysogenum carrying the expandase gene from streptomyces clavuligerus. the adipoyl-side chain of this compound may easily be removed using an amidase; and this process therefore represents a new route for the production of 7-adca, which serves as a precursor for the production of many semi-synthetic cephalosporins. in this study, one low- and one high-yielding st ...	2001	11759685
the glutathione metabolism of the beta-lactam producer filamentous fungus penicillium chrysogenum.	glutathione (gamma-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine; gsh) shares structural similarities with the beta-lactam biosynthetic intermediate acv-tripeptide (delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine). not surprisingly, gsh has been reported to inhibit the beta-lactam biosynthetic machinery quite effectively and, hence, strategies to decrease the intracellular gsh concentrations without influencing negatively the physiological status of idiophasic mycelia would attract industrial interests. here ...	2001	11791340
searching for new-type antifungal drugs (an outline for possible new strategies).	new approaches for treatment of invasive fungal infections are necessary to cope with emerging resistant fungal pathogens of humans. in this paper, three different strategies are presented and evaluated to find new-type antifungal drugs and their targets. while experimental data obtained with potent chitinase inhibitors, e.g. allosamidin, and small-size antifungal proteins of fungal origin are encouraging more efforts are needed to verify and exploit the possible involvement of intracellular thi ...	2001	11791350
carbon source regulation of beta-galactosidase biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum.	growth and beta-galactosidase activity of the penicillin producer industrial penicillium chrysogenum ncaim 00237 strain were examined using different carbon sources. good growth was observed using glucose, sucrose, glycerol and galactose, while growth on lactose was substantially slower. beta-galactosidase activity was high on lactose and very low on all the other carbon sources tested. in glucose grown cultures after exhaustion of glucose as repressing carbon source a derepressed low level of t ...	2001	11802545
a novel alcohol oxidase/rna-binding protein with affinity for mycovirus double-stranded rna from the filamentous fungus helminthosporium (cochliobolus) victoriae: molecular and functional characterization.	we have cloned and sequenced a novel alcohol oxidase (hv-p68) from the filamentous fungus helminthosporium (cochliobolus) victoriae that copurifies with mycoviral double-stranded rnas. sequence analysis revealed that hv-p68 belongs to the large family of fad-dependent glucose methanol choline oxidoreductases and that it shares significant sequence identity (>67%) with the alcohol oxidases of the methylotrophic yeasts. unlike the intronless alcohol oxidases from methylotrophic yeasts, a genomic f ...	2001	11056160
energetics of growth and penicillin production in a high-producing strain of penicillium chrysogenum.	the results of a large number of carbon-limited chemostat cultures of penicillium chrysogenum carried out on glucose, ethanol, and acetate as the growth limiting substrate have been used to obtain an estimation of the adenosine triphosphate (atp) costs for mycelium growth, penicillin production, and maintenance and the overall stoichiometry of oxidative phosphorylation of the fungus. it was found that penicillin production was accompanied by a significant additional energy drain (73 mol of atp p ...	2001	11114656
structural and phylogenetic analysis of the gamma-actin encoding gene from the penicillin-producing fungus penicillium chrysogenum.	the nucleotide sequence of a 2994-bp genomic fragment, including the gamma-actin encoding gene from penicillium chrysogenum, has been determined, showing an open reading frame (orf) of 1756 bp interrupted by five introns with fungal consensus splice-site junctions. the 5' untranslated region contains a consensus tata box, five caat motifs, and two large pyrimidine stretches. the predicted protein (375 amino acids) revealed high identity to gamma-actins from fungi (>90%), and gene phylogenies sup ...	2001	11136133
estimation of triterpenoids from heliotropium marifolium koen. ex retz. in vivo and in vitro. i. antimicrobial screening.	the hexane extract of heliotropium marifolium yielded a mixture of triterpenoids: beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, beta-amyrin, friedelan-3beta-ol (epifriedelenol), cycloartenone, beta-amyrin acetate, friedelin and epifriedenyl acetate. isolated triterpenoid and reference antibiotics (gentamycin/mycostatin) were tested against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi, e.g. escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, aspergillus niger and penicillium chrysogenum. the inhibition zone (iz) and the activit ...	2001	11351358
quantification of autolysis in penicillium chrysogenum by semiautomated image analysis.	an image analysis method is described for the characterization of empty (autolyzed and inactive) regions within the mycelia of filamentous fungi. it extends a previous method that characterized only regions filled with cytoplasm or vacuoles (i.e., the active biomass). the method is semiautomatic, requiring some manual editing before automated measurements. when the method was used for samples from a batch fermentation of an industrial strain of penicillium chrysogenum, the empty regions were obs ...	2001	11358171
microbial epoxidation of the tricyclic sesquiterpene presilphiperfolane angelate ester.	microbial transformation studies on 2beta-angeloyloxy-5beta,8beta-dihydroxypresilphiperfolane have revealed that it was metabolized by a number of microorganisms. using a standard two-stage fermentation technique, mucor ramannianus (atcc 9628) produced three metabolites. one of them was characterized as the novel metabolite (2'r,3'r)-(+)-2beta-(2',3'-epoxyangeloyloxy)-5beta,8beta-dihydroxypresilphiperfolane on the basis of spectral data. the absolute configuration at both oxirane carbons was con ...	2001	11371012
enhanced detection of surface-associated bacteria in indoor environments by quantitative pcr.	methods for detecting microorganisms on surfaces are needed to locate biocontamination sources and to relate surface and airborne concentrations. research was conducted in an experimental room to evaluate surface sampling methods and quantitative pcr (qpcr) for enhanced detection of a target biocontaminant present on flooring materials. qpcr and culture analyses were used to quantitate bacillus subtilis (bacillus globigii) endospores on vinyl tile, commercial carpet, and new and soiled residenti ...	2001	11375164
crystal structure of atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum: insights into the allosteric regulation of sulfate assimilation.	atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum is an allosterically regulated enzyme composed of six identical 63.7 kda subunits (573 residues). the c-terminal allosteric domain of each subunit is homologous to aps kinase. in the presence of aps, the enzyme crystallized in the orthorhombic space group (i222) with unit cell parameters of a = 135.7 a, b = 162.1 a, and c = 273.0 a. the x-ray structure at 2.8 a resolution established that the hexameric enzyme is a dimer of triads in the shape of an ob ...	2001	11389593
serum ige specific to indoor moulds, measured by basophil histamine release, is associated with building-related symptoms in damp buildings.	to study the relationship between basophil histamine release (hrt) to indoor moulds, indicating specific ige, and building-related symptoms (brs), asthma, and hay fever in individuals working in damp and mouldy buildings.	2001	11392611
exo-arabinanase of penicillium chrysogenum able to release arabinobiose from alpha-1,5-l-arabinan.	an exo-arabinanase, designated abnx, was purified from a culture filtrate of penicillium chrysogenum 31b by ammonium sulfate precipitation, anion-exchange chromatography, and hydrophobic chromatography. abnx had an apparent molecular mass of 47 kda. the enzyme released only arabinobiose from the nonreducing terminus of alpha-1,5-l-arabinan and showed no activity towards p-nitrophenyl-alpha-l-arabinofuranoside and alpha-1,5-l-arabinofuranobiose. abnx is the first enzyme with this mode of action.	2001	11425761
penicillin productivity and glutathione-dependent detoxification of phenylacetic and phenoxyacetic acids in penicillium chrysogenum.	both toxicity and penicillin productivity of the hydroxylated derivatives of phenylacetic acid (pa) and phenoxyacetic acid (poa) were highly dependent on the position of hydroxylation on the aromatic ring in penicillium chrysogenum. hydroxylation at position 2 diminished penicillin production but the compounds retained most of their toxicity. on the other hand, hydroxylation at position 4 resulted in barely toxic derivatives with still significant penicillin productivity. 3-hydroxy-pa was a weak ...	2001	11441461
intrachromosomal recombination after targeted monocopy integration in penicillium chrysogenum: stabilization of the direct repeats to prevent loss of the inserted gene.	monocopy systems obtained by targeted integration at the pyrg locus of p. chrysogenum led to the formation of unstable direct repeats in the genome. a previously isolated pyrg mutant was sequenced and the mutation was found to be located at nucleotide position 665 of the pyrg gene. a different pyrg mutation was introduced in vitro at the bamhi site of this gene. recombination products arising from monocopy systems using the bleomycin/phleomycin resistance gene (ble) as a model were studied to el ...	2001	11453252
hair and scalp mycobiota in school children in nablus area.	hair and scalp mycobiota of 1389 clinically normal children aged 6-12 years attending 12 schools in the nablus district, palestinian authority, was assessed on three occasions over 8-month period (october 1998-may 1999) using the hair brush technique. one hundred and one fungal species belonging to 33 genera were recovered: 6 dermatophytes, 16 dermatophyte-like keratinophilic fungi, and 79 other keratinophilic fungal species. species varied considerably in their frequency of occurrence and abund ...	2001	11469760
fungal flora on board the mir-space station, identification by morphological features and ribosomal dna sequences.	this report is on the morphological and molecular biological identification, using 18s- and its1-rdna sequences, of the "space fungi" isolated on board the russian mir-space station as the major constituents of the fungal flora. the six fungal strains were isolated from air by using an air sampler or from condensation. strains were identified as penicillium chrysogenum, aspergillus versicolor, or penicillium sp. by both methods. the species of space fungi were common saprophytic fungi in our liv ...	2001	11471823
development of a homologous transformation system for the opportunistic human pathogen aspergillus fumigatus based on the sc gene encoding atp sulfurylase.	the development of a homologous transformation system for the opportunistic human pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus is described. the system is based on the sc gene encoding atp sulfurylase. several a. fumigatus sc mutant strains were readily isolated by strong selection for selenate resistance. the coding region plus upstream and downstream regulatory sequences of the a. fumigatus sc gene were cloned by inverse pcr and then sequenced. sequencing of the sc cdna revealed the presence of fiv ...	2001	11479709
a temperature-type model for describing the relationship between fungal growth and water activity.	growth of penicillium chrysogenum, aspergillus flavus, cladosporium cladosporioides and alternaria alternata at their respective optimum temperatures was studied in potato dextrose agar (pda) medium at different water activities (a(w)) adjusted with glycerol. the growth rate (mu) was expressed as the increase in colony radius per unit of time. this paper extends the model that showed the relationship between temperature and bacterial growth rate developed by rosso et al. [j. theor. biol. 162 (19 ...	2001	11482570
simple and robust method for estimation of the split between the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway and the embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway in microorganisms.	the flux through the oxidative pentose phosphate (pp) pathway was estimated in bacillus clausii, saccharomyces cerevisiae, and penicillium chrysogenum growing in chemostats with [1-(13)c]glucose as the limiting substrate. the flux calculations were based on a simple algebraic expression that is valid irrespective of isotope rearrangements arising from reversibilities of the reactions in the pp pathway and the upper part of the embden-meyerhof-parnas pathway. the algebraically calculated fluxes w ...	2001	11494219
penicillin v production by penicillium chrysogenum in the presence of fe3+ and in low-iron culture medium.	late-exponential-phase penicillium chrysogenum mycelia grown in a complex medium possessed an intracellular iron concentration of 650 mumol/l (2.2 +/- 0.6 mumol per g mycelial dry mass). this iron reserve was sufficient to ensure growth and antibiotic production after transferring mycelia into a defined low-iron minimal medium. although the addition of fe3+ to the fe-limited cultures increased significantly the intracellular iron levels the surplus iron did not influence the production of penici ...	2001	11501399
analysis of wine for penicillin.	this study addresses the question of whether the antibiotic penicillin, which is produced by the common mold penicillium notatum, could possibly become a contaminate of wine during the fermentation process. the significance of this study is related to the potential health effects this agent might produce in those consumers who have an allergic response to penicillin. it has been estimated that between 6% and 8% of the american population is subject to this type of allergic response. a method is ...	2001	11513273
temperature effects on the allosteric transition of atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum.	the effects of temperature on the initial velocity kinetics of allosteric atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum were measured. the experiments were prompted by the structural similarity between the c-terminal regulatory domain of fungal atp sulfurylase and fungal aps kinase, a homodimer that undergoes a temperature-dependent, reversible dissociation of subunits over a narrow temperature range. wild-type atp sulfurylase yielded hyperbolic velocity curves between 18 and 30 degrees c. increa ...	2001	11516160
autolysis and aging of penicillium chrysogenum cultures under carbon starvation: chitinase production and antifungal effect of allosamidin.	in carbon-depleted cultures of penicillium chrysogenum, age-related chitinases were shown to play a crucial role in both autolysis and fragmentation as indicated by in vivo enzyme inhibition experiments using allosamidin. this pseudotrisaccharide even hindered significantly the outgrowth of new hyphal tips from the surviving yeastlike fragments after glucose supplementation. the antifungal effect of allosamidin on autolyzing p. chrysogenum mycelia was fungistatic rather than fungicidal. in growi ...	2001	12483620
p. nalgiovense carries a gene which is homologous to the paf gene of p. chrysogenum which codes for an antifungal peptide.	penicillium nalgiovense is related to p. chrysogenum. p. chrysogenum carries the paf gene (penicillium antifungal peptide) with homology to the afp gene of aspergillus giganteus. this gene codes for a peptide with antifungal activity. based on the sequence of the published p. chrysogenum paf gene primers were generated. by the use of these primers a pcr product of the expected length could be isolated from strains of p. nalgiovense. this fragment was sequenced and compared to the sequence of the ...	2000	11139027
biotransformation of geraniol, nerol and citral by sporulated surface cultures of aspergillus niger and penicillium sp.	the biotransformation of geraniol, nerol and citral by aspergillus niger was studied. a comparison was made between submerged liquid, sporulated surface cultures and spore suspensions. this bioconversion was also carried out with surface cultures of penicillium sp. the main bioconversion products obtained from geraniol and nerol by liquid cultures of a. niger were linalool and alpha-terpineol. linalool, alpha-terpineol and limonene were the main products obtained from nerol and citral by sporula ...	2000	11117886
alpha-aminoadipyl-cysteinyl-valine synthetases in beta-lactam producing organisms. from abraham's discoveries to novel concepts of non-ribosomal peptide synthesis.	the tripeptide delta-(l-alpha-aminoadipyl)-l-cysteinyl-d-valine (acv) was discovered by arnstein and morris in penicillium chrysogenum and abraham and coworkers in acremonium chrysogenum. other analogous tripeptides and tetrapeptides were later reported in these and other beta-lactam producing fungi and actinomycetes. the acv tripeptide is synthesized by a large non-ribosomal peptide synthetase named acv synthetase encoded by the 11 kb pchab gene. this gene has been cloned from the dna of four d ...	2000	11132945
sulfate assimilation in aspergillus terreus: analysis of genes encoding atp-sulfurylase and paps-reductase.	two genes for the sulfate assimilation pathway in aspergillus terreus were cloned. the genes sat (coding for paps-reductase) and sct (coding for atp-sulfurylase) form a small gene cluster. both genes are similar to their homologs in a. nidulans (sa and sc), penicillium chrysogenum (aps) and saccharomyces cerevisiae (met3 and met16). in the coding sequence of the sct gene, a typical non-functional aps-kinase-like domain is present. the sct gene is expressed in a. nidulans, but its expression ther ...	2000	11057445
crystal structure of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase from penicillium chrysogenum.	adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase catalyzes the second reaction in the two-step conversion of inorganic sulfate to 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (paps). this report presents the 2.0 a resolution crystal structure of ligand-free aps kinase from the filamentous fungus, penicillium chrysogenum. the enzyme crystallized as a homodimer with each subunit folded into a classic kinase motif consisting of a twisted, parallel beta-sheet sandwiched between two alpha-helical bundles. the walke ...	2000	10677210
characterization of pen n 13, a major allergen from the mold penicillium notatum.	penicillium notatum is a well-known indoor aeroallergen and is frequently included in skin test panels for allergic diagnosis. on two-dimensional immunoblotting using patients' sera containing ige and monoclonal antibody d7b8 specific for pen c 1 of p. citrinum, two allergens with a molecular mass of 33 kda but different isoelectric points were identified. a novel cdna coding for pen n 13 was cloned and sequenced. the nucleotide sequence codes for a protein 397 amino acids including a putative s ...	2000	10694469
overexpression of the lys1 gene in penicillium chrysogenum: homocitrate synthase levels, alpha-aminoadipic acid pool and penicillin production.	homocitrate synthase activity (encoded by the lys1 gene) catalyzes the first step of the lysine and penicillin pathway and is highly sensitive to feedback regulation by l-lysine. the transcript levels of the lys1 gene and the homocitrate synthase activity are high during the growth phase and decrease during the antibiotic production phase, except in the high penicillin producer strain as-p-99 which maintained high levels of homocitrate synthase activity in cultures at 96 h and 120 h. the lys1 ge ...	2000	10952007
induction of positive cooperativity by amino acid replacements within the c-terminal domain of penicillium chrysogenum atp sulfurylase.	atp sulfurylase from penicillium chrysogenum is an allosteric enzyme in which cys-509 is critical for maintaining the r state. cys-509 is located in a c-terminal domain that is 42% identical to the conserved core of adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (adenylylsulfate) (aps) kinase. this domain is believed to provide the binding site for the allosteric effector, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (paps). replacement of cys-509 with either tyr or ser destabilizes the r state, resulting in an enzyme th ...	2000	10956658
synthesis and evaluation of some new fluorinated hydroquinazoline derivatives as antifungal agents.	the key intermediate octahydroquinazoline (1) was obtained in one pot synthesis by a modification of the biginelli reaction. compound 1 was allowed to react with phenacyl bromide and bromomalononitrile to furnish thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazoline 3 and 12, respectively. interaction of compound 12 with formamide, formic acid and phenyl isothiocyanate yielded the corresponding pyrimidino[4',5':4.5]thiazolo[2,3-b] quinazolines 13, 14 and 17, respectively. the structure of the synthesized compounds were el ...	2000	10966155
synthesis and antifungal activity of novel pyrano[2',3':4,5]thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolines, pyrido[2',3':4,5]thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolines and pyrazolo[2',3':4,5]thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolines.	the starting materials thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolines (5a,b) were obtained in one pot synthesis by treating octahydroquinazoline (2) with chloroacetic acid and aromatic aldehydes. thiazoloquinazoline (5) was reacted with ch2(cn)2/piperidine and ch2(cn)2/naoh (ch3oh), to furnish pyrano[2',3':4,5]thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazolines (6a,b) and pyrido[2',3':4,5]thiazolo[2,3-b]quinazoline (7), respectively. refluxing of 5a with nh2csnh2/koh and hydrazines in ethanol furnished the corresponding, [1,3]thiazino[4' ...	2000	10966160
metabolic characterization of high- and low-yielding strains of penicillium chrysogenum.	a recently developed method for analyzing metabolic networks using 13c-labels was employed for investigating the metabolism of a high- and a low-yielding strain of penicillium chrysogenum. under penicillin-producing conditions, the flux through the pentose phosphate (pp) pathway in the high- and the low-yielding strains was estimated to 70 and 66, respectively. when the high-yielding strain was cultivated in a medium without the penicillin side chain precursor, phenoxyacetic acid, the pp pathway ...	2000	10968635
isolation of penicillium chrysogenum pex1 and pex6 encoding aaa proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis.	in penicillium chrysogenum, key enzymes involved in the production of penicillin reside in peroxisomes. as a first step to understand the role of these organelles in penicillin biosynthesis, we set out to isolate the genes involved in peroxisome biogenesis. here we report the cloning and characterization of p. chrysogenum pex1 and pex6, which encode proteins of the aaa family of atpases. the second aaa module, which is essential for the function of pex1p and pex6p in peroxisome biogenesis, is hi ...	2000	10968639
[a model for the formation of ring-shaped structures in colonies of mycelial fungi].	mathematical model of the development of the pattern of colonies is considered. the model represents the systems of differential equations of the first order. it includes non-dimensional parameters characterizing the following features: concentration of substrate, concentration of metabolic products--growth inhibitor, mycelium and spores, radial and specific rate of mycelium growth, rate of substrate consumption and production of metabolic products, coefficients of diffusion of substrate and met ...	2000	10999006
sulfur regulation of the sulfate transporter genes suta and sutb in penicillium chrysogenum.	penicillium chrysogenum uses sulfate as a source of sulfur for the biosynthesis of penicillin. sulfate uptake and the mrna levels of the sulfate transporter-encoding sutb and suta genes are all reduced by high sulfate concentrations and are elevated by sulfate starvation. in a high-penicillin-yielding strain, sutb is effectively transcribed even in the presence of excess sulfate. this deregulation may facilitate the efficient incorporation of sulfur into cysteine and penicillin.	2000	11010912
xylp promoter-based expression system and its use for antisense downregulation of the penicillium chrysogenum nitrogen regulator nre.	a highly inducible fungal promoter derived from the penicillium chrysogenum endoxylanase (xylp) gene is described. northern analysis and the use of a beta-glucuronidase (uida) reporter gene strategy showed that xylp expression is transcriptionally regulated. xylan and xylose are efficient inducers, whereas glucose strongly represses the promoter activity. comparison of the same expression construct as a single copy at the niad locus in p. chrysogenum and at the argb locus in aspergillus nidulans ...	2000	11055928
mycotoxin-producing potential of fungi associated with qat (catha edulis) leaves in yemen.	forty-four fungal species belonging to 20 genera were isolated from 30 samples of qat leaves. the most frequent genera were aspergillus, alternaria, penicillium, and cladosporium followed by fusarium, drechslera, chaetomium, and mucor. the most prevalent species in above genera were aspergillus niger, a. flavus, a fumigatus, alternaria alternata, penicillium chrysogenum, p. citrinum, cladosporium cladosporioides, and fusarium verticillioides. from these fungi, 17 species (39%) related to 7 gener ...	2000	11347273
the specific transport system for lysine is fully inhibited by ammonium in penicillium chrysogenum: an ammonium-insensitive system allows uptake in carbon-starved cells.	the regulation exerted by ammonium and other nitrogen sources on amino acid utilization was studied in swollen spores of penicillium chrysogenum. ammonium prevented the l-lysine, l-arginine and l-ornithine utilization by p. chrysogenum swollen spores seeded in complete media, but not in carbon-deficient media. transport of l-[14c]lysine into spores incubated in presence of carbon and nitrogen sources was fully inhibited by ammonium ions (35 mm). however, in carbon-derepressed conditions (growth ...	2000	10696883
role of proteases in autolysis of penicillium chrysogenum chemostat cultures in response to nutrient depletion.	an industrial strain of penicillium chrysogenum was subjected to carbon or nitrogen limitation in a chemostat and the response monitored in terms of the "classical" indicators of autolysis (biomass decline and ammonia release), culture degradation (as measured by image analysis) and by obtaining profiles for three classes of proteases implicated in autolysis. under both sets of conditions (carbon or nitrogen limitation), once started, autolysis involved a succession of different protease activit ...	2000	10709988
effect of biomass concentration and mycelial morphology on fermentation broth rheology.	the effect of biomass concentration and mycelial morphology on fungal fermentation broth rheological properties has been investigated. in previous work it had been shown that commonly used rheological parameters, such as the power law consistency and flow behavior indices, could be correlated successfully with the broth biomass concentration and clump morphological parameters of roughness and compactness. more recent work on a broader range of data showed a correlation between roughness and comp ...	2000	10712732
allergen-specific ige levels against crude mould and storage mite extracts and recombinant mould allergens in sera from horses affected with chronic bronchitis.	immunoglobulin e antibody (ige) levels against four recombinant (r) mould allergens (r-aspergillus fumigatus [rasp f] 7, 8 and 9; r-alternaria alternata 1 [ralta1]) and crude mould (aspergillus fumigatus, alternaria alternata, penicillium notatum) and storage mite extracts were determined by elisa in sera from 24 pulmonary sound control horses and 26 horses suffering from chronic bronchitis/bronchiolitis (cb), also called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). serum igg and iga titres wer ...	2000	10713338
the fungal cpcr1 protein, which binds specifically to beta-lactam biosynthesis genes, is related to human regulatory factor x transcription factors.	here we report the isolation and characterization of a novel transcription factor from the cephalosporin c-producing fungus acremonium chrysogenum. we have identified a protein binding site in the promoter of the beta-lactam biosynthesis gene pcbc, located 418 nucleotides upstream of the translational start. using the yeast one-hybrid system, we succeeded in isolating a cdna clone encoding a polypeptide, which binds specifically to the pcbc promoter. the polypeptid shows significant sequence hom ...	2000	10734077
catalytic decomposition of 3-chloroperoxybenzoic acid by immobilized catalase in a non-aqueous medium.	catalytic activities of catalase (cat) immobilized on graphite--gmz, soot--"norit" and "pm-100" to mediate decomposition of 3-cl-c6h4coooh (3-cpba) in acetonitrile have been investigated. under these conditions, the kinetic parameters km, k, ea, vmax, and z0 were calculated. conclusions on a probable mechanism of the catalytic process observed were drawn from the calculated values of deltag, deltah, and deltas*. a quantitative uv-spectrophotometrical approach was used as the basic analytical t ...	2000	10739100
dynamic biochemical reaction process analysis and pathway modification predictions.	recently, the area of model predictive modification of biochemical pathways has received attention with the aim to increase the productivity of microbial systems. in this study, we present a generalization of previous work, where, using a sensitivity study over the fermentation as a dynamic system, the optimal selection of reaction steps for modification (amplification or attenuation) is determined. the influence of metabolites in the activity of enzymes has also been considered (through activat ...	2000	10745197
penicillin fermentation: mechanisms and models for industrial-scale bioreactors.	even after many years of research and industrial practice, the production of penicillin g in fed-batch fermentation by penicillium crysogenum continues to attract research interest. there are many reasons: the commercial and therapeutic importance of penicillin and its derivatives, the complexity of cell growth, and the impact of engineering variables, the last of which are significant in large bioreactors but are not yet fully understood. extensive research has generated new information on the ...	2000	10770225
physiological aspects of fungi isolated from root nodules of faba bean (vicia faba l.).	the present study was made to isolate and assess some physiological characteristics of root nodule-colonizing fungi. during this study, 17 fungal species were isolated from root nodule samples taken from faba bean plants (vicia faba l.) collected from different sites at assiut area (egypt). the growth of faba bean plants in pots was significantly promoted by soil inoculation with most fungi. growth was checked in pots with inocula of cladosporium cladosporioides, fusarium moniliforme, f: oxyspor ...	2000	10772156
application of metabolic flux analysis for the identification of metabolic bottlenecks in the biosynthesis of penicillin-g.	a detailed stoichiometric model was developed for growth and penicillin-g production in penicillium chrysogenum. from an a priori metabolic flux analysis using this model it appeared that penicillin production requires significant changes in fluxes through the primary metabolic pathways. this is brought about by the biosynthesis of carbon precursors for the beta-lactan nucleus and an increased demand for nadph, mainly for sulfate reduction. as a result, significant changes in flux partitioning o ...	2000	10799985
metabolic network analysis of penicillium chrysogenum using (13)c-labeled glucose.	using (13)c-labeled glucose fed to a penicillin-overproducing strain of penicillium chrysogenum, the intracellular fluxes were quantified, and the presence of two new pathways, not previously described in this organism, is suggested. thus, glycine was synthesized not only by serine hydroxymethyltransferase, but also by threonine aldolase. the formation of cytosolic acetyl-coa was found to be synthesized both via the citrate lyase-catalyzed reaction and by degradation of the penicillin side-chain ...	2000	10799990
an animal model for allergic penicilliosis induced by the intranasal instillation of viable penicillium chrysogenum conidia.	a study was undertaken to determine the consequences of long term intranasal instillation of penicillium chrysogenum propagules in a mouse model.	2000	10817798
agitation induced mycelial fragmentation of aspergillus oryzae and penicillium chrysogenum.	given the impact of mycelial morphology on fermentation performance, it is important to understand the factors that influence it, including agitation-induced fragmentation. the successful application of the energy dissipation/circulation function (edc) to correlate fragmentation of penicillium chrysogenum with agitation intensity and with different impeller types [5] has already been demonstrated. the edc function takes into account the specific energy dissipation rate in the impeller swept volu ...	2000	10817815
a novel heptameric sequence (ttagtaa) is the binding site for a protein required for high level expression of pcbab, the first gene of the penicillin biosynthesis in penicillium chrysogenum.	the first two genes pcbab and pcbc of the penicillin biosynthesis pathway are expressed from a 1.01-kilobase bidirectional promoter region. a series of sequential deletions were made in the pcbab promoter region, and the constructions with the modified promoters coupled to the lacz reporter gene were introduced as single copies at the pyrg locus in penicillium chrysogenum npe10. three regions, boxes a, b, and c, produced a significant decrease in expression of the reporter gene when deleted. pro ...	2000	10644695
fusarinines and dimerum acid, mono- and dihydroxamate siderophores from penicillium chrysogenum, improve iron utilization by strategy i and strategy ii plants.	cucumber, as a strategy i plant, and maize as a strategy ii plant, were cultivated in hydroponic culture in the presence of a ferrated siderophore mixture (1 microm) from a culture of penicillium chrysogenum isolated from soil. the siderophore mixture significantly improved the iron status of these plants as measured by chlorophyll concentration to the same degree as a 100-fold higher feedta supply. analysis of the siderophore mixture from p. chrysogenum by hplc and electrospray mass spectrometr ...	2000	10831223
continuous production of antibiotics in an airlift fermentor utilizing a transverse magnetic field.	in this study, a series of experiments was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of continuous production of penicillin antibiotic using a three-phase magneto airlift fermentor with immobilized penicillium chrysogenum. the fermentation processes were carried out in a 2.4-l external loop airlift utilizing a transverse magnetic field. it was found that the application of the magnetic field to a bed of ferromagnetic beads affects both the hydrodynamics of the reactor and the rate of the bioconve ...	2000	10850672
karyotype of penicillium nalgiovense and assignment of the penicillin biosynthetic genes to chromosome iv.	the karyotype of penicillium nalgiovense was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and compared to the karyotype of p. chrysogenum. both species have four chromosomes, but they differ in the size of the chromosomes and in the overall size of the genome. the sizes of the p. nalgiovense chromosomes as determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis are: 9.1 mb, 7.9 mb, 5.4 mb and 4.1 mb which gives in summary a genome size of 26.5 mb. this compares to 34.1 mb for p. chrysogenum. the penici ...	2000	10898462
environmentally safe production of 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-adca) using recombinant strains of acremonium chrysogenum.	medically useful semisynthetic cephalosporins are made from 7-aminodeacetoxycephalosporanic acid (7-adca) or 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-aca). here we describe a new industrially amenable bioprocess for the production of the important intermediate 7-adca that can replace the expensive and environmentally unfriendly chemical method classically used. the method is based on the disruption and one-step replacement of the cefef gene, encoding the bifunctional expandase/hydroxylase activity, of an ...	2000	10932155
mycotoxins from mould infested building materials.	only limited documentation of non-allergenic, especially toxic reactions after inhalation of microfungal spores in water damaged buildings exists. recently attention has been drawn to the mycotoxins as causal compounds, as some the dominating genera found in buildings are well known mycotoxin producers.penicillium chrysogenum and a. ustus do not seem to produce any known mycotoxins when growing on building materials, whereasp. brevicompactum produces mycophenolic acid, somep. polonicum produces ...	2000	23605430
isotopomer analysis using gc-ms.	knowledge of the complete isotopomer distribution represents the ultimate amount of information on the labeling pattern of a metabolite. one technique for measuring the isotopomer distributions is the analysis of the multiplet intensities arising from the 13c-13c couplings in nmr spectroscopy. while this technique has proven to be very valuable in the elucidation of labeling patterns of c2 and c3 units of various amino acids, fragments larger than c3 are very difficult to measure. another techni ...	1999	10937821
[different age of asthmatic patients affected by different aeroallergens].	a total of 1070 cases of bronchial asthma, aged from 3 to 70 years, were analyzed for their hypersensitivity to the four most common aeroallergens, dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, german cockroaches, penicillium notatum and candida albicans. the severity of hypersensitivity was classified as mild, moderate and severe based on the concentration of allergen specific ige in the sera. results showed that there were 77.9% patients allergic to d. pteronyssinus, 40.0% to g. cockroaches, 9.6% to p. nota ...	1999	10650494
adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase: diagnosing the mechanism of substrate inhibition.	adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (aps) kinase is subject to strong substrate inhibition by aps. the inhibition has been variously reported to be uncompetitive with respect to mgatp (resulting from the formation of a dead-end e. aps. mgadp complex) or competitive with mgatp (resulting from the formation of a dead-end e. aps complex). it is shown that these two types of substrate inhibition can be differentiated for ordered kinetic mechanisms by simple inspection of the v versus [aps] plots at differen ...	1999	9882457
evaluation of the mycological status of luncheon meat with special reference to aflatoxigenic moulds and aflatoxin residues.	the luncheon meat samples analyzed, which were produced locally by the two main luncheon meat producing companies in egypt were relatively highly contaminated either by moulds and yeasts in general, aflatoxigenic species and aflatoxin residues in particular. the most frequently encountered fungi from the samples were yeasts, aspergillus niger, a. flavus, penicillium chrysogenum, rhizopus stolonifer, mucor circinelloides. less common were cladosporium sphaerospermum, alternaria alternata, mycosph ...	1999	10823186
analysis of the oxidative stress response of penicillium chrysogenum to menadione.	the intracellular superoxide and glutathione disulphide concentrations increased in penicillium chrysogeum treated with 50, 250 or 500 microm menadione (mq). a significant increase in the intracellular peroxide concentration was also observed when mycelia were exposed to 250 or 500 microm mq. the specific activity of cu,zn and mn superoxide dismutases, glutathione reductase and glutathione s-transferase as well as the glutathione producing activity increased in the presence of mq while glutathio ...	1999	10193580
molecular cloning of a second phospholipase b gene, caplb2 from candida albicans.	accumulating evidence suggests that phospholipase b, secreted by pathogenic fungi such as candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans and aspergillus fumigatus, functions as one of the virulence factors. in the present study, we have attempted to clone phospholipase b gene from c. albicans. by rt-pcr analysis with degenerate primers based on conserved regions of phospholipase b from saccharomyces cerevisiae, penicillium notatum and torulaspora delbrueckii two similar but different cdna fragments w ...	1999	10200936
influence of microbial concentration on the rheology of non-newtonian fermentation broths.	the objective of this study was to quantify the effect of fungal biomass concentration on the rheology of non-newtonian fermentation systems. batch fermentations of penicillium chrysogenum were carried out with glucose as the sole carbon source. the flow behavior of the system was characterized at various fermentation times and was adequately described by the power-law model. the apparent viscosity of the fermentation broth was significantly affected by biomass concentrations in the fermenter. f ...	1999	10222579
characterization of allergens from penicillium oxalicum and p. notatum by immunoblotting and n-terminal amino acid sequence analysis.	penicillium species are important causative agents of extrinsic bronchial asthma. however, little is known about the allergens of these ubiquitous fungal species. objective the object was to analyse the composition, the allergenic cross-reactivity and the n-terminal sequences of allergens from two prevalent airborne penicillium species, p. oxalicum and p. notatum.	1999	10231324
disruption of phaca, an aspergillus nidulans gene encoding a novel cytochrome p450 monooxygenase catalyzing phenylacetate 2-hydroxylation, results in penicillin overproduction.	aspergillus nidulans utilizes phenylacetate as a carbon source via homogentisate, which is degraded to fumarate and acetoacetate. mutational evidence strongly suggested that phenylacetate is converted to homogentisate through two sequential hydroxylating reactions in positions 2 and 5 of the aromatic ring. using cdna substraction techniques, we have characterized a gene, denoted phaca, whose transcription is strongly induced by phenylacetate and which putatively encodes a cytochrome p450 protein ...	1999	10329644
molecular mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangement in fungi.	both sexual and asexual fungi undergo chromosomal rearrangements, which are the main cause of karyotype variability among the populations. different recombination processes can produce chromosomal reorganizations, both during mitosis and meiosis, but other mechanisms operate to limit the extent of the rearrangements; some of these mechanisms, such as the rip (repeat-induced point mutations) of neurospora crassa, have been well established for sexual fungi. in laboratory strains, treatments such ...	1999	10342097
microfungal contamination of damp buildings--examples of risk constructions and risk materials.	to elucidate problems with microfungal infestation in indoor environments, a multidisciplinary collaborative pilot study, supported by a grant from the danish ministry of housing and urban affairs, was performed on 72 mold-infected building materials from 23 buildings. water leakage through roofs, rising damp, and defective plumbing installations were the main reasons for water damage with subsequent infestation of molds. from a score system assessing the bioavailability of the building material ...	1999	10347000