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antibacterial and antioxidant activities in extracts of fully grown cladodes of 8 cultivars of cactus pear.the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of some cultivars of the nopal cactus have not been determined. in this study, 8 cultivars of nopal cacti from mexico were assayed for phenolic content, antioxidant activities, and antimicrobial activities against campylobacter jejuni, vibrio cholera, and clostridium perfringens. plant material was washed, dried, and macerated in methanol. minimum bactericidal concentrations (mbcs) were determined using the broth microdilution method. antioxidant acti ...201424621296
feed supplementation with red seaweeds, chondrus crispus and sarcodiotheca gaudichaudii, affects performance, egg quality, and gut microbiota of layer hens.the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of red seaweed supplementation to standard poultry diets on production performance, egg quality, intestinal histology, and cecal short-chain fatty acids in lohmann brown classic laying hens. a total of 160 birds were randomly assigned to 8 treatment groups. control hens were fed a basal layer diet; positive control hens were fed a diet containing 2% inulin; and 6 treatment groups were fed a diet containing one of the following; 0. ...201425352682
role of a bacillus subtilis direct-fed microbial on digesta viscosity, bacterial translocation, and bone mineralization in turkey poults fed with a rye-based diet.rye contains high concentrations of non-starch polysaccharides (nsps), leading to reduced digestibility. since poultry have little or no endogenous enzymes capable of hydrolyzing these nsp, exogenous carbohydrases as feed additives are used in an attempt to reduce the anti-nutritional effects of these polysaccharides. previously, an in vitro study conducted in our laboratory showed that inclusion of certain bacillus direct-fed microbial (dfm) candidates that produce exogenous phytase, lipase, pr ...201426664925
isolation and identification of quercetin degrading bacteria from human fecal microbes.quercetin has a wide range of biological properties. the gut microflora can often modulate its biological activity and their potential health effects. there still is a lack of information about gut bacteria involving in this process. the strains of gut microbes from human feces that can transform quercetin were isolated and identified by in vitro fermentation. the results showed that escherichia coli, stretococcus lutetiensis, lactobacillus acidophilus, weissella confusa, enterococcus gilvus, cl ...201424594786
anaerobic bacteria grow within candida albicans biofilms and induce biofilm formation in suspension cultures.the human microbiome contains diverse microorganisms, which share and compete for the same environmental niches. a major microbial growth form in the human body is the biofilm state, where tightly packed bacterial, archaeal, and fungal cells must cooperate and/or compete for resources in order to survive. we examined mixed biofilms composed of the major fungal species of the gut microbiome, candida albicans, and each of five prevalent bacterial gastrointestinal inhabitants: bacteroides fragilis, ...201425308076
evaluation of the in vitro activity of levornidazole, its metabolites and comparators against clinical anaerobic bacteria.this study evaluated the in vitro anti-anaerobic activity and spectrum of levornidazole, its metabolites and comparators against 375 clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria, including gram-negative bacilli (181 strains), gram-negative cocci (11 strains), gram-positive bacilli (139 strains) and gram-positive cocci (44 strains), covering 34 species. minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of levornidazole, its five metabolites and three comparators against these anaerobic isolates were determined ...201425301712
cytotoxicity comparison of quercetin and its metabolites from in vitro fermentation of several gut bacteria.part of quercetin is coerced into the colon after ingestion and interacts with the gut microbiota. the interaction between quercetin and gut microbiota will influence human health. the cytotoxicity of quercetin and its metabolites from human gut bacteria in vitro fermentation was investigated in this study. the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromide) (mtt) and agar diffusion disc methods were individually applied in vitro to examine their inhibitory effect on three cultured ...201425015032
antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical isolates of anaerobic bacteria in ontario, 2010-2011.the local epidemiology of antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in anaerobic bacteria is important in guiding the empiric treatment of infections. however, susceptibility data are very limited on anaerobic organisms, particularly among non-bacteroides organisms. to determine susceptibility profiles of clinically-significant anaerobic bacteria in ontario canada, anaerobic isolates from sterile sites submitted to public health ontario laboratory (phol) for identification and susceptibility testing ...201424923267
characterization of bacteriocin like inhibitory substance produced by a new strain brevibacillus borstelensis ag1 isolated from 'marcha'.in the present study, a bacterium isolated from marcha- a herbal cake used as traditional starter culture to ferment local wine in north east india, was evaluated for bacteriocin like inhibitory substance production and was tested against six food borne/spoilage causing pathogens viz. listeria monocytogenes mtcc 839, bacillus subtilis mtcc 121, clostridium perfringens mtcc 450, staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus plantarum and leuconostoc mesenteroides mtcc 107 by using bit/disc method followed ...201425477937
effect of bacillus subtilis c-3102 spores as a probiotic feed supplement on growth performance, noxious gas emission, and intestinal microflora in broilers.bacillus subtilis c-3102 has been used as a direct-fed microbial or probiotic product since 1986 to improve production performance in broilers worldwide. this study was conducted to determine and confirm the effect of b. subtilis c-3102 spore supplementation to feed on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass quality, blood profiles, noxious gas emission, and intestinal and excreta microflora in broilers. a total of 816 one-day-old male ross 308 broilers (46.06 ± 0.67 g) were used in ...201425260523
effects of salinomycin and bacillus subtilis on growth performance and immune responses in broiler chickens.the present study was undertaken to compare the effect of salinomycin and bacillus subtilis on growth performance, serum antibody levels against clostridium spp. and eimeria spp., and cytokine mrna expression levels in broiler chickens raised in the used litter. broiler chickens fed a diet containing salinomycin showed lower (p < 0.05) body weights compared with the control diet-fed counterparts. serum nitric oxide levels were significantly (p < 0.05) elevated in chickens fed the b. subtilis-enr ...201425135491
a pks i gene-based screening approach for the discovery of a new polyketide from penicillium citrinum salicorn 46.salicorn 46, an endophytic fungus isolated from salicornia herbacea torr., was identified as penicillium citrinum based on its internal transcribed spacer and ribosomal large-subunit dna sequences using a type i polyketide synthase (pks i) gene screening approach. a new polyketide, penicitriketo (1), and seven known compounds, including ergone (2), (3β,5α,8α,22e)-5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,9,22-trien-3-ol (3), (3β,5α,8α,22e)-5,8-epidioxyergosta-6,22-dien-3-ol (4), stigmasta-7,22-diene-3β,5α,6α-triol ...201424535256
virulence plasmids of spore-forming bacteria.plasmid-encoded virulence factors are important in the pathogenesis of diseases caused by spore-forming bacteria. unlike many other bacteria, the most common virulence factors encoded by plasmids in clostridium and bacillus species are protein toxins. clostridium perfringens causes several histotoxic and enterotoxin diseases in both humans and animals and produces a broad range of toxins, including many pore-forming toxins such as c. perfringens enterotoxin, epsilon-toxin, beta-toxin, and netb. ...201426104459
antimicrobial activity of traditional medicinal plants from ankober district, north shewa zone, amhara region, ethiopia.traditional medicinal plants have long been used in ethiopia to treat human and livestock ailments. despite a well-documented rich tradition of medicinal plant use in the country, their direct antimicrobial effects are still poorly known.201424392738
photocatalytic and biocidal activities of novel coating systems of mesoporous and dense tio₂-anatase containing silver nanoparticles.here we describe the development of novel nanostructured coating systems with improved photocatalytic and antibacterial activities. these systems comprise a layer of sio2 followed by a layer of mesoporous or dense tio2-anatase, and doping with silver nanoparticles (ag nps). the coatings were synthesized via a sol-gel technique by combining colloidal ag nps with tio2 and sio2 sols. the photocatalytic activity was studied through methyl orange decomposition under uv light. results showed a great i ...201425175258
tailored cyclodextrin pore blocker protects mammalian cells from clostridium difficile binary toxin cdt.some clostridium difficile strains produce, in addition to toxins a and b, the binary toxin clostridium difficile transferase (cdt), which adp-ribosylates actin and may contribute to the hypervirulence of these strains. the separate binding and translocation component cdtb mediates transport of the enzyme component cdta into mammalian target cells. cdtb binds to its receptor on the cell surface, cdta assembles and cdtb/cdta complexes are internalised. in acidic endosomes, cdtb mediates the deliv ...201425029374
inactivation and ultrastructure analysis of bacillus spp. and clostridium perfringens spores.bacterial endospores are resistant to many environmental factors from temperature extremes to ultraviolet irradiation and are generally more difficult to inactivate or kill than vegetative bacterial cells. it is often considered necessary to treat spores or samples containing spores with chemical fixative solutions for prolonged periods of time (e.g., 1-21 days) to achieve fixation/inactivation to enable electron microscopy (em) examination outside of containment laboratories. prolonged exposure ...201424503289
plant-derived monoclonal antibodies for prevention and treatment of infectious disease.numerous monoclonal antibodies (mabs) that recognize and neutralize infectious pathogens have been isolated and developed over the years. the fact that infectious diseases can involve large populations of infected individuals is an important factor that has motivated the search for both cost-effective and scalable methods of antibody production. the current technologies for production of antibodies in plants allow for very rapid expression and evaluation that can also be readily scaled for multi ...201426082108
prevalence and characterization of foodborne pathogens from australian dairy farm environments.the ability of foodborne pathogens to gain entry into food supply systems remains an ongoing concern. in dairy products, raw milk acts as a major vehicle for this transfer; however, the sources of pathogenic bacteria that contaminate raw milk are often not clear, and environmental sources of contamination or the animals themselves may contribute to the transfer. this survey examined the occurrence of 9 foodborne pathogens in raw milk and environments of 7 dairy farms (3 bovine, 3 caprine, and 1 ...201425282417
bovicin hj50-like lantibiotics, a novel subgroup of lantibiotics featured by an indispensable disulfide bridge.lantibiotics are ribosomally-synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides with potent antimicrobial activities. discovery of novel lantibiotics has been greatly accelerated with the soaring release of genomic information of microorganisms. as a unique class ii lantibiotic, bovicin hj50 is produced by streptococcus bovis hj50 and contains one rare disulfide bridge. by using its precursor bova as a drive sequence, 16 bova-like peptides were revealed in a wide variety of species. from them ...201424821187
dysbiosis anticipating necrotizing enterocolitis in very premature infants.necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) is a devastating inflammatory bowel disease of premature infants speculatively associated with infection. suspected nec can be indistinguishable from sepsis, and in established cases an infant may die within hours of diagnosis. present treatment is supportive. a means of presymptomatic diagnosis is urgently needed. we aimed to identify microbial signatures in the gastrointestinal microbiota preceding nec diagnosis in premature infants.201425344536
structural and functional characterization of the clostridium perfringens n-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase essential for the sialic acid salvage pathway.pathogenic bacteria are endowed with an arsenal of specialized enzymes to convert nutrient compounds from their cell hosts. the essential n-acetylmannosamine-6-phosphate 2-epimerase (nane) belongs to a convergent glycolytic pathway for utilization of the three amino sugars, glcnac, mannac, and sialic acid. the crystal structure of ligand-free nane from clostridium perfringens reveals a modified triose-phosphate isomerase (β/α)8 barrel in which a stable dimer is formed by exchanging the c-termina ...201425320079
clostridium and bacillus binary enterotoxins: bad for the bowels, and eukaryotic being.some pathogenic spore-forming bacilli employ a binary protein mechanism for intoxicating the intestinal tracts of insects, animals, and humans. these gram-positive bacteria and their toxins include clostridium botulinum (c2 toxin), clostridium difficile (c. difficile toxin or cdt), clostridium perfringens (ι-toxin and binary enterotoxin, or bec), clostridium spiroforme (c. spiroforme toxin or cst), as well as bacillus cereus (vegetative insecticidal protein or vip). these gut-acting proteins for ...201425198129
the effect of experimental fusarium mycotoxicosis on microbiota diversity in porcine ascending colon contents.the objective of the study was to determine the effect of exposure of pigs to the fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone (zen) and deoxynivalenol (don), administered together and separately, on the colon microbiota. an experiment was conducted for 42 days on gilts, randomly assigned to four groups and administered either zen, don, zen+don, or a placebo. the number of aerobic mesophilic bacteria, yeasts, molds, anaerobic clostridium perfringens, fecal streptococci, enterobacteriaceae, escherichia coli, ...201425025709
biofilm formation of clostridium perfringens and its exposure to low-dose antimicrobials.clostridium perfringens is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause food poisoning in humans and various enterotoxemia in animal species. very little is known on the biofilm of c. perfringens and its exposure to subminimal inhibitory concentrations of antimicrobials. this study was undertaken to address these issues. most of the c. perfringens human and animal isolates tested in this study were able to form biofilm (230/277). porcine clinical isolates formed significantly more biofilm than the p ...201424795711
a sporulation factor is involved in the morphological change of clostridium perfringens biofilms in response to temperature.biofilm formation has been associated with bacterial pathogenesis, such as nosocomial and chronic infections, as the resistance of biofilms to environmental stresses has increased. clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive spore-forming anaerobic pathogen. this organism survives antibiotic treatment through the formation of biofilms or spores, but the environmental and regulatory factors involved in the biofilm formation remain unclear. here, we observed that temperature regulates c. perfringen ...201424509316
a sequential statistical approach towards an optimized production of a broad spectrum bacteriocin substance from a soil bacterium bacillus sp. yas 1 strain.bacteriocins, ribosomally synthesized antimicrobial peptides, display potential applications in agriculture, medicine, and industry. the present study highlights integral statistical optimization and partial characterization of a bacteriocin substance from a soil bacterium taxonomically affiliated as bacillus sp. yas 1 after biochemical and molecular identifications. a sequential statistical approach (plackett-burman and box-behnken) was employed to optimize bacteriocin (bac yas 1) production. u ...201425614886
investigation on antibacterial and antioxidant activities, phenolic and flavonoid contents of some thai edible plants as an alternative for antibiotics.this study was aimed to examine the antibacterial and antioxidative properties of seven edible plants from thailand to develop alternative antibiotics as feed additives. the plants include citrus aurantifolia swingle (lime) fruits and its leaves, sesbania grandiflora l. (agati sesbania) leaves, piper sarmentosum roxb (wild betal) leaves, curcuma domestica valeton (turmeric) roots, morinda citrifolia l. (beach mulberry) leaves, cassia siamea britt (siamea cassia) leaves, and cocos nucifera l. (co ...201425178298
identification of glutamate abc-transporter component in clostridium perfringens as a putative drug target.clostridium perfringens is an anaerobic pathogen known to cause vast number of diseases in mammals and birds. various toxins and hydrolysing enzymes released by the organism are responsible for the necrosis of soft tissues. due to serious safety issues associated with current vaccines against c. perfringens, there is a need for new drug or vaccine targets. c. perfringens is extremely dependent on its host for nutrition which can be targeted for vaccine development or drug design. therefore, it i ...201425187678
genotyping of clostridium perfringens isolated from healthy and diseased ostriches (struthio camelus).clostridium perfringens is more prevalent type of clostridia genus isolated from the intestinal tract of ostrich (struthio camelus). necrotic enteritis (ne) is a potentially fatal gastrointestinal (gi) disease of poultry and other avian species, which produces marked destruction of intestinal lining in digestive tract caused by c. perfringens. pathogenicity and lesions are correlated with the toxins produced, thus toxin typing of the bacterium has diagnostic and epidemiological significance. the ...201425954489
further characterization of cys-type and ser-type anaerobic sulfatase maturating enzymes suggests a commonality in the mechanism of catalysis.the anaerobic sulfatase-maturating enzyme from clostridium perfringens (ansmecpe) catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of a cysteinyl residue on a cognate protein to a formylglycyl residue (fgly) using a mechanism that involves organic radicals. the fgly residue plays a unique role as a cofactor in a class of enzymes termed arylsulfatases, which catalyze the hydrolysis of various organosulfate monoesters. ansmecpe has been shown to be a member of the radical s-adenosylmethionine (sam) family of ...201323477283
dietary nisin modulates the gastrointestinal microbial ecology and enhances growth performance of the broiler chickens.due to antimicrobial properties, nisin is one of the most commonly used and investigated bacteriocins for food preservation. surprisingly, nisin has had limited use in animal feed as well as there are only few reports on its influence on microbial ecology of the gastrointestinal tract (git). the present study therefore aimed at investigating effects of dietary nisin on broiler chicken git microbial ecology and performance in comparison to salinomycin, the widely used ionophore coccidiostat. in t ...201324376878
nationwide surveillance for pathogenic microorganisms in groundwater near carcass burials constructed in south korea in 2010.widespread outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease and avian influenza occurred in south korea during 2010. in response to the culling of many animals to attenuate the spread of disease, south korea used mass burial sites to dispose of the large number of carcasses; consequently, concerns about groundwater contamination by leachate from these burial sites are increasing. groundwater is one of the main sources of drinking water, and its cleanliness is directly related to public health. thus, this stu ...201324351737
effect of bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbials on immune status in broiler chickens raised on fresh or used litter.type of dietary direct-fed microbials (dfms) or poultry litter could directly influence the composition of gut microbiota. gut microbiota plays an important role in shaping the developing immune system and maintaining the homeostasis of the mature immune system in mammal and chickens. the present study was carried out to investigate the interaction among litter, dfms and immunity in broiler chickens exposed to a field-simulated environment. immune status of broiler chickens was assessed by serum ...201325049746
biochemistry and physiology of the β class carbonic anhydrase (cpb) from clostridium perfringens strain 13.the carbonic anhydrase (cpb) from clostridium perfringens strain 13, the only carbonic anhydrase encoded in the genome, was characterized both biochemically and physiologically. heterologously produced and purified cpb was shown to belong to the type i subclass of the β class, the first β class enzyme investigated from a strictly anaerobic species of the domain bacteria. kinetic analyses revealed a two-step, ping-pong, zinc-hydroxide mechanism of catalysis with km and kcat/km values of 3.1 mm co ...201323475974
antimicrobial therapy of selected diseases in turkeys, laying hens, and minor poultry species in canada.this paper identifies common poultry diseases requiring antimicrobial therapy, antimicrobials deemed efficacious to treat these diseases, and antimicrobial resistance (amr) in these commodity-pathogen combinations, and describes current residue issues and minor use minor species (mums) guidelines. veterinarians with turkey/layer expertise and diagnosticians were surveyed to determine the bacterial and protozoal diseases diagnosed in the last 5 years. avian pathogenic escherichia coli, staphyloco ...201324179239
opportunistic infection of aspergillus and bacteria in captive cape vultures (gyps coprotheres).to describe clinical signs, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of cape vultures in which aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus) and mixed species of bacteria were isolated.201323646305
clostridium perfringens is not suitable for the indication of fecal pollution from ruminant wildlife but is associated with excreta from nonherbivorous animals and human sewage.during a 3-year study, clostridium perfringens was investigated in defined fecal sources from a temperate alluvial backwater area of a large river system. the results reveal that using c. perfringens as a conservative water quality indicator for total fecal pollution monitoring is no longer justified but suggest that it can be used as a tracer for excreta from nonherbivorous wildlife and human sewage.201323747707
antimicrobial activity of isothiocyanates (itcs) extracted from horseradish (armoracia rusticana) root against oral microorganisms.the antimicrobial activity of isothiocyanates (itcs) extracted from horseradish root was investigated against oral microorganisms: 6 strains of facultative anaerobic bacteria, streptococcus mutans, streptococcus sobrinus, lactobacillus casei, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecalis and aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans; one strain of yeast, candida albicans, and 3 strains of anaerobic bacteria, fusobacterium nucleatum, prevotella nigrescens, and clostridium perfringens. the itcs extract ...201324077540
understanding jejunal hemorrhage syndrome.jejunal hemorrhage syndrome (jhs) is an acute, highly fatal enterotoxemic disorder in dairy cattle that has been reported during the last few decades. no specific cause of this syndrome has been identified; however, several studies have revealed a strong association between jhs and infection with clostridium perfringens type a. a common mold, aspergillus fumigatus, has also been implicated as a potential causative agent in this disease syndrome. clinical signs of jhs (including sudden decreases ...201323865877
enzymatic depolymerization of gum tragacanth: bifidogenic potential of low molecular weight oligosaccharides.gum tragacanth derived from the plant "goat's horn" (astragalus sp.) has a long history of use as a stabilizing, viscosity-enhancing agent in food emulsions. the gum contains pectinaceous arabinogalactans and fucose-substituted xylogalacturonans. in this work, gum tragacanth from astragalus gossypinus was enzymatically depolymerized using aspergillus niger pectinases (pectinex be color). the enzymatically degraded products were divided into three molecular weight fractions via membrane separatio ...201323343141
food-borne pathogens of animal origin-diagnosis, prevention, control and their zoonotic significance: a review.the term food borne diseases or food-borne illnesses or more commonly food poisoning are used to denote gastrointestinal complications that occur following recent consumption of a particular food or drink. millions of people suffer worldwide every year and the situation is quiet grave in developing nations creating social and economic strain. the food borne pathogens include various bacteria viz., salmonella, campylobacter, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, yersinia enterocolitica, staph ...201324506006
cyclodextrin derivatives as anti-infectives.cyclodextrin derivatives can be utilized as anti-infectives with pore-forming proteins as the targets. the highly efficient selection of potent inhibitors was achieved because per-substituted cyclodextrins have the same symmetry as the target pores. inhibitors of several bacterial toxins produced by bacillus anthracis, staphylococcus aureus, clostridium perfringens, clostridium botulinum, and clostridium difficile were identified from a library of ∼200 cd derivatives. it was demonstrated that mu ...201324011515
medical aspects of bio-terrorism.bioterrorism is a terrorist action involving the intentional release or dissemination of a biological warfare agent (bwa), which includes some bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi or biological toxins. bwa is a naturally occurring or human-modified form that may kill or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war or terrorism. bwa is a weapon of choice for mass destruction and terrorism, because of the incubation period, less effective amount than chemical warfare agents, easily dis ...201323339855
new derivatives of salicylamides: preparation and antimicrobial activity against various bacterial species.three series of salicylanilides, esters of n-phenylsalicylamides and 2-hydroxy-n-[1-(2-hydroxyphenylamino)-1-oxoalkan-2-yl]benzamides, in total thirty target compounds were synthesized and characterized. the compounds were evaluated against seven bacterial and three mycobacterial strains. the antimicrobial activities of some compounds were comparable or higher than the standards ampicillin, ciprofloxacin or isoniazid. derivatives 3f demonstrated high biological activity against staphylococcus au ...201324045008
foodborne disease outbreaks caused by bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus--united states, 1998-2008.from 1998 to 2008, 1229 foodborne outbreaks caused by bacillus cereus, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus were reported in the united states; 39% were reported with a confirmed etiology. vomiting was commonly reported in b. cereus (median, 75% of cases) and s. aureus outbreaks (median, 87%), but rarely in c. perfringens outbreaks (median, 9%). meat or poultry dishes were commonly implicated in c. perfringens (63%) and s. aureus (55%) outbreaks, and rice dishes were commonly impli ...201323592829
antimicrobial activity of essential oils from mediterranean aromatic plants against several foodborne and spoilage bacteria.the antimicrobial activity of essential oils extracted from a variety of aromatic plants, often used in the portuguese gastronomy was studied in vitro by the agar diffusion method. the essential oils of thyme, oregano, rosemary, verbena, basil, peppermint, pennyroyal and mint were tested against gram-positive (listeria monocytogenes, clostridium perfringens, bacillus cereus, staphylococcus aureus, enterococcus faecium, enterococcus faecalis, and staphylococcus epidermidis) and gram-negative stra ...201323444311
sterility testing of apheresis hematopoietic progenitor cell products using an automated blood culture system.aabb standards require monitoring of hematopoietic progenitor cell (hpc) products for microbial contamination. to date, there is no automated blood culture system cleared by the food and drug administration for this application. our objective was to validate the versatrek system (trek diagnostic systems) for sterility testing of apheresis hpc products.201323438051
postprocessing microflora of commercial attieke (a fermented cassava product) produced in the south of côte d'ivoire.the distribution and presence of hygiene indicator and pathogenic micro-organisms in 375 samples of attieke marketed in côte d'ivoire, and their roles in the food poisoning were evaluated. microbiological analyses were carried out, which included the total viable bacteria, coliforms, escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella, bacillus spores, fungi and clostridium perfringens. the results revealed that the viable bacteria counts ranged from 2·2 ± 1·2 × 10(5) to 3·4 ± 1·4 × 10(6) cfu g( ...201323078634
synergistic action of cinnamaldehyde with silver nanoparticles against spore-forming bacteria: a case for judicious use of silver nanoparticles for antibacterial applications.silver has long been advocated as an effective antimicrobial. however, toxicity issues with silver have led to limited use of silver in nanoform, especially for food preservation. with the aim of exploring combinatorial options that could increase the antibacterial potency of silver nanoparticles and reduce the effective dosage of silver, we evaluated the extent of synergy that a combination of silver nanoparticles and an essential oil representative (cinnamaldehyde) could offer. a battery of gr ...201324376352
potentialities of newly isolated bacillus subtilis and lactobacillus sp for curd preparation and a comparative study of its physico-chemical parameters with other marketed curds.two bacillus sp. were isolated from the local fermented milk and identified on the basis 16s rrna sequence profile as bacillus subtilis akl1 and by biochemical process as lactobacillus acidophilus akl2. these isolates were used as fresh inoculums for curd preparation individually and in combinations. different physico-chemical and therapeutic properties of the newly prepared curd were examined and compared with marketed local (sweet and sour) and branded (mother dairy and thackar) curds. the tot ...201324416925
the effect of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro.the use of glyphosate modifies the environment which stresses the living microorganisms. the aim of the present study was to determine the real impact of glyphosate on potential pathogens and beneficial members of poultry microbiota in vitro. the presented results evidence that the highly pathogenic bacteria as salmonella entritidis, salmonella gallinarum, salmonella typhimurium, clostridium perfringens and clostridium botulinum are highly resistant to glyphosate. however, most of beneficial bac ...201323224412
synergistic antibacterial effect of honey and herba ocimi basilici against some bacterial pathogens.to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the combination of different honey brands and methanolic fraction of herba ocimi basilici using agar well diffusion assay.201324660616
growth-inhibiting and morphostructural effects of constituents identified in asarum heterotropoides root on human intestinal bacteria.the growth-inhibiting and morphostructural effects of seven constituents identified in asarum heterotropoides root on 14 intestinal bacteria were compared with those of the fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin.201324083511
comparative in vitro activities of gsk2251052, a novel boron-containing leucyl-trna synthetase inhibitor, against 916 anaerobic organisms.we studied the comparative in vitro activity of gsk2251052, a novel boron leucyl-trna synthetase inhibitor, against 916 clinical anaerobic isolates using clsi methods. the gsk mic50/mic90 for all isolates tested were 2 and 4 μg/ml, and the mic90s against 302 bacteroides fragilis and bacteroides thetaiotaomicron strains were 4 and 8 μg/ml, respectively. all clostridium perfringens strains had gsk2251052 mics of >32 μg/ml. there was no relationship between increased mics for any other antibiotics ...201323459482
ceftazidime-avibactam: a novel cephalosporin/β-lactamase inhibitor combination.avibactam (formerly nxl104, ave1330a) is a synthetic non-β-lactam, β-lactamase inhibitor that inhibits the activities of ambler class a and c β-lactamases and some ambler class d enzymes. this review summarizes the existing data published for ceftazidime-avibactam, including relevant chemistry, mechanisms of action and resistance, microbiology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and efficacy and safety data from animal and human trials. although not a β-lactam, the chemical structure of avibact ...201323371303
population-based assessment of the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of anaerobic bloodstream infections.anaerobes are a relatively uncommon but important cause of bloodstream infection. however, their epidemiology has not been well defined in non-selected populations. we sought to describe the incidence of, risk factors for, and outcomes associated with anaerobic bacteremia.201323292663
the effect of a bacillus-based direct-fed microbial supplemented to sows on the gastrointestinal microbiota of their neonatal piglets.direct-fed microbials (dfm) supplemented in sow diets may confer health benefits to the host and their piglets by reducing pathogens in the sow and environment. in this study we evaluated the effect of a bacillus-based dfm on the gastrointestinal microbiota of neonatal piglets. a total of 208 sows were divided into 2 treatments: a control diet and the control diet supplemented with a bacillus subtilis-based dfm (3.75 × 10(5) cfu/g feed). twenty-one piglets sampled from each sow treatment group w ...201323572261
municipal landfill sites as sources of microorganisms potentially pathogenic to humans.the present research was aimed at assessing the quality of air and soil on the premises and in the vicinity of the municipal landfill sites in toruń with regard to the presence of pathogenic bacteria, potentially dangerous to humans. air samples (the impaction method using a mas-100 impactor) and soil samples were collected from seven sampling sites including the operating and closed landfill cells, sampling sites located near leachate ponds, and sampling sites located outside the above premises ...201323563361
bacillus subtilis pb6 improves intestinal health of broiler chickens challenged with clostridium perfringens-induced necrotic enteritis.necrotic enteritis (ne) is an enterotoxemic disease caused by clostridium perfringens that results in significant economic losses, averaging damage of $0.05 per bird. the present study investigated the influence of a dietary supplement, bacillus subtilis pb6, on performance, intestinal health, and gut integrity against c. perfringens-induced ne in broiler birds. bacillus subtilis pb6 (atcc-pta 6737) is a natural strain isolated from healthy chicken gut that has been shown in in vitro to produce ...201323300303
a probiotics-containing biscuit modulates the intestinal microbiota in the elderly.evaluation of the impact of a biscuit containing the probiotics bifidobacterium longum bar33 and lactobacillus helveticus bar13 on the intestinal microbiota in the elderly.201323364497
the principal fucosylated oligosaccharides of human milk exhibit prebiotic properties on cultured infant microbiota.breast-fed infant microbiota is typically rich in bifidobacteria. herein, major human milk oligosaccharides (hmos) are assessed for their ability to promote the growth of bifidobacteria and to acidify their environment, key features of prebiotics. during in vitro anaerobic fermentation of infant microbiota, supplementation by hmos significantly decreased the ph even greater than supplementation by fructooligosaccharide (fos), a prebiotic positive control. hmos elevated lactate concentrations, in ...201323028202
case-control study of microbiological etiology associated with calf diarrhea.calf diarrhea is a major economic burden for the us cattle industry. a variety of infectious agents are implicated in calf diarrhea and co-infection of multiple pathogens is not uncommon in diarrheic calves. a case-control study was conducted to assess infectious etiologies associated with calf diarrhea in midwest cattle farms. a total of 199 and 245 fecal samples were obtained from diarrheic and healthy calves, respectively, from 165 cattle farms. samples were tested by a panel of multiplex pcr ...201323886509
the pathology of enterotoxemia by clostridium perfringens type c in calves.the pathology of clostridium perfringens type c infection has been described with detail only in foals and piglets. the current report describes the diagnostic workup and detailed pathology of 3 cases of c. perfringens type c infection in calves. a 2-day-old jersey calf and fresh and fixed tissues from a 4-week-old angus calf and from a 1-week-old jersey calf were received at the california animal health and food safety laboratory system with a history of digestive disease and death. the gross c ...201323592750
in vitro inhibition of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens by commercial probiotic strains.probiotics have gained importance in human and veterinary medicine to prevent and control clostridial enteric disease. limited information is available on the ability of different probiotic bacteria used in food products to inhibit clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens. the objective of this study was to examine the in vitro inhibitory effects of selected commercial bacterial strains on pathogenic clostridia and their growth characteristics under simulated gastrointestinal conditions ...201323471038
[nosocomial diarrhea in intensive care unit: other than clostridium difficile].to investigate the incidence and clinical features of non-clostridium difficile (c. difficile) associated nosocomial diarrhea in intensive care unit (icu) caused by klebsiella oxytoca and clostridium perfringens.201324059125
immunity to bacterial infection in the chicken.bacterial infections remain important to the poultry industry both in terms of animal and public health, the latter due to the importance of poultry as a source of foodborne bacterial zoonoses such as salmonella and campylobacter. as such, much focus of research to the immune response to bacterial infection has been to salmonella. in this review we will focus on how research on avian salmonellosis has developed our understanding of immunity to bacteria in the chicken from understanding the role ...201323648643
pathogenic microbiological baseline survey of pork carcasses in taiwan.from 2004 to 2010, pork carcass swabs from state-inspected slaughter plants in taiwan were intermittently analyzed to determine the prevalence of selected pathogenic microorganisms associated with foodborne illness. the prevalences of staphylococcus aureus each year from 2006 to 2010 were 6.6, 10.8, 5.1, 6.4, and 7.4%, respectively, while those of listeria monocytogenes were 1.2% in 2004, 1.3% in 2005, and 3.5% in 2008. the prevalences of clostridium perfringens were 0.9% in 2004, 3.2% in 2005, ...201323726203
in vitro selective inhibitory effect of 8-hydroxyquinoline against bifidobacteria and clostridia.8-hydroxyquinoline (8hq) inhibited clostridium tertium, clostridium clostridioforme, clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens in vitro with mics of 8, 16, 32 and 32 μg/ml, respectively. in contrast, mics of most bifidobacteria (84%) were 512 μg/ml or higher. thus, 8hq could be used as anti-clostridial agent or in selective media for bifidobacteria isolation.201323770542
diarrhea-associated pathogens, lactobacilli and cellulolytic bacteria in equine feces: responses to antibiotic challenge.antibiotics are important to equine medicine, but antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) can lead to poor performance and even mortality. aad is attributed to disruption of the hindgut microbiota, which permits proliferation of pathogenic microbes. the goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of common antibiotics on cellulolytic bacteria, lactobacilli, and aad-associated pathogens in the feces of healthy horses. fifteen horses were assigned to three treatment groups (blocked by age and sex) ...201323769300
genetic characteristics of toxigenic clostridia and toxin gene evolution.clostridia comprise a heterogenous group of environmental bacteria containing 15 pathogenic species, which produce the most potent toxins. the origin of toxins is still enigmatic. it is hypothesized that toxins exhibiting an enzymatic activity have derived from hydrolytic enzymes, which are abundantly secreted by these bacteria, and that pore-forming toxins have evolved from an ancestor transmembrane protein. the presence of related toxin genes in distinct clostridium species and the variability ...201323707611
clostridium difficile infection in horses: a review.clostridium difficile is considered one of the most important causes of diarrhea and enterocolitis in horses. foals and adult horses are equally susceptible to the infection. the highly resistant spore of c. difficile is the infectious unit of transmission, which occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, with sources of infection including equine feces, contaminated soil, animal hospitals, and feces of other animals. two major risk factors for the development of c. difficile associated disease ...201323642413
diagnosing clostridial enteric disease in poultry.the world's poultry industry has grown into a multibillion-dollar business, the success of which hinges on healthy intestinal tracts, which result in effective feed conversion. enteric disease in poultry can have devastating economic effects on producers, due to high mortality rates and poor feed efficiency. clostridia are considered to be among the most important agents of enteric disease in poultry. diagnosis of enteric diseases produced by clostridia is usually challenging, mainly because man ...201323572451
detection of a/b toxin and isolation of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from foals.toxin detection and screening could contribute to knowledge of the transmission patterns, risk factors and epidemiology of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens.201323452044
detection of toxins a/b and isolation of clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens from dogs in minas gerais, brazil.the objective of this study was to detect c. difficile a/b toxins and to isolate strains of c. perfringens and c. difficile from diarrheic and non-diarrheic dogs in brazil. stool samples were collected from 57 dogs, 35 of which were apparently healthy, and 22 of which were diarrheic. c. difficile a/b toxins were detected by elisa, and c. perfringens and c. difficile were identified by multiplex pcr. c. difficile a/b toxins were detected in 21 samples (36.8%). of these, 16 (76.2%) were from diarr ...201324159295
a retrospective study on the etiological diagnoses of diarrhea in neonatal piglets in ontario, canada, between 2001 and 2010.laboratory surveillance data from the animal health laboratory, university of guelph, on the etiological diagnoses of neonatal diarrhea in piglets were analyzed to determine the relative importance and trends of different enteric pathogens in ontario. a total of 237 cases, including live and dead 1- to 7-day-old piglets, were submitted for diagnosis of gastrointestinal illness between 2001 and 2010. the combined frequencies for cases of gastrointestinal illness involving escherichia coli, clostr ...201324124267
microbiological, pathological and histological findings in four danish pig herds affected by a new neonatal diarrhoea syndrome.neonatal diarrhoea is a frequent clinical condition in commercial swine herds, previously regarded to be uncomplicated to treat. however, since 2008 it seems that a new neonatal diarrhoeic syndrome unresponsive to antibiotics and common management practices has emerged. routine laboratory examinations have not detected any pathogen related to this syndrome. the primary purpose of this study was to evaluate if well-known enteric pathogens could be associated with outbreaks of neonatal diarrhoea, ...201324119974
inhibition of clostridium perfringens growth by potassium lactate during an extended cooling of cooked uncured ground turkey breasts.the u.s. department of agriculture's food safety and inspection service compliance guideline known as appendix b specifies chilling time and temperature limits for cured and uncured meat products to inhibit growth of spore-forming bacteria, particularly clostridium perfringens. sodium lactate and potassium lactate inhibit toxigenic growth of clostridium botulinum, and inhibition of c. perfringens has been reported. in this study, a cocktail of spores of three c. perfringens strains (atcc 13124, ...201324215704
evaluation of cp chromo select agar for the enumeration of clostridium perfringens from water.the european directive on drinking water quality has included mcp agar as the reference method for recovering clostridium perfringens from drinking waters. in the present study, three media (mcp, tscf and cp chromo select agar) were evaluated for recovery of c. perfringens in different surface water samples. out of 139 water samples, using a membrane filtration technique, 131 samples (94.2%) were found to be presumptively positive for c. perfringens in at least one of the culture media. green co ...201323816139
phospholipase c produced by clostridium botulinum types c and d: comparison of gene, enzymatic, and biological activities with those of clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin.clostridium botulinum type c and d strains recently have been found to produce plc on egg yolk agar plates. to characterize the gene, enzymatic and biological activities of c. botulinum plcs (cb-plcs), the cb-plc genes from 8 strains were sequenced, and 1 representative gene was cloned and expressed as a recombinant protein. the enzymatic and hemolytic activities of the recombinant cb-plc were measured and compared with those of the clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. each of the eight cb-plc g ...201323439504
an investigation into the association between cpb2-encoding clostridium perfringens type a and diarrhea in neonatal piglets.to investigate the possible role of cpb2-positive type a clostridium perfringens in neonatal diarrheal illness in pigs, the jejunum and colon of matched normal and diarrheic piglets from 10 farms with a history of neonatal diarrhea were examined grossly and by histopathology, and tested for c. perfringens, for c. perfringens beta2 (cpb2) toxin, as well as for clostridium difficile toxins, salmonella, enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, rotavirus, transmissible gastroenteritis (tge) virus, and cocc ...201323814355
cytokine response of human mononuclear cells induced by intestinal clostridium species.altered composition of intestinal microbiota has been associated with various immunological disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease. although clostridium species are major inhabitants of the intestinal tract, their interaction with the host immunological system is yet poorly characterized. in this study, cytokine responses of human monocytic cell line thp-1 and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) to six type strains representing common intestinal clostridial species were determined. t ...201323168133
in vivo antimicrobial potentials of garlic against clostridium perfringens and its promotant effects on performance of broiler chickens.this study was conducted to investigate in vivo antimicrobial potential of garlic against clostridium perferinges and resultant promotant effects on performance of the broiler chickens. garlic powder was used as an alternative to gpas (growth promotant antibiotics) to prevent subclinical necrotic enteritis (ne) due to c. perferinges. 120 day-old broiler chicks were randomly distributed to six treatment groups of 20 chicks each (2 replicates(-10) chicks). six isonutrient diets supplemented with g ...201324517015
antibiotic resistance of clostridium perfringens isolates from broiler chickens in egypt.the use of antibiotic feed additives in broiler chickens results in a high prevalence of resistance among their enteric bacteria, with a consequent emergence of antibiotic resistance in zoonotic enteropathogens. despite growing concerns about the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains, which show varying prevalences in different geographic regions, little work has been done to investigate this issue in the middle east. this study provides insight into one of the world's most common and financ ...201324761735
clostridium perfringens infection following carpal tunnel release. 201324426895
analysis of alteration of gut microbial population under the exposure of graded hyperbaric pressures: application of metagenomic approach.gastroenterological disorders are very common at hyperbaric conditions. the present study was conducted to find out the impact of gut flora on the gastrointestinal disorders created at such environmental circumstances. for this, male albino rat were exposed to graded hyperbaric pressures (915 and 1277 mmhg) and large intestinal content was examined for microbial composition using culture based and pcr-dgge tools. after 30 day exposure, total aerobes (38.54 and 375.57 folds, 1.35 and 1.58 gdi) an ...201324416931
exploitation of fermented shrimp-shells hydrolysate as functional food: assessment of antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic and prebiotic activities.in the present study the bioactivities of chitooligosaccharides of fermented shrimp-shell hydrolysate (ssh) in respect to hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant and prebiotic activity were tested in male albino rat. rats were treated with four different diets, viz., (i) cholesterol-rich (5%) basal diet (chb), (ii) chb+10% chitin, (iii) chb+10% ssh and (iv) control group (without cholesterol). after 4 weeks of treatment, body mass index, liver weight, serum total cholesterol and ldl-cholesterol in grou ...201324416927
screening in a lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus collection to select a strain able to survive to the human intestinal tract.genetic diversity and resistance of lactobacillus bulgaricus sbsp. delbrueckii collection with 100 isolates from different home-made yogurt in rural bulgarian areas were determined.201323889646
the p38 mapk and jnk pathways protect host cells against clostridium perfringens beta-toxin.clostridium perfringens beta-toxin is an important agent of necrotic enteritis and enterotoxemia. beta-toxin is a pore-forming toxin (pft) that causes cytotoxicity. two mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways (p38 and c-jun n-terminal kinase [jnk]-like) provide cellular defense against various stresses. to investigate the role of the mapk pathways in the toxic effect of beta-toxin, we examined cytotoxicity in five cell lines. beta-toxin induced cytotoxicity in cells in the following ord ...201323876806
the effects of necrotic enteritis, aflatoxin b1, and virginiamycin on growth performance, necrotic enteritis lesion scores, and mortality in young broilers.the effects of increasing aflatoxin b1 concentration (0, 0.75, 1.5 mg/kg) on broilers with or without necrotic enteritis or virginiamycin were determined. in the 23-d study, 22 male cobb 500 chicks per pen were allotted to 12 treatments (3 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement) with 8 replications. intestines of 5 birds per pen were examined for lesions on d 21. birds were allowed to consume feed and water ad libitum. aflatoxin was included in the diets from d 0. all birds received a 10× dose of coccidi ...201323873546
abundance of pathogens in the gut and litter of broiler chickens as affected by bacitracin and litter management.clostridium perfringens, salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp. are food-borne enteric pathogens that are commonly associated with poultry. the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of supplemental bacitracin and litter management (fresh vs. reused) on the abundance of these pathogens in commercial broiler chickens. specific quantitative pcr (qpcr) assays were used to quantify c. perfringens, virulent c. perfringens that carried the genes encoding α-toxin (cpa) and netb-toxin (n ...201323870707
vaccination with recombinant netb toxin partially protects broiler chickens from necrotic enteritis.netb toxin from clostridium perfringens is a major virulence factor in necrotic enteritis in poultry. in this study the efficacy of netb as a vaccine antigen to protect chickens from necrotic enteritis was examined. broiler chickens were immunized subcutaneously with purified recombinant netb (rnetb), formalin treated bacterin and cell free toxoid with or without rnetb supplementation. intestinal lesion scores and netb antibody levels were measured to determine protection after mild oral gavage, ...201323865568
arabinogalactan and fructo-oligosaccharides have a different fermentation profile in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem (shime ®).current prebiotics, such as fructo-oligosaccharides (fos), are limited in their persistence in the distal colon and are predominantly fermented in the proximal colon. in order to identify a potential alternative, the differences in the fermentation profile of arabinogalactan (ag) and fos have been assessed in the simulator of the human intestinal microbial ecosystem. the effect of each product on the composition and activity of the microbial community was analysed during a 3-week treatment perio ...201323864575
gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome in chickens and turkeys: a review of causal or predisposing factors.gizzard erosion and ulceration syndrome (geu) was described for the first time in the 1930s. the main focus of early studies was on nutritional deficiencies and peroxidation of highly polyunsaturated fatty acids as causative factors. during the 1970s and 1980s the focus was moved towards toxic substances in the feed. scott's review in 1985 concluded that overproduction of gastric acid induced by gizzerosine was a major cause of geu. during the last decades, serotype 1 of fowl adenovirus a and cl ...201323859215
characterization of the enzymatic activity of clostridium perfringens tpel.tpel is a toxin produced by clostridium perfringens which belongs to the large clostridial glucosylating toxin family. it was shown that tpel modifies ras using udp-glucose or udp-n-acetylglucosamine as cosubstrates (guttenberg et al., 2012; nagahama et al., 2011). we confirmed that tpel preferentially glucosaminates the three isoforms of ras (ch-ras, n-ras, and k-ras) from udp-n-acetylglucosamine and to a lower extent rap1a and r-ras3, and very weakly rac1. in contrast to previous report, we ob ...201323851225
a novel watery diarrhoea caused by the co-infection of neonatal piglets with clostridium perfringens type a and escherichia coli (k88, 987p).in 2011, a novel watery diarrhoea in 1-7 day-old piglets occurred in changchun, china, characterized by high pathogenicity and mortality. investigation of clinical signs, examination for viruses, and isolation and identification of bacteria showed that co-infection by clostridium perfringens type a and escherichia coli (k88, 987p) was the most likely cause of the disease. newborn piglets challenged with a mixture of clostridium perfringens type a and escherichia coli (k88, 987p) died within 3 da ...201323846029
vaccination with recombinant clostridium perfringens toxoids α and β promotes elevated antepartum and passive humoral immunity in swine.due to the increasingly restricted use of antimicrobials in animal production systems, the prevention and control of clostridium perfringens type a- and c-induced diarrhea in piglets should be based on passive immunization via the prepartum vaccination of sows. given the current obstacles in the production of conventional clostridial vaccines, the use of recombinant proteins has been considered to represent a promising alternative. in the present study, the neutralizing antibody response of immu ...201323845812
a low-toxic site-directed mutant of clostridium perfringens ε-toxin as a potential candidate vaccine against enterotoxemia.clostridium perfringens epsilon toxin (etx), one of the most potent toxins known, is a potential biological weapon; therefore, the development of an effective vaccine is important for preventing intoxication or disease by etx. in this study, genetically detoxified epsilon toxin mutants were developed as candidate vaccines. we used site-directed mutagenesis to mutate the essential amino acid residues (his106, ser111 and phe199). six site-directed mutants of etx (metx (h106p) , metx (s111h) , metx ...201323835363
importance of histamine-producing clostridium perfringens in scombrotoxin-forming fish.it has been suggested that anaerobic histamine-producing bacteria (hpb) are important contributors to scombrotoxin fish poisoning (sfp). in order to assess the role of clostridium perfringens in sfp, we developed a real-time pcr method for rapid detection of histamine-producing (hp) c. perfringens. the real-time pcr assay was 100% inclusive for detecting 23 hp c. perfringens and did not detect any of the other 116 hp or non-hp isolates examined. the efficiency of the assay with or without intern ...201323834808
receptor displacement in the cell membrane by hydrodynamic force amplification through nanoparticles.we introduce an intrinsically multiplexed and easy to implement method to apply an external force to a biomolecule and thus probe its interaction with a second biomolecule or, more generally, its environment (for example, the cell membrane). we take advantage of the hydrodynamic interaction with a controlled fluid flow within a microfluidic channel to apply a force. by labeling the biomolecule with a nanoparticle that acts as a kite and increases the hydrodynamic interaction with the fluid, the ...201323823230
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