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comparative analysis of induction of osmotic-stress-dependent genes in vibrio vulnificus exposed to hyper- and hypo-osmotic stress.vibrio vulnificus, a halophilic pathogenic bacterium of marine environments, encounters changes in salinity in its natural habitat and in the food-processing environment. the comparative response of v. vulnificus to hyperosmotic and hypoosmotic stress in terms of gene expression was investigated. genes belonging to the prou operon for transport of compatible solutes and compatible solute synthesis were significantly upregulated (3- to 4.7-fold) under hyperosmotic stress. under hypoosmotic stress ...201323647346
genome sequence of the pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus biotype 3.we report the first genome sequence of the pathogenic vibrio vulnificus biotype 3. this draft genome sequence of the environmental strain vvyb1(bt3), isolated in israel, provides a representation of this newly emerged clonal group, which reveals higher similarity to the clinical strains of biotype 1 than to the environmental ones.201323599289
a dual regulatory role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate receptor protein in various virulence traits of vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus causes fatal septicemia in susceptible subjects after the ingestion of raw seafood. in the present study, the roles of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (camp) receptor protein (crp) in v. vulnificus pathogenesis were investigated. a mutation in the v. vulnificus crp gene resulted in a significant down-regulation of various virulence phenotypes, except for rtxa1-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangement. bacterial growth was impeded by the crp mutation. in addition, colony morphology wa ...201323586631
a new culture-based method for the improved identification of vibrio vulnificus from environmental samples, reducing the need for molecular confirmation.vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen responsible for 95% of seafood related deaths in the us. monitoring the presence of this bacterium in estuarine waters and shellfish is of medical and economic importance due to its ability to cause severe wound infections and fulminant septicemia. current methods for isolating v. vulnificus from environmental samples typically employ an initial selective medium which requires subsequent molecular confirmation of presumptive v. vulnificus isol ...201323566825
regulation of haemolysin (vvha) production by ferric uptake regulator (fur) in vibrio vulnificus: repression of vvha transcription by fur and proteolysis of vvha by fur-repressive exoproteases.vvha produced by vibrio vulnificus exhibits cytolytic activity to human cells including erythrocytes. since haemolysis by vvha may provide iron for bacterial growth and pathogenicity, we investigated the expression of vvha to elucidate the regulatory roles of fur, a major transcription factor controlling iron-homeostasis. fur repressed the transcription of vvhba operon via binding to the promoter region. however, haemolysin content and haemolytic activity were lowered in cell-free supernatant of ...201323560801
genotypic diversity and virulence characteristics of clinical and environmental vibrio vulnificus isolates from the baltic sea region.the genetic diversity of vibrio vulnificus isolates from clinical and environmental sources originating from the baltic sea region was evaluated by multilocus sequence typing (mlst), and possible relationships between mlst clusters, potential genotypic and phenotypic traits associated with pathogenicity, and source of isolation were investigated. the studied traits included genotyping of polymorphic loci (16s rrna, vcg, and pilf), presence/absence of potential virulence genes, including nana, na ...201323542621
computational, structural, and kinetic evidence that vibrio vulnificus frsa is not a cofactor-independent pyruvate decarboxylase.the fermentation-respiration switch (frsa) protein in vibrio vulnificus was recently reported to catalyze the cofactor-independent decarboxylation of pyruvate. we now report quantum mechanical/molecular mechenical calculations that examine the energetics of c-c bond cleavage for a pyruvate molecule bound within the putative active site of frsa. these calculations suggest that the barrier to c-c bond cleavage in the bound substrate is 28 kcal/mol, which is similar to that estimated for the uncata ...201323452154
[necrotising fasciitis caused by vibrio vulnificus]. 201323433727
impact of timing of surgery on outcome of vibrio vulnificus-related necrotizing fasciitis.the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of timing of surgery on mortality risk in patients with necrotizing fasciitis (nf) caused by vibrio vulnificus infection.201323414632
distribution of virulence markers among vibrio vulnificus isolates of clinical and environmental origin and regional characteristics in japan.vibrio vulnificus is an opportunistic human pathogen that is widely distributed in estuarine environments and is capable of causing necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis. in japan, based on epidemiological research, the incidences of v. vulnificus were concentrated in kyusyu, mainly in coastal areas of the ariake sea. to examine the virulence potential, various genotyping methods have recently been developed. this study aimed to investigate the distribution of virulence markers among v. vulnificus is ...201323383115
presence of virulence markers in environmental vibrio vulnificus strains.this work aims to demonstrate the presence of several genes and factors associated with virulence in strains isolated from the environment at pueblo viejo lagoon, state of veracruz, mexico.201323351134
accurate diagnosis and treatment of vibrio vulnificus infection: a retrospective study of 12 cases.vibrio vulnificus causes an infectious disease that has extremely poor convalescence and leads to necrotic fasciitis. in this study, we sought to define the characteristic epidemiology of v. vulnificus infection and clarify its diagnosis at the global level.201323332442
structural and biochemical characterization of an atypical short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase reveals an unusual cofactor preference.short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (sdrs) encompass a large and functionally diverse family of enzymes with representative members in all kingdoms of life. despite the wealth of reactions catalyzed by sdrs, they operate through a well-conserved and efficient reaction mechanism centered in a conserved catalytic tetrad (asn-ser-tyr-lys) and the employment of an appropriate cofactor. in recent years, sdrs that lack the signature catalytic tetrad have been identified, thus adding a perplexing twi ...201323311896
the interactions of vibrio vulnificus and the oyster crassostrea virginica.the human bacterial pathogen, vibrio vulnificus, is found in brackish waters and is concentrated by filter-feeding molluscan shellfish, especially oysters, which inhabit those waters. ingestion of raw or undercooked oysters containing virulent strains of v. vulnificus can result in rapid septicemia and death in 50 % of victims. this review summarizes the current knowledge of the environmental interactions between these two organisms, including the effects of salinity and temperature on colonizat ...201323280497
detection and differentiation of vibrio vulnificus and v. sinaloensis in water and oysters of a gulf of mexico estuary.vibrio vulnificus is a potentially lethal human pathogen that occurs naturally in estuarine waters and shellfish. vibrio vulnificus was quantified in water and oysters from florida's gulf coast by plating on mcpc agar, enrichment and plating, and quantitative pcr (qpcr). vibrio vulnificus was detected in 19%, 29%, and 97% of samples respectively by direct plating, qpcr, and enrichment. only 8% of typical colonies from direct plating were confirmed by pcr for vvha; others yielded no or atypically ...201323240813
inhibition of binding of vibrio vulnificus hemolysin (vvh) by mβcd.vibrio vulnificus secrets a pore-forming toxin called vibrio vulnificus hemolysin (vvh). in this study, we showed that methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (mβcd), an oligosaccharide, decreased binding of vvh to chinese hamster ovary (cho) cells, resulting in inhibition of its cytotoxicity. when the vvh was incubated with mβcd, cytotoxicity of the toxin was inhibited from 100.3 ± 7.2% to 19.6 ± 5.3%. binding analysis showed that the amount of vvh on the cells was decreased from 101.4 ± 9.2% to 18.1 ± 8.0% o ...201323238452
increases in the amounts of vibrio spp. in oysters upon addition of exogenous bacteria.the bacterial pathogen vibrio vulnificus is found naturally in brackish coastal waters but can be greatly concentrated by filter-feeding organisms such as shellfish. numerous experiments in which exogenous v. vulnificus cells are added to oysters in an attempt to measure uptake and depuration have been performed. in nearly all cases, results have shown that laboratory-grown bacteria are rapidly taken up by the oysters but ultimately eliminated, while naturally present vibrio populations in oyste ...201323793640
transcriptome profiling analysis of vibrio vulnificus during human infection.vibrio vulnificus is a waterborne pathogen that was responsible for an outbreak of severe soft-tissue infections among fish farmers and fish consumers in israel. several factors have been shown to be associated with virulence. however, the transcriptome profile of the pathogen during human infection has not been determined yet. we compared the transcriptome profile, using rna sequencing, of a human-pathogenic strain harvested directly from tissue of a patient suffering from severe soft-tissue in ...201323782800
a case series of vibrio vulnificus infections in new orleans, louisiana.the objective of this study is to describe cases of v. vulnificus infection and to review the literature, emphasizing salient aspects of infection for practicing physicians.201322953457
fatal vibrio vulnificus sepsis in vertically acquired hepatitis c. 201322367339
insight into the evolution of vibrio vulnificus biotype 3's genome.vibrio vulnificus is an aquatic bacterium and an important human pathogen. strains of v. vulnificus are biochemically classified into three biotypes. the newly emerged biotype 3 appears to be rather clonal and geographically restricted to israel, where it caused an outbreak of wound infections and bacteremia. to understand the evolution of the bacterium's genome, we sequenced and analyzed the genome of biotype 3 strain vvyb1(bt3), and then conducted a microbial environmental survey of the hypoth ...201324385974
bacterial infections from aquatic species: potential for and prevention of contact zoonoses.as aquaculture production and the consumption of aquaculture products increase, the possibility of contracting zoonotic infections from either handling or ingesting these products also increases. the principal pathogens acquired topically from fish or shellfish through spine/pincer puncture or open wounds are aeromonas hydrophila, edwardsiella tarda, mycobacterium marinum, streptococcus iniae, vibrio vulnificus and v. damsela. these pathogens, which are all indigenous to the aquatic environment, ...201324547653
structure of a periplasmic domain of the epsab fusion protein of the vibrio vulnificus type ii secretion system.vibrio vulnificus utilizes the type ii secretion system (t2ss), culminating in a megadalton outer membrane complex called the secretin, to translocate extracellular proteins from the periplasmic space across the outer membrane. in aeromonas hydrophila, the general secretion pathway proteins exea and exeb form an inner membrane complex which interacts with peptidoglycan and is required for the assembly of the secretin composed of exed. in v. vulnificus, these two proteins are fused into one prote ...201323385451
structural insights into the regulation of sialic acid catabolism by the vibrio vulnificus transcriptional repressor nanr.pathogenic and commensal bacteria that experience limited nutrient availability in their host have evolved sophisticated systems to catabolize the mucin sugar n-acetylneuraminic acid, thereby facilitating their survival and colonization. the correct function of the associated catabolic machinery is particularly crucial for the pathogenesis of enteropathogenic bacteria during infection, although the molecular mechanisms involved with the regulation of the catabolic machinery are unknown. this stu ...201323832782
identification of 62-kda protein as an immunogenic antigen of vibrio vulnificus for humans.vibrio vulnificus infection can cause necrotizing fasciitis and sepsis and can develop within a few days despite intensive care. the mortality rate is up to 60% in vulnerable people. most patients infected with this microbe have chronic liver disease, especially liver cirrhosis or cancer, as an underlying disease. v. vulnificus infection is opportunistic, and there is an urgent need to develop an anti- v. vulnificus vaccine. thus, it is important to identify immunogenic antigens. we collected hu ...201324040694
ubiquitin reference technique and its use in ubiquitin-lacking prokaryotes.in a pulse-chase assay, the in vivo degradation of a protein is measured through a brief labeling of cells with, for example, a radioactive amino acid, followed by cessation of labeling and analysis of cell extracts prepared at different times afterward ("chase"), using immunoprecipitation, electrophoresis and autoradiography of a labeled protein of interest. a conventional pulse-chase assay is fraught with sources of data scatter, as the efficacy of labeling and immunoprecipitation can vary, an ...201323825692
live and dead gfp-tagged bacteria showed indistinguishable fluorescence in caenorhabditis elegans gut.caenorhabditis elegans has been used for studying host-pathogen interactions since long, and many virulence genes of pathogens have been successfully identified. in several studies, fluorescent pathogens were fed to c. elegans and fluorescence observed in the gut was considered an indicator for bacterial colonization. however, the grinder in the pharynx of these nematodes supposedly crushes the bacterial cells, and the ground material is delivered to the intestine for nutrient absorption. theref ...201323812817
the α-barrel tip region of escherichia coli tolc homologs of vibrio vulnificus interacts with the maca protein to form the functional macrolide-specific efflux pump macab-tolc.tolc and its homologous family of proteins are outer membrane factors that are essential for exporting small molecules and toxins across the outer membrane in gram-negative bacteria. two open reading frames in the vibrio vulnificus genome that encode proteins homologous to escherichia coli tolc, designated tolcv1 and tolcv2, have 51.3% and 29.6% amino acid identity to tolc, respectively. in this study, we show that tolcv1 and tolcv2 functionally and physically interacted with the membrane fusion ...201323625214
characterization of complement 1q binding protein of tiger shrimp, penaeus monodon, and its c1q binding activity.the receptor for the globular heads of c1q, c1qbp/gc1qr/p33, is a multicompartmental, multifunctional cellular protein with an important role in infection and in inflammation. in the present study, we identified and characterized the complement component 1q subcomponent binding protein (c1qbp) from the tiger shrimp penaeus monodon (designated as pmc1qbp). the open reading frame of pmc1qbp encodes 262 amino acid residues with a conserved mam33 domain, an arginine-glycine-aspartate cell adhesion m ...201323085472
vibrio vulnificus necrotizing fasciitis preceding herpes zoster.a 74-year-old white man presented with unilateral radicular pain extending across the left side of his chest and back. a diagnosis of postherpetic neuralgia, a sequela of herpes zoster, was made. herpes zoster represents a reactivation of the varicella zoster virus that lies dormant in patients with past chickenpox. risk factors for the disease include advanced age, stress, immunodeficiency, and immunosuppression. treatment of herpes zoster entails traditional antiviral medications, while preven ...201323382617
intranasal immunization with a flagellin-adjuvanted peptide anticancer vaccine prevents tumor development by enhancing specific cytotoxic t lymphocyte response in a mouse model.human papillomavirus (hpv) is a significant cause of cervical cancer-related deaths worldwide. because hpv is a sexually transmitted mucosal pathogen, enhancement of antigen-specific mucosal immune response likely serves good strategy for vaccination. however, mucosal vaccines generally do not induce strong enough immune responses. previously we proved that a bacterial flagellin, vibrio vulnificus flab, induce strong antigen-specific immune responses by stimulating the toll-like receptor 5. in t ...201323858404
flagellin enhances tumor-specific cd8⁺ t cell immune responses through tlr5 stimulation in a therapeutic cancer vaccine model.tumor antigen (ta)-specific immunotherapy is an emerging approach for cancer treatment. potent adjuvants are prerequisites to the immunotherapy for overcoming the low immunogenicity of tas. we previously demonstrated that a bacterial flagellin, vibrio vulnificus flab, has potent adjuvant activity in various vaccination models. in this study, we investigated whether the flab protein could be a potent adjuvant for a human papillomavirus 16 e6 and e7 (e6/e7) peptide-based anticancer immunotherapy. ...201323831323
predominant bacteria associated with red snapper from the northern gulf of mexico.since the deepwater horizon oil spill in 2010, anecdotal observations of red snapper lutjanus campechanus from the northern gulf of mexico exhibiting unusual external lesions have been reported. two opportunistic bacterial fish pathogens, vibrio vulnificus and photobacterium damselae, were recovered from the fish and were deemed responsible for the abnormalities. however, the culturable microbiota of healthy red snapper has not yet been characterized. we analyzed the heterotrophic bacteria assoc ...201324341770
necrotizing soft tissue infection with gas formation caused by vibrio vulnificus and misdiagnosed as pseudomonas aeruginosa. 201323158593
molecular cloning, characterization of one key molecule of teleost innate immunity from orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides): serum amyloid a.the orange-spotted grouper (epinephelus coioides), a favorite marine food fish, is widely cultured in china and southeast asian countries. however, little is known about its acute phase response (apr) caused by viral diseases. serum amyloid a (saa) is a major acute phase protein (app). in this study, a new saa homologous (ecsaa) gene was cloned from grouper, e. coioides, by rapid amplification of cdna ends (race) pcr. the full-length cdna sequence of saa was 508 bp and contained a 363 bp open re ...201323178260
characterization of tilapia (oreochromis niloticus) viperin expression, and inhibition of bacterial growth and modulation of immune-related gene expression by electrotransfer of viperin dna into zebrafish muscle.viperin is an anti-viral protein, induced by viral infection. in this study, we examined whether over-expression of viperin in fish muscle could inhibit bacterial growth. we first obtained the cdna sequence of tilapia viperin, through rt-pcr-mediated cloning and sequencing. the cdna sequence was similar to those of several fish viperins in genbank, and it was predicted to encode the conserved domain of radical s-adenosylmethionine superfamily proteins. phylogenetic analysis revealed that tilapia ...201323237906
identification and expression analysis of dicer2 in black tiger shrimp (penaeus monodon) responses to immune challenges.dicer is a key initiative protein of the rna interference (rnai) pathway that produces small interfering rnas (sirnas) or micro rnas (mirna), which then leads to rna-directed gene regulation or viral immunity. in the present study, we identified and characterized a dicer2 cdna from black tiger shrimp penaeus monodon (designated as pmdcr2). the full length cdna of pmdcr2 contains a 5' untranslated region (utr) of 109 bp, an open reading frame (orf) of 4509 bp and a 3' utr of 842 bp. the molecular ...201323583958
isolation and characterization of homologous trbp cdna for rna interference in penaeus monodon.the transactivation response rna-binding protein (trbp) interacts with dicer and binds to double-stranded rna as a critical component of the rna-induced silencing complex, which is a key complex in the rna interference pathway. the full-length cdna of trbp from the tiger prawn, penaeus monodon, (pmtrbp; 1548 bp long with a 1029 bp coding region) was isolated. the encoded polypeptide of 343 amino acids had a predicted molecular mass of 36.8 kda. sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis indicat ...201323207479
relationship of aquatic environmental factors with the abundance of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio mimicus and vibrio vulnificus in the coastal area of guaymas, sonora, mexico.members of the genus vibrio are common in aquatic environments. among them are v. cholerae, v. vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus and v. mimicus. several studies have shown that environmental factors, such as temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen, are involved in their epidemiology. therefore, the main objective of this study is to determine if there is a correlation between the presence/amount of v. cholerae, v, vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus and v. mimicus and the environmental conditions ...201324334844
multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus.a multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) method was developed for the identification of three vibrio species: vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus.201324159544
taxonomic and functional metagenomic profiling of gastrointestinal tract microbiome of the farmed adult turbot (scophthalmus maximus).metagenomics combined with 16s rrna gene sequence analyses was applied to unveil the taxonomic composition and functional diversity of the farmed adult turbot gastrointestinal (gi) microbiome. proteobacteria and firmicutes which existed in both gi content and mucus were dominated in the turbot gi microbiome. 16s rrna gene sequence analyses also indicated that the turbot gi tract may harbor some bacteria which originated from associated seawater. functional analyses indicated that the clustering- ...201323802730
quantification of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae in french mediterranean coastal lagoons.vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae are human pathogens. little is known about these vibrio spp. in the coastal lagoons of france. the purpose of this study was to investigate their incidence in water, shellfish and sediment of three french mediterranean coastal lagoons using the most probable number-polymerase chain reaction (mpn-pcr). in summer, the total number of v. parahaemolyticus in water, sediment, mussels and clams collected from the three lagoons varied from ...201323770313
abundance and distribution of vibrio cholerae, v. parahaemolyticus, and v. vulnificus following a major freshwater intrusion into the mississippi sound.in response to a major influx of freshwater to the mississippi sound following the opening of the bonnet carre spillway, water samples were collected from three sites along the mississippi shoreline to assess the impact of altered salinity on three pathogenic vibrio species. salinity readings across the affected area during the 2011 sample period ranged from 1.4 to 12.9 ppt (mean = 7.0) and for the 2012 sample period from 14.1 to 23.6 ppt (mean = 19.8). analyses of the data collected in 2011 sho ...201323494573
mechanistic and statistical models of total vibrio abundance in the neuse river estuary.bacteria in the genus vibrio are ubiquitous to estuarine waters worldwide and are often the dominant genus recovered from these environments. this genus contains several potentially pathogenic species, including vibrio vulnificus, vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio alginolyticus. these bacteria have short generation times, as low as 20-30 min, and can thus respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions. a five-parameter mechanistic model was generated based on environment ...201323948561
temporal and spatial distribution patterns of potentially pathogenic vibrio spp. at recreational beaches of the german north sea.the number of reported vibrio-related wound infections associated with recreational bathing in northern europe has increased within the last decades. in order to study the health risk from potentially pathogenic vibrio spp. in the central wadden sea, the seasonal and spatial distribution of vibrio vulnificus, vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio alginolyticus and vibrio cholerae were investigated at ten recreational beaches in this area over a 2-year period. v. alginolyticus and v. parahaemolyticus w ...201323563708
the syp enhancer sequence plays a key role in transcriptional activation by the σ54-dependent response regulator sypg and in biofilm formation and host colonization by vibrio fischeri.biofilm formation by vibrio fischeri is a complex process that requires multiple regulators. one such regulator, the ntrc-like response regulator sypg, controls biofilm formation and host colonization by v. fischeri via its impact on transcription of the symbiosis polysaccharide (syp) locus. sypg is predicted to activate syp transcription by binding to the syp enhancer (se), a conserved sequence located upstream of four syp promoters. in this study, we performed an in-depth analysis of the seque ...201324097942
a pentaplex pcr assay for detection and characterization of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus are the leading causes of seafood-related illnesses and also can cause wound infections. these bacteria often co-exist in marine and estuarine environments. however, there have been no reported protocols that can detect and characterize (i.e. pathogenic or nonpathogenic) them in a single pcr. in this study, we developed a ppcr assay with a combination of two species-specific and three pathogenic-specific pcr primers to simultaneously detect virulent ...201323682646
effects of pre- or post-processing storage conditions on high-hydrostatic pressure inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus in oysters.the effects of storage conditions on subsequent high-hydrostatic pressure (hhp) inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in oysters were investigated. live oysters were inoculated with v. parahaemolyticus or v. vulnificus to ca. 7-8 log mpn/g by feeding and stored at varying conditions (i.e., 21 or 35 °c for 5h, 4 or 10 °c for 1 and 2 days and -18 °c for 2 weeks). oyster meats were then treated at 225-300 mpa for 2 min at 4, 21 or 35 °c. hhp at 300 mpa for 2 min achieved a > ...201323545264
preliminary study of transplanting as a process for reducing levels of vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus in shellstock oysters.increasingly strict standards for harvest of oysters for the raw, half-shell market (designated as "white tag") should increase the proportion of oysters not meeting these standards (designated as "green tag"). transplanting of green tag oysters into highsalinity waters (>20 practical salinity units) was explored as a means of returning vibrio vulnificus and vibrio parahaemolyticus levels to levels present on initial harvest. in summer 2011, oysters originally harvested in louisiana were transpl ...201323317866
the fur-iron complex modulates expression of the quorum-sensing master regulator, smcr, to control expression of virulence factors in vibrio vulnificus.the gene vvpe, encoding the virulence factor elastase, is a member of the quorum-sensing regulon in vibrio vulnificus and displays enhanced expression at high cell density. we observed that this gene was repressed under iron-rich conditions and that the repression was due to a fur (ferric uptake regulator)-dependent repression of smcr, a gene encoding a quorum-sensing master regulator with similarity to luxr in vibrio harveyi. a gel mobility shift assay and a footprinting experiment demonstrated ...201323716618
prevention of quorum-sensing-mediated biofilm development and virulence factors production in vibrio spp. by curcumin.the increasing occurrence of disease outbreaks caused by vibrio spp. and the emergence of antibiotic resistance has led to a growing interest in finding alternative strategies to prevent vibriosis. since the pathogenicity of vibrios is controlled in part by quorum-sensing (qs) system, interfering with this mechanism would prevent the pathogenicity of vibrios without developing resistance. hence, a non-toxic phytochemical curcumin from curcuma longa was assessed for its potential in reducing the ...201323354447
development of a groel gene-based species-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay for simultaneous detection of vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus.to develop an effective multiplex polymerase chain reaction (pcr) for the simultaneous detection of three important vibrio species, vibrio cholerae (vc), v. parahaemolyticus (vp) and v. vulnificus (vv) using the groel gene, a potential phylogenetic marker.201323121500
the iron-dependent regulator fur controls pheromone signaling systems and luminescence in the squid symbiont vibrio fischeri es114.bacteria often use pheromones to coordinate group behaviors in specific environments. while high cell density is required for pheromones to achieve stimulatory levels, environmental cues can also influence pheromone accumulation and signaling. for the squid symbiont vibrio fischeri es114, bioluminescence requires pheromone-mediated regulation, and this signaling is induced in the host to a greater extent than in culture, even at an equivalent cell density. our goal is to better understand this e ...201323315731
molecular typing of environmental and clinical strains of vibrio vulnificus isolated in the northeastern usa.vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous marine bacterium that is responsible for infections and some seafood-related illnesses and deaths in the united states, mainly in individuals with compromised health status in the gulf of mexico region. most phylogenetic studies focus on v. vulnificus strains isolated in the southern united states, but almost no genetic data are available on northeastern bacterial isolates of clinical or environmental origin. our goal in this study was to examine the genetic div ...201324386187
cyclic amp and cyclic amp-receptor protein modulate the autoinducer-2-mediated quorum sensing system in vibrio vulnificus.this study was undertaken to determine whether cyclic amp (camp) or camp-receptor protein (crp) modulates the activity of the autoinducer (ai)-2-mediated quorum sensing (qs) system in response to glucose availability in vibrio vulnificus. a mutation in crp impaired v. vulnificus growth, decreased ai-2 production, and repressed the expression of smcr encoding the master regulator smcr (a vibrio harveyi luxr homolog) of the ai-2-qs system, and these changes were prevented by in trans complementati ...201222961036
the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of hen igy against vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus.the inhibitory effect of igy against vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus responsible for seafood-borne diseases was investigated in this study. water-soluble fractions (wsf) of protein containing igys were isolated from the egg yolk of hens initially immunized with formalin inactivated v. parahaemolyticus or v. vulnificus. protein, total and specific igy contents of the wsf were determined. the inhibitory and protective effects of igys on the growth of v. parahaemolyticus and v. vulnif ...201223075795
predatory bacteria as natural modulators of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in seawater and oysters.this study shows that naturally occurring vibrio predatory bacteria (vpb) exert a major role in controlling pathogenic vibrios in seawater and shellfish. the growth and persistence of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus were assessed in natural seawater and in the eastern oyster, crassostrea virginica. the pathogens examined were v. vulnificus strain vv1003, v. parahaemolyticus o1:kut (kut stands for k untypeable), and v. parahaemolyticus o3:k6 and corresponding o3:k6 mutants deficient ...201222904049
ecology of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in the coastal and estuarine waters of louisiana, maryland, mississippi, and washington (united states).vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus, which are native to estuaries globally, are agents of seafood-borne or wound infections, both potentially fatal. like all vibrios autochthonous to coastal regions, their abundance varies with changes in environmental parameters. sea surface temperature (sst), sea surface height (ssh), and chlorophyll have been shown to be predictors of zooplankton and thus factors linked to vibrio populations. the contribution of salinity, conductivity, turbidity, a ...201222865080
depuration of oysters (crassostrea gigas) contaminated with vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus with uv light and chlorinated seawater.the efficacy of depuration using uv light and chlorinated seawater for decontaminating vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus from oysters was investigated. oysters were contaminated with a five-strain cocktail of v. parahaemolyticus or v. vulnificus to levels of 10(4) to 10(5) cfu ml(-1) for bioaccumulation. the depuration was conducted in a closed system in which 350 liters of seawater was recirculated at a rate of 7 liters/min for 48 h at room temperature. counts of v. parahaemolyticus ...201222856577
inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in oysters by high-hydrostatic pressure and mild heat.several recent outbreaks associated with oysters have heightened safety concerns of raw shellfish consumptions, with the majority being attributed to vibrio spp. the objective of this study was to determine the effect of high-hydrostatic pressure (hhp) followed by mild heating on the inactivation of vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus in live oysters. inoculated oysters were randomly subjected to: a) pressurization at 200-300 mpa for 2 min at 21 °c, b) mild heat treatment at 40, 45 or ...201222850390
dna array with the groesl intergenic sequence to detect vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus.the untranscribed dna sequences of the intergenic spacer regions (isrs) in the groesl gene of 23 vibrio species were determined and compared. isr sequence length (41-85 bp) was variable. vibrio species could be divided into three groups according to the length and homology of their isr sequences. dna array hybridization using isr-specific probes accurately distinguished vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus from other species.201222342881
real-time pcr optimization to identify environmental vibrio spp. strains.to identify vibrio vulnificus, vibrio cholerae and vibrio alginolyticus using standardized dna extraction method and real-time pcr assays, among a large number of bacterial strains isolated from marine environment.201222639795
genome sequence of the human-pathogenic bacterium vibrio vulnificus type strain atcc 27562.vibrio vulnificus, which is, like vibrio cholerae and vibrio parahaemolyticus, a pathogen of humankind, is a gram-negative, curved, motile, and rod-shaped bacterium [corrected] here, we present the draft genome sequence of the type strain, atcc 27562, which was the first isolated vibrio vulnificus strain.201223209214
light-scattering sensor for real-time identification of vibrio parahaemolyticus, vibrio vulnificus and vibrio cholerae colonies on solid agar plate.the three most common pathogenic species of vibrio, vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus, are of major concerns due to increased incidence of water- and seafood-related outbreaks and illness worldwide. current methods are lengthy and require biochemical and molecular confirmation. a novel label-free forward light-scattering sensor was developed to detect and identify colonies of these three pathogens in real time in the presence of other vibrios in food or water samples ...201222613192
sequence analyses of type iv pili from vibrio cholerae, vibrio parahaemolyticus, and vibrio vulnificus.bacterial surface structures called pili have been studied extensively for their role as possible colonization factors. most sequenced vibrio genomes predict a variety of pili genes in these organisms, including several types of type iv pili. in particular, the mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin (msha) and the pila pili, also known as the chitin-regulated pilus (chirp), are type iva pili commonly found in vibrio genomes and have been shown to play a role in the colonization of vibrio species in the ...201222383120
sialic acid catabolism and transport gene clusters are lineage specific in vibrio vulnificus.sialic or nonulosonic acids are nine-carbon alpha ketosugars that are present in all vertebrate mucous membranes. among bacteria, the ability to catabolize sialic acid as a carbon source is present mainly in pathogenic and commensal species of animals. previously, it was shown that several vibrio species carry homologues of the genes required for sialic acid transport and catabolism, which are genetically linked. in vibrio cholerae on chromosome i, these genes are carried on the vibrio pathogeni ...201222344665
autopsy cases of fulminant bacterial infection in adults: clinical onset depends on the virulence of bacteria and patient immune status.to assist physicians in recognizing the potentially fatal onset of symptoms in cases of fulminant bacterial infection, we analyzed 11 autopsy cases of such infection (four caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, four by s. pyogenes, one by s. dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis, one by staphylococcus aureus, and one by vibrio vulnificus). clinicohistopathologic features were evaluated. all patients experienced sudden onset of hypotension and multiple organ failure, leading to unexpected death. blood cul ...201222350403
five different piscidins from nile tilapia, oreochromis niloticus: analysis of their expressions and biological functions.piscidins are antimicrobial peptides (amps) that play important roles in helping fish resist pathogenic infections. through comparisons of tilapia est clones, the coding sequences of five piscidin-like amps (named tp1∼5) of nile tilapia, oreochromis niloticus, were determined. the complete piscidin coding sequences of tp1, -2, -3, -4, and -5 were respectively composed of 207, 234, 231, 270, and 195 bases, and each contained a translated region of 68, 77, 76, 89, and 64 amino acids. the tissue-sp ...201223226256
immunological evaluation of vibrio alginolyticus, vibrio harveyi, vibrio vulnificus and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (isknv) combined-vaccine efficacy in epinephelus coioides.combined vaccines are immunological products intended for immunization against multifactorial infectious diseases caused by different types or variants of pathogens. in this study, the effectiveness of vibrio alginolyticus (va), vibrio harveyi (vh), vibrio vulnificus (vv) and infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (isknv), an iridovirus, combined-vaccine (vibrio and isknv combined vaccines, vicv), va+vh+vv inactive vaccine (viv) and isknv whole cell inactive vaccine (iwciv) in epinephelus c ...201223010220
identification of the vibrio vulnificus htpg gene and its influence on cold shock recovery.an htpg gene encoding the heat shock protein htpg was identified and cloned from vibrio vulnificus. the deduced amino acid sequence of htpg from v. vulnificus exhibited 71 and 85% identity to those reported from escherichia coli and v. cholera, respectively. functions of htpg were assessed by the construction of an isogenic mutant whose htpg gene was deleted and by evaluating its phenotype changes during and after cold shock. the results demonstrated that recovery of the wild type from cold shoc ...201222923124
oral administration of recombinant epinecidin-1 protected grouper (epinephelus coioides) and zebrafish (danio rerio) from vibrio vulnificus infection and enhanced immune-related gene expressions.immunostimulatory effects of the oral administration of the recombinant epinecidin-1 protein from bl21 escherichia coli (containing the pet28a-epinecidin-1-dsred plasmid) were studied in grouper (epinephelus coioides) and zebrafish (danio rerio). for this purpose, fish were fed diets for 30 days containing the recombinant epinecidin-1 protein from bl21 e. coli (containing the pet28a-epinecidin-1-dsred plasmid) at different bacterial numbers (10(4), 10(6), 10(8), and 10(10) colony-forming units ( ...201222554570
cyclic amp-receptor protein activates aerobactin receptor iuta expression in vibrio vulnificus.the ferrophilic bacterium vibrio vulnificus can utilize the siderophore aerobactin of escherichia coli for iron acquisition via its specific receptor iuta. this siderophore piracy by v. vulnificus may contribute to its survival and proliferation, especially in mixed bacterial environments. in this study, we examined the effects of glucose, cyclic amp (camp), and camp-receptor protein (crp) on iuta expression in v. vulnificus. glucose dose-dependently repressed iuta expression. a mutation in cya ...201222538662
crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of a novel wild-type blue fluorescent protein from vibrio vulnificus ckm-1.the use of green fluorescent protein (gfp) for non-invasive in vivo imaging is limited to aerobic systems, as chromophore formation requires oxygen. however, a novel nadph-dependent blue fluorescent protein from vibrio vulnificus ckm-1 (bfpvv) that emits blue fluorescence in both aerobic and anaerobic systems has recently been discovered. wild-type bfpvv was overexpressed in escherichia coli, purified and crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method. the resulting bfpvv crystals d ...201222505417
infections in alcoholic liver disease.alcoholic individuals are at increased risk of infection in general, in part because of immune defects. in addition, associated situations, such as depressed mental status, increase risk to specific syndromes such as lung abscess related to depressed consciousness and aspiration. social factors related to hygiene and living situations are also linked to specific microorganisms, such as mycobacteria tuberculosis, bartonella quintana, vibrio vulnificus, and capnocytophaga canimorus..201223101982
quorum-sensing regulates biofilm formation in vibrio scophthalmi.in a previous study, we demonstrated that vibrio scophthalmi, the most abundant vibrio species among the marine aerobic or facultatively anaerobic bacteria inhabiting the intestinal tract of healthy cultured turbot (scophthalmus maximus), contains at least two quorum-sensing circuits involving two types of signal molecules (a 3-hydroxy-dodecanoyl-homoserine lactone and the universal autoinducer 2 encoded by luxs). the purpose of this study was to investigate the functions regulated by these quor ...201223198796
antibiofilm activity of dendrophthoe falcata against different bacterial pathogens.dendrophthoe falcata is a hemiparasitic plant commonly used for ailments such as ulcers, asthma, impotence, paralysis, skin diseases, menstrual troubles, pulmonary tuberculosis, and wounds. in this context, the validations of the traditional claim that the leaf extract of d. falcata possesses antibiofilm and anti-quorum sensing activity against different bacterial pathogens were assessed. the bacterial biofilms were quantified by crystal violet staining. among the 17 bacterial pathogens screened ...201223115018
development of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect five common gram-negative bacteria of aquatic animals.a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) technique was developed as a rapid and accurate diagnostic tool for identifying five major gram-negative bacilli -vibrio vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus, aeromonas hydrophila, chryseobacterium meningosepticum and edwardsiella tarda- that cause major diseases in cultured aquatic animals in taiwan. the expected amplicons for v. vulnificus, v. parahaemolyticus, a. hydrophila, c. meningosepticum and e. tarda were 410, 368, 685, 180 and 230bp, respectivel ...201222571515
iron and quorum sensing coordinately regulate the expression of vulnibactin biosynthesis in vibrio vulnificus.vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic marine pathogen associated with human diseases such as septicemia and serious wound infections. genes vvsa and vvsb, which are co-transcribed and encode a member of the nonribosomal peptide synthase family, are required for vulnibactin biosynthesis in v. vulnificus. in this study, we found that quorum sensing represses the transcription of a vvsab-lux reporter fusion. gel shift assay and dnasei footprinting experiments show that the main regulator of quorum sens ...201222696215
predatory bacteriovorax communities ordered by various prey species.the role of predation in altering microbial communities has been studied for decades but few examples are known for bacterial predators. bacteriovorax are halophilic prokaryotes that prey on susceptible gram-negative bacteria. we recently reported novel observations on the differential selection of bacteriovorax phylotypes by two different prey, vibrio parahaemolyticus and vibrio vulnificus. however, the conclusion is restricted by the limited number of prey tested. in this study, we have conduc ...201222461907
the tonb3 system in the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus is under the control of the global regulators lrp and cyclic amp receptor protein.tonb systems transduce the proton motive force of the cytoplasmic membrane to energize substrate transport through a specific tonb-dependent transporter across the outer membrane. vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic marine pathogen that can cause a fatal septicemic disease in humans and eels, possesses three tonb systems. while the tonb1 and tonb2 systems are iron regulated, the tonb3 system is induced when the bacterium grows in human serum. in this work we have determined the essential roles o ...201222307757
expression of vibrio vulnificus insulin-degrading enzyme is regulated by the camp-crp complex.components of the bacterial phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) : carbohydrate phosphortransferase system (pts) have multiple regulatory roles in addition to pep-dependent transport/phosphorylation of numerous carbohydrates. we have recently shown that, in an opportunistic human pathogen, vibrio vulnificus, enzyme iia(glc) (eiia(glc)) interacts with a peptidase that has high sequence similarity to mammalian insulin-degrading enzymes, called vibrio insulin-degrading enzyme (vide). although the vide-eiia(gl ...201222361942
identification of the fur-binding site in regulatory region of the vulnibactin-receptor gene in vibrio vulnificus.the vibrio vulnificus vuua gene, of which expression is repressed by a complex of iron and ferric uptake regulator (fur), was characterized to localize the fur-binding site in its upstream regulatory region. in silico analysis suggested the presence of two possible fur-binding sites; one is a classical fur-box and the other is a previously reported distinct fur-binding site. site-directed mutagenesis and dnase i protection assays revealed the binding site for the iron-fur complex, which includes ...201222297218
development and validation of a predictive model for the growth of vibrio vulnificus in postharvest shellstock oysters.postharvest growth of vibrio vulnificus in oysters can increase risk of human infection. unfortunately, limited information is available regarding v. vulnificus growth and survival patterns over a wide range of storage temperatures in oysters harvested from different estuaries and in different oyster species. in this study, we developed a predictive model for v. vulnificus growth in eastern oysters (crassostrea virginica) harvested from chesapeake bay, md, over a temperature range of 5 to 30°c a ...201222247136
vibrio vulnificus aphb is involved in interleukin-8 production via an nf-κb-dependent pathway in human intestinal epithelial cells.we previously reported that the aphb gene mutant of vibrio vulnificus had significantly impaired motility and adherence to host cells. in this study, we investigated the role of v. vulnificus aphb on the production of interleukin-8 (il-8), a proinflammatory cytokine, as well as its underlying mechanism in human intestinal epithelial int-407 cells. the aphb gene mutation significantly reduced the ability of v. vulnificus to stimulate il-8 production and il-8 gene promoter activation in int-407 ce ...201222234306
crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of the putative nadp(h)-dependent oxidoreductase yncb from vibrio vulnificus.the yncb gene product from vibrio vulnificus, which belongs to the medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (mdr) superfamily, was crystallized using the microbatch crystallization method at 295 k. diffraction data sets were collected using synchrotron radiation. crystals of selenomethionine-substituted yncb protein belonged to space group p2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 90.52, b = 91.56, c = 104.79 å. assuming the presence of two molecules in the asymmetric unit, the solvent content wa ...201222949204
the regulator hlyu, the repeat-in-toxin gene rtxa1, and their roles in the pathogenesis of vibrio vulnificus infections.hlyu is a master regulator that plays an essential role in the virulence of the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus. one of the most noteworthy characteristics of hlyu regulation in this organism is its positive control of the expression of the repeat-in-toxin (rtxa1) gene, one of the most important virulence factors accounting for the fulminating and damaging nature of v. vulnificus infections. in this work, we reviewed the latest studies of rtxa1 in this bacterium and highlight the mechanism of g ...201223233275
prevalence and population structure of vibrio vulnificus on fishes from the northern gulf of mexico.the prevalence of vibrio vulnificus on the external surfaces of fish from the northern gulf of mexico was determined in this study. a collection of 242 fish comprising 28 species was analyzed during the course of 12 sampling trips over a 16-month period. the prevalence of v. vulnificus was 37% but increased up to 69% in summer. a positive correlation was found between the percentages of v. vulnificus-positive fish and water temperatures, while salinity and v. vulnificus-positive fish prevalence ...201222923394
effect of hyperbaric oxygen on vibrio vulnificus and murine infection caused by it.vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium known to cause fatal necrotizing soft tissue infection in humans. here, a remarkable therapeutic effect of hyperbaric oxygen (hbo) on v. vulnificus infection provoked by its injection into mouse footpads is described. hbo was shown to be bactericidal to this bacterium in vitro as well as in the infected tissue. the bactericidal activity of hbo was shown to be due to reactive oxygen species (ros), the efficacy of hbo against v. vulnificus infection being accounted ...201222775062
crystallization of an atypical short-chain dehydrogenase from vibrio vulnificus lacking the conserved catalytic tetrad.short-chain dehydrogenases/reductases (sdrs) are a rapidly expanding superfamily of enzymes that are found in all kingdoms of life. hallmarked by a highly conserved asn-ser-tyr-lys catalytic tetrad, sdrs have a broad substrate spectrum and play diverse roles in key metabolic processes. locus tag vva1599 in vibrio vulnificus encodes a short-chain dehydrogenase (hereafter referred to as sdrvv) which lacks the signature catalytic tetrad of sdr members. structure-based protein sequence alignments ha ...201222750861
complete genome sequence of vibrio vulnificus bacteriophage ssp002.vibrio vulnificus phages are abundant in coastal marine environments, shellfish, clams, and oysters. ssp002, a v. vulnificus-specific bacteriophage, was isolated from oysters from the west coast of south korea. in this study, the complete genome of ssp002 was sequenced and analyzed for the first time among the v. vulnificus-specific bacteriophages.201222733877
evidence that the vibrio vulnificus flagellar regulator flhf is regulated by a quorum sensing master regulator smcr.a single polar flagellum and motility are potential virulence factors of vibrio vulnificus, a foodborne pathogen. in the present study, the functions of flhf and regulatory characteristics of the flhf expression of v. vulnificus were investigated. a deletion mutation in flhf abolished motility, flagella formation and flagellin synthesis, and introduction of flhf in trans complemented the defects. the flhf mutant revealed decreased expression of the class iii and iv flagella genes, indicating tha ...201222679105
pyrosequencing-based comparative genome analysis of vibrio vulnificus environmental isolates.between 1996 and 2006, the us centers for disease control reported that the only category of food-borne infections increasing in frequency were those caused by members of the genus vibrio. the gram-negative bacterium vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous inhabitant of estuarine waters, and is the number one cause of seafood-related deaths in the us. many v. vulnificus isolates have been studied, and it has been shown that two genetically distinct subtypes, distinguished by 16s rdna and other gene po ...201222662170
vibrio vulnificus sepsis misdiagnosed as simple deep vein thrombosis.a 46-year-old man was transferred to the emergency department and suspected of having a deep vein thrombosis. the patient reported swelling and pain in both lower legs for 16 hours. his medical history included liver cirrhosis secondary to alcohol. a detailed history revealed raw fish consumption 1 day before admission. within 2 hours of arrival, several hemorrhagic bullae developed in the color-changed lesions of both lower legs. the patient's level of consciousness deteriorated to a stupor. he ...201222633714
sharing of prey: coinfection of a bacterium by a virus and a prokaryotic predator.rarely, if ever, has a single bacterial cell been confirmed to simultaneously host two fundamentally different predators. two such predators are viruses and the predatory prokaryotes known as bdellovibrio and like organisms. viruses or bacteriophage are particles requiring prey cells in an active metabolic state to complete their life cycle. the bdellovibrio and like organisms, unlike viruses, are bacteria that can efficiently infect and grow in prey which are in stationary phase. in this study, ...201222511350
distribution and survival of vibrio vulnificus genotypes in postharvest gulf coast (usa) oysters under refrigeration.the effect of refrigeration on the seafood-borne pathogen vibrio vulnificus was investigated in terms of genotype selection and persistence in refrigerated oysters.201222507030
the ttpc gene is contained in two of three tonb systems in the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus, but only one is active in iron transport and virulence.the tonb system of proteins is required for the energy-dependent active transport of iron-bound substrates across the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. we have identified three tonb systems within the human pathogen vibrio vulnificus. the tonb1 system contains the tonb1, exbd1, and exbb1 proteins, whereas both the ttpc2-tonb2 and ttpc3-tonb3 systems contain an additional fourth protein, ttpc. here we report that ttpc3, although highly related to ttpc2, is inactive in iron transport, wher ...201222505675
additive function of vibrio vulnificus martx(vv) and vvha cytolysins promotes rapid growth and epithelial tissue necrosis during intestinal infection.vibrio vulnificus is a pathogen that causes both severe necrotizing wound infections and life-threatening food-borne infections. food-borne infection is particularly lethal as the infection can progress rapidly to primary septicemia resulting in death from septic shock and multiorgan failure. in this study, we use both bioluminescence whole animal imaging and v. vulnificus bacterial colonization of orally infected mice to demonstrate that the secreted multifunctional-autoprocessing rtx toxin (ma ...201222457618
apparent loss of vibrio vulnificus from north carolina oysters coincides with a drought-induced increase in salinity.despite years of successful isolation of vibrio vulnificus from estuarine waters, beginning in 2007, it was extremely difficult to culture v. vulnificus from either north carolina estuarine water or oyster samples. after employing culture-based methods as well as pcr and quantitative pcr for the detection of v. vulnificus, always with negative results, we concluded that this pathogen had become nearly undetectable in the north carolina estuarine ecosystem. we ensured that the techniques were sou ...201222447591
quantitative pcr and in vivo efficacy of antibiotics in the treatment of vibrio vulnificus infection in a mouse model.the centers for disease control and prevention (cdc) recommend oral or intravenous doxycycline plus a third-generation cephalosporin or fluoroquinolone alone for the treatment of vibrio vulnificus infections. until now, no study has compared oral with parenteral administered doxycycline with respect to their in vivo efficacy. in the present work, icr mice infected with a high dose of v. vulnificus were administered ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and doxycycline. the bacterial dna copy number in sur ...201222434454
[preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibody against vibrio vulnificus].to prepare high-performance and specific monoclonal antibody (mab) against vibrio vulnificus and carry out characterization.201222394637
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