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multiple xanthomonas euvesicatoria type iii effectors inhibit flg22-triggered immunity.xanthomonas euvesicatoria is the causal agent of bacterial spot disease in pepper and tomato. x. euvesicatoria bacteria interfere with plant cellular processes by injecting effector proteins into host cells through the type iii secretion (t3s) system. about 35 t3s effectors have been identified in x. euvesicatoria 85-10, and a few of them were implicated in suppression of pattern-triggered immunity (pti). we used an arabidopsis thaliana pathogen-free protoplast-based assay to identify x. euvesic ...201627529660
a set of pcrs for rapid identification and characterization of pseudomonas syringae phylogroups. 201627528015
structure of a pathogen effector reveals the enzymatic mechanism of a novel acetyltransferase family.effectors secreted by the type iii secretion system are essential for bacterial pathogenesis. members of the yersinia outer-protein j (yopj) family of effectors found in diverse plant and animal pathogens depend on a protease-like catalytic triad to acetylate host proteins and produce virulence. however, the structural basis for this noncanonical acetyltransferase activity remains unknown. here, we report the crystal structures of the yopj effector hopz1a, produced by the phytopathogen pseudomon ...201627525589
n-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone has a critical contribution to the quorum-sensing-dependent regulation in phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528.the phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528 (p. syringae 11528), causing wild-fire disease in soybean and tobacco plants, processes psyi-psyr quorum-sensing (qs) system, in which psyi is the n-(3-oxo-hexanoyl)-homoserine lactone (3oc6-hsl) synthase. in comparison to p. syringae 11528 ahl-deficient mutant, 845 3oc6-hsl-dependent genes were identified using rna sequencing (rna-seq) in the ahl-deficient mutant grown with exogenous 3oc6-hsl in the transition from the exponential to the s ...201627864298
a low frequency persistent reservoir of a genomic island in a pathogen population ensures island survival and improves pathogen fitness in a susceptible host.the co-evolution of bacterial plant pathogens and their hosts is a complex and dynamic process. host resistance imposes stress on invading pathogens that can lead to changes in the bacterial genome enabling the pathogen to escape host resistance. we have observed this phenomenon with the plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola where isolates that have lost the genomic island pphgi-1 carrying the effector gene avrpphb from its chromosome are infective against previously resistant pla ...201627491006
spatial and temporal variability in the potential of river water biofilms to degrade p-nitrophenol.in order to predict the fate of chemicals in the environment, a range of regulatory tests are performed with microbial inocula collected from environmental compartments to investigate the potential for biodegradation. the abundance and distribution of microbes in the environment is affected by a range of variables, hence diversity and biomass of inocula used in biodegradation tests can be highly variable in space and time. the use of artificial or natural biofilms in regulatory tests could enabl ...201627596822
pathogen infection and morc proteins affect chromatin accessibility of transposable elements and expression of their proximal genes in arabidopsis.to assess the role of morc1 in epigenetics in relation to plant immunity, genome-wide chromatin accessibility was compared between mock- or pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato-inoculated wild type (wt) arabidopsis, the morc1/2 double mutant, or both. most changes in chromatin accessibility, scored by dnase i hypersensitive sites (dhss), were located in the promoters of genes and transposable elements (tes). comparisons between morc1/2 and wt receiving the same treatment revealed differential dhss (d ...201627482822
metabolomic analysis reveals the relationship between azi1 and sugar signaling in systemic acquired resistance of arabidopsis.the function of azi1 in systemic acquired resistance of arabidopsis was confirmed by investigation of the phenotypic features of wild-type col-0, azi1 t-dna knockout and azi1 overexpressing plants after infection with virulent and avirulent pseudomonas syringae. real-time quantitative pcr and northern blotting analyses showed that the transcript abundances of pr genes increased significantly in local and systemic leaves of wild-type col-0 and azi1 overexpressing plants challenged with avirulent ...201627337039
root-mediated signal transmission of systemic acquired resistance against above-ground and below-ground pathogens.plants modulate defence signalling networks in response to various biotic stresses via inter-organ communications. the root-mediated transmission of systemic acquired resistance (sar) against soil-borne and air-borne plant pathogens from sar-induced plants to neighbouring plants subjected to local chemical and pathogen treatments was evaluated.201627555496
infection assays in arabidopsis reveal candidate effectors from the poplar rust fungus that promote susceptibility to bacteria and oomycete pathogens.fungi of the pucciniales order cause rust diseases which, altogether, affect thousands of plant species worldwide and pose a major threat to several crops. how rust effectors-virulence proteins delivered into infected tissues to modulate host functions-contribute to pathogen virulence remains poorly understood. melampsora larici-populina is a devastating and widespread rust pathogen of poplar, and its genome encodes 1184 identified small secreted proteins that could potentially act as effectors. ...201627868319
activation-dependent destruction of a co-receptor by a pseudomonas syringae effector dampens plant immunity.the arabidopsis immune receptor fls2 and co-receptor bak1 perceive the bacterial flagellin epitope flg22 to activate plant immunity. to prevent this response, phytopathogenic bacteria deploy a repertoire of effector proteins to perturb immune signaling. however, the effector-induced perturbation is often sensed by the host, triggering another layer of immunity. we report that the pseudomonas syringae effector hopb1 acts as a protease to cleave immune-activated bak1. prior to activation, hopb1 co ...201627736646
altered meristem program1 has conflicting effects on the tolerance to heat shock and symptom development after pseudomonas syringae infection.an arabidopsis thaliana altered meristem program1 (atamp1), which encodes a putative glutamate carboxypeptidase, not only controls shoot apical meristem development, but also is involved in tolerance response to abiotic stresses. here, we introduce a novel mutant; named amp1-32 that is a phenocopier to previously isolated different amp1 mutant alleles. interestingly, tiny leaves were continuously developed at the bottom of pre-emerged leaves in the amp1-32. the amp1-32 mutant was less sensitive ...201627743891
exogenous n-acyl-homoserine lactones enhance the expression of flagella of pseudomonas syringae and activate defence responses in plants.in order to cope with pathogens, plants have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to sense pathogenic attacks and to induce defence responses. the n-acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl)-mediated quorum sensing in bacteria regulates diverse physiological processes, including those involved in pathogenicity. in this work, we study the interactions between ahl-producing transgenic tobacco plants and pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci 11528 (p. syringae 11528). both a reduced incidence of disease and decrease in ...201627756102
the bacteriophage-derived transcriptional regulator, lscr, activates the expression of levansucrase genes in pseudomonas syringae.synthesis of the exopolysaccharide levan occurs in the bacterial blight pathogen of soybean, pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea pg4180, when this bacterium encounters moderate to high concentrations of sucrose inside its host plant. the process is mediated by the temperature-dependent expression and secretion of two levansucrases, lscb and lscc. previous studies showed the importance of a prophage-associated promoter element in driving the expression of levansucrase genes. herein, heterologous sc ...201627664099
cooperative functioning between phenylalanine ammonia lyase and isochorismate synthase activities contributes to salicylic acid biosynthesis in soybean.salicylic acid (sa), an essential regulator of plant defense, is derived from chorismate via either the phenylalanine ammonia lyase (pal) or the isochorismate synthase (ics) catalyzed steps. the ics pathway is thought to be the primary contributor of defense-related sa, at least in arabidopsis. we investigated the relative contributions of pal and ics to defense-related sa accumulation in soybean (glycine max). soybean plants silenced for five pal isoforms or two ics isoforms were analyzed for s ...201627411159
the arabidopsis thaliana lectin receptor kinase lecrk-i.9 is required for full resistance to pseudomonas syringae and affects jasmonate signalling.on microbial attack, plants can detect invaders and activate plant innate immunity. for the detection of pathogen molecules or cell wall damage, plants employ receptors that trigger the activation of defence responses. cell surface proteins that belong to large families of lectin receptor kinases are candidates to function as immune receptors. here, the function of lecrk-i.9 (at5g60300), a legume-type lectin receptor kinase involved in cell wall-plasma membrane contacts and in extracellular atp ...201627399963
transcription factor anac032 modulates ja/sa signalling in response to pseudomonas syringae infection.responses to pathogens, including host transcriptional reprogramming, require partially antagonistic signalling pathways dependent on the phytohormones salicylic (sa) and jasmonic (ja) acids. however, upstream factors modulating the interplay of these pathways are not well characterized. here, we identify the transcription factor anac032 from arabidopsis thaliana as one such regulator in response to the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst). anac032 directly represses m ...201627632992
pseudomonas syringae differentiates into phenotypically distinct subpopulations during colonization of a plant host.bacterial microcolonies with heterogeneous sizes are formed during colonization of phaseolus vulgaris by pseudomonas syringae. heterogeneous expression of structural and regulatory components of the p. syringae type iii secretion system (t3ss), essential for colonization of the host apoplast and disease development, is likewise detected within the plant apoplast. t3ss expression is bistable in the homogeneous environment of nutrient-limited t3ss-inducing medium, suggesting that subpopulation for ...201627516206
bacterial ice nucleation in monodisperse d2o and h2o-in-oil emulsions.ice nucleation is of fundamental significance in many areas, including atmospheric science, food technology, and cryobiology. in this study, we investigated the ice-nucleation characteristics of picoliter-sized drops consisting of different d2o and h2o mixtures with and without the ice-nucleating bacteria pseudomonas syringae. we also studied the effects of commonly used cryoprotectants such as ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and trehalose on the nucleation characteristics of d2o and h2o mixt ...201627495973
coronatine inhibits stomatal closure through guard cell-specific inhibition of nadph oxidase-dependent ros production.microbes trigger stomatal closure through microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps). the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst) synthesizes the polyketide toxin coronatine, which inhibits stomatal closure by mamps and by the hormone abscisic acid (aba). the mechanism by which coronatine, a jasmonic acid-isoleucine analog, achieves this effect is not completely clear. reactive oxygen species (ros) are essential second messengers in stomatal immunity, therefore we investigate ...201628018388
overexpression of panax ginseng sesquiterpene synthase gene confers tolerance against pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in arabidopsis thaliana.sesquiterpenes are an abundant group belonging to the terpenoid family, with a c15 structure comprise of three isoprene units. many sesquiterpenes are volatile compounds and it act as chemical messenger in plant signalling, particularly in the defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses. panax ginseng meyer is important medicinal herbs with various reported pharmacological efficacies in which its triterpenoid saponins, called ginsenosides, were mostly studied. however, there have been ...201627924121
the stripe rust fungal effector pec6 suppresses pattern-triggered immunity in a host species-independent manner and interacts with adenosine kinases.we identified a wheat stripe rust (puccinia striiformis) effector candidate (pec6) with pattern-triggered immunity (pti) suppression function and its corresponding host target. pec6 compromised pti host species-independently. in nicotiana benthamiana, it hampers reactive oxygen species (ros) accumulation and callose deposition induced by pseudomonas fluorescens. in arabidopsis, plants expressing pec6 were more susceptible to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pto) dc3000 δavrpto/δavrptob. in wheat ...201627252028
image-based quantification of plant immunity and disease.measuring the extent and severity of disease is a critical component of plant pathology research and crop breeding. unfortunately, existing visual scoring systems are qualitative, subjective, and the results are difficult to transfer between research groups, while existing quantitative methods can be quite laborious. here, we present plant immunity and disease image-based quantification (pidiq), a quantitative, semi-automated system to rapidly and objectively measure disease symptoms in a biolog ...201627996374
a conserved puccinia striiformis protein interacts with wheat npr1 and reduces induction of pathogenesis-related genes in response to pathogens.in arabidopsis, npr1 is a key transcriptional coregulator of systemic acquired resistance. upon pathogen challenge, npr1 translocates from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, in which it interacts with tga-bzip transcription factors to activate the expression of several pathogenesis-related (pr) genes. in a screen of a yeast two-hybrid library from wheat leaves infected with puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, we identified a conserved rust protein that interacts with wheat npr1 and named it pnpi (fo ...201627898286
the pattern-recognition receptor core of solanaceae detects bacterial cold-shock protein.plants and animals recognize microbial invaders by detecting microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) by cell surface receptors. many plant species of the solanaceae family detect the highly conserved nucleic acid binding motif rnp-1 of bacterial cold-shock proteins (csps), represented by the peptide csp22, as a mamp. here, we exploited the natural variation in csp22 perception observed between cultivated tomato (solanum lycopersicum) and solanum pennellii to map and identify the leucine-ri ...201627892924
bacteria establish an aqueous living space in plants crucial for virulence.high humidity has a strong influence on the development of numerous diseases affecting the above-ground parts of plants (the phyllosphere) in crop fields and natural ecosystems, but the molecular basis of this humidity effect is not understood. previous studies have emphasized immune suppression as a key step in bacterial pathogenesis. here we show that humidity-dependent, pathogen-driven establishment of an aqueous intercellular space (apoplast) is another important step in bacterial infection ...201627882964
gaba (γ-aminobutyric acid) uptake via the gaba permease gabp represses virulence gene expression in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.the nonprotein amino acid γ-aminobutyric acid (gaba) is the most abundant amino acid in the tomato (solanum lycopersicum) leaf apoplast and is synthesized by arabidopsis thaliana in response to infection by the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (hereafter called dc3000). high levels of exogenous gaba have previously been shown to repress the expression of the type iii secretion system (t3ss) in dc3000, resulting in reduced elicitation of the hypersensitive response (hr) i ...201628001093
population-genomic insights into emergence, crop adaptation and dissemination of pseudomonas syringae pathogens.many bacterial pathogens are well characterized but, in some cases, little is known about the populations from which they emerged. this limits understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying disease. the crop pathogen pseudomonas syringae sensu lato has been widely isolated from the environment, including wild plants and components of the water cycle, and causes disease in several economically important crops. here, we compared genome sequences of 45 p. syringae crop pathogen outbreak strai ...201628348830
metabolic footprint of epiphytic bacteria on arabidopsis thaliana leaves.the phyllosphere, which is defined as the parts of terrestrial plants above the ground, is a large habitat for different microorganisms that show a high extent of adaption to their environment. a number of hypotheses were generated by culture-independent functional genomics studies to explain the competitiveness of specialized bacteria in the phyllosphere. in contrast, in situ data at the metabolome level as a function of bacterial colonization are lacking. here, we aimed to obtain new insights ...201626305156
biocontrol activity of paenibacillus polymyxa ac-1 against pseudomonas syringae and its interaction with arabidopsis thaliana.paenibacillus polymyxa ac-1 (ac-1) is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium (pgpr) that has been used as a soil inoculant for biocontrol of plant pathogenic fungi and to promote plant growth. in this study, we examine the effects of ac-1 on the bacterial phytopathogen pseudomonas syringae and internal colonization of ac-1 by counting bacterial populations that colonize plants. ac-1 inhibited the growth of both p. syringae pv. tomato dc3000 (pst) and p. syringae pv. tabaci (pta) in a concentrat ...201626946374
[the sensitivity of phytopathogenic bacteria to streptomycin under the influence of pesticides].the results of the streptomycin sensitivity changes of phytopathogenic pseudomonas syringae and xanthomonas translucens bacteria under the action of pesticides are pre- sented. it is demonstrated that phytopathogenic strains show greater changes of strepto- mycin sensitivity compared to epiphytic pantoea agglomerans strain under the pesticides influence. granstar herbicide, tviks and alpha super insecticides increase the number of streptomycin resistant cells of xanthomonas translucens 3164, p s ...201626829841
differential modulation of plant immune responses by diverse members of the pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi hopaf type iii effector family.the pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi ncppb 3335 type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector repertoire includes 33 candidates, seven of which translocate into host cells and interfere with plant defences. the present study was performed to investigate the co-existence of both plasmid- and chromosomal-encoded members of the hopaf effector family, hopaf1-1 and hopaf1-2, respectively, in the genome of ncppb 3335. here, we show that the hopaf1 paralogues are widely distributed in the pseudomonas ...201627116193
the arabidopsis immune regulator srfr1 dampens defences against herbivory by spodoptera exigua and parasitism by heterodera schachtii.plants have developed diverse mechanisms to fine tune defence responses to different types of enemy. cross-regulation between signalling pathways may allow the prioritization of one response over another. previously, we identified suppressor of rps4-rld1 (srfr1) as a negative regulator of enhanced disease susceptibility1 (eds1)-dependent effector-triggered immunity against the bacterial pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain dc3000 expressing avrrps4. the use of multiple stresses is a p ...201626310916
the arabidopsis nadph oxidases rbohd and rbohf display differential expression patterns and contributions during plant immunity.plant nadph oxidases, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologues (rbohs), produce reactive oxygen species (ros) that perform a wide range of functions. rbohd and rbohf, two of the 10 rboh genes present in arabidopsis, are pleiotropic and mediate diverse physiological processes including the response to pathogens. we hypothesized that the spatio-temporal control of rbohd and rbohf gene expression might be critical in determining their multiplicity of functions. transgenic arabidopsis plan ...201626798024
biotechnological and agronomic potential of endophytic pink-pigmented methylotrophic methylobacterium spp.the genus methylobacterium is composed of pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophic (ppfm) bacteria, which are able to synthesize carotenoids and grow on reduced organic compounds containing one carbon (c1), such as methanol and methylamine. due to their high phenotypic plasticity, these bacteria are able to colonize different habitats, such as soil, water, and sediment, and different host plants as both endophytes and epiphytes. in plant colonization, the frequency and distribution may be influ ...201525861650
exploiting quorum sensing interfering strategies in gram-negative bacteria for the enhancement of environmental applications.quorum sensing (qs) is a widespread intercellular form of communication to coordinate physiological processes and cooperative activities of bacteria at the population level, and it depends on the production, secretion, and detection of small diffusible autoinducers, such as acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls), auto-inducing oligo-peptides (aips) and autoinducer 2. in this review, the function of qs autoinducers of gram-negative bacteria in different aspects of wastewater treatment systems is examine ...201526779175
exploiting quorum sensing interfering strategies in gram-negative bacteria for the enhancement of environmental applications.quorum sensing (qs) is a widespread intercellular form of communication to coordinate physiological processes and cooperative activities of bacteria at the population level, and it depends on the production, secretion, and detection of small diffusible autoinducers, such as acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls), auto-inducing oligo-peptides (aips) and autoinducer 2. in this review, the function of qs autoinducers of gram-negative bacteria in different aspects of wastewater treatment systems is examine ...201526779175
evolution of host specialization in gut microbes: the bee gut as a model.bacterial symbionts of eukaryotes often give up generalist lifestyles to specialize to particular hosts. the eusocial honey bees and bumble bees harbor two such specialized gut symbionts, snodgrassella alvi and gilliamella apicola. not only are these microorganisms specific to bees, but different strains of these bacteria tend to assort according to host species. by using in-vivo microbial transplant experiments, we show that the observed specificity is, at least in part, due to evolved physiolo ...201526011669
molecular structure of an n-formyltransferase from providencia alcalifaciens o30.the existence of n-formylated sugars in the o-antigens of gram-negative bacteria has been known since the middle 1980s, but only recently have the biosynthetic pathways for their production been reported. in these pathways, glucose-1-phosphate is first activated by attachment to a dtmp moiety. this step is followed by a dehydration reaction and an amination. the last step in these pathways is catalyzed by n-formyltransferases that utilize n(10) -formyltetrahydrofolate as the carbon source. here ...201525752909
type iv pilus glycosylation mediates resistance of pseudomonas aeruginosa to opsonic activities of the pulmonary surfactant protein a.pseudomonas aeruginosa is a major bacterial pathogen commonly associated with chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis (cf). previously, we have demonstrated that the type iv pilus (tfp) of p. aeruginosa mediates resistance to antibacterial effects of pulmonary surfactant protein a (sp-a). interestingly, p. aeruginosa strains with group i pilins are o-glycosylated through the tfpo glycosyltransferase with a single subunit of o-antigen (o-ag). importantly, tfpo-mediated o-glycosylation is impor ...201525605768
rhizosphere ecology of lumichrome and riboflavin, two bacterial signal molecules eliciting developmental changes in plants.lumichrome and riboflavin are novel molecules from rhizobial exudates that stimulate plant growth. reported studies have revealed major developmental changes elicited by lumichrome at very low nanomolar concentrations (5 nm) in plants, which include early initiation of trifoliate leaves, expansion of unifoliate and trifoliate leaves, increased stem elongation and leaf area, and consequently greater biomass accumulation in monocots and dicots. but higher lumichrome concentration (50 nm) depressed ...201526442016
lessons in fundamental mechanisms and diverse adaptations from the 2015 bacterial locomotion and signal transduction meeting.in response to rapid changes in their environment, bacteria control a number of processes, including motility, cell division, biofilm formation, and virulence. research presented in january 2015 at the biennial bacterial locomotion and signal transduction (blast) meeting in tucson, az, illustrates the elegant complexity of the nanoarrays, nanomachines, and networks of interacting proteins that mediate such processes. studies employing an array of biophysical, genetic, cell biology, and mathemati ...201526195592
proteomic profiling of the outer membrane fraction of the obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen ehrlichia ruminantium.the outer membrane proteins (omps) of gram-negative bacteria play a crucial role in virulence and pathogenesis. identification of these proteins represents an important goal for bacterial proteomics, because it aids in vaccine development. here, we have developed such an approach for ehrlichia ruminantium, the obligate intracellular bacterium that causes heartwater. a preliminary whole proteome analysis of elementary bodies, the extracellular infectious form of the bacterium, had been performed ...201525710494
characterization of para-nitrophenol-degrading bacterial communities in river water by using functional markers and stable isotope probing.microbial degradation is a major determinant of the fate of pollutants in the environment. para-nitrophenol (pnp) is an epa-listed priority pollutant with a wide environmental distribution, but little is known about the microorganisms that degrade it in the environment. we studied the diversity of active pnp-degrading bacterial populations in river water using a novel functional marker approach coupled with [(13)c6]pnp stable isotope probing (sip). culturing together with culture-independent ter ...201526209677
bacterial cellulose biosynthesis: diversity of operons, subunits, products, and functions.recent studies of bacterial cellulose biosynthesis, including structural characterization of a functional cellulose synthase complex, provided the first mechanistic insight into this fascinating process. in most studied bacteria, just two subunits, bcsa and bcsb, are necessary and sufficient for the formation of the polysaccharide chain in vitro. other subunits - which differ among various taxa - affect the enzymatic activity and product yield in vivo by modulating (i) the expression of the bios ...201526077867
the hidden world within plants: ecological and evolutionary considerations for defining functioning of microbial endophytes.all plants are inhabited internally by diverse microbial communities comprising bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and protistic taxa. these microorganisms showing endophytic lifestyles play crucial roles in plant development, growth, fitness, and diversification. the increasing awareness of and information on endophytes provide insight into the complexity of the plant microbiome. the nature of plant-endophyte interactions ranges from mutualism to pathogenicity. this depends on a set of abiotic and bi ...201526136581
genome wide transcriptional profiling of herbaspirillum seropedicae smr1 grown in the presence of naringenin.herbaspirillum seropedicae is a diazotrophic bacterium which associates endophytically with economically important gramineae. flavonoids such as naringenin have been shown to have an effect on the interaction between h. seropedicae and its host plants. we used a high-throughput sequencing based method (rna-seq) to access the influence of naringenin on the whole transcriptome profile of h. seropedicae. three hundred and four genes were downregulated and seventy seven were upregulated by naringeni ...201526052319
bacterial modulation of plant ethylene levels.a focus on the mechanisms by which acc deaminase-containing bacteria facilitate plant growth.bacteria that produce the enzyme 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (acc) deaminase, when present either on the surface of plant roots (rhizospheric) or within plant tissues (endophytic), play an active role in modulating ethylene levels in plants. this enzyme activity facilitates plant growth especially in the presence of various environmental stresses. thus, plant growth-promoting bacteria that express ...201525897004
streptophyte phytochromes exhibit an n-terminus of cyanobacterial origin and a c-terminus of proteobacterial origin.phytochromes are red light-sensitive photoreceptors that control a variety of developmental processes in plants, algae, bacteria and fungi. prototypical phytochromes exhibit an n-terminal tridomain (pgp) consisting of pas, gaf and phy domains and a c-terminal histidine kinase (hk).201525886068
the dual nature of trehalose in citrus canker disease: a virulence factor for xanthomonas citri subsp. citri and a trigger for plant defence responses.xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (xcc) is a bacterial pathogen that causes citrus canker in susceptible citrus spp. the xcc genome contains genes encoding enzymes from three separate pathways of trehalose biosynthesis. expression of genes encoding trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (otsa) and trehalose phosphatase (otsb) was highly induced during canker development, suggesting that the two-step pathway of trehalose biosynthesis via trehalose-6-phosphate has a function in pathogenesis. this pathway was ...201525770587
discovery of novel plant interaction determinants from the genomes of 163 root nodule bacteria.root nodule bacteria (rnb) or "rhizobia" are a type of plant growth promoting bacteria, typified by their ability to fix nitrogen for their plant host, fixing nearly 65% of the nitrogen currently utilized in sustainable agricultural production of legume crops and pastures. in this study, we sequenced the genomes of 110 rnb from diverse hosts and biogeographical regions, and undertook a global exploration of all available rnb genera with the aim of identifying novel genetic determinants of symbio ...201526584898
establishing a role for bacterial cellulose in environmental interactions: lessons learned from diverse biofilm-producing proteobacteria.bacterial cellulose (bc) serves as a molecular glue to facilitate intra- and inter-domain interactions in nature. biosynthesis of bc-containing biofilms occurs in a variety of proteobacteria that inhabit diverse ecological niches. the enzymatic and regulatory systems responsible for the polymerization, exportation, and regulation of bc are equally as diverse. though the magnitude and environmental consequences of bc production are species-specific, the common role of bc-containing biofilms is to ...201526635751
bacterial flagella: twist and stick, or dodge across the kingdoms.the flagellum organelle is an intricate multiprotein assembly best known for its rotational propulsion of bacteria. however, recent studies have expanded our knowledge of other functions in pathogenic contexts, particularly adherence and immune modulation, e.g., for salmonella enterica, campylobacter jejuni, pseudomonas aeruginosa, and escherichia coli. flagella-mediated adherence is important in host colonisation for several plant and animal pathogens, but the specific interactions that promote ...201525590430
beyond iron: non-classical biological functions of bacterial siderophores.bacteria secrete small molecules known as siderophores to acquire iron from their surroundings. for over 60 years, investigations into the bioinorganic chemistry of these molecules, including fundamental coordination chemistry studies, have provided insight into the crucial role that siderophores play in bacterial iron homeostasis. the importance of understanding the fundamental chemistry underlying bacterial life has been highlighted evermore in recent years because of the emergence of antibiot ...201525764171
regulation of bacterial virulence by csr (rsm) systems.most bacterial pathogens have the remarkable ability to flourish in the external environment and in specialized host niches. this ability requires their metabolism, physiology, and virulence factors to be responsive to changes in their surroundings. it is no surprise that the underlying genetic circuitry that supports this adaptability is multilayered and exceedingly complex. studies over the past 2 decades have established that the csra/rsma proteins, global regulators of posttranscriptional ge ...201525833324
a novel pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent 2-keto-d-glucose dehydrogenase from pseudomonas aureofaciens.a gene encoding an enzyme similar to a pyrroloquinoline quinone (pqq)-dependent sugar dehydrogenase from filamentous fungi, which belongs to new auxiliary activities (aa) family 12 in the cazy database, was cloned from pseudomonas aureofaciens. the deduced amino acid sequence of the cloned enzyme showed only low homology to previously characterized pqq-dependent enzymes, and multiple-sequence alignment analysis showed that the enzyme lacks one of the three conserved arginine residues that functi ...201525645559
carnitine in bacterial physiology and metabolism.carnitine is a quaternary amine compound found at high concentration in animal tissues, particularly muscle, and is most well studied for its contribution to fatty acid transport into mitochondria. in bacteria, carnitine is an important osmoprotectant, and can also enhance thermotolerance, cryotolerance and barotolerance. carnitine can be transported into the cell or acquired from metabolic precursors, where it can serve directly as a compatible solute for stress protection or be metabolized thr ...201525787873
molecular mechanism and evolution of guanylate kinase regulation by (p)ppgpp.the nucleotide (p)ppgpp mediates bacterial stress responses, but its targets and underlying mechanisms of action vary among bacterial species and remain incompletely understood. here, we characterize the molecular interaction between (p)ppgpp and guanylate kinase (gmk), revealing the importance of this interaction in adaptation to starvation. combining structural and kinetic analyses, we show that (p)ppgpp binds the gmk active site and competitively inhibits the enzyme. the (p)ppgpp-gmk interact ...201525661490
genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria.initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ...201525653643
genome-wide gene order distances support clustering the gram-positive bacteria.initially using 143 genomes, we developed a method for calculating the pair-wise distance between prokaryotic genomes using a monte carlo method to estimate the conservation of gene order. the method was based on repeatedly selecting five or six non-adjacent random orthologs from each of two genomes and determining if the chosen orthologs were in the same order. the raw distances were then corrected for gene order convergence using an adaptation of the jukes-cantor model, as well as using the co ...201525653643
detoxification of indole by an indole-induced flavoprotein oxygenase from acinetobacter baumannii.indole, a derivative of the amino acid tryptophan, is a toxic signaling molecule, which can inhibit bacterial growth. to overcome indole-induced toxicity, many bacteria have developed enzymatic defense systems to convert indole to non-toxic, water-insoluble indigo. we previously demonstrated that, like other aromatic compound-degrading bacteria, acinetobacter baumannii can also convert indole to indigo. however, no work has been published investigating this mechanism. here, we have shown that th ...201526390211
iron is a signal for stenotrophomonas maltophilia biofilm formation, oxidative stress response, omps expression, and virulence.stenotrophomonas maltophilia is an emerging nosocomial pathogen. in many bacteria iron availability regulates, through the fur system, not only iron homeostasis but also virulence. the aim of this work was to assess the role of iron on s. maltophilia biofilm formation, eps production, oxidative stress response, omps regulation, quorum sensing (qs), and virulence. studies were done on k279a and its isogenic fur mutant f60 cultured in the presence or absence of dipyridyl. this is the first report ...201526388863
burkholderia cenocepacia lipopolysaccharide modification and flagellin glycosylation affect virulence but not innate immune recognition in plants.burkholderia cenocepacia causes opportunistic infections in plants, insects, animals, and humans, suggesting that "virulence" depends on the host and its innate susceptibility to infection. we hypothesized that modifications in key bacterial molecules recognized by the innate immune system modulate host responses to b. cenocepacia. indeed, modification of lipopolysaccharide (lps) with 4-amino-4-deoxy-l-arabinose and flagellin glycosylation attenuates b. cenocepacia infection in arabidopsis thali ...201526045541
antimicrobial cyclic peptides for plant disease control.antimicrobial cyclic peptides derived from microbes bind stably with target sites, have a tolerance to hydrolysis by proteases, and a favorable degradability under field conditions, which make them an attractive proposition for use as agricultural fungicides. antimicrobial cyclic peptides are classified according to the types of bonds within the ring structure; homodetic, heterodetic, and complex cyclic peptides, which in turn reflect diverse physicochemical features. most antimicrobial cyclic p ...201525774105
a duplex pcr assay for the detection of ralstonia solanacearum phylotype ii strains in musa spp.banana wilt outbreaks that are attributable to moko disease-causing strains of the pathogen ralstonia solanacearum (rs) remain a social and economic burden for both multinational corporations and subsistence farmers. all known moko strains belong to the phylotype ii lineage, which has been previously recognized for its broad genetic basis. moko strains are paraphyletic and are distributed among seven related but distinct phylogenetic clusters (sequevars) that are potentially major threats to mus ...201525811378
chemical diversity of microbial volatiles and their potential for plant growth and productivity.microbial volatile organic compounds (mvocs) are produced by a wide array of microorganisms ranging from bacteria to fungi. a growing body of evidence indicates that mvocs are ecofriendly and can be exploited as a cost-effective sustainable strategy for use in agricultural practice as agents that enhance plant growth, productivity, and disease resistance. as naturally occurring chemicals, mvocs have potential as possible alternatives to harmful pesticides, fungicides, and bactericides as well as ...201525821453
lipopolysaccharide perception leads to dynamic alterations in the microtranscriptome of arabidopsis thaliana cells and leaf tissues.micrornas (mirnas) are non-coding rna molecules which have recently emerged as important gene regulators in plants and their gene expression analysis is becoming increasingly important. mirnas regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level by translational repression or target degradation of specific mrnas and gene silencing. in order to profile the microtranscriptome of arabidopsis thaliana leaf and callus tissues in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps), small rna librarie ...201525848807
α,β-dehydroamino acids in naturally occurring peptides.α,β-dehydroamino acids are naturally occurring non-coded amino acids, found primarily in peptides. the review focuses on the type of α,β-dehydroamino acids, the structure of dehydropeptides, the source of their origin and bioactivity. dehydropeptides are isolated primarily from bacteria and less often from fungi, marine invertebrates or even higher plants. they reveal mainly antibiotic, antifungal, antitumour, and phytotoxic activity. more than 60 different structures were classified, which ofte ...201525323736
surface mn(ii) oxidation actuated by a multicopper oxidase in a soil bacterium leads to the formation of manganese oxide minerals.in this manuscript, we report that a bacterial multicopper oxidase (mco266) catalyzes mn(ii) oxidation on the cell surface, resulting in the surface deposition of mn(iii) and mn(iv) oxides and the gradual formation of bulky oxide aggregates. these aggregates serve as nucleation centers for the formation of mn oxide micronodules and mn-rich sediments. a soil-borne escherichia coli with high mn(ii)-oxidizing activity formed mn(iii)/mn(iv) oxide deposit layers and aggregates under laboratory cultur ...201526039669
lov histidine kinase modulates the general stress response system and affects the virb operon expression in brucella abortus.brucella is the causative agent of the zoonotic disease brucellosis, and its success as an intracellular pathogen relies on its ability to adapt to the harsh environmental conditions that it encounters inside the host. the brucella genome encodes a sensor histidine kinase containing a lov domain upstream from the kinase, lovhk, which plays an important role in light-regulated brucella virulence. in this report we study the intracellular signaling pathway initiated by the light sensor lovhk using ...201525993430
mutations in rna polymerase bridge helix and switch regions affect active-site networks and transcript-assisted hydrolysis.in bacterial rna polymerase (rnap), the bridge helix and switch regions form an intricate network with the catalytic active centre and the main channel. these interactions are important for catalysis, hydrolysis and clamp domain movement. by targeting conserved residues in escherichia coli rnap, we are able to show that functions of these regions are differentially required during σ(70)-dependent and the contrasting σ(54)-dependent transcription activations and thus potentially underlie the key ...201526365052
genomic and proteomic evidences unravel the uv-resistome of the poly-extremophile acinetobacter sp. ver3.ultraviolet radiation can damage biomolecules, with detrimental or even lethal effects for life. even though lower wavelengths are filtered by the ozone layer, a significant amount of harmful uv-b and uv-a radiation reach earth's surface, particularly in high altitude environments. high-altitude andean lakes (haals) are a group of disperse shallow lakes and salterns, located at the dry central andes region in south america at altitudes above 3,000 m. as it is considered one of the highest uv-exp ...201525954258
structure and function of a short lov protein from the marine phototrophic bacterium dinoroseobacter shibae.light, oxygen, voltage (lov) domains are widely distributed in plants, algae, fungi, bacteria, and represent the photo-responsive domains of various blue-light photoreceptor proteins. their photocycle involves the blue-light triggered adduct formation between the c(4a) atom of a non-covalently bound flavin chromophore and the sulfur atom of a conserved cysteine in the lov sensor domain. lov proteins show considerable variation in the structure of n- and c-terminal elements which flank the lov co ...201525887755
α,β-dehydroamino acids in naturally occurring peptides.α,β-dehydroamino acids are naturally occurring non-coded amino acids, found primarily in peptides. the review focuses on the type of α,β-dehydroamino acids, the structure of dehydropeptides, the source of their origin and bioactivity. dehydropeptides are isolated primarily from bacteria and less often from fungi, marine invertebrates or even higher plants. they reveal mainly antibiotic, antifungal, antitumour, and phytotoxic activity. more than 60 different structures were classified, which ofte ...201525323736
the identification of genes important in pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola plant colonisation using in vitro screening of transposon libraries.the bacterial plant pathogen pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola (pph) colonises the surface of common bean plants before moving into the interior of plant tissue, via wounds and stomata. in the intercellular spaces the pathogen proliferates in the apoplastic fluid and forms microcolonies (biofilms) around plant cells. if the pathogen can suppress the plant's natural resistance response, it will cause halo blight disease. the process of resistance suppression is fairly well understood, but the ...201526325299
fine-scale analysis of 16s rrna sequences reveals a high level of taxonomic diversity among vaginal atopobium spp.although vaginal microbial communities of some healthy women have high proportions of atopobium vaginae, the genus atopobium is more commonly associated with bacterial vaginosis, a syndrome associated with an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes and the transmission of sexually transmitted diseases. genetic differences within atopobium species may explain why single species can be associated with both health and disease. we used 16s rrna gene sequences from previously published studies t ...201525778779
techniques for transferring host-pathogen protein interactions knowledge to new tasks.we consider the problem of building a model to predict protein-protein interactions (ppis) between the bacterial species salmonella typhimurium and the plant host arabidopsis thaliana which is a host-pathogen pair for which no known ppis are available. to achieve this, we present approaches, which use homology and statistical learning methods called "transfer learning." in the transfer learning setting, the task of predicting ppis between arabidopsis and its pathogen s. typhimurium is called the ...201525699028
structure of escherichia coli dgtp triphosphohydrolase: a hexameric enzyme with dna effector molecules.the escherichia coli dgt gene encodes a dgtp triphosphohydrolase whose detailed role still remains to be determined. deletion of dgt creates a mutator phenotype, indicating that the dgtpase has a fidelity role, possibly by affecting the cellular dntp pool. in the present study, we have investigated the structure of the dgt protein at 3.1-å resolution. one of the obtained structures revealed a protein hexamer that contained two molecules of single-stranded dna. the presence of dna caused signific ...201525694425
recent trends in control methods for bacterial wilt diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum.previous studies have described the development of control methods against bacterial wilt diseases caused by ralstonia solanacearum. this review focused on recent advances in control measures, such as biological, physical, chemical, cultural, and integral measures, as well as biocontrol efficacy and suppression mechanisms. biological control agents (bcas) have been dominated by bacteria (90%) and fungi (10%). avirulent strains of r. solanacearum, pseudomonas spp., bacillus spp., and streptomyces ...201525762345
structural insight into how bacteria prevent interference between multiple divergent type iv secretion systems.prokaryotes use type iv secretion systems (t4sss) to translocate substrates (e.g., nucleoprotein, dna, and protein) and/or elaborate surface structures (i.e., pili or adhesins). bacterial genomes may encode multiple t4sss, e.g., there are three functionally divergent t4sss in some bartonella species (vir, vbh, and trw). in a unique case, most rickettsial species encode a t4ss (rvh) enriched with gene duplication. within single genomes, the evolutionary and functional implications of cross-system ...201526646013
exploring comqxpa quorum-sensing diversity and biocontrol potential of bacillus spp. isolates from tomato rhizoplane.bacillus subtilis is a widespread and diverse bacterium t exhibits a remarkable intraspecific diversity of the comqxpa quorum-sensing (qs) system. this manifests in the existence of distinct communication groups (pherotypes) that can efficiently communicate within a group, but not between groups. similar qs diversity was also found in other bacterial species, and its ecological and evolutionary meaning is still being explored. here we further address the comqxpa qs diversity among isolates from ...201525757097
type iii secretion system translocon component eseb forms filaments on and mediates autoaggregation of and biofilm formation by edwardsiella tarda.the type iii secretion system (t3ss) of edwardsiella tarda plays an important role in infection by translocating effector proteins into host cells. eseb, a component required for effector translocation, is reported to mediate autoaggregation of e. tarda. in this study, we demonstrate that eseb forms filamentous appendages on the surface of e. tarda and is required for biofilm formation by e. tarda in dulbecco's modified eagle's medium (dmem). biofilm formation by e. tarda in dmem does not requir ...201526116669
the tyrosine aminomutase tam1 is required for β-tyrosine biosynthesis in rice.non-protein amino acids, often isomers of the standard 20 protein amino acids, have defense-related functions in many plant species. a targeted search for jasmonate-induced metabolites in cultivated rice (oryza sativa) identified (r)-β-tyrosine, an isomer of the common amino acid (s)-α-tyrosine in the seeds, leaves, roots, and root exudates of the nipponbare cultivar. assays with 119 diverse cultivars showed a distinct presence/absence polymorphism, with β-tyrosine being most prevalent in temper ...201525901084
perception of pathogenic or beneficial bacteria and their evasion of host immunity: pattern recognition receptors in the frontline.plants are continuously monitoring the presence of microorganisms to establish an adapted response. plants commonly use pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to perceive microbe- or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (mamps/pamps) which are microorganism molecular signatures. located at the plant plasma membrane, the prrs are generally receptor-like kinases (rlks) or receptor-like proteins (rlps). mamp detection will lead to the establishment of a plant defense program called mamp-triggered i ...201525904927
fleq coordinates flagellum-dependent and -independent motilities in pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato dc3000.motility plays an essential role in bacterial fitness and colonization in the plant environment, since it favors nutrient acquisition and avoidance of toxic substances, successful competition with other microorganisms, the ability to locate the preferred hosts, access to optimal sites within them, and dispersal in the environment during the course of transmission. in this work, we have observed that the mutation of the flagellar master regulatory gene, fleq, alters bacterial surface motility and ...201526296726
new insights into the biological role of the osmoregulated periplasmic glucans in pathogenic and symbiotic bacteria.this review emphasizes the biological roles of the osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (opgs). osmoregulated periplasmic glucans occur in almost all α-, β- and γ-proteobacteria. this polymer of glucose is required for full virulence. the roles of the opgs are complex and vary depending on the species. here, we outline the four major roles of the opgs through four different pathogenic and one symbiotic bacterial models (dickeya dadantii, salmonella enterica, pseudomonas aeruginosa, brucella abortus ...201526265506
discovery of novel small molecule modulators of clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis.clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (cmm) is a gram-positive seed-transmitted bacterial phytopathogen responsible for substantial economic losses by adversely affecting tomato production worldwide. a high-throughput, cell-based screen was adapted to identify novel small molecule growth inhibitors to serve as leads for future bactericide development. a library of 4,182 compounds known to be bioactive against saccharomyces cerevisiae was selected for primary screening against cmm wild-t ...201526539169
genetic determinants of reutericyclin biosynthesis in lactobacillus reuteri.reutericyclin is a unique antimicrobial tetramic acid produced by some strains of lactobacillus reuteri. this study aimed to identify the genetic determinants of reutericyclin biosynthesis. comparisons of the genomes of reutericyclin-producing l. reuteri strains with those of non-reutericyclin-producing strains identified a genomic island of 14 open reading frames (orfs) including genes coding for a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (nrps), a polyketide synthase (pks), homologues of phla, phlb, an ...201525576609
crystal structure and comparative sequence analysis of gmha from colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34h provides insight into functional similarity with diaa.the psychrophilic organism colwellia psychrerythraea strain 34h produces extracellular polysaccharide substances to tolerate cold environments. sedoheptulose 7-phosphate isomerase (gmha) is essential for producing d-glycero-d-mannoheptose 7-phosphate, a key mediator in the lipopolysaccharide biosynthetic pathway. we determined the crystal structure of gmha from c. psychrerythraea strain 34h (cpsgmha, uniprotkb code: q47vu0) at a resolution of 2.8 å. the tetrameric structure is similar to that of ...201526612680
preliminary investigation on the use of allyi isothiocyanate to increase the shelf-life of gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata) fillets.the aim of this work is to evaluate the activity of allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) against fish spoilage bacteria (specific spoilage organisms; ssos) as well as its possible use in gilthead sea bream (sparus aurata) fillets to extend their shelf-life. in this regard, in vitro tests are carried out in order to evaluate the inhibitory activity of aitc and its vapours on several strains of ssos. the aitc effect on the shelf-life of sea bream fillets was made by putting them in plastic trays hermetical ...201527800402
biocontrol mechanism by root-associated bacillus amyloliquefaciens fzb42 - a review.bacillus amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum fzb42 is a gram-positive model bacterium for unraveling plant-microbe interactions in bacilli. in addition, fzb42 is used commercially as biofertilizer and biocontrol agent in agriculture. genome analysis of fzb42 revealed that nearly 10% of the fzb42 genome is devoted to synthesizing antimicrobial metabolites and their corresponding immunity genes. however, recent investigations in planta demonstrated that - except surfactin - the amount of such compo ...201526284057
pseudomonas putida-a versatile host for the production of natural products.the biosynthesis of natural products by heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways in amenable production strains enables biotechnological access to a variety of valuable compounds by conversion of renewable resources. pseudomonas putida has emerged as a microbial laboratory work horse, with elaborated techniques for cultivation and genetic manipulation available. beyond that, this bacterium offers several particular advantages with regard to natural product biosynthesis, notably a versati ...201526099332
bacterial extracellular polysaccharides in biofilm formation and function.microbes produce a biofilm matrix consisting of proteins, extracellular dna, and polysaccharides that is integral in the formation of bacterial communities. historical studies of polysaccharides revealed that their overproduction often alters the colony morphology and can be diagnostic in identifying certain species. the polysaccharide component of the matrix can provide many diverse benefits to the cells in the biofilm, including adhesion, protection, and structure. aggregative polysaccharides ...201526185074
genome-wide survey of two-component signal transduction systems in the plant growth-promoting bacterium azospirillum.two-component systems (tcs) play critical roles in sensing and responding to environmental cues. azospirillum is a plant growth-promoting rhizobacterium living in the rhizosphere of many important crops. despite numerous studies about its plant beneficial properties, little is known about how the bacterium senses and responds to its rhizospheric environment. the availability of complete genome sequenced from four azospirillum strains (a. brasilense sp245 and cbg 497, a. lipoferum 4b and azospiri ...201526489830
type iii secretion systems: the bacterial flagellum and the injectisome.the flagellum and the injectisome are two of the most complex and fascinating bacterial nanomachines. at their core, they share a type iii secretion system (t3ss), a transmembrane export complex that forms the extracellular appendages, the flagellar filament and the injectisome needle. recent advances, combining structural biology, cryo-electron tomography, molecular genetics, in vivo imaging, bioinformatics and biophysics, have greatly increased our understanding of the t3ss, especially the str ...201526370933
reinvigorating natural product combinatorial biosynthesis with synthetic biology.natural products continue to play a pivotal role in drug-discovery efforts and in the understanding if human health. the ability to extend nature's chemistry through combinatorial biosynthesis--altering functional groups, regiochemistry and scaffold backbones through the manipulation of biosynthetic enzymes--offers unique opportunities to create natural product analogs. incorporating emerging synthetic biology techniques has the potential to further accelerate the refinement of combinatorial bio ...201526284672
phenotypic heterogeneity, a phenomenon that may explain why quorum sensing does not always result in truly homogenous cell behavior.phenotypic heterogeneity describes the occurrence of "nonconformist" cells within an isogenic population. the nonconformists show an expression profile partially different from that of the remainder of the population. phenotypic heterogeneity affects many aspects of the different bacterial lifestyles, and it is assumed that it increases bacterial fitness and the chances for survival of the whole population or smaller subpopulations in unfavorable environments. well-known examples for phenotypic ...201526025903
draft genome sequence of pseudomonas abietaniphila kf717 (nbrc 110669), isolated from biphenyl-contaminated soil in japan.pseudomonas abietaniphila kf717 utilizes biphenyl as a sole source of carbon and energy and degrades polychlorinated biphenyls (pcbs). we report here the 6,930,016-bp genome sequence of this strain, which contains 6,323 predicted coding sequences (cdss), including the biphenyl-utilizing bph gene cluster.201525792041
a vector system for abc transporter-mediated secretion and purification of recombinant proteins in pseudomonas species.pseudomonas fluorescens is an efficient platform for recombinant protein production. p. fluorescens has an abc transporter secreting endogenous thermostable lipase (tlia) and protease, which can be exploited to transport recombinant proteins across the cell membrane. in this study, the expression vector pdart was constructed by inserting tlidef, genes encoding the abc transporter, along with the construct of the lipase abc transporter recognition domain (lard), into pdsk519, a widely used shuttl ...201525548043
antagonism between phytohormone signalling underlies the variation in disease susceptibility of tomato plants under elevated co2.increasing co2 concentrations ([co2]) have the potential to disrupt plant-pathogen interactions in natural and agricultural ecosystems, but the research in this area has often produced conflicting results. variations in phytohormone salicylic acid (sa) and jasmonic acid (ja) signalling could be associated with variations in the responses of pathogens to plants grown under elevated [co2]. in this study, interactions between tomato plants and three pathogens with different infection strategies wer ...201525657213
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