Publications

the marked increase of listeria monocytogenes isolation from contents of swine cecum.	the actual prevalence of listeria monocytogenes from contents of swine cecum was investigated. the efficiency of listeria enrichment broth (leb) for isolation was examined by the recovery of artificially inoculated l. monocytogenes in contents of swine cecum. the numbers of organisms did not increase after 48 h incubation, but increased when the rapid decrease in ph of the leb was adjusted. between 1991 and 1993, 250 contents of swine cecum were examined for the prevalence of l. monocytogenes us ...	2005	15932770
presence of gadd1 glutamate decarboxylase in selected listeria monocytogenes strains is associated with an ability to grow at low ph.	the glutamate decarboxylase (gad) system is critical to the survival of listeria monocytogenes lo28 at low-ph stress (<ph 4.0). the gad system classically involves two proteins, a glutamate decarboxylase enzyme coupled to a glutamate/gamma-aminobutyrate antiporter, which results in the consumption of an intracellular proton for each glutamate entering the system. uniquely among prokaryotes, some strains of l. monocytogenes, including strain lo28, possess genes encoding three decarboxylases (gadd ...	2005	15932974
influence of stress on individual lag time distributions of listeria monocytogenes.	the effects of nine common food industry stresses on the times to the turbidity (t(d)) distribution of listeria monocytogenes were determined. it was established that the main source of the variability of t(d) for stressed cells was the variability of individual lag times. the distributions of t(d) revealed that there was a noticeable difference in response to the stresses encountered by the l. monocytogenes cells. the applied stresses led to significant changes of the shape, the mean, and the v ...	2005	15932988
amplified intergenic locus polymorphism as a basis for bacterial typing of listeria spp. and escherichia coli.	dna-based methods are increasingly important for bacterial typing. the high number of polymorphic sites present among closely related bacterial genomes is the basis for the presented method. the method identifies multilocus genomic polymorphisms in intergenic regions termed ailp (amplified intergenic locus polymorphism). for each locus, a pair of unique pcr primers was designed to amplify an intergenic sequence from one open reading frame (orf) to the adjacent orf. presence, absence, and size va ...	2005	15933014
bacteriocin from honeybee beebread enterococcus avium, active against listeria monocytogenes.	enterococcus avium isolated from apis mellifera beebread produces a thermoresistant bacteriocin with a strain-dependent inhibitory effect on listeria and without effect on gram-negative bacteria. the bacteriocin appeared to be a polypeptide of about 6 kda. genetic analyses revealed no extrachromosomal material in e. avium.	2005	15933045
cd70+ antigen-presenting cells control the proliferation and differentiation of t cells in the intestinal mucosa.	one unresolved issue in gut immunity is how mucosal t lymphocytes are activated and which antigen-presenting cell (apc) is critical for the regulation of this process. we have identified a unique population of apcs that is exclusively localized in the lamina propria. these apcs constitutively expressed the costimulatory molecule cd70 and had antigen-presenting functions. after oral infection of mice with listeria monocytogenes, proliferation and differentiation of antigen-specific t cells occurr ...	2005	15937486
immune responses of mice to vaccinia virus recombinants expressing either listeria monocytogenes partial listeriolysin or brucella abortus ribosomal l7/l12 protein.	the brucella abortus l7/l12 gene encoding ribosomal protein l7/l12 and the listeria monocytogenes partial hly gene encoding the protective region of the hemolysin (partial listeriolysin, pllo) were cloned into vaccinia virus by homologous recombination to produce recombinants wrl7/l12 and wrpllo, respectively. the ability of these recombinants to induce humoral, cell mediated and protective immune response in mice was assessed. although mice inoculated with wrl7/l12 recombinant produced antibodi ...	2005	15941627
in vivo modulation of t cell responses and protective immunity by tcr antagonism during infection.	infectious agents are known to express altered peptide ligands that antagonize t cells in vitro; however, direct evidence of tcr antagonism during infection is still lacking, and its importance in the context of infection remains to be established. in this study, we used a murine model of infection with recombinant listeria monocytogenes and addressed three issues that are critical for assessing the role of tcr antagonism in the modulation of the immune response. first, we demonstrated that the ...	2005	15944303
phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c of bacillus anthracis down-modulates the immune response.	phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipases (pi-plcs) are virulence factors produced by many pathogenic bacteria, including bacillus anthracis and listeria monocytogenes. bacillus pi-plc differs from listeria pi-plc in that it has strong activity for cleaving gpi-anchored proteins. treatment of murine dcs with bacillus, but not listeria, pi-plc inhibited dendritic cell (dc) activation by tlr ligands. infection of mice with listeria expressing b. anthracis pi-plc resulted in a reduced ag-specifi ...	2005	15944308
listeriolysin o-induced membrane permeation mediates persistent interleukin-6 production in caco-2 cells during listeria monocytogenes infection in vitro.	listeriolysin o (llo), a major virulence factor of listeria monocytogenes, is a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin family and plays important roles not only in survival of this bacterium in phagocytes but also in induction of various cellular responses, including cytokine production. in this work, we examined the involvement of llo in induction of the cytokine response in intestinal epithelial cells, the front line of host defense against food-borne listeriosis. infection of caco-2 ce ...	2005	15972472
infection-stimulated fibrin deposition controls hemorrhage and limits hepatic bacterial growth during listeriosis.	bacterial infections are major causes of human mortality. the activation of coagulation pathways leading to the deposition of insoluble fibrin frequently accompanies bacterial infection, and much attention has focused upon the pathological attributes of infection-stimulated fibrin deposition. nevertheless, here we present conclusive evidence that infection-stimulated fibrin deposition can perform critical protective functions during bacterial infection. specifically, we demonstrate that coagulat ...	2005	15972474
involvement of listeria monocytogenes phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c and host protein kinase c in permeabilization of the macrophage phagosome.	we have previously shown that phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c (pi-plc) produced by listeria monocytogenes activates a host protein kinase c (pkc) cascade which promotes escape of the bacterium from a macrophage-like cell phagosome. here, we provide evidence linking bacterial pi-plc and host pkc beta to phagosome permeabilization, which precedes escape.	2005	15972539
cross-recognition of n-formylmethionine peptides is a general characteristic of h2-m3-restricted cd8+ t cells.	h2-m3-restricted cd8+ t cells can exhibit cross-reactivity to different bacterially derived n-formylmethionine peptides. the extent of this promiscuity is unclear. we deleted the nonredundant fmivtlf epitope and found that listeria monocytogenes still primed fmivtlf-specific t cells. thus, cross-reactivity appears to be a more general characteristic of h2-m3-restricted t cells.	2005	15972542
cd8alpha+ dendritic cells selectively present mhc class i-restricted noncytolytic viral and intracellular bacterial antigens in vivo.	cd8alpha(+) dendritic cells (dcs) have been shown to be the principal dc subset involved in priming mhc class i-restricted ctl immunity to a variety of cytolytic viruses, including hsv type 1, influenza, and vaccinia virus. whether priming of ctls by cd8alpha(+) dcs is limited to cytolytic viruses, which may provide dead cellular material for this dc subset, or whether these dcs selectively present intracellular ags, is unknown. to address this question, we examined ag presentation to a noncytol ...	2005	15972648
simultaneous th1-type cytokine expression is a signature of peritoneal cd4+ lymphocytes responding to infection with listeria monocytogenes.	the robust murine response to infection with listeria monocytogenes makes an excellent model to study the functional development of immune cells. we investigated the cellular immune response to i.p. infection using intracellular cytokine staining to identify ag-specific lymphocytes. cd4(+) peritoneal exudate cells obtained 10 days postinfection predominantly coexpressed tnf-alpha, ifn-gamma, and il-2 after polyclonal or ag stimulation. a population of cells simultaneously making tnf-alpha and if ...	2005	15972673
listeria-infected myeloid dendritic cells produce ifn-beta, priming t cell activation.	the intracellular bacterium listeria monocytogenes infects dendritic cells (dc) and other apcs and induces potent cell-mediated protective immunity. however, heat-killed bacteria fail to do so. this study explored whether dc differentially respond to live and killed listeria and how this affects t cell activation. to control for bacterial number, a replication-deficient strain, lmdd, defective in d-alanine biosynthesis, was used. we found that dc internalize both live and heat-killed lmdd and si ...	2005	15972676
evolution of listeria populations in food samples undergoing enrichment culturing.	the isolation of listeria monocytogenes from food is carried out using a double enrichment. it is believed that the double enrichment can allow the overgrowth of listeria innocua in samples where both species are present. in this study, we have evaluated the impact of overgrowth between listeria species and strains during each step of the enrichment process. the effect of factors minimizing interactions between strains or phage inhibitory effects has also been estimated. in an artificially conta ...	2005	15975676
autistic effector t cells in mice with a point mutation in the lat adaptor fail to respond to listeria monocytogenes infection.	the adaptor protein linker for activation of t cells (lat) is an important transducer of extracellular t cell stimuli. in mice with a point mutation in lat (laty136f), tcr signaling is substantially compromised and laty136f t cells are unresponsive to cd3 cross-linking in vitro. nevertheless, laty136f mice develop a polyclonal lymphoproliferation of cd4(+) t cells, which display a t(h)2-polarized effector phenotype. in this study, laty136f mice were infected with the intracellular bacterium list ...	2005	15976034
prediction of pathogen growth on iceberg lettuce under real temperature history during distribution from farm to table.	the growth of pathogenic bacteria escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella spp., and listeria monocytogenes on iceberg lettuce under constant and fluctuating temperatures was modelled in order to estimate the microbial safety of this vegetable during distribution from the farm to the table. firstly, we examined pathogen growth on lettuce at constant temperatures, ranging from 5 to 25 degrees c, and then we obtained the growth kinetic parameters (lag time, maximum growth rate (micro(max)), and maximu ...	2005	15979180
an outbreak of food-borne listeriosis due to cheese in japan, during 2001.	food-borne outbreaks caused by listeria monocytogenes have been recognized in us and european countries. only sporadic cases, of neonatal listeriosis, have been reported in japan. since l. monocytogenes has been often isolated from foods in japan, food-borne outbreaks potentially could have occurred. in february 2001, l. monocytogenes serotype 1/2b was isolated from a washed-type cheese during routine listeria monitoring of 123 domestic cheeses. further samples from products and the environments ...	2005	15979181
effect of inoculation of carnobacterium divergens v41, a bio-preservative strain against listeria monocytogenes risk, on the microbiological, chemical and sensory quality of cold-smoked salmon.	the aim of this study was to develop a bio-preservation strategy for cold-smoked salmon (css) by the use of lactic acid bacteria previously selected for their capability to inhibit the growth of listeria monocytogenes in the product. the spoiling potential of three carnobacterium strains (carnobacterium divergens v41, carnobacterium piscicola v1 and sf668) was tested in sterile css blocks inoculated by 10(4-5) cfu g(-)(1) and stored under vacuum for 9 days at 4 degrees c followed by 19 days at 8 ...	2005	15979753
bacterial shape and acta distribution affect initiation of listeria monocytogenes actin-based motility.	we have examined the process by which the intracellular bacterial pathogen listeria monocytogenes initiates actin-based motility and determined the contribution of the variable surface distribution of the acta protein to initiation and steady-state movement. to directly correlate acta distributions to actin dynamics and motility of live bacteria, acta was fused to a monomeric red fluorescent protein (mrfp1). actin comet tail formation and steady-state bacterial movement rates both depended on ac ...	2005	15980176
bioluminescent imaging of melanoma in live mice.	melanoma is highly resistant to conventional chemotherapeutic agents and novel therapeutic approaches are needed. current animal models of melanoma in animals are sub-optimal. the most commonly used homograft model is the b16 mouse melanoma. evaluation of potential melanoma therapies with this model is limited by the inaccuracy of caliper measurement of subcutaneous tumors, of counting lung nodules in metastasis models, and the indirect nature of "survival" curves when studying brain metastases. ...	2005	15982316
production of antibodies to canine il-1beta and canine tnf to assess the role of proinflammatory cytokines.	il-1 and tnf are important proinflammatory cytokines implicated in both antimicrobial host defense and pathogenesis of diseases with an immune-mediated and/or inflammatory component. respective studies in the dog have been hampered by the unavailability of reagents allowing the specific measurement of canine cytokine proteins and the effect of canine cytokine neutralization by ab. starting with recombinant canine (rcan) il-1beta and rcantnf, four polyclonal antisera and 22 mab specific for rcani ...	2005	15982477
tumor necrosis factor and its blockade in granulomatous infections: differential modes of action of infliximab and etanercept?	tumor necrosis factor (tnf) is a critical component of both the antibacterially protective and the inflammatory responses against infections, particularly infections with intracellularly viable microorganisms. it is, therefore, not surprising that some treatment regimens that target tnf function have resulted in an increase in complications associated with infections due to such pathogens as mycobacterium tuberculosis, listeria monocytogenes, and histoplasma capsulatum; organized granuloma forma ...	2005	15983900
the host type i interferon response to viral and bacterial infections.	type i interferons (ifn) are well studied cytokines with anti-viral and immune-modulating functions. type i ifns are produced following viral infections, but until recently, the mechanisms of viral recognition leading to ifn production were largely unknown. toll like receptors (tlrs) have emerged as key transducers of type i ifn during viral infections by recognizing various viral components. furthermore, much progress has been made in defining the signaling pathways downstream of tlrs for type ...	2005	15987599
anti-listeria monocytogenes bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances from enterococcus faecium uq31 isolated from artisan mexican-style cheese.	artisan fresh mexican-style cheeses are commonly made from raw milk that provides not only rich flavors, but also a diversity of associated lactic acid bacteria (lab) strains. enterococcus faecium uq31 was isolated from panela cheese and produced bacteriocin-like inhibitory substances (blis) with a strong anti-listeria activity. a modified ph-mediated adsorption-desorption purification process resulted in (after sds-page) two bands showing antimicrobial activities, where most of the activity cor ...	2005	15991053
a novel role for the lisrk two-component regulatory system in listerial osmotolerance.	understanding how pathogenic bacteria sense and respond to environmental signals, including those involved in triggering virulence gene expression, is a fundamental biological goal. it is now known that the two-component regulatory system lisrk has a novel role in osmosensing and osmoregulation in the intracellular foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes. furthermore, htra, a gene linked to osmotolerance and virulence potential in l. monocytogenes, is now known to be under the transcriptional ...	2005	16008610
reflections on the use of robust and least-squares non-linear regression to model challenge tests conducted in/on food products.	in this research, we question the straight-forward use of the classical sum of squared error criterion for identifying the typical parameters of a primary model (like growth rate mumax and lag time lambda) when applied to growth curves obtained in and on food products. firstly, we base our reflections on 62 listeria monocytogenes laboratory challenge tests collected in various environments (broth, crushed cold-smoked salmon, and surface of cold-smoked salmon slices). whereas growth data in broth ...	2005	16009440
[spontaneous bacterial peritonitis caused by listeria monocytogenes. review of one case].		2005	16013103
stability and antimicrobial efficiency of eugenol encapsulated in surfactant micelles as affected by temperature and ph.	growth inhibition of four strains of escherichia coli o157:h7 (h1730, f4546, 932, and e0019) and listeria monocytogenes (scott a, 101, 108, and 310) by eugenol encapsulated in water soluble micellar nonionic surfactant solutions (surfynol 485w) adjusted to ph 5, 6, and 7 and incubated at 10, 22, and 32 degrees c was determined. concentrations of eugenol ranged from 0.2 to 0.9% at a surfactant concentration of 5%. antimicrobial activity was assessed using a microbroth dilution assay. eugenol enca ...	2005	16013371
survival of listeria monocytogenes and escherichia coli o157:h7 during sauerkraut fermentation.	sauerkraut was produced from shredded cabbage, as is typical in the united states, and from whole head cabbages, which is a traditional process in parts of eastern europe. the sauerkraut was inoculated with five strain mixtures of escherichia coli o157:h7 and listeria monocytogenes, and the populations of these bacteria, as well as lactic acid bacteria, ph, and titratable acidity, were monitored over the course of fermentation. fermentation variables were temperature (18 and 22 degrees c) and sa ...	2005	16013372
enhancing the bactericidal effect of electrolyzed water on listeria monocytogenes biofilms formed on stainless steel.	biofilms are potential sources of contamination to food in processing plants, because they frequently survive sanitizer treatments during cleaning. the objective of this research was to investigate the combined use of alkaline and acidic electrolyzed (eo) water in the inactivation of listeria monocytogenes biofilms on stainless steel surfaces. biofilms were grown on rectangular stainless steel (type 304, no. 4 finish) coupons (2 by 5 cm) in a 1:10 dilution of tryptic soy broth that contained a f ...	2005	16013373
combined efficacy of nisin and pediocin with sodium lactate, citric acid, phytic acid, and potassium sorbate and edta in reducing the listeria monocytogenes population of inoculated fresh-cut produce.	the inability of chlorine to completely inactivate human bacterial pathogens on whole and fresh-cut produce suggests a need for other antimicrobial washing treatments. nisin (50 microg/ml) and pediocin (100 au/ml) individually or in combination with sodium lactate (2%), potassium sorbate (0.02%), phytic acid (0.02%), and citric acid (10 mm) were tested as possible sanitizer treatments for reducing the population of listeria monocytogenes on cabbage, broccoli, and mung bean sprouts. cabbage, broc ...	2005	16013374
food safety knowledge of consumers and the microbiological and temperature status of their refrigerators.	the objectives of this study were to examine domestic food safety knowledge levels of consumers, establish the levels and incidence of bacterial contamination and operational temperatures in domestic refrigerators, and identify areas in which consumer food safety education is necessary in ireland. a food safety knowledge questionnaire applied to a representative sample of households (n = 1,020) throughout the island of ireland found the gaps in consumer food safety knowledge. analysis of swab sa ...	2005	16013380
microbicidal activity of tripotassium phosphate and fatty acids toward spoilage and pathogenic bacteria associated with poultry.	the ability of solutions of tripotassium phosphate (tpp) and fatty acids (lauric and myristic acids) to reduce populations of spoilage and pathogenic microorganisms associated with processed poultry was examined. in vitro studies were conducted with cultures of bacteria (campylobacter jejuni, escherichia coli, listeria monocytogenes, pseudomonas aeruginosa, salmonella typhimurium, and staphylococcus aureus) and yeasts (candida ernobii and yarrowia lipolytica). cultures of the bacteria and yeasts ...	2005	16013388
rapid quantitative detection of, listeria monocytogenes in salmon products: evaluation of pre-real-time pcr strategies.	the spread and persistence of listeria monocytogenes in smoked fish products and seafood processing factories are big concerns. thus, the corresponding quality assurance programs must include adequate microbiological control measures. we evaluated eight different pre-pcr sample processing strategies to be coupled with a previously developed real-time pcr assay for the quantitative detection of l. monocytogenes in salmon products. the optimal pre-pcr procedure involved filtration and dna purifica ...	2005	16013389
effect of ph on the inhibition of listeria spp. by vanillin and vanillic acid.	the antimicrobial effects of vanillin and vanillic acid were verified against several species and strains of listeria monocytogenes, listeria innocua, listeria grayi, and listeria seeligeri in a laboratory medium adjusted to ph values ranging from 5.0 to 8.0. medium ph had little influence on the mic of vanillin as determined by a broth dilution assay, and growth of all test strains was inhibited by concentrations ranging from 23 to 33 mm. in contrast, none of the strains were inhibited by 100 m ...	2005	16013390
the influence of mayonnaise ph and storage temperature on the growth of listeria monocytogenes in seafood salad.	seafood salad has been identified as a ready-to-eat food with a relatively high incidence of contamination by listeria monocytogenes; however, little is known about the behavior of this pathogen in seafood salad as a function of product ph and storage temperature. to produce data towards the development of a predictive growth model, a 6-strain cocktail of l. monocytogenes was inoculated onto the surface of a shrimp-crabmeat product, mixed with mayonnaise that was previously adjusted with naoh to ...	2005	16014295
occurrence and ribotypes of listeria monocytogenes in gorgonzola cheeses.	in this study 1656 gorgonzola cheeses, collected from october 2003 to april 2004 in the same industrial plant located in lombardia (italy), were analysed in order to evaluate their level of contamination with listeria monocytogenes after packaging, as well as at the end of the shelf life. a subset of gorgonzola isolates was submitted to automated ecori ribotyping to evaluate their dup-ids (dupont identification library code) and their level of genetic diversity. the isolate ribotyping profiles w ...	2005	16014296
gp96 is a receptor for a novel listeria monocytogenes virulence factor, vip, a surface protein.	by comparative genomics, we have identified a gene of the intracellular pathogen listeria monocytogenes that encodes an lpxtg surface protein absent from nonpathogenic listeria species. this gene, vip, is positively regulated by prfa, the transcriptional activator of the major listeria virulence factors. vip is anchored to the listeria cell wall by sortase a and is required for entry into some mammalian cells. using a ligand overlay approach, we identified a cellular receptor for vip, the endopl ...	2005	16015374
genome-wide rnai screen for host factors required for intracellular bacterial infection.	most studies of host-pathogen interactions have focused on pathogen-specific virulence determinants. here, we report a genome-wide rna interference screen to identify host factors required for intracellular bacterial pathogenesis. using drosophila cells and the cytosolic pathogen listeria monocytogenes, we identified 305 double-stranded rnas targeting a wide range of cellular functions that altered l. monocytogenes infection. comparison to a similar screen with mycobacterium fortuitum, a vacuola ...	2005	16020693
pyrrolobenzodiazepine dimers: novel sequence-selective, dna-interactive, cross-linking agents with activity against gram-positive bacteria.	pyrrolo[2,1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (pbd) dimers are synthetic sequence-selective interstrand dna minor-groove cross-linking agents developed from anthramycins. we investigated the antibacterial activity of three dimers, sjg-136, drg-16 and elb-21, which differ in the structure of the pbd monomeric unit and the length of the linker region between the two identical pbd monomers.	2005	16024592
human mitochondria-derived n-formylated peptides are novel agonists equally active on fpr and fprl1, while listeria monocytogenes-derived peptides preferentially activate fpr.	n-formyl peptides are cleavage products of bacterial and mitochondrial proteins, and can attract leukocytes to sites of infection or tissue damage. in this study, hl-60 cell lines expressing the human n-formyl peptide receptor fpr or its two homologues (fprl1, fprl2) were used to determine the receptor selectivity of n-formylated peptides derived from listeria monocytogenes or from human mitochondrial proteins. bacterial peptides were 100-fold more potent on fpr than on fprl1, whereas none of th ...	2005	16025565
longitudinal studies on listeria monocytogenes and other listeria species in two salmon processing plants.	two plants processing salmon fillets and cold smoked salmon were investigated for occurrence of listeria in products and the environment. analyses were conducted for a period of 31 weeks. at plant a, 252 samples were examined of which 97 were from unprocessed fish and 155 from cold-smoked fish. at plant b, 189 samples of unprocessed fish were investigated. the first examination of unprocessed fish at plant a showed a presence of l. monocytogenes and l. spp. in 81% and 19% of the samples respecti ...	2005	16026018
[effect of the constitutive activity of pathogenicity genes in listeria monocytogenes].	the effect of the constitutive expression of pathogenicity factors in l. monocytogenes was studied on the model of the intraperitoneal infection of mice. the constitutive expression was due to a single amino acid substitution in the transcriptional factor pfra, the master regulator of l. monocytogenes virulence genes. the effective lethal dose (ld50) for the strain with the constitutive expression of pathogenicity factors was 3 times lower than for the isogenic wildtype strain. when introduced i ...	2005	16028503
microbiological survey of prepackaged pâté and ham in new zealand.	to gauge the effectiveness of pâté and ham manufacturers' management of the microbial safety and quality of their products.	2005	16033505
bacteriological quality of organically grown leaf lettuce in norway.	to investigate bacteriological quality in organically grown leaf lettuce, including the presence of selected pathogenic bacteria, and to obtain information about organic lettuce production, including fertilizing regimes.	2005	16033519
delineation of the function of a major gamma delta t cell subset during infection.	gammadelta t cells play important but poorly defined roles in pathogen-induced immune responses and in preventing chronic inflammation and pathology. a major obstacle to defining their function is establishing the degree of functional redundancy and heterogeneity among gammadelta t cells. using mice deficient in vgamma1+ t cells which are a major component of the gammadelta t cell response to microbial infection, a specific immunoregulatory role for vgamma1+ t cells in macrophage and gammadelta ...	2005	16034115
relative contributions of nk and cd8 t cells to ifn-gamma mediated innate immune protection against listeria monocytogenes.	during the innate immune response to listeria monocytogenes (lm), the secretion of ifn-gamma is crucial in controlling bacterial numbers. we have shown recently that cd8 t cells have the ability to rapidly secrete ifn-gamma independent of ag, in response to il-12 and il-18, during a lm infection. in the current study, we compared the relative abilities of nk and cd8 t cells to provide innate immune protection. upon transfer of either nk or memory ot-i t cells (specific for the ova protein) into ...	2005	16034116
cd43 is required for optimal growth inhibition of mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages and in mice.	we explored the role of macrophage (mphi) cd43, a transmembrane glycoprotein, in the pathogenesis of mycobacterium tuberculosis. using gene-deleted mice (cd43-/-), we assessed the association of the bacterium with distinct populations of mphi and found that cd43-/- mphi bound less m. tuberculosis than cd43+/+ mphi. increased infective doses did not abrogate this difference. however, reduced association due to the absence of cd43 could be overcome by serum components. mphi from heterozygote mice, ...	2005	16034122
the tlr7 agonist imiquimod enhances the anti-melanoma effects of a recombinant listeria monocytogenes vaccine.	activation of innate immune cells through tlr triggers immunomodulating events that enhance cell-mediated immunity, raising the possibility that ligands to these receptors might act as adjuvants in conjunction with t cell activating vaccines. in this report, topical imiquimod, a synthetic tlr7 agonist, significantly enhanced the protective antitumor effects of a live, recombinant listeria vaccine against murine melanoma. this tumor protective effect was not dependent on direct application to the ...	2005	16034143
phosphatidylinositol-dependent phospholipases c plc2 and plc3 of candida albicans are dispensable for morphogenesis and host-pathogen interaction.	phospholipases play an important role as virulence factors in human pathogens. candida albicans, the major fungal pathogen of humans, encodes phospholipases of type a, b, c and d. type b plb2 and type d pld1 phospholipases have been shown to contribute to virulence in this organism. we analyzed, in c. albicans, plc2 and plc3, two highly conserved genes coding for phosphatidylinositol-dependent phospholipases c with homology to the known virulence factor plca in the human pathogen listeria monocy ...	2005	16040234
listeriosis prevention knowledge among pregnant women in the usa.	listeriosis is a food-borne disease often associated with ready-to-eat foods. it usually causes mild febrile gastrointestinal illness in immunocompetent persons. in pregnant women, it may cause more severe infection and often crosses the placenta to infect the fetus, resulting in miscarriage, fetal death or neonatal morbidity. simple precautions during pregnancy can prevent listeriosis. however, many women are unaware of these precautions and listeriosis education is often omitted from prenatal ...	2005	16040322
independent protective effects for tumor necrosis factor and lymphotoxin alpha in the host response to listeria monocytogenes infection.	although the essential role of tumor necrosis factor (tnf) in resistance to listeria monocytogenes infection is well established, the roles of the related cytokines lymphotoxin alpha (ltalpha) and lymphotoxin beta (ltbeta) are unknown. using c57bl/6 mice in which the genes for these cytokines were disrupted, we examined the contributions of tnf, ltalpha, and ltbeta in the host response to listeria. to overcome the lack of peripheral lymph nodes in ltalpha(-/-) and ltbeta(-/-) mice, bone marrow c ...	2005	16040991
conditional lethality yields a new vaccine strain of listeria monocytogenes for the induction of cell-mediated immunity.	listeria monocytogenes is a gram-positive intracellular pathogen that can enter phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells and colonize their cytosols. taking advantage of this property to generate an intracellular vaccine delivery vector, we previously described a mutant strain of l. monocytogenes, deltadal deltadat, which is unable to synthesize cell wall by virtue of deletions in two genes (dal and dat) required for d-alanine synthesis. this highly attenuated strain induced long-lived protective syst ...	2005	16041022
4-1bb (cd137) is required for rapid clearance of listeria monocytogenes infection.	4-1bb (cd137), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, is a t-cell-costimulatory receptor that is expressed on activated t cells, dendritic cells, and nk cells. little has been reported about its role in early host defense against bacterial infection. in this study, we report that 4-1bb-deficient (4-1bb(-/-)) mice are much more susceptible to listeria monocytogenes (intracellular bacteria) infections than wild-type mice. upon l. monocytogenes infection, 4-1bb(-/-) mice showed ...	2005	16041031
killed but metabolically active microbes: a new vaccine paradigm for eliciting effector t-cell responses and protective immunity.	we developed a new class of vaccines, based on killed but metabolically active (kbma) bacteria, that simultaneously takes advantage of the potency of live vaccines and the safety of killed vaccines. we removed genes required for nucleotide excision repair (uvrab), rendering microbial-based vaccines exquisitely sensitive to photochemical inactivation with psoralen and long-wavelength ultraviolet light. colony formation of the nucleotide excision repair mutants was blocked by infrequent, randomly ...	2005	16041382
[prevalence of listeria spp. in dairy farm and evaluation of antibiotic-resistance of isolates].	the study was performed to estimate the prevalence and antimicrobial sensitivities of listeria spp. in raw milk, feaces end environmental samples isolated from 10 dairy in molise region. a total of 454 samples were collected, which comprised 40 raw milk, 40 animal faeces and 374 environmental samples. listeria monocytogenes was never isolated from raw milk specimens; one was isolated from faeces speciments and two were isolated from environmental samples. all isolates were resistant to two or mo ...	2005	16041920
use of hydrogen peroxide in combination with nisin, sodium lactate and citric acid for reducing transfer of bacterial pathogens from whole melon surfaces to fresh-cut pieces.	hydrogen peroxide (2.5%) alone or hydrogen peroxide (1%) in combination with nisin (25 microg/ml), sodium lactate (1%), and citric acid (0.5%) (hplnc) were investigated as potential sanitizers for reducing escherichia coli o157:h7 or listeria monocytogenes populations on whole cantaloupe and honeydew melons. whole cantaloupes inoculated with e. coli o157:h7 and l. monocytogenes at 5.27 and 4.07 log10 cfu/cm2, respectively, and whole honeydew melons inoculated with e. coli o157:h7 and l. monocyto ...	2005	16043249
cpg-activated thy1.2+ dendritic cells protect against lethal listeria monocytogenes infection.	synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing cpg motifs (cpg odn) activate the innate immune system by interacting with toll-like receptor 9. the resultant immune response increases host resistance to infection by a variety of pathogenic microorganisms, including listeria monocytogenes. there is a considerable interest in harnessing the immunoprotective properties of cpg odn, yet little is known of the cell phenotype(s) responsible for mediating this protection. this work demonstrates that treatme ...	2005	16047338
rapid purification of recombinant listeriolysin o (llo) from escherichia coli.	listeria monocytogenes is an emerging foodborne pathogen that is responsible for about 28% of the food-related deaths in the united states. it causes meningitis, septicaemia and in pregnant women, abortions and stillbirths. it secretes the toxin listeriolysin o (llo) that allows the bacteria to enter the cytoplasm of host cells, where they can replicate and cause further infection. the rapid and sensitive detection of llo in food samples is a key to monitoring and prevention of listeriosis. to f ...	2005	16052337
antibacterial activity of cerein 8a, a bacteriocin-like peptide produced by bacillus cereus.	the mode of action of cerein 8a, a bacteriocin produced by the soil bacterium bacillus cereus 8a, was investigated. the effect of cerein 8a was tested against listeria monocytogenes and a bactericidal effect at 400 arbitrary units (au)/ml was observed. in addition, cerein 8a was bactericidal against bacillus cereus at 200 au/ml, and inhibited the growth of escherichia coli and salmonella enteritidis. stronger inhibition of these gram-negative bacteria was achieved when the chelating agent edta w ...	2005	16052461
detection of pathogenic bacteria in food samples using highly-dispersed carbon particles.	there is an unmet need for detection methods that can rapidly and sensitively detect food borne pathogens. a flow through immunoassay system utilizing highly dispersed carbon particles and an amperometric technique has been developed and optimized. a sandwich immunoassay format was utilized in which pathogenic cells were captured by antibodies immobilized onto activated carbon particles, and labeled with horseradish peroxidase (hrp) conjugated antibodies. flow of the peroxidase substrates result ...	2005	16076439
evolution and molecular phylogeny of listeria monocytogenes isolated from human and animal listeriosis cases and foods.	to probe the evolution and phylogeny of listeria monocytogenes from defined host species and environments, l. monocytogenes isolates from human (n = 60) and animal (n = 30) listeriosis cases and food samples (n = 30) were randomly selected from a larger collection of isolates (n = 354) obtained in new york state between 1999 and 2001. partial sequencing of four housekeeping genes (gap, prs, purm, and ribc), one stress response gene (sigb), and two virulence genes (acta and inla) revealed between ...	2005	16077098
vaccine wakes from the dead.		2005	16079877
urocortin 2 suppresses host resistance to listeria monocytogenes infection via up-regulation of interleukin-10.	previous studies have showed that corticotropin-releasing factor (crf) modulates immune response during inflammation. we investigated the effect of crf family peptides on host resistance to listeria monocytogenes infection in mice. when mice were administered ip with crf, urocortin (ucn), or ucn2 30 min prior a sublethal infection with l. monocytogenes, the numbers of bacteria in the organs of ucn2-treated mice were dramatically increased, and most of these mice succumbed. however, host resistan ...	2005	16081642
analysis of pcr-based methods for characterization of listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from different sources.	listeria monocytogenes strains, isolated from various sources (food, environment, and animals), were used to test different pcr-based methods to investigate their capability to define the strain origin. rapd-pcr with three primers and the sau-pcr method, in which the dna was first digested with the sau3a restriction endonuclease and then amplified with a primer designed on the restriction site, were carried out, and the profiles obtained were used to perform cluster analysis. based on the cluste ...	2005	16083819
control of listeria monocytogenes in model sausages by enterocin as-48.	in this work we describe the control of listeria monocytogenes cect 4032 in sausage by adding the enterocin as-48 producer strains enterococcus faecalis a-48-32 and enterococcus faecium s-32-81, and also by adding a semi-purified preparation of the bacteriocin. addition of preformed as-48 caused a significant decrease (p<0.01) in the number of viable listeria even at the lowest bacteriocin concentration tested (112 au/g). at a higher concentration (225 au/g) listeria were below the detection lev ...	2005	16083820
modelling inactivation of listeria monocytogenes by pulsed electric fields in media of different ph.	a study of the effect of square-wave pulsed electric fields (pef) on the inactivation of listeria monocytogenes in mcilvaine buffer of different ph (3.5-7.0) was conducted. l. monocytoges was more pef sensitive at higher electric field strengths (e) and in media of low ph. a treatment at 28 kv/cm for 400 mus that inactivated 1.5, 2.3 and 3.0 log10 cycles at ph 7.0, 6.5 and 5.0 respectively destroyed almost 6.0 log10 cycles at ph 3.5. the general shape of survival curves of l. monocytogenes pef t ...	2005	16083822
inhibition of foodborne bacteria by native and modified protamine: importance of electrostatic interactions.	protamine is a naturally occurring cationic antimicrobial peptide (cap) that has shown some promise for control of microorganisms in food. it was hypothesized that the antibacterial effect is partially due to protamine's electrostatic affinity to the negatively charged cell envelopes of actively growing bacteria. however, nonspecific binding of the caps to negatively charged food particles may reduce the effect in food systems. to test the hypothesis, the antibacterial efficacies of native and r ...	2005	16084263
role for htra in stress induction and virulence potential in listeria monocytogenes.	in silico analysis of the listeria monocytogenes genome revealed lmo0292, a gene predicted to encode a htra-like serine protease. a stable insertion mutant was constructed, revealing a requirement for htra in the listerial response to heat, acid, and penicillin stress. transcriptional analysis revealed that htra is not induced in response to heat shock but is induced in response to low ph and penicillin g stress. furthermore, htra expression was shown to be dependent upon the lisrk two-component ...	2005	16085809
discrimination of listeria monocytogenes contaminated commercial japanese meats.	discrimination was attempted on 14 listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from commercially available japanese pork and chicken. examination of the isolates was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the chromosomal dna and amplified products and comparison of the nucleotide sequences of the amplified products. a polymorphism region containing the repeated sequences in the iap gene was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the genetic analyses could ...	2005	16091297
enterocin as-48rj: a variant of enterocin as-48 chromosomally encoded by enterococcus faecium rj16 isolated from food.	the bacteriocinogenic strain rj16 isolated from goat cheese has been identified as enterococcusfaecium by species-specific pcr, dna-rrna hybridization and rdna sequencing. purified bacteriocin from strain rj16 is a carboxypeptidase a-resistant peptide with a molecular mass (7125 da) very close to the cyclic peptide enterocin as-48. bacteriocin from strain rj16 and as-48 show identical antibacterial spectra, although the former is slightly less active on strains of listeria monocytogenes and baci ...	2005	16094865
membrane permeabilization, orientation, and antimicrobial mechanism of subtilosin a.	subtilosin a is an antimicrobial peptide produced by the soil bacterium bacillus subtilis that possesses bactericidal activity against a diverse range of bacteria, including listeria monocytogenes. recent structural studies have found that subtilosin a is posttranslationally modified in a unique way, placing it in a new class of bacteriocins. in this study, in order to understand the mechanism of membrane-disruption by subtilosin a, the interaction of the peptide with model phospholipid bilayers ...	2005	16095584
[listeria endophthalmitis].	listeria monocytogenes is a rare cause of endogenous endophthalmitis. during the last 20 years about 30 cases have been published, all of which showed similar clinical features and a profound visual loss mainly owing to delayed diagnosis. this case report is about an otherwise healthy 41-year-old woman whose diagnosis was established 17 days after the onset of symptoms by microbiological cultures. under sufficient therapy signs of local inflammation disappeared and intraocular pressure decreased ...	2005	15480698
listeria monocytogenes produces a pro-invasive factor that signals via erbb2/erbb3 heterodimers.	we have previously demonstrated that conditioned medium from bacteria, some of which were isolated from the colon of cancer patients, stimulate cancer cell invasion in vitro through a 13-mer beta-casein-derived peptide. since invasion signalling pathways are coordinated by the balance between protein kinases and phosphatases, we investigated the effect of conditioned medium from bacteria on the overall cellular tyrosine phosphorylation.	2005	15480783
impairment of host resistance to listeria monocytogenes infection in liver of db/db and ob/ob mice.	leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone that regulates a number of physiological functions, including energy homeostasis and immune function. in immune responses, leptin plays a role in the induction of inflammation. we investigated a role of leptin in listeria monocytogenes infection using leptin receptor-deficient db/db mice and leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. these mutant mice were highly susceptible to l. monocytogenes, and the elimination of bacteria from the liver was inhibited. after infectio ...	2005	15616027
salmonella-mediated oral dna vaccination using stabilized eukaryotic expression plasmids.	the use of salmonella for the delivery of plasmid-encoded heterologous antigens to eukaryotic host cells has proven successful in experimental systems, but its general applicability is still hampered by a severe instability of transformants carrying these expression plasmids. to overcome the problem of plasmid instability, new low copy number expression plasmids were constructed using different replicons. comparative studies between transformants of the high copy number plasmid pcmvbeta and the ...	2005	15616604
salmonella pathogenicity island 2-mediated overexpression of chimeric ssph2 proteins for simultaneous induction of antigen-specific cd4 and cd8 t cells.	salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium employs two different type iii secretion systems (ttss) encoded within salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (spi1 and spi2) for targeting of effector proteins into the cytosol of eukaryotic cells during different stages of the infection cycle. the spi1 ttss translocates virulence factors across the plasma membrane when the bacterium initially contacts the host cell. in contrast, the spi2 ttss functions to translocate proteins across the membrane of the ...	2005	15618170
truncated internalin a and asymptomatic listeria monocytogenes carriage: in vivo investigation by allelic exchange.	allelic exchange of the region coding for the c terminus of inla between one epidemic (with an 80-kda inla) and one asymptomatic (with a 47-kda inla) carriage listeria monocytogenes strain confirmed the need for this region for internalin entry in vitro. interestingly, restoration of internalin a functionality did not result in full virulence in chicken embryo assays.	2005	15618209
differential protein expression by porphyromonas gingivalis in response to secreted epithelial cell components.	the human oral pathogen porphyromonas gingivalis colonizes the gingival crevice and invades gingival epithelial cells. multidimensional capillary high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis were used to analyze the proteome of p. gingivalis as it adapts to a set of experimental conditions designed to reflect important features of an epithelial cell environment. 1014 proteins (46% of the total theoretical proteome) were iden ...	2005	15619293
listeria's right-handed helical rocket-tail trajectories: mechanistic implications for force generation in actin-based motility.	listeria monocytogenes forms right-handed helical rocket tail trajectories during actin-based motility in cell-free extracts, and this stereochemical feature is consistent with actoclampin's affinity-modulated, clamped-filament elongation model [dickinson and purich, 2002: biophys j 82:605-617]. in that mechanism, right-handed torque is generated by an end-tracking molecular motor, each comprised of a filament barbed end and clamping protein that processively traces the right-handed helix of its ...	2005	15627275
analysis of the listeria cell wall proteome by two-dimensional nanoliquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry.	genome analyses have revealed that the gram-positive bacterial species listeria monocytogenes and l. innocua contain a large number of genes encoding surface proteins predicted to be covalently bound to the cell wall (41 and 34, respectively). the function of most of these proteins is unknown and they have not even been identified biochemically. here, we report the first characterization of the listeria cell wall proteome using a nonelectrophoretic approach. the material analyzed consisted of a ...	2005	15627966
sigb-dependent in vitro transcription of prfa and some newly identified genes of listeria monocytogenes whose expression is affected by prfa in vivo.	recent studies have identified several new genes in listeria monocytogenes which are positively or negatively affected by prfa and grouped into three classes (e. milohanic et al., mol. microbiol. 47:1613-1625, 2003). in vitro transcription performed with promoters of some class iii genes showed strict sigb-dependent but prfa-independent transcription initiation. transcription starting at the prfa promoter pprfa2 was also optimal with sigb-loaded rna polymerase, suggesting a direct link between s ...	2005	15629954
mislocalization or reduced expression of arf gtpase-activating protein asap1 inhibits cell spreading and migration by influencing arf1 gtpase cycling.	adp-ribosylation factor (arf) family of small gtp-binding proteins plays a central role in membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal remodeling. asap1 (arf-gap containing sh3, ankyrin repeats, and ph domain) is a phospholipid-dependent arf gtpase-activating protein (arf-gap) that binds to protein-tyrosine kinases src and focal adhesion kinase. using affinity chromatography and mass spectrometry (ms), we identified the adaptor protein cd2-associated protein (cd2ap) as a candidate binding partner of a ...	2005	15632162
specific detection of cytopathogenic listeria monocytogenes using a two-step method of immunoseparation and cytotoxicity analysis.	the development of rapid methods for detection of viable listeria monocytogenes is crucial to prevent listeriosis and product recalls. while immunomagnetic separation has been used for isolating listeria spp., lack of specificity and pathogenicity determination render this method unsatisfactory. a two-step method using protein a agarose beads (immunobeads) coated with a more specific antibody, monoclonal antibody (mab)-c11e9 for l. monocytogenes was developed. immunobeads were allowed to capture ...	2005	15590100
lyophilized preparations of bacteriocinogenic lactobacillus curvatus and lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis as potential protective adjuncts to control listeria monocytogenes in dry-fermented sausages.	study of the effectiveness of in situ bacteriocin production by lactic acid bacteria (lab) to control listeria monocytogenes in dry-fermented sausages.	2005	15610417
growth inhibition of listeria monocytogenes by a nonbacteriocinogenic carnobacterium piscicola.	this study elucidates the mechanisms by which a nonbacteriocinogenic carnobacterium piscicola inhibits growth of listeria monocytogenes.	2005	15610430
listeria monocytogenes meningitis in an immunocompetent adult patient.	to report an interesting case of meningitis caused by listeria monocytogenes in an immunocompetent adult.	2005	15608483
mechanistic study of membrane concentration and recovery of listeria monocytogenes.	detection of the foodborne pathogen listeria monocytogenes requires that food samples be processed to remove proteins and lipids, concentrate microorganisms to a detectable concentration, and recover the concentrated cells in a small volume compatible with micron-scale biochips. mechanistic considerations addressed in this research include the roles of membrane structure, pore size, and detergents in maximizing recovery of cells from a complex biological fluid. the fluid in this case was a food ...	2005	15614853
t cells undergo rapid on/off but not on/off/on cycling of cytokine production in response to antigen.	inflammatory cytokines such as ifn-gamma and tnf produced by ag-stimulated cd4(+) and cd8(+) t cells are important in defense against microbial infection. however, production of these cytokines must be tightly regulated to prevent immunopathology. previous studies, conducted with balb/c mice, have suggested that 1) cd8(+) t cells maintain ifn-gamma production but transiently produce tnf in the continued presence of ag and 2) lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus-specific and in vitro-propagated eff ...	2005	15634891
cpg oligodeoxynucleotides enhance neonatal resistance to listeria infection.	infection by listeria monocytogenes causes serious morbidity and mortality during the neonatal period. previous studies established that immunostimulatory cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) can increased the resistance of adult mice to many infectious pathogens, including listeria. this work examines the capacity of cpg odn to stimulate a protective immune response in newborns. results indicate that dendritic cells, macrophages, and b cells from 3-day-old mice respond to cpg stimulation by secretin ...	2005	15634898
design, nmr characterization and activity of a 21-residue peptide fragment of bacteriocin as-48 containing its putative membrane interacting region.	bacteriocin as-48 is a 70-residue cyclic polypeptide from enterococcus faecalis that shows a broad antimicrobial spectrum against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. the structure of bacteriocin as-48 consists of a globular arrangement of five helices with a high positive electrostatic potential in the region comprising helix 4, the turn linking helix 4 and 5, and the n-terminus of helix 5. this region has been considered to participate in its biological activity and in particular in ...	2005	15635724
[molecular basis of listeria monocytogenes fetoplacental tropism].		2005	15639011
synthesis, surface active and antimicrobial properties of new alkyl 2,6-dideoxy-l-arabino-hexopyranosides.	synthesis of alkyl 2,6-dideoxy-l-arabino-hexopyranosides was accomplished by the reaction of 1,5-anhydro-2,6-dideoxy-l-arabino-hex-1-enitol with fatty alcohols in dichloromethane, catalyzed by triphenylphosphine hydrobromide. reaction with octanol and dodecanol gave the corresponding alpha-glycosides in 50% and 42% yield, the beta-glycosides in 20% and 21% yield and the alpha-anomer of the ferrier product in 10% and 9% yield, respectively. deacetylation of the alpha-/beta-glycosides with sodium ...	2005	15639239
phosphoinositide 3-kinase is required for intracellular listeria monocytogenes actin-based motility and filopod formation.	motile nonmuscle cells concentrate phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (ptdins(3,4,5)p3) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (ptdins(4,5)p2) in areas of new actin filament assembly. there is great interest in assessing the in vivo functional significance of these phosphoinositides, and we have used listeria monocytogenes to explore the contribution of ptdins(3,4,5)p3 and ptdins(4,5)p2 to its actin-based motility. in listeria-infected ptk2 cells akt-pleckstrin homology (ph)-green fluor ...	2005	15642729
performance of a new chromogenic plating medium for the isolation of listeria monocytogenes from marine environments.	aims: this study investigated the performance of a new chromogenic plating medium for the detection of listeria monocytogenes from naturally contaminated samples obtained from marine environments in morocco in comparison with the conventional plating media palcam and oxford. methods: a total of 479 marine samples (sea water, sediment and mussels) were collected from 16 littoral sites in the region of agadir (western centre of morocco). they were examined for the presence of l. monocytogenes usin ...	2005	15644105
characterization of a mutant listeria monocytogenes strain expressing green fluorescent protein.	to construct a recombinant strain of listeria monocytogenes for the expression of heterologous genes, homologous recombination was utilized for insertional mutation, targeting its listeriolysin o gene (hly). the gene encoding green fluorescent protein (gfp) was used as the indicator of heterologous gene expression. the gene gfp was inserted into hly downstream from its promoter and signal sequence by an overlapping extension polymerase chain reaction, and was then cloned into the shuttle plasmid ...	2005	15645077
allergen immunotherapy with heat-killed listeria monocytogenes alleviates peanut and food-induced anaphylaxis in dogs.	heat-killed listeria monocytogenes (hkl) potently stimulates interferon (ifn)-gamma production in cd4 t-lymphocytes, and when used as adjuvant for immunotherapy, reduces immunoglobulin (ig)e production and reverses established allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity (ahr) in a murine model of asthma. we asked if such treatment could decrease established peanut-induced anaphylaxis or cow's milk-induced food allergy in highly food-allergic dogs.	2005	15647048