Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| the comparative pathology of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile is a confirmed pathogen in a wide variety of mammals, but the incidence of disease varies greatly in relation to host species, age, environmental density of spores, administration of antibiotics, and possibly, other factors. lesions vary as well, in severity and distribution within individuals, and in some instances, age groups, of a given species. the cecum and colon are principally affected in most species, but foals and rabbits develop severe jejunal lesions. explanation ... | 2006 | 16672570 |
| evidence that clostridium difficile tcdc is a membrane-associated protein. | clostridium difficile produces two toxins, a and b, which act together to cause pseudomembraneous colitis. the genes encoding these toxins, tcda and tcdb, are part of the pathogenicity locus, which also includes tcdc, a putative negative regulator of the toxin genes. in this study, we demonstrate that tcdc is a membrane-associated protein in c. difficile. | 2006 | 16672625 |
| [clostridium difficile, an old acquaintance in new clothes]. | 2006 | 16674870 | |
| [clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea--a changing disease?]. | in recent years an increase in the number of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea cases has been reported worldwide. this is due mainly to the increasing number of elderly patients being admitted to hospitals, changes in hygiene standards and changes in the antibiotics used to combat other diseases. but changes in the virulence of c. difficile strains also seem to play a role. this review presents the current knowledge of c. difficile-associated diarrhoea in the light of these changes in i ... | 2006 | 16674871 |
| [antibiotic treatment of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in adults. a survey of a cochrane review]. | 2006 | 16674872 | |
| [pseudomembraneous colitis caused by a toxin b-positive and a toxin a-negative strain of clostridium difficile]. | we describe a case of pseudomembraneous colitis (pmc) caused by a toxin a- b+ strain of clostridium difficile (cd). in denmark only a few laboratories investigate for toxin production, and if they do, the toxin a enzyme immunoassay (eia) is the test generally used when testing for cd. this toxin a negative but toxin b positive strain thus remains undetectable. if cd-associated diarrhea is clinically suspected and tests for toxin a are negative, infection with a toxin a- b+ strain should be consi ... | 2006 | 16674873 |
| old foe learns new tricks. | 2006 | 16676406 | |
| regulation of toxin and bacteriocin gene expression in clostridium by interchangeable rna polymerase sigma factors. | the production of major extracellular toxins by pathogenic strains of clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetani and clostridium difficile, and a bacteriocin by clostridium perfringens is dependent on a related group of rna polymerase sigma-factors. these sigma-factors (botr, tetr, tcdr and uvia) were shown to be sufficiently similar that they could substitute for one another in in vitro dna binding and run-off transcription experiments. in cells, however, the sigma-factors fell into two subclass ... | 2006 | 16677313 |
| epidemiologic surveillance of clostridium difficile diarrhea in a freestanding pediatric hospital and a pediatric hospital at a university medical center. | to describe the epidemiology of clostridium difficile in children, we cultured stool specimens from patients at the children's hospital central california, madera, ca (chcc, n = 676) and at the university of california davis medical center pediatric hospital, sacramento, ca (ucdmc-ph, n = 301) for c. difficile, and toxins a and b genes and strain identity of the isolates were determined by polymerase chain reaction assays. a higher percentage of patients from ucdmc-ph were culture positive (148/ ... | 2006 | 16678379 |
| ultrasound diagnosis of clinically undetected clostridium difficile toxin colitis. | 2006 | 16679120 | |
| prevalence of diarrhea at a university hospital and association with modifiable risk factors. | to assess the prevalence of diarrhea at a university-affiliated medical center and the presence of modifiable risk factors. | 2006 | 16684806 |
| rho family gtpase inhibition reveals opposing effects of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase and janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling cascades on neuronal survival. | rho family gtpases promote the survival of certain neuronal populations. however, pro-survival and pro-death signaling pathways regulated downstream of rho gtpases are largely unknown. cerebellar granule neurons (cgns) exposed to clostridium difficile toxin b (toxb), a monoglucosyltransferase that specifically inhibits rho gtpases, die by a mitochondrial apoptotic cascade. using a high-throughput immunoblotting screen (bd powerblot), we found that toxb markedly reduced the expression of rac1 and ... | 2006 | 16686690 |
| antagonistic activity of probiotic lactobacilli and bifidobacteria against entero- and uropathogens. | to develop in vitro assays for comparing the antagonistic properties and anti-oxidative activity of probiotic lactobacillus and bifidobacterium strains against various entero- and urinary pathogens. | 2006 | 16696680 |
| prospective evaluation of hospital isolation room capacity. | risk assessment is used to determine the need for isolation in single rooms. limited availability of isolation rooms and/or operational needs may compromise this process. this article reports the results of a 12-month prospective observational study of every infection control request for isolation in a 1100-bed teaching hospital. in addition, four point-prevalence surveys of the usage of single rooms were carried out. data were collected on the incidence of new clinical meticillin-resistant stap ... | 2006 | 16697305 |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile in the environment in a rural community in zimbabwe. | clostridium difficile has been shown to be a nosocomial pathogen associated with diarrhoea and pseudomembranous colitis in hospitalised patients, but very little is known about its prevalence outside the hospital environment. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of c. difficile in faeces of domestic animals, soil and drinking water in a rural community. water, animal faeces and soil were collected from homesteads in a rural community and the samples were cultured for c. difficil ... | 2006 | 16698054 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea: resurgence with a vengeance. | there has been a significant increase in the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) in the past several years, including outbreaks in multiple states and provinces in the united states and canada, as well as in the united kingdom. a new, highly virulent strain of c. difficile has appeared that is less responsive to standard therapy and associated with a high rate of recurrence. along with nosocomially acquired infections there has been a rise in the number of ... | 2006 | 16699477 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease: an emerging threat to patient safety: insights from the society of infectious diseases pharmacists. | a formerly infrequently isolated strain of clostridium difficile known as bi/nap1 has resulted in geographically diverse outbreaks of c. difficile-associated disease. such rapid dissemination and distribution of an outbreak strain of c. difficile are unprecedented, with many regions across north america, as well as several countries in europe, being affected, all in such a short period of time. also of note is that nontraditional hosts (e.g., otherwise healthy, noninstitutionalized persons resid ... | 2006 | 16503710 |
| quebec strain of c. difficile in 7 provinces. | 2006 | 16505449 | |
| [a case of multiple recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea--analysis of isolates from the patient using pcr ribotyping]. | recurrence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a serious and still unsolved problem. little is known about the precise mechanism of the recurrence with cdad. to elucidate the issue, we analyzed c. difficile strains obtained from the patient with multiple recurrence of cdad. a 72-year-old female received rectoidectomy was developed cdad after administration of cefmetazole sodium for 5 days. she was recovered from illness by the administration 2g of vancomycin hydrochloride for ... | 2006 | 16506665 |
| molecular characterization of clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and association of disease severity with strain type. | to determine molecular characteristics, antimicrobial susceptibility, and toxigenicity of clostridium difficile isolates from horses in an intensive care unit and evaluate associations among severity of clinical disease with specific strains of c difficile. | 2006 | 16506942 |
| impact of a piperacillin-tazobactam shortage on antimicrobial prescribing and the rate of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and clostridium difficile infections. | states in 2002 on antimicrobial prescribing and associated rates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) and clostridium difficile infections.design. retrospective chart review.setting. university-affiliated medical center. measurements and main results. microbiologic reports, patient demographics, and antimicrobial utilization were evaluated for patients admitted 6 months before the shortage (march 1-august 31, 2001) and for 6 months during the shortage (march 1-august 31, 2002). significant ... | 2006 | 16509027 |
| severe diarrhea and shock. | 2006 | 16511400 | |
| cholesterol-dependent pore formation of clostridium difficile toxin a. | the large clostridial cytotoxins toxin a and toxin b from clostridium difficile are major virulence factors known to cause antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. both toxins mono-glucosylate and thereby inactivate small gtpases of the rho family. recently, it was reported that toxin b, but not toxin a, induces pore formation in membranes of target cells under acidic conditions. here, we reassessed data on pore formation of toxin a in cells derived from human colon carcinoma ... | 2006 | 16513641 |
| effective detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile by a two-step algorithm including tests for antigen and cytotoxin. | we evaluated a two-step algorithm for detecting toxigenic clostridium difficile: an enzyme immunoassay for glutamate dehydrogenase antigen (ag-eia) and then, for antigen-positive specimens, a concurrent cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (ccna). antigen-negative results were > or = 99% predictive of ccna negativity. because the ag-eia reduced cell culture workload by approximately 75 to 80% and two-step testing was complete in < or = 3 days, we decided that this algorithm would be ef ... | 2006 | 16517916 |
| recovery of clostridium difficile from hospital environments. | 2006 | 16517932 | |
| clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea in horses within the community: predictors, clinical presentation and outcome. | 2006 | 16536390 | |
| has the severity of clostridium difficile infections increased? | 2006 | 16540198 | |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16540624 | |
| glycans on secretory component participate in innate protection against mucosal pathogens. | in mucosal secretions, secretory component (sc) is found either free or bound to polymeric iga within the secretory iga complex. sc displays numerous and various glycans, which are potential ligands for bacterial compounds. we first established that human sc (hsc) purified from colostrum (hsccol) or produced in chinese hamster ovary cells (hscrec) exhibits the same lectin reactivity. both forms bind to clostridium difficile toxin a and functionally protect polarized caco-2 cell monolayers from t ... | 2006 | 16543244 |
| diarrhoea in the critically ill. | the purpose of this review is to update the knowledge on diarrhoea, a common problem in critically ill patients. epidemiological data will be discussed, with special emphasis on diarrhoea in tube-fed patients and during antibiotic therapy. the possible preventive and therapeutic measures will be presented. | 2006 | 16543792 |
| binary toxin-producing, large clostridial toxin-negative clostridium difficile strains are enterotoxic but do not cause disease in hamsters. | binary toxin cdt or its genes have been identified in some strains of clostridium difficile that also produce the large clostridial toxins, toxins a and b (a+b+cdt+), including a newly recognized epidemic strain in the united states and canada. to study the effects of binary toxin alone, we characterized 4 binary toxin cdt-positive only (a-b-cdt+) c. difficile strains. unlike other clostridial binary toxins, binary toxin cdt required exogenous trypsin for activation. supernatants from all a-b-cd ... | 2006 | 16544255 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544388 | |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544390 | |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16544391 | |
| genomic organization and molecular characterization of clostridium difficile bacteriophage phicd119. | in this study, we have isolated a temperate phage (phicd119) from a pathogenic clostridium difficile strain and sequenced and annotated its genome. this virus has an icosahedral capsid and a contractile tail covered by a sheath and contains a double-stranded dna genome. it belongs to the myoviridae family of the tailed phages and the order caudovirales. the genome was circularly permuted, with no physical ends detected by sequencing or restriction enzyme digestion analysis, and lacked a cos site ... | 2006 | 16547044 |
| clostridium difficile: an important pathogen of food animals. | human clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) is of unquestioned importance in humans, and has been a not-uncommon cause of enteric disease in horses, dogs, and ratites. over the past 5 years, c. difficile has emerged as a major cause of neonatal enteritis in pigs. piglets 1-7 days of age are affected, with gross lesions frequently including mesocolonic edema. colonic contents may be pasty-to-watery and yellow, although some piglets are constipated or obstipated. focal suppuration and se ... | 2006 | 16701605 |
| exchange of a single amino acid switches the substrate properties of rhoa and rhod toward glucosylating and transglutaminating toxins. | rho gtpases are the preferred targets of various bacterial cytotoxins, including clostridium difficile toxins a and b, clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, the cytotoxic necrotizing factors (cnf1) from escherichia coli, and the dermonecrotizing toxin (dnt) from bordetella species. the toxins inactivate or activate specific sets of rho gtpases by mono-o-glucosylation and deamidation/transglutamination, respectively. here we studied the structural basis of the recognition of rhoa, which is modified ... | 2006 | 16702216 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from us short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. | us hospital discharges for which clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) was listed as any diagnosis doubled from 82,000 (95% confidence interval [ci] 71,000-94,000) or 31/100,000 population in 1996 to 178,000 (95% ci 151,000-205,000) or 61/100,000 in 2003; this increase was significant between 2000 and 2003 (slope of linear trend 9.48; 95% ci 6.16-12.80, p = 0.01). the overall rate during this period was severalfold higher in persons >65 years of age (228/100,000) than in the age group ... | 2006 | 16704777 |
| clostridium difficile ribotype 027, toxinotype iii, the netherlands. | outbreaks due to clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 027, toxinotype iii, were detected in 7 hospitals in the netherlands from april 2005 to february 2006. one hospital experienced at the same time a second outbreak due to a toxin a-negative c. difficile pcr ribotype 017 toxinotype viii strain. the outbreaks are difficult to control. | 2006 | 16704846 |
| probiotics in gastrointestinal diseases in children: hard and not-so-hard evidence of efficacy. | the use of probiotics, once discussed primarily in the context of alternative medicine, is now entering mainstream medicine. however, only a few of the potential health benefits attributed to probiotics have been confirmed in well-designed, well-conducted, randomized, controlled trials. this is especially true in the pediatric population. we review here the available evidence on efficacy of probiotics in children in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. although we restrict ... | 2006 | 16707966 |
| infectious disease. ru-486-linked deaths open debate about risky bacteria. | 2006 | 16709757 | |
| significant absorption of oral vancomycin in a patient with clostridium difficile colitis and normal renal function. | orally-administered vancomycin is poorly absorbed in most patients, usually producing minimal or subtherapeutic serum concentrations. bowel inflammation may enhance absorption of oral vancomycin, particularly in those with renal failure. a 77-year-old female with clostridium difficile (c difficile) colitis and normal renal function was treated with high doses of oral vancomycin and achieved serum concentrations in the therapeutic range. to our knowledge, this is the first report of a patient wit ... | 2006 | 16711316 |
| vancomycin-induced elevation of liver enzyme levels. | to report a case of oral vancomycin-induced elevation of liver enzyme levels. | 2006 | 16720708 |
| diagnosis and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease. | the recent findings and up-to-date practice guidelines for diagnosing, evaluating, and treating gastro-esophageal reflux disease are discussed. | 2006 | 16728886 |
| "diversion" colitis caused by clostridium difficile infection: report of a case. | recurrent ulcerative colitis and/or diversion colitis occur commonly in the rectal remnant after colectomy for ulcerative colitis. we report a case in which such a patient's symptoms of rectal discharge were initially thought to be the result of one or both of these diagnoses, on both clinical and histologic grounds. however, examination of the discharge revealed clostridium difficile infection. treatment with metronidazole suppositories improved his symptoms and avoided further inappropriate in ... | 2006 | 16729217 |
| cellular stability of rho-gtpases glucosylated by clostridium difficile toxin b. | mono-glucosylation of rho, rac, and cdc42 by clostridium difficile toxin b (tcdb) induces changes of actin dynamics and apoptosis. when fibroblasts were treated with tcdb, an apparent decrease of the cellular rac1 level was observed when applying anti-rac1(mab 102). this decrease was not based on degradation as inhibition of the proteasome by lactacystin did not stabilise cellular rac1 levels. the application of anti-rac1 (mab 23a8) showed that the cellular rac1 level slightly increased in tcdb- ... | 2006 | 16730714 |
| development potential of rifalazil and other benzoxazinorifamycins. | rifalazil and other benzoxazinorifamycins (new chemical entities [nces]) are rifamycins that contain a distinct planar benzoxazine ring. rifalazil has excellent antibacterial activity, high intracellular levels and high tissue penetration, which are attributes that favour its use in treating diseases caused by the obligate intracellular pathogens of the genus chlamydia. recent studies have shown that rifalazil has efficacy in the treatment of human sexually transmitted disease caused by chlamydi ... | 2006 | 16732714 |
| antimicrobial stewardship. | antimicrobial stewardship is a key component of a multifaceted approach to preventing emergence of antimicrobial resistance. good antimicrobial stewardship involves selecting an appropriate drug and optimizing its dose and duration to cure an infection while minimizing toxicity and conditions for selection of resistant bacterial strains. studies conducted over the years indicate that antibiotic use is unnecessary or inappropriate in as many as 50% of cases in the united states, and this creates ... | 2006 | 16735152 |
| fatal enterocolitis in asian elephants (elephas maximus) caused by clostridium difficile. | two cases of fatal enteritis caused by clostridium difficile in captive asian elephants are reported from an outbreak affecting five females in the same zoo. post mortem examination including histopathology demonstrated fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis. c. difficile was isolated by selective cultivation from two dead and a third severely affected elephant. four isolates were obtained and found positive for toxin a and b by pcr. all isolates were positive in a toxigenic culture assay and toxin was d ... | 2006 | 16737787 |
| tlr2 transmodulates monocyte adhesion and transmigration via rac1- and pi3k-mediated inside-out signaling in response to porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae. | we present evidence for a novel tlr2 function in transmodulating the adhesive activities of human monocytes in response to the fimbriae of porphyromonas gingivalis, a pathogen implicated in chronic periodontitis and atherosclerosis. monocyte recruitment into the subendothelium is a crucial step in atherosclerosis, and we investigated the role of p. gingivalis fimbriae in stimulating monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and transendothelial migration. fimbriae induced cd11b/cd18-dependent adhes ... | 2006 | 16751412 |
| cellulose acetate containing toluidine blue and rose bengal is an effective antimicrobial coating when exposed to white light. | simple methods of reducing the microbial load on surfaces in hospitals are needed to reduce the risk of hospital-associated infections. here we report on the ability of a cellulose acetate coating containing the photosensitizers toluidine blue and rose bengal to kill microbes (staphylococcus aureus, escherichia coli, clostridium difficile, a bacteriophage, and candida albicans) on its surface when illuminated with white light. | 2006 | 16751564 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile strain in hospital visitation dog. | 2006 | 16752477 | |
| molecular analysis of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 isolates from eastern and western canada. | the prevalence and characteristics of pcr ribotype 027 strains of clostridium difficile have come into question following recent outbreaks in eastern canada and elsewhere. in order to determine the distribution of this strain in other regions in canada, we screened a bank of 1,419 isolates recovered from three different canadian health regions between 2000 and 2004. among isolates from a montreal area hospital, pcr ribotype 027 strains represented 115/153 strains (75.2%) from 2003 to 2004, but r ... | 2006 | 16757612 |
| deaths involving clostridium difficile: england and wales, 1999-2004. | 2006 | 16759080 | |
| inhibition of clostridium difficile growth and adhesion to enterocytes by bifidobacterium supernatants. | the antimicrobial and anti-adhesive effects of extracellular factors from 27 strains of bifidobacteria isolated from healthy infants were tested against two reference strains of clostridium difficile (atcc 9689 and atcc 43593). all bifidobacterial supernatants at phs between 5.0 and 4.1 were able to produce strain-dependent growth inhibition of clostridia in the agar-diffusion assay. six strains of bifidobacterium produced during growth extracellular factors able to antagonize the adhesion of c. ... | 2006 | 16759886 |
| education begets prevention. | 2006 | 16761872 | |
| nf-kappa b activation pathway is essential for the chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells stimulated with clostridium difficile toxin a. | intestinal epithelial cells are known to upregulate the expression of several chemokines in response to stimulation with bacterial toxin. however, the cellular mechanisms of clostridium difficile toxin a-induced mucosal inflammation have not yet been fully elucidated. in this study, we investigated whether nuclear factor-kappa b (nf-kappab) could regulate chemokine expression in intestinal epithelial cells. toxin a increased the levels of nf-kappab complexes containing p65/p50 heterodimers and p ... | 2006 | 16764699 |
| short communication: effect of exopolysaccharide isolated from "viili" on the adhesion of probiotics and pathogens to intestinal mucus. | the strong ropy character of the scandinavian fermented milk viili is conferred by the exopolysaccharides (eps) produced by lactococcal strains. these biopolymers can be responsible for some health benefits. we have assessed the influence of the eps fraction isolated from commercial viili on the adhesion of some probiotics and pathogens to human intestinal mucus. concentrations of viili eps greater than 0.1 mg/ml promoted a decrease in adherence of bifidobacterium lactis bb12 and lactobacillus r ... | 2006 | 16772550 |
| gastric acid-suppressive agents and risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2006 | 16772617 | |
| gastric acid-suppressive agents and risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | 2006 | 16772618 | |
| 2004 lowbury lecture: the western australian experience with vancomycin-resistant enterococci - from disaster to ongoing control. | the first hospital outbreak of a vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) in western australia (wa) started in the royal perth hospital in july 2001 and initially involved the intensive care unit (icu) and the nephrology and dialysis units. the outbreak was caused by vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium (vref) of the vanb genotype. pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and plasmid analysis of the isolates demonstrated a single-strain outbreak. despite the isolation of carriers and implementation ... | 2006 | 16563562 |
| measurement of toxin production by clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16564352 | |
| lack of value of repeat stool testing for clostridium difficile toxin. | twenty years ago, clostridium difficile was first established as a cause of pseudomembranous colitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea.c. difficile diarrhea is a widely recognized problem in the inpatient setting, with potentially significant morbidity and mortality. antibiotics, and some chemotherapy agents, can potentially cause c. difficile colitis/diarrhea. the most commonly implicated agents are ampicillin, clindamycin, and cephalosporins. diarrhea during antibiotic therapy is common and m ... | 2006 | 16564786 |
| new variants of the tet(m) gene in clostridium difficile clinical isolates harbouring tn916-like elements. | to detect tn916-like elements in clostridium difficile clinical isolates from different time periods and to analyse the genetic structure of these elements, in particular the tet(m) region. | 2006 | 16565156 |
| identification of tn5397-like and tn916-like transposons and diversity of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(m) in enterococci from humans, pigs and poultry. | to analyse the sequence diversity of the tetracycline resistance gene tet(m) and its location on mobile elements in enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis from humans, pigs and poultry in denmark. | 2006 | 16565159 |
| prophylactic saccharomyces boulardii in the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a prospective study. | interest to probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea is increasing gradually. the most promising seems to be saccharomyces boulardii . using a double-blind controlled study, we investigated the preventive effect of s. boulardii on the development of antibiotic-associated diarrhea in patients under antibiotherapy but not requiring intensive care therapy. | 2006 | 16572062 |
| a common polymorphism in the interleukin 8 gene promoter is associated with clostridium difficile diarrhea. | mucosal interleukin 8 (il-8) and neutrophil recruitment are central to the pathogenesis of clostridium difficile (cd) toxin-induced diarrhea (cdd). we hypothesized that like other inflammatory mucosal infections, susceptibility to cdd would relate to genetically determined variations in the production of il-8. | 2006 | 16573784 |
| is clostridium difficile the leading pathogen in bacterial diarrhea in hiv type 1-infected patients? | 2006 | 16575754 | |
| genotypic and phenotypic analysis of clostridium difficile correlated with previous antibiotic exposure. | to analyze clostridium difficile susceptibility results and genotypes in relation to antibiotic exposures that precipitated c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), we examined 83 nosocomial c. difficile isolates recovered at a tertiary care center in boston, massachusetts. mics were determined by e-test methodology using modified brucella agar. isolates were genotyped by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and restriction enzyme analysis. antibiotic susceptibilities were: ciprofloxacin (0%), clind ... | 2006 | 16584304 |
| rectal bleeding in infancy: clinical, allergological, and microbiological examination. | rectal bleeding is an alarming symptom and requires additional investigation. in infants it has been explained mainly by hypersensitivity. in addition to dietary antigens, intraluminal microbial agents challenge the immature gut mucosa. although controlled in the mature gut, these antigens may induce inflammation in the developing gastrointestinal tract. the objectives of this study were to evaluate prospectively the clinical course of rectal bleeding and evaluate the impact of cow's milk allerg ... | 2006 | 16585287 |
| potential role of clostridium difficile as a cause of duodenitis-proximal jejunitis in horses. | duodenitis-proximal jejunitis (dpj) is an idiopathic condition in the horse characterized by inflammation and oedema of the duodenum and proximal jejunum. clinical signs include colic, ileus, depression, fluid accumulation in the small intestine and stomach, and endotoxaemia. the objective of this study was to investigate prospectively the role of clostridium difficile in this idiopathic disease. nasogastric reflux from 10 consecutive cases with dpj and 16 consecutive horses with other causes of ... | 2006 | 16585649 |
| probiotics: their role in the treatment and prevention of disease. | a probiotic is a "live microbial food ingredients that, when ingested in sufficient quantities, exerts health benefits on the consumer". probiotics exert their benefits through several mechanisms; they prevent colonization, cellular adhesion and invasion by pathogenic organisms, they have direct antimicrobial activity and they modulate the host immune response. the strongest evidence for the clinical effectiveness of probiotics has been in their use for the prevention of symptoms of lactose into ... | 2006 | 16597207 |
| [pseudomembranous colitis after helicobacter pylori eradication therapy]. | a 69-year-old woman with gastritis was prescribed a 1-week triple regimen therapy of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole to eradicate helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) starting on march 7, 2005. h. pylori was detected on the gastric mucosa by the urease test. twenty days after eradication therapy, she began to suffer from profuse watery diarrhea. colonoscopy on april 12 showed multiple pseudomembranes in the cecum and the transverse colon, leading to a diagnosis of pseudomembranous colit ... | 2006 | 16519125 |
| use of nitazoxanide for gastrointestinal tract infections: treatment of protozoan parasitic infection and beyond. | the united states food and drug administration has approved the parasiticidal agent nitazoxanide for treatment of diarrhea caused by giardia lamblia/intestinalis or cryptosporidium parvum. this novel agent has a broad spectrum of activity against many other gastrointestinal pathogens, including bacteria, roundworms, flatworms, and flukes. nitazoxanide is used in many areas of the world, especially in central and south america, as a broad-spectrum parasiticidal agent in adults and children. nitaz ... | 2006 | 16524544 |
| probiotics and prebiotics for gastrointestinal infections. | there is growing interest in and knowledge about the potential health-promoting benefits of both probiotics and prebiotics. multiple mechanisms of action for the beneficial effect of probiotics and prebiotics have been postulated, including prevention of pathogenic bacteria growth, production of antimicrobial agents, stimulation of mucosal barrier function, and altering immunoregulation. clinical trials support the efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of acute infectious diarrhea, the prevent ... | 2006 | 16524546 |
| intravenous immunoglobulin for the treatment of severe, refractory, and recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea. | clostridium difficile diarrhea is common in elderly patients and leads to prolonged hospitalization. patients with severe or recurrent clostridium difficile diarrhea have poor antitoxin antibody responses. intravenous immunoglobulin has been advocated in these patients. this study was designed to assess the response of patients with refractory, recurrent, or severe clostridium difficile diarrhea to intravenous immunoglobulin. | 2006 | 16525744 |
| prevalence and clinical features of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in a tertiary hospital in northern taiwan. | although the clinical manifestations of and risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) have been extensively investigated in western populations, data from taiwanese patients are comparatively limited. this study investigated the incidence density of cdad in taiwanese patients and also the risk factors and clinical manifestations of cdad. | 2006 | 16783456 |
| the outcome of surgery in fulminant clostridium difficile colitis. | 2006 | 16784480 | |
| update on emerging infections from the centers for disease control and prevention. severe clostridium difficile-associated disease in populations previously at low risk--four states, 2005. | 2006 | 16791928 | |
| clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 outbreaks in the netherlands: recent surveillance data indicate that outbreaks are not easily controlled but interhospital transmission is limited. | 2006 | 16801713 | |
| effects of interleukin-1 on calcium signaling and the increase of filamentous actin in isolated and in situ articular chondrocytes. | to determine whether interleukin-1 (il-1) initiates transient changes in the intracellular concentration of [ca2+]i and the organization of filamentous actin (f-actin) in articular chondrocytes. | 2006 | 16802354 |
| the multidrug-resistant human pathogen clostridium difficile has a highly mobile, mosaic genome. | we determined the complete genome sequence of clostridium difficile strain 630, a virulent and multidrug-resistant strain. our analysis indicates that a large proportion (11%) of the genome consists of mobile genetic elements, mainly in the form of conjugative transposons. these mobile elements are putatively responsible for the acquisition by c. difficile of an extensive array of genes involved in antimicrobial resistance, virulence, host interaction and the production of surface structures. th ... | 2006 | 16804543 |
| pondering probiotics. | 2006 | 16807114 | |
| antimicrobial stewardship. | antimicrobial stewardship is a key component of a multifaceted approach to preventing emergence of antimicrobial resistance. good antimicrobial stewardship involves selecting an appropriate drug and optimizing its dose and duration to cure an infection while minimizing toxicity and conditions for selection of resistant bacterial strains. studies conducted over the years indicate that antibiotic use is unnecessary or inappropriate in as many as 50% of cases in the united states, and this creates ... | 2006 | 16813983 |
| jnk phosphorylation of paxillin, acting through the rac1 and cdc42 signaling cascade, mediates neurite extension in n1e-115 cells. | neurons extend neurites from the cell body before formation of the polarized processes of an axon and dendrites. neurite outgrowth involves remodeling of the cytoskeletal components, which are initially regulated by small gtpases of the rho family. here we show that c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk), which is controlled by rho gtpases rac1 and cdc42, is activated following neurite extension in mouse n1e-115 neuroblastoma cells as a model. the extension is inhibited by jnk inhibitors (sp600125 and th ... | 2006 | 16814769 |
| saccharomyces boulardii inhibits erk1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation both in vitro and in vivo and protects against clostridium difficile toxin a-induced enteritis. | saccharomyces boulardii (sb), a probiotic yeast, protects against intestinal injury and inflammation caused by a wide variety of enteric pathogens, including clostridium difficile. given the broad range of protective effects of sb in multiple gastrointestinal disorders, we hypothesize that sb modulates host signaling pathways involved in intestinal inflammatory responses. in this study, we found that sb culture supernatant (sbs) inhibits interleukin-8 production induced by c. difficile toxin a o ... | 2006 | 16816386 |
| first cluster of c. difficile toxinotype iii, pcr-ribotype 027 associated disease in france: preliminary report. | 2006 | 16816455 | |
| epithelial cell i kappa b-kinase beta has an important protective role in clostridium difficile toxin a-induced mucosal injury. | toxin a released by clostridium difficile interacts with the single layer of intestinal epithelial cells that lines the host's intestinal tract and leads to mucosal damage and inflammation that manifests clinically as antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. activation of the transcription factor nf-kappab in intestinal epithelial cells is important for regulating the expression of epithelial cell proinflammatory genes and cell survival. however, the role of nf-kappab activat ... | 2006 | 16818780 |
| it's right under our nose: homage to the nobel prize and other stories! | 2006 | 16819477 | |
| development of a toxa gene knock-out mutant of pasteurella multocida and evaluation of its protective effects. | pasteurella multocida is an important veterinary and opportunistic human pathogen. in particular, strains of p. multocida serogroup d cause progressive atrophic rhinitis, and produce a potent, intracellular, mitogenic toxin known as p. multocida toxin (pmt), which is encoded by the toxa gene. to further investigate the toxigenic and pathogenic effects of pmt, a toxa-deleted mutant was developed by homologous gene recombination. when administrated to mice, the toxigenicity of the toxa mutant p. m ... | 2006 | 16820762 |
| [occurrence and treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea]. | 2006 | 16824400 | |
| multilocus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis for investigation of clostridium difficile transmission in hospitals. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal illness. recently, an increased incidence of hospital-acquired infections with severe outcomes has been reported in north america and europe. current molecular-typing methods for detection of outbreaks and nosocomial transmission are labor-intensive, subjective, or insufficiently discriminatory to differentiate between closely related strains. this report describes the development of multilocus variable-number tande ... | 2006 | 16825380 |
| increase in deaths related to enterocolitis due to clostridium difficile in the united states, 1999-2002. | 2006 | 16827436 | |
| cell expression of a four extra octarepeat mutated prpc modifies cell structure and cell cycle regulation. | rk13 cell lines generated to express bovine prp(c) with a four extra octarepeat insertional mutation (bo-10orprp(c)) show partially insoluble prp(c) and lower rates of cell growth when compared to either the same cells expressing wild type bo-6orprp(c) or the original rk13 cell line. the expression of bo-10orprp(c) in cell cultures was also associated with changes in cell size and reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton. this last process was reversed by clostridium difficile toxin-b, a specifi ... | 2006 | 16828087 |
| c. difficile: a menace in hospitals and homes alike. | 2006 | 16888483 | |
| comparative analysis of prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus. | we prospectively studied the comparative epidemiology and risk factors for clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). four thousand six hundred fifty-nine inpatient fecal specimens (11 months) were tested for c. difficile cytotoxin, c. perfringens enterotoxin, and s. aureus by vero cell assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and growth on fresh blood agar, respectively. two distinct age-, sex-, and location-matched control p ... | 2006 | 16891493 |
| epidemic clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16893351 | |
| management of refractory ulcerative colitis. | a physician's approach to patients with ulcerative colitis (uc) who are refractory to standard first-line therapies must be thoughtful and systematic and include the individual's physical and emotional state as the physician examines the various dietary, medical, and surgical options currently available. it is of foremost importance to confirm that the refractory patient's symptoms are not simply due to dietary indiscretion, concomitant bowel infection (especially with clostridium difficile), an ... | 2006 | 16901387 |
| update on clostridium difficile. | the most dramatic change in the past several years has been the increased incidence and severity of clostridium difficile colitis reported from multiple countries. a number of factors have likely contributed to this. one major event has been the emergence of a fluoroquinolone-resistant clone of c. difficile with enhanced virulence properties that is associated with epidemic disease. also noteworthy is the apparently decreasing effectiveness of the first-line agent metronidazole in treating this ... | 2006 | 16901390 |
| proton pump inhibitor therapy is a risk factor for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | inhibition of gastric acid removes a defence against ingested bacteria and spores, increasing the risk of some forms of gastroenteritis. previous studies investigating a possible link between acid suppression therapy and clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea have reported conflicting results. | 2006 | 16907893 |