Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
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| a large outbreak of campylobacteriosis associated with a municipal water supply in finland. | in august 1998, an outbreak of campylobacteriosis occurred in one municipality in northern finland. a 10% random sample of residents (population 15 000) was selected through the national population registry for a survey conducted by using postal questionnaires. cases were defined as residents of the municipality with onset of acute gastroenteritis from 1 to 20 august 1998. of 1167 respondents (response rate 78%), 218 (18.7%) met the case definition. drinking non-chlorinated municipal tap water w ... | 2005 | 16050503 |
| brucella melitensis infection associated with guillain-barré syndrome through molecular mimicry of host structures. | brucella melitensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium that can survive inside macrophages and the causative agent of brucellosis. in the present study, we found that a lipooligosaccharide of b. melitensis has a gm1 ganglioside-like structure and shows a strong antibody response in mice. the cholera toxin b subunit, which binds to gm1 ganglioside specifically, reacted with the surface of b. melitensis. immunization with b. melitensis induced the production of anti-gm1 ganglioside antibodie ... | 2005 | 16051063 |
| genomic and proteomic identification of a dna-binding protein used in the "fingerprinting" of campylobacter species and strains by maldi-tof-ms protein biomarker analysis. | we have identified a prominent approximately 10-kda protein biomarker observed in the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectra (maldi-tof-ms) of cell lysates of five thermophilic species of campylobacter: jejuni, coli, lari, upsaliensis, and helveticus. the biomarker was unambiguously identified by genomic and proteomic sequencing as a dna-binding protein hu. we report the amino acid sequence of hu as determined by sequencing the hup gene of four species (12 strain ... | 2005 | 16053303 |
| cell-surface alpha-glucan in campylobacter jejuni 81-176. | campylobacter jejuni infection is a main source of severe gastroenteritis-related illnesses in humans and there is also evidence that it may be linked to neurological disorders. c. jejuni 81-176 is a virulent strain that has become the global model in the study of mechanisms and pathogenesis of c. jejuni infection. for this reason, we were engaged in studying the fine structures of cell-surface carbohydrate antigens of c. jejuni 81-176, namely, the capsule polysaccharide (cps) and lipooligosacch ... | 2005 | 16055105 |
| development and application of oligonucleotide probes for in situ detection of thermotolerant campylobacter in chicken faecal and liver samples. | based on campylobacter 16s- and 23s-rrna sequence data oligonucleotide probes specific for thermotolerant campylobacters and for members of the genus campylobacter have been developed. the 16s-rrna-targeted probe camp 653, recommended for a comprehensive detection of members of the genus campylobacter, specifically detected all campylobacter strains used in this study. detection of thermotolerant species has been achieved by the 23s-rrna-targeted probe cajeco1427. optimal hybridisation condition ... | 2005 | 16061298 |
| detection of pathogenic bacteria in food samples using highly-dispersed carbon particles. | there is an unmet need for detection methods that can rapidly and sensitively detect food borne pathogens. a flow through immunoassay system utilizing highly dispersed carbon particles and an amperometric technique has been developed and optimized. a sandwich immunoassay format was utilized in which pathogenic cells were captured by antibodies immobilized onto activated carbon particles, and labeled with horseradish peroxidase (hrp) conjugated antibodies. flow of the peroxidase substrates result ... | 2005 | 16076439 |
| spatial location and requirements for the assembly of the agrobacterium tumefaciens type iv secretion apparatus. | type iv secretion is used by pathogenic microorganisms to transfer effector macromolecules to eukaryotic target cells. the virb/d4 apparatus of agrobacterium tumefaciens transfers dna and proteins to plant cells. we postulated that the cell pole is the site of assembly of the a. tumefaciens type iv apparatus. using immunofluorescence microscopy, we now demonstrate that 10 of the virb proteins localized primarily to one cell pole and a macromolecular virb complex is assembled at the pole. neither ... | 2005 | 16076948 |
| crystal structure of the bacterial yhch protein indicates a role in sialic acid catabolism. | the yhch gene is part of the nan operon in bacteria that encodes proteins involved in sialic acid catabolism. determination of the crystal structure of yhch from haemophilus influenzae was undertaken as part of a structural genomics effort in order to assist with the functional assignment of the protein. the structure was determined at 2.2-a resolution by multiple-wavelength anomalous diffraction. the protein fold is a variation of the double-stranded beta-helix. two antiparallel beta-sheets for ... | 2005 | 16077096 |
| phylogenetic analysis of pasteuria penetrans by use of multiple genetic loci. | pasteuria penetrans is a gram-positive, endospore-forming eubacterium that apparently is a member of the bacillus-clostridium clade. it is an obligate parasite of root knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.) and preferentially grows on the developing ovaries, inhibiting reproduction. root knot nematodes are devastating root pests of economically important crop plants and are difficult to control. consequently, p. penetrans has long been recognized as a potential biocontrol agent for root knot nematode ... | 2005 | 16077116 |
| helicobacter pylori flagellar hook-filament transition is controlled by a flik functional homolog encoded by the gene hp0906. | helicobacter pylori is a human gastric pathogen which is dependent on motility for infection. the h. pylori genome encodes a near-complete complement of flagellar proteins compared to model enteric bacteria. one of the few flagellar genes not annotated in h. pylori is that encoding flik, a hook length control protein whose absence leads to a polyhook phenotype in salmonella enterica. we investigated the role of the h. pylori gene hp0906 in flagellar biogenesis because of linkage to other flagell ... | 2005 | 16077121 |
| campylobacter jejuni activates mitogen-activated protein kinases in caco-2 cell monolayers and in vitro infected primary human colonic tissue. | the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) play a central role in many host signalling pathways. these signalling proteins are known to be involved in host responses against invasive bacteria including generation of chemotactic and inflammatory cytokines. it was hypothesized that campylobacter jejuni may activate mapks, as intestinal infection may induce a clinical and pathological picture of acute colonic inflammation. infection of caco-2 cell monolayers (human colonic epithelial cell line) ... | 2005 | 16079352 |
| dna sequence-based subtyping and evolutionary analysis of selected salmonella enterica serotypes. | while serotyping and phage typing have been used widely to characterize salmonella isolates, sensitive subtyping methods that allow for evolutionary analyses are essential for examining salmonella transmission, ecology, and evolution. a set of 25 salmonella enterica isolates, representing five clinically relevant serotypes (serotypes agona, heidelberg, schwarzengrund, typhimurium, and typhimurium var. copenhagen) was initially used to develop a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme for salmon ... | 2005 | 16081897 |
| use of the roche lightcycler strep b assay for detection of group b streptococcus from vaginal and rectal swabs. | the results for a real-time pcr assay, using the lightcycler strep b analyte-specific reagents (roche diagnostics corporation, indianapolis, ind.), were compared to a direct plate method combined with a broth enrichment culture method for detection of group b streptococcus colonization in pregnant women. two separate evaluations were conducted using two different automated nucleic extraction instruments, the magna pure lc instrument (roche diagnostics corporation) and the lower-capacity magna pu ... | 2005 | 16081949 |
| genetic diversity of campylobacter sp. isolates from retail chicken products and humans with gastroenteritis in central michigan. | multilocus sequencing was used to compare campylobacter sp. strains isolated from retail chicken products and humans with gastroenteritis in central michigan. sequence comparisons demonstrated overlapping diversity between chicken and human isolates. campylobacter jejuni isolates from clinical sources had a greater diversity of flagellin alleles and a higher rate of quinolone resistance than isolates from retail chicken products. | 2005 | 16081984 |
| risk factors for contamination of ready-to-eat street-vended poultry dishes in dakar, senegal. | our objective was to investigate the salmonella and campylobacter contamination of traditional ready-to-eat street-vended poultry dishes and to assess the association of some restaurant characteristics and cooking practices with the contamination of these meals. one hundred and forty-eight street-restaurants were studied from january 2003 to april 2004 in dakar. a questionnaire was submitted to the managers, and samples of ready-to-eat poultry dishes were taken. salmonella spp. was isolated in 2 ... | 2005 | 16083818 |
| [prevalence and characteristics of guillain-barré syndromes associated with campylobacter jejuni and cytomegalovirus in greater paris]. | we aimed to study prevalence and features of campylobacter jejuni and cytomegalovirus (cmv)-associated guillain-barré syndromes (gbs) in a french care unit. | 2005 | 16084033 |
| inhibition of clostridium perfringens by a novel strain of bacillus subtilis isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy chickens. | the objectives of this study were to isolate beneficial strains of microorganisms from the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy chickens and to screen them against clostridium perfringens, a causative agent of necrotic enteritis in poultry. one of the bacteria isolated, a strain of bacillus subtilis, was found to possess an anticlostridial factor that could inhibit the c. perfringens atcc 13124 used in this study. the anticlostridial factor produced by b. subtilis pb6 was found to be fully or part ... | 2005 | 16085801 |
| discrimination of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus pcr types of campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. | fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ft-ir) has been used together with pattern recognition methodology to study isolates belonging to the species campylobacter coli and campylobacter jejuni and to compare ft-ir typing schemes with established genomic profiles based on enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus pcr (eric-pcr). seventeen isolates were cultivated under standardized conditions for 2, 3, and 4 days to study variability and improve reproducibility. eric-pcr profiles and ft-i ... | 2005 | 16085819 |
| concurrent quantitation of total campylobacter and total ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter loads in rinses from retail raw chicken carcasses from 2001 to 2003 by direct plating at 42 degrees c. | this is the first report on the use of a normally lethal dose of ciprofloxacin in a campylobacter agar medium to kill all ciprofloxacin-sensitive campylobacter spp. but allow the selective isolation and quantitation of naturally occurring presumptive ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter cfu in rinses from retail raw chicken carcasses (rtcc). thermophilic-group total campylobacter cfu and total ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter cfu (irrespective of species) were concurrently quantified in ri ... | 2005 | 16085843 |
| correlation of campylobacter bacteriophage with reduced presence of hosts in broiler chicken ceca. | campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter-specific bacteriophage were enumerated from broiler chicken ceca selected from 90 united kingdom flocks (n = 205). c. jejuni counts in the presence of bacteriophage (mean log(10) 5.1 cfu/g) were associated with a significant (p < 0.001) reduction compared to samples with campylobacter alone (mean log(10) 6.9 cfu/g). | 2005 | 16085889 |
| identification of a fibronectin-binding domain within the campylobacter jejuni cadf protein. | the binding of campylobacter jejuni to fibronectin (fn), a component of the extracellular matrix, is mediated by a 37 kda outer membrane protein termed cadf for campylobacter adhesion to fn. previous studies have indicated that c. jejuni binds to fn on the basolateral surface of t84 human colonic cells. to further characterize the interaction of the cadf protein with fn, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were performed to identify the fn-binding domain (fn-bd). using overlapping 30-mer and 16-m ... | 2005 | 16091041 |
| structural and dynamic properties of bacterial type iv secretion systems (review). | the type iv secretion systems (t4ss) are widely distributed among the gram-negative and -positive bacteria. these systems mediate the transfer of dna and protein substrates across the cell envelope to bacterial or eukaryotic cells generally through a process requiring direct cell-to-cell contact. bacteria have evolved t4ss for survival during establishment of pathogenic or symbiotic relationships with eukaryotic hosts. the agrobacterium tumefaciens virb/d4 t4ss and related conjugation machines s ... | 2005 | 16092524 |
| a newly constructed primer pair for the pcr amplification, cloning and sequencing of the flagellin (flaa) gene from isolatesof urease-negative campylobacter lari. | a newly constructed primer pair (lari-af/lari-ar) designed to generate a product of the flagellin (flaa) gene for urease-negative campylobacter lari produced a pcr amplicon of about 1700 bp for 16 isolates from 7 seagulls, 5 humans, 3 food animals and one mussel in japan and northern ireland. nucleotide sequencing and alignments of the flaa amplicons from these isolates demonstrated that the deduced amino acid sequences of the possible open reading frame were 564-572 amino acid residues in lengt ... | 2005 | 16096687 |
| electrophoresis-assisted open-tubular liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry for the analysis of lipooligosaccharide expressed by campylobacter jejuni. | lipooligosaccharide (los) is the major component of the external membrane of campylobacter jejuni. los contains a hydrophobic moiety, lipid a, and a hydrophilic moiety, oligosaccharide. due to the unique mimicry of human ganglioside structures and potential involvement in the induction of the autoimmune polyneuropathies, guillain-barré and miller fisher syndromes, the structural characterization of c. jejuni los has received much attention. we have been using capillary zone electrophoresis-mass ... | 2005 | 16097024 |
| use of molecular hydrogen as an energy substrate by human pathogenic bacteria. | molecular hydrogen is produced as a fermentation by-product in the large intestine of animals and its production can be correlated with the digestibility of the carbohydrates consumed. pathogenic helicobacter species (helicobacter pylori and h. hepaticus) have the ability to use h(2) through a respiratory hydrogenase, and it was demonstrated that the gas is present in the tissues colonized by these pathogens (the stomach and the liver respectively of live animals). mutant strains of h. pylori un ... | 2005 | 15667272 |
| nitric oxide and nitrosative stress tolerance in bacteria. | nitric oxide is not only an obligatory intermediate in denitrification, but also a signalling and defence molecule of major importance. however, the basis of resistance to no and rns (reactive nitrogen species) is poorly understood in many microbes. the cellular targets of no and rns [e.g. metalloproteins, thiols in proteins, glutathione and hcy (homocysteine)] may themselves serve as signal transducers, sensing no and rns, and resulting in altered gene expression and synthesis of protective enz ... | 2005 | 15667299 |
| electron transport through nitrate and nitrite reductases in campylobacter jejuni. | campylobacter jejuni is a small genome pathogen that is incapable of growing strictly anaerobically due to its dependence on an oxygen-requiring ribonucleotide reductase for dna synthesis. nevertheless, it has a complex branched respiratory chain, which allows the use of several alternative electron acceptors for growth under oxygen-limited conditions. c. jejuni is equipped with both nitrate reductase (nap) and nitrite reductase (nrf) located in the periplasm, each predicted to receive electrons ... | 2005 | 15667303 |
| analysis of the fecal microbiota of irritable bowel syndrome patients and healthy controls with real-time pcr. | the gut microbiota may contribute to the onset and maintenance of irritable bowel syndrome (ibs). in this study, the microbiotas of patients suffering from ibs were compared with a control group devoid of gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms. | 2005 | 15667495 |
| predicted hexameric structure of the agrobacterium virb4 c terminus suggests virb4 acts as a docking site during type iv secretion. | the agrobacterium t-dna transporter belongs to a growing class of evolutionarily conserved transporters, called type iv secretion systems (t4sss). virb4, 789 aa, is the largest t4ss component, providing a rich source of possible structural domains. here, we use a variety of bioinformatics methods to predict that the c-terminal domain of virb4 (including the walker a and b nucleotide-binding motifs) is related by divergent evolution to the cytoplasmic domain of trwb, the coupling protein required ... | 2005 | 15668378 |
| prevalence and subtypes of ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter spp. in commercial poultry flocks before, during, and after treatment with fluoroquinolones. | five commercial broiler chicken flocks were treated with either difloxacin or enrofloxacin for a clinically relevant infection, as instructed by a veterinarian. campylobacters were isolated from individual fecal samples and from samples associated with the broiler environment before, during, and after treatment. ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacter jejuni and/or c. coli strains were detected pretreatment in four flocks, but they constituted a very small proportion of the campylobacters present. ... | 2005 | 15673753 |
| incidence and mechanism of ciprofloxacin resistance in campylobacter spp. isolated from commercial poultry flocks in the united kingdom before, during, and after fluoroquinolone treatment. | five commercial broiler flocks were treated with a fluoroquinolone for a clinically relevant infection. fresh feces from individual chickens and environmental samples were cultured for campylobacters before, during, and weekly posttreatment until slaughter. both campylobacter jejuni and c. coli were isolated during all treatment phases. an increased proportion of quinolone-resistant strains was seen during treatment, and these strains persisted posttreatment. one quinolone-resistant isolate of e ... | 2005 | 15673754 |
| isolation of bacillus circulans and paenibacillus polymyxa strains inhibitory to campylobacter jejuni and characterization of associated bacteriocins. | we evaluated anti-campylobacter activity among 365 bacillus and paenibacillus isolates from poultry production environments. one novel antagonistic bacillus circulans and three paenibacillus polymyxa strains were identified and further studied. cell-free ammonium sulfate precipitate (crude antimicrobial preparation) was obtained from each candidate culture. zones of campylobacter growth inhibition surrounding 10 microl of this crude antimicrobial preparation were quantified using a spot test. ca ... | 2005 | 15690798 |
| reservoir competence of lesser mealworm (coleoptera: tenebrionidae) for campylobacter jejuni (campylobacterales: campylobacteraceae). | the lesser mealworm, alphitobius diaperinus (panzer), is a carrier of campylobacter spp. in poultry facilities; however, the beetle's importance in the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis is not known. a series of laboratory experiments were designed to test the vector and reservoir competence of the lesser mealworm for campylobacter jejuni. in the first experiment, c. jejuni was swabbed onto the outer surface of adult and larval beetles to determine how long bacteria can survive on the beetles' ... | 2005 | 15691007 |
| fate of pathogens present in livestock wastes spread onto fescue plots. | fecal wastes from a variety of farmed livestock were inoculated with livestock isolates of escherichia coli o157, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella, campylobacter jejuni, and cryptosporidium parvum oocysts at levels representative of the levels found in naturally contaminated wastes. the wastes were subsequently spread onto a grass pasture, and the decline of each of the zoonotic agents was monitored over time. there were no significant differences among the decimal reduction times for the bact ... | 2005 | 15691918 |
| prevalence of salmonella spp. in oysters in the united states. | food-borne diseases such as salmonellosis can be attributed, in part, to the consumption of raw oysters. to determine the prevalence of salmonella spp. in oysters, oysters harvested from 36 u.s. bays (12 each from the west, east, and gulf coasts in the summer of 2002, and 12 bays, four per coast, in the winter of 2002-2003) were tested. salmonella was isolated from oysters from each coast of the united states, and 7.4% of all oysters tested contained salmonella. isolation tended to be bay specif ... | 2005 | 15691945 |
| protozoan acanthamoeba polyphaga as a potential reservoir for campylobacter jejuni. | we showed by a laboratory experiment that four different campylobacter jejuni strains are able to infect the protozoan acanthamoeba polyphaga. c. jejuni cells survived for longer periods when cocultured with amoebae than when grown in culture alone. the infecting c. jejuni cells aggregated in amoebic vacuoles, in which they were seen to be actively moving. furthermore, a resuscitation of bacterial cultures that were previously negative in culturability tests was observed after reinoculation into ... | 2005 | 15691957 |
| use of ethidium monoazide and pcr in combination for quantification of viable and dead cells in complex samples. | the distinction between viable and dead cells is a major issue in many aspects of biological research. the current technologies for determining viable versus dead cells cannot readily be used for quantitative differentiation of specific cells in mixed populations. this is a serious limitation. we have solved this problem by developing a new concept with the viable/dead stain ethidium monoazide (ema) in combination with real-time pcr (ema-pcr). a dynamic range of approximately 4 log(10) was obtai ... | 2005 | 15691961 |
| description of campylobacter curvus and c. curvus-like strains associated with sporadic episodes of bloody gastroenteritis and brainerd's diarrhea. | campylobacter curvus is a rarely encountered campylobacter species in human, animal, and environmental samples. during the course of two investigations, one involving a search for possible bacterial agents causing bloody gastroenteritis and a second concerning a small outbreak of brainerd's diarrhea in northern california, 20 strains of c. curvus or c. curvus-like organisms were isolated by a microfiltration technique and prolonged incubation. the results suggest that c. curvus may be an underap ... | 2005 | 15695649 |
| molecular identification of a novel deltaproteobacterium as the etiologic agent of epizootic bovine abortion (foothill abortion). | epizootic bovine abortion (eba) is endemic in california's coastal range and the foothill regions of the sierra nevada, where it has been the primary diagnosed cause of abortion in beef cattle for >50 years. investigation of these losses has defined a specific fetal syndrome characterized by late-term abortion or birth of weak or dead calves. although the unusual clinical presentation and unique fetal pathology associated with eba have been recognized since the 1950s, the identity of the etiolog ... | 2005 | 15695652 |
| detection and identification of enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon species in stool and urine specimens by pcr and differential hybridization. | several species of microsporidia can cause disease in humans in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. enterocytozoon bieneusi and encephalitozoon intestinalis are most commonly associated with chronic diarrhea. all encephalitozoon species, including e. intestinalis, e. hellem, and e. cuniculi, also cause disseminated infections. as distinctive treatment options are available for the different genera, identification is clinically important. we evaluated a pcr with primers direct ... | 2005 | 15695653 |
| characterization of cytolethal distending toxin of campylobacter species isolated from captive macaque monkeys. | an association between certain campylobacter species and enterocolitis in humans and nonhuman primates is well established, but the association between cytolethal distending toxin and disease is incompletely understood. the purpose of the present study was to examine campylobacter species isolated from captive conventionally raised macaque monkeys for the presence of the cdtb gene and for cytolethal distending toxin activity. the identity of each isolate was confirmed on the basis of phenotypic ... | 2005 | 15695658 |
| specialized microbial databases for inductive exploration of microbial genome sequences. | the enormous amount of genome sequence data asks for user-oriented databases to manage sequences and annotations. queries must include search tools permitting function identification through exploration of related objects. | 2005 | 15698474 |
| diversity within the campylobacter jejuni type i restriction-modification loci. | the type i restriction-modification (hsd) systems of 73 campylobacter jejuni strains were characterized according to their dna and amino acid sequences, and/or gene organization. a number of new genes were identified which are not present in the sequenced strain nctc 11168. the closely related organism helicobacter pylori has three type i systems; however, no evidence was found that c. jejuni strains contain multiple type i systems, although hsd loci are present in at least two different chromos ... | 2005 | 15699185 |
| a novel method for accurate operon predictions in all sequenced prokaryotes. | we combine comparative genomic measures and the distance separating adjacent genes to predict operons in 124 completely sequenced prokaryotic genomes. our method automatically tailors itself to each genome using sequence information alone, and thus can be applied to any prokaryote. for escherichia coli k12 and bacillus subtilis, our method is 85 and 83% accurate, respectively, which is similar to the accuracy of methods that use the same features but are trained on experimentally characterized t ... | 2005 | 15701760 |
| etiology of diarrhea in pediatric outpatient settings. | the frequency with which bacteria cause diarrhea evaluated in ambulatory settings is often unknown. we attempted to determine the microbiologic etiology of diarrhea in a private pediatric practice (site a) and a clinic serving largely immigrant children (site b) and to establish guidelines for bacterial culture. | 2005 | 15702043 |
| one-year (2003) nationwide pork carcass microbiological baseline data survey in taiwan. | from january through december 2003, swab samples from 1,650 pork carcasses were collected from 39 slaughter plants in taiwan. these samples were analyzed for the prevalence of indicator microorganisms and specific pathogens. viable aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, and escherichia coli were recovered from 100, 95.3, and 87.5% of these carcasses, respectively. of those carcasses that harbored bacteria, the mean aerobic plate, total coliform, and escherichia coli counts were 4.0, 0.6, and 0.1 log ... | 2005 | 15771166 |
| prevalence of campylobacter, salmonella, and escherichia coli on the external packaging of raw meat. | during september and october 2002, 3,662 prepackaged raw meat samples were collected to evaluate the extent and nature of microbiological contamination on external surfaces of the packaging, which could potentially cross-contaminate ready-to-eat foods during and after purchase. salmonella was detected on two (<1%) samples of external packaging (both from raw chicken), and campylobacter was detected on 41 (1.1%) samples of external packaging. the external packaging of game fowl exhibited the high ... | 2005 | 15771168 |
| comparison of methods for the isolation of thermotolerant campylobacter from poultry. | human campylobacteriosis has become the major cause of foodborne gastroenteritis in industrialized countries. although there have been numerous studies investigating the prevalence of campylobacter in animals and raw meat, sensitive and low-cost detection methods are needed to implement effective control measures during primary production and to use as tools in risk assessment studies. thermophilic campylobacter spp. in naturally contaminated (n = 64) and inoculated (n = 16) broiler samples were ... | 2005 | 15771193 |
| haemorrhagic campylobacter jejuni and cmv colitis in a renal transplant recipient. | 2005 | 15772269 | |
| the campylobacter jejuni stringent response controls specific stress survival and virulence-associated phenotypes. | campylobacter jejuni is a highly prevalent food-borne pathogen that causes diarrhoeal disease in humans. a natural zoonotic, it must overcome significant stresses both in vivo and during transmission despite the absence of several traditional stress response genes. although relatively little is understood about its mechanisms of pathogenesis, its ability to interact with and invade human intestinal epithelial cells closely correlates with virulence. a c. jejuni microarray-based screen revealed t ... | 2005 | 15773975 |
| evidence that the essential response regulator yycf in streptococcus pneumoniae modulates expression of fatty acid biosynthesis genes and alters membrane composition. | the yycfg two-component system, originally identified in bacillus subtilis, is highly conserved among gram-positive bacteria with low g+c contents. in streptococcus pneumoniae, the yycf response regulator has been reported to be essential for cell growth, but the signal to which it responds and the gene members of the regulon remain unclear. in order to investigate the role of yycfg in s. pneumoniae, we increased the expression of yycf by using a maltose-inducible vector and analyzed the genome- ... | 2005 | 15774879 |
| acute disseminated encephalomyelitis associated with campylobacter jejuni infection and antiganglioside gm1 igg antibodies. | 2005 | 15778812 | |
| is campylobacter jejuni enteritis a weekend disease? | 2005 | 15780425 | |
| carbohydrate-binding specificity of the escherichia coli cytolethal distending toxin cdta-ii and cdtc-ii subunits. | intoxication by cytolethal distending toxin depends on assembly of cdtb, the active a component of this ab toxin, with the cell surface-binding (b) component, composed of the cdta-cdtc heterodimer, to form the active holotoxin. here we examine the cell surface binding properties of escherichia coli-derived cdta-ii (cdta-ii(ec)) and cdtc-ii(ec) and their capacity to provide a binding platform for cdtb-ii(ec). using a flow cytometry-based binding assay, we demonstrate that cdtb-ii(ec) binds to the ... | 2005 | 15784546 |
| campylobacter jejuni-induced cytokine responses in avian cells. | campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human inflammatory enteritis. during the course of human disease numerous proinflammatory cytokines are produced. little is known, however, about the cytokine responses produced during the interaction of this bacterium with the avian host. campylobacter has been considered a commensal of the avian host. any differences in innate responses to this pathogen between the human and avian hosts should lead to a greater understanding of the disease process in hu ... | 2005 | 15784550 |
| destabilization of tetranucleotide repeats in haemophilus influenzae mutants lacking rnasehi or the klenow domain of poli. | a feature of haemophilus influenzae genomes is the presence of several loci containing tracts of six or more identical tetranucleotide repeat units. these repeat tracts are unstable and mediate high frequency, reversible alterations in the expression of surface antigens. this process, termed phase variation (pv), enables h.influenzae to rapidly adapt to fluctuations in the host environment. perturbation of lagging strand dna synthesis is known to destabilize simple sequence repeats in yeast and ... | 2005 | 15653640 |
| direct observation of the participation of flavin in product formation by thyx-encoded thymidylate synthase. | the synthesis of thymine for dna is catalyzed by the enzyme thymidylate synthase (ts). a family of flavin-dependent tss encoded by the thyx gene has been discovered recently. these newly discovered tss require a reducing substrate in addition to 2'-deoxyuridine monophosphate (dump) and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate (ch2thf), suggesting that the enzyme-bound flavin is a redox intermediary in catalysis. the oxidation of the reduced flavin of the ts from campylobacter jejuni has been observed dire ... | 2005 | 15656610 |
| major structural differences and novel potential virulence mechanisms from the genomes of multiple campylobacter species. | sequencing and comparative genome analysis of four strains of campylobacter including c. lari rm2100, c. upsaliensis rm3195, and c. coli rm2228 has revealed major structural differences that are associated with the insertion of phage- and plasmid-like genomic islands, as well as major variations in the lipooligosaccharide complex. poly g tracts are longer, are greater in number, and show greater variability in c. upsaliensis than in the other species. many genes involved in host colonization, in ... | 2005 | 15660156 |
| the diversity of dolichol-linked precursors to asn-linked glycans likely results from secondary loss of sets of glycosyltransferases. | the vast majority of eukaryotes (fungi, plants, animals, slime mold, and euglena) synthesize asn-linked glycans (alg) by means of a lipid-linked precursor dolichol-pp-glcnac2man9glc3. knowledge of this pathway is important because defects in the glycosyltransferases (alg1-alg12 and others not yet identified), which make dolichol-pp-glycans, lead to numerous congenital disorders of glycosylation. here we used bioinformatic and experimental methods to characterize alg glycosyltransferases and doli ... | 2005 | 15665075 |
| multiple modes of motility: a second flagellar system in escherichia coli. | 2005 | 15687183 | |
| pora protein of campylobacter jejuni is not a cytotoxin mediating inflammatory diarrhoea. | campylobacter jejuni is a major food-borne pathogen and a leading cause of diarrhoea. a cytotoxin is most likely involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diarrhoea due to c. jejuni. a 45-kda outer membrane protein encoded by the pora gene was reported to exhibit cytotoxic activity for cultured mammalian cells in vitro. we cloned and expressed the pora gene in escherichia coli bl21 codon plus ril strain using the fusion vector pgex-4t-1. the fusion protein solubilised in urea in denatured for ... | 2005 | 15878682 |
| an outbreak of campylobacter jejuni enteritis in a school of madrid, spain. | an outbreak of gastroenteritis caused by campylobacter infection was identified in may 2003 in a school in madrid, spain. eighty one cases were identified in a total of 253 people studied. a retrospective cohort study showed that a custard made with ultra high temperature (uht) milk was associated with illness (rr: 3.15; 95% ci: 1.25-7.93). the custard was probably contaminated with campylobacter jejuni from a raw chicken prepared a day previously in the same kitchen. our recommendations were to ... | 2005 | 15879642 |
| effect of preslaughter events on prevalence of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli in market-weight turkeys. | the effects of events which occur prior to slaughter, such as loading, transport, and holding at an abattoir, on the prevalence of campylobacter species, including campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli, were examined. cloacal swabs from market-weight turkeys in each of five flocks were obtained on a farm prior to loading (time 1; 120 swabs per flock) and after transport and holding at the abattoir (time 2; 120 swabs per flock). a statistically significant increase in the overall prevalence ... | 2005 | 15932973 |
| genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance patterns in a campylobacter population isolated from poultry farms in switzerland. | the diversity and genetic interrelation of campylobacter jejuni and c. coli isolated from swiss poultry were assessed by three independent typing methods. samples were derived prior to slaughter from 100 randomly selected flocks (five birds per flock) raised on three different farm types. the observed flock prevalence was 54% in total, with 50% for conventional and 69% for free-range farms. birds held on farms with a confined roaming area had the lowest prevalence of 37%. campylobacter isolates ... | 2005 | 15932975 |
| the htra protease of campylobacter jejuni is required for heat and oxygen tolerance and for optimal interaction with human epithelial cells. | campylobacter jejuni is a predominant cause of food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis in the developed world. we have investigated the importance of a homologue of the periplasmic htra protease in c. jejuni stress tolerance. a c. jejuni htra mutant was constructed and compared to the parental strain, and we found that growth of the mutant was severely impaired both at 44 degrees c and in the presence of the trna analogue puromycin. under both conditions, the level of misfolded protein is known to ... | 2005 | 15933023 |
| evaluation of agar plates for direct enumeration of campylobacter spp. from poultry carcass rinses. | campy-cefex, a modification of campy-cefex, modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate (mccda), karmali, campy, and campy-line agars were evaluated for their efficiency to isolate and enumerate campylobacter spp. from poultry carcass rinses. campy-cefex and its modification produced the best results but were statistically similar to campy, mccda, and karmali. | 2005 | 15933040 |
| characterization of gla(kp), a udp-galacturonic acid c4-epimerase from klebsiella pneumoniae with extended substrate specificity. | in escherichia coli and salmonella enterica, the core oligosaccharide backbone of the lipopolysaccharide is modified by phosphoryl groups. the negative charges provided by these residues are important in maintaining the barrier function of the outer membrane. in contrast, klebsiella pneumoniae lacks phosphoryl groups in its core oligosaccharide but instead contains galacturonic acid residues that are proposed to serve a similar function in outer membrane stability. gla(kp) is a udp-galacturonic ... | 2005 | 15937173 |
| activation in vagal afferents and central autonomic pathways: early responses to intestinal infection with campylobacter jejuni. | abundant evidence now supports the idea that multiple pathways or mechanisms underlie communication from the immune system to the brain. the presence of a variety of mechanisms suggests that they may each contribute something different to immunosensory signaling. for instance, brain mediated immune signal transduction is dependent upon the presence of circulating mediators whereas peripheral sensory nerves are more likely to be important early on in an infection, prior to elevation of circulatin ... | 2005 | 15944073 |
| the tetr family of transcriptional repressors. | we have developed a general profile for the proteins of the tetr family of repressors. the stretch that best defines the profile of this family is made up of 47 amino acid residues that correspond to the helix-turn-helix dna binding motif and adjacent regions in the three-dimensional structures of tetr, qacr, cprb, and ethr, four family members for which the function and three-dimensional structure are known. we have detected a set of 2,353 nonredundant proteins belonging to this family by scree ... | 2005 | 15944459 |
| prevalence of potential virulence markers in polish campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolates obtained from hospitalized children and from chicken carcasses. | the pathogenicity of thermotolerant campylobacter species, common food-borne pathogens, depends on certain factors unevenly distributed among strains of different origin. the prevalence of such markers has never been examined in a population of polish campylobacter strains of human and poultry origin. therefore, we analysed the presence of the cadf, cdta, cdtb and cdtc genes and the iam sequence in campylobacter jejuni (n = 115) and campylobacter coli (n = 57) isolates from children with diarrho ... | 2005 | 15947425 |
| an atp-binding cassette-type cysteine transporter in campylobacter jejuni inferred from the structure of an extracytoplasmic solute receptor protein. | campylobacter jejuni is a gram-negative food-borne pathogen associated with gastroenteritis in humans as well as cases of the autoimmune disease guillain-barré syndrome. c. jejuni is asaccharolytic because it lacks an active glycolytic pathway for the use of sugars as a carbon source. this suggests an increased reliance on amino acids as nutrients and indeed the genome sequence of this organism indicates the presence of a number of amino acid uptake systems. cj0982, also known as cjaa, is a puta ... | 2005 | 15948956 |
| evasion of toll-like receptor 5 by flagellated bacteria. | toll-like receptor 5 (tlr5) recognizes an evolutionarily conserved site on bacterial flagellin that is required for flagellar filament assembly and motility. the alpha and epsilon proteobacteria, including the important human pathogens campylobacter jejuni, helicobacter pylori, and bartonella bacilliformis, require flagellar motility to efficiently infect mammalian hosts. in this study, we demonstrate that these bacteria make flagellin molecules that are not recognized by tlr5. we map the site r ... | 2005 | 15956202 |
| pet dogs and chicken meat as reservoirs of campylobacter spp. in barbados. | campylobacter spp. are the second most common pathogen isolated from stools of patients with gastroenteritis in barbados. the aim of this study was to identify reservoirs of campylobacter and the likely source(s) of human infection. fecal specimens from 596 animals and 311 samples of animal food products were analyzed for the presence of campylobacter spp. by standard culture techniques. isolates were characterized by conventional phenotypic tests, confirmed by latex agglutination and pcr with g ... | 2005 | 15956378 |
| comparison of campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharide biosynthesis loci from a variety of sources. | campylobacter jejuni strains exhibit significant variation in the genetic content of the lipooligosaccharide (los) biosynthesis loci with concomitant differences in los structure. the c. jejuni los loci have been grouped into six classes based on gene content and organization. utilizing pcr amplifications of genes from these loci, we were able to classify a majority (80%) of the los biosynthesis loci from 123 strains of c. jejuni that included 39 of the penner serotype reference strains. we foun ... | 2005 | 15956396 |
| the immunobiology of guillain-barré syndromes. | this presentation highlights aspects of the immunobiology of the guillain-barré syndromes (gbs), the world's leading cause of acute autoimmune neuromuscular paralysis. understanding the key pathophysiological pathways of gbs and developing rational, specific immunotherapies are essential steps towards improving the clinical outcome of this devastating disorder. much of the research into gbs over the last decade has focused on the forms mediated by anti-ganglioside antibodies, and we have made su ... | 2005 | 15958123 |
| gastrointestinal mucins of fut2-null mice lack terminal fucosylation without affecting colonization by candida albicans. | posttranslational modification of apomucins by the sequential action of glycosyltransferases is required to produce mature mucins. the secretor gene (fut2) encodes an alpha(1,2)fucosyltransferase (ec 2.4.1.69) that catalyzes addition of terminal alpha(1,2)fucose residues on mucins and other molecules in mucosal epithelium. mutant mice containing targeted replacement of fut2 with the bacterial reporter gene lacz were studied to determine the affect of the loss of fut2 on glycosylation of mucins i ... | 2005 | 15958416 |
| declines of zoonotic agents in liquid livestock wastes stored in batches on-farm. | to measure the decline rates of zoonotic agents introduced into liquid livestock wastes in on-farm storage tanks. | 2005 | 15960665 |
| pvir and bloody diarrhea in campylobacter jejuni enteritis. | the plasmid pvir may play a role in the virulence of campylobacter jejuni, a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. the pvir plasmid was identified in 17% of 104 c. jejuni clinical isolates studied and was significantly associated with the occurrence of blood in patient stool, a marker of invasive infection. the pvir plasmid was not associated with greater occurrence of diarrhea, fever, pain, vomiting, or need for patient hospitalization. isolates containing pvir were also associated with t ... | 2005 | 15963277 |
| diarrheal illness among deployed u.s. military personnel during operation bright star 2001--egypt. | in the fall of 2001, approximately 15,000 u.s. military personnel participated in a military exercise in the northwestern egyptian desert. to assess the prevalence and impact of diarrhea and enteropathogen distribution, we conducted a post-deployment survey and a case series study. a departure convenience sampling (n = 3725) was used in the post-deployment survey. overall, 9.3% reported diarrhea, 2.6% sought medical care, and 2.8% stopped or decreased their work for at least a day. among those r ... | 2005 | 15964494 |
| stable accumulation of sigma54 in helicobacter pylori requires the novel protein hp0958. | several flagellar genes in helicobacter pylori are dependent on sigma(54) (rpon) for their expression. these genes encode components of the basal body, the hook protein, and a minor flagellin, flab. a protein-protein interaction map for h. pylori constructed from a high-throughput screen of a yeast two-hybrid assay (http://pim.hybrigenics.com/pimriderext/common/) revealed interactions between sigma(54) and the conserved hypothetical protein hp0958. to see if hp0958 influences sigma(54) function, ... | 2005 | 15968056 |
| an emptying quiver: antimicrobial drugs and resistance. | 2005 | 15971372 | |
| a temporal study of salmonella serovars in animals in alberta between 1990 and 2001. | passive laboratory-based surveillance data from alberta agriculture food and rural development were analyzed for common salmonella serovars, prevalences, trends, and for the presence of temporal clusters. there were 1767 isolates between october 1990 and december 2001 comprising 63 different serovars, including 961 isolates from chickens, 418 from cattle, 108 from pigs, 102 from turkeys, and 178 from all other species combined. salmonella typhimurium, heidelberg, hadar, kentucky, and thompson we ... | 2005 | 15971672 |
| role of motility and flagellin glycosylation in the pathogenesis of pseudomonas aeruginosa burn wound infections. | in this study, we tested the contribution of flagellar motility, flagellin structure, and its glycosylation in pseudomonas aeruginosa using genetically defined flagellar mutants. all mutants and their parent strains were tested in a burned-mouse model of infection. motility and glycosylation of the flagellum appear to be important determinants of flagellar-mediated virulence in this model. this is the first report where genetically defined flagellar variants of p. aeruginosa were tested in the b ... | 2005 | 15972536 |
| campylobacter jejuni induces secretion of proinflammatory chemokines from human intestinal epithelial cells. | campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of diarrhea in humans. while the pathogenic mechanisms of c. jejuni are not completely understood, host inflammatory responses are thought to be contributing factors. in this report, c. jejuni 81-176 is shown to up-regulate chemokines essential to inflammatory responses. growth-related oncogene alpha (groalpha), grogamma, macrophage inflammatory protein 1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (mcp-1), and gamma interferon-inducible protein 10 (gammaip-10) mrn ... | 2005 | 15972545 |
| [antimicrobial susceptibility of campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli isolated from human diarrheic samples]. | one hundred forty-seven campylobacter were isolated using 3,204 samples taken from sporadic diarrheic patients from january 2001 to december 2003. the detection rate of campylobacter in 16 to 30 year old patients (12.9%, 83/641) was significantly higher than that in patients less than 16 years of age, 5%, (29/1,155) (p < 0.001) and more than 30 years of age, 2.5% (35/1,408) (p < 0.001), respectively. the highest detection rate was obtained from the stool of males in the 16 to 30 year old range d ... | 2005 | 15977557 |
| [immunoproliferative small intestinal disease associated with campylobacter jejuni]. | 2005 | 15978389 | |
| recovery of thermophilic campylobacters from pond water and sediment and the problem of interference by background bacteria in enrichment culture. | the aim of this study was to address problems in the determination of thermophilic campylobacters in turbid pond water and sediment. thirty sets of three samples of pond water (volumes 10, 100, 1000 ml) or sediment (0.1, 1.0, 5.0 ml) were examined for the presence of thermophilic campylobacters. the different volumes of pond water were processed by membrane filtration followed by selective enrichment. the samples of sediment were subjected directly to selective enrichment. presumptive isolates w ... | 2005 | 15979120 |
| macrolide resistance in campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli: molecular mechanism and stability of the resistance phenotype. | a collection of 23 macrolide-resistant campylobacter isolates from different geographic areas was investigated to determine the mechanism and stability of macrolide resistance. the isolates were identified as campylobacter jejuni or campylobacter coli based on the results of the hippurate biochemical test in addition to five pcr-based genotypic methods. three point mutations at two positions within the peptidyl transferase region in domain v of the 23s rrna gene were identified. about 78% of the ... | 2005 | 15980346 |
| in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing of helicobacter felis, h. bizzozeronii, and h. salomonis. | the susceptibilities of helicobacter felis (15 strains), h. bizzozeronii (7 strains), and h. salomonis (3 strains) to 10 antimicrobial agents were investigated by determination of the mic using the agar dilution method. no consistent differences were noticed between the different helicobacter species, which were all highly susceptible to ampicillin, clarithromycin, tetracycline, tylosin, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, and neomycin, as demonstrated by low mics. higher mics were obtained for lincomycin ... | 2005 | 15980383 |
| novel spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance gene, aada14, from pasteurella multocida. | a novel spectinomycin/streptomycin resistance gene, designated aada14, was detected on the mobilizable 5,198-bp plasmid pcck647 from pasteurella multocida. the aada14 gene encodes an aminoglycoside adenylyltransferase of 261 amino acids. sequence comparisons revealed that the aada14 protein showed less than 60% identity to the aada proteins known so far. | 2005 | 15980396 |
| [guillain-barré syndrome and its association with infectious factors]. | guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) is an acute polyneuropathy often triggered by inflammatory and probably autoimmune mechanisms. development of gbs is in 2/3 of cases preceded by acute infection, typically with gastrointestinal or respiratory symptoms. infectious agents related to gbs include cytomegalovirus, epstein-barr virus, campylobacter jejuni, mycoplasma pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae. molecular mimicry seems to be responsible for gbs development after infection, through the synthesis ... | 2005 | 15981163 |
| codon usage comparison of novel genes in clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae. | a similarity statistic for codon usage was developed and used to compare novel gene sequences found in clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae with a reference set of 80 prokaryotic, eukaryotic and viral genomes. these analyses were performed to obtain an indication as to whether individual genes were haemophilus-like in nature, or if they probably had more recently entered the h.influenzae gene pool via horizontal gene transfer from other species. the average and sd values were calculated f ... | 2005 | 15983137 |
| agricultural antibiotics and human health. | 2005 | 15984910 | |
| aetiology and pathogenesis of reactive arthritis: role of non-antigen-presenting effects of hla-b27. | spondyloarthropathies are inflammatory diseases closely associated with human leukocyte antigen (hla)-b27 by unknown mechanisms. one of these diseases is reactive arthritis (rea), which is typically triggered by gram-negative bacteria, which have lipopolysaccharide as an integral component of their outer membrane. several findings in vivo and in vitro obtained from patients with rea and from different model systems suggest that hla-b27 modulates the interaction between rea-triggering bacteria an ... | 2005 | 15987495 |
| a single bifunctional udp-glcnac/glc 4-epimerase supports the synthesis of three cell surface glycoconjugates in campylobacter jejuni. | the major cell-surface carbohydrates (lipooligosaccharide, capsule, and glycoprotein n-linked heptasaccharide) of campylobacter jejuni nctc 11168 contain gal and/or galnac residues. gale is the sole annotated udp-glucose 4-epimerase in this bacterium. the presence of galnac residues in these carbohydrates suggested that gale might be a udp-glcnac 4-epimerase. gale was shown to epimerize udp-glc and udp-glcnac in coupled assays with c. jejuni glycosyltransferases and in sugar nucleotide epimeriza ... | 2005 | 15509570 |
| covert operations of uropathogenic escherichia coli within the urinary tract. | entry into host cells is required for many bacterial pathogens to effectively disseminate within a host, avoid immune detection and cause disease. in recent years, many ostensibly extracellular bacteria have been shown to act as opportunistic intracellular pathogens. among these are strains of uropathogenic escherichia coli (upec), the primary causative agents of urinary tract infections (utis). upec are able to transiently invade, survive and multiply within the host cells and tissues constitut ... | 2005 | 15569242 |
| immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (ipsid): a model for mature b-cell neoplasms. | immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (ipsid) was recently added to the growing list of infectious pathogen-associated human lymphomas. molecular and immunohistochemical studies demonstrated an association with campylobacter jejuni. ipsid is a variant of the b-cell lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (malt), which involves mainly the proximal small intestine resulting in malabsorption, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. geographically, ipsid is most prevalent in the middle east and a ... | 2005 | 15542584 |
| human peripheral and gastric lymphocyte responses to helicobacter pylori napa and aphc differ in infected and uninfected individuals. | in this study, we identify the nature of the immunological response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) and lamina propria gastric lymphocytes (lpl) to two helicobacter pylori antigens, the neutrophil activating protein (napa) and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase (aphc). these antigens were identified and selected for study based on the observation that serological recognition of these proteins was associated with h pylori negative status in humans. | 2005 | 15591500 |
| identification and characterization of a major subgroup of conjugative campylobacter jejuni plasmids. | enterocyte invasion of campylobacter jejuni 81-176 has been reported to depend upon the virulence plasmid pvir. the objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of pvir in clinical c. jejuni isolates, to investigate dna homologies between c. jejuni plasmids and the significance of plasmids for c. jejuni invasiveness. | 2005 | 15603835 |
| analysis of campylobacter jejuni capsular loci reveals multiple mechanisms for the generation of structural diversity and the ability to form complex heptoses. | we recently demonstrated that campylobacter jejuni produces a capsular polysaccharide (cps) that is the major antigenic component of the classical penner serotyping system distinguishing campylobacter into >60 groups. although the wide variety of c. jejuni serotypes are suggestive of structural differences in cps, the genetic mechanisms of such differences are unknown. in this study we sequenced biosynthetic cps regions, ranging in size from 15 to 34 kb, from selected c. jejuni strains of hs:1, ... | 2005 | 15612919 |