Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| clostridium difficile glucosyltransferase toxin b-essential amino acids for substrate binding. | recently the crystal structure of the catalytic domain of clostridium difficile toxin b was solved ( reinert, d. j., jank, t., aktories, k., and schulz, g. e. (2005) j. mol. biol. 351, 973-981 ). on the basis of this structure, we studied the functional role of several amino acids located in the catalytic center of toxin b. besides the (286)dxd(288) motif and trp(102), which were shown to be necessary for mn(2+) and udp binding, respectively, we identified by alanine scanning asp(270), arg(273), ... | 2007 | 17901056 |
| safety concerns with fluoroquinolones. | to review the chemistry, pharmacology, and safety of fluoroquinolones. | 2007 | 17911203 |
| [molecular fingerprint of bacterial communities and 16s rdna intra-species heterogeneity: a pitfall that should be considered]. | molecular fingerprinting methods are currently used to study microbial communities by culture independent approaches. they are proposed as identification tool owing to the availability of rapid automated methods. the 16s rrna gene (16s rdna) is an efficient marker for bacterial identification and microbial communities analysis. however, the 16s rdna polymorphism among strains of the same species is an underestimated pitfall of the fingerprinting approaches. | 2007 | 17913388 |
| bugs among us. | 2007 | 17914302 | |
| potential use of inhibitors of bacteria spore germination in the prophylactic treatment of anthrax and clostridium difficile-associated disease. | spore germination is the first step in establishing bacillus and clostridium infections. germination is triggered by the binding of small molecules by the resting spore. subsequently, the activated spore secretes dipicolinic acid and calcium, the spore core is rehydrated and spore structures are degraded. inhibition of any of the germination-related events will prevent development to the vegetative stage. inhibition of spore germination has been studied intensively in the prevention of food spoi ... | 2007 | 17914913 |
| nadph oxidase plays a central role in blood-brain barrier damage in experimental stroke. | cerebral ischemia/reperfusion is associated with reactive oxygen species (ros) generation, and nadph oxidases are important sources of ros. we hypothesized that nadph oxidases mediate blood-brain barrier (bbb) disruption and contribute to tissue damage in ischemia/reperfusion. | 2007 | 17916764 |
| colitis associated with clostridium difficile in specific-pathogen-free c3h-scid mice. | soft feces and a decreased delivery rate were observed in a specific-pathogen-free (spf) c3h-scid mouse breeding colony. grossly, the ceca were shrunken and edematous in the affected mice. histopathologically, severe edema in the cecal submucosa as well as infiltration of inflammatory cells in the lamina propria and submucosa of the ceca and colon were observed. no pathogenic microorganisms were detected by the routine microbiological tests. by anaerobic bacterial-examination, clostridium (c.) d ... | 2007 | 17917386 |
| fluoroquinolone use and risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease within a veterans administration health care system. | prompted by the changing profile of clostridium difficile infection and the impact of formulary policies in hospitals, we performed this study when an increase in the incidence of c. difficile-associated disease was noted at our health care center (veterans administration puget sound health care system, seattle, washington). | 2007 | 17918075 |
| detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in stool samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of c. difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is the major cause of health care-associated infectious diarrhea. current laboratory testing lacks a single assay that is sensitive, specific, and rapid. the purpose of this work was to design and validate a sensitive and specific real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) diagnostic test for cdad. | 2007 | 17918076 |
| characteristics and incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease in the netherlands, 2005. | during a 2-month period in 2005, 13 laboratories participated in a surveillance study of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in 17 hospitals in the netherlands. the median incidence rate of cdad was 16/10 000 patient admissions (2.2/10 000 patient-days) and varied from 1 to 46/10 000 patient admissions according to hospital. in total, 81 patients with cdad were reported; 49 (61%) patients had nosocomial cdad, and 29 (36%) patients were admitted to hospital when already suffering from ... | 2007 | 17922780 |
| the aging gut: physiology. | changes in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract with aging are less obvious than are seen in other organs, such as the brain. nevertheless, physiologic changes play a role in the anorexia of aging, postprandial hypotension, aspiration pneumonia, increased clostridium difficile infections, fecal incontinence, gallstones, and altered drug metabolism. | 2007 | 17923336 |
| the emerging infectious challenge of clostridium difficile-associated disease in massachusetts hospitals: clinical and economic consequences. | to estimate the clinical and economic burden of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in massachusetts over 2 years. | 2007 | 17926270 |
| infection control policies and practices for iowa long-term care facility residents with clostridium difficile infection. | to identify infection control policies and practices used by iowa long-term care facilities (ltcfs) for residents with clostridium difficile infection or c. difficile-associated diarrhea and to assess use of antimicrobial agents. | 2007 | 17926271 |
| changing epidemiology of clostridium difficile-associated disease in children. | to determine temporal trends in the incidence rate for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a pediatric patient population. | 2007 | 17926272 |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease in patients in a small rural hospital. | to determine the risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a 25-bed rural hospital and to compare antimicrobial use ratios at the study hospital with those at a large academic medical center. | 2007 | 17926273 |
| risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease among patients receiving proton-pump inhibitors in a quebec medical intensive care unit. | our study was conducted to determine whether use of gastric acid-suppressive agents increased the risk of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in a medical intensive care unit of one of the first hospitals to be threatened by the current cdad epidemic in quebec, canada. our findings suggest that efforts to determine risk factors for cdad should focus on other areas, such as older age and antibiotic use. | 2007 | 17926283 |
| infections and training headaches plague uk's government health system. | 2007 | 17927038 | |
| [survey of susceptibility of clinical clostridium diffiicile strains isolated from patients hospitalised in different departments of paediatric hospital to antimicrobial agents]. | this study was performed to determine the susceptibility of 50 c. difficile strains isolated from faecal samples of children suspected to antibiotic associated diarrhea (aad) to antimicrobial agents: metronidazole, vancomycin, erythromycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloksacin, gatifloksacin and imipenem. the all c. difficile strains were sensitived to metronidazole and vancomycin. twenty six per cent of strains were resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin (mls(b) type resistance). resita ... | 2007 | 17929413 |
| risks versus benefits of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy in the elderly. | 2007 | 17936957 | |
| role of retinol in protecting epithelial cell damage induced by clostridium difficile toxin a. | vitamin a (retinol), a fat-soluble vitamin, is an essential nutrient for the normal functioning of the visual system, epithelial cell integrity and growth, immunity, and reproduction. our group has investigated the effect of high doses of oral vitamin a on early childhood diarrhea in our prospective community-based studies from northeast brazil and found a beneficial role in reducing the mean duration but not incidence of diarrheal episodes. in this study, we explored the role of retinol supplem ... | 2007 | 17825865 |
| prokinetic therapy for feed intolerance in critical illness: one drug or two? | to compare the efficacy of combination therapy, with erythromycin and metoclopramide, to erythromycin alone in the treatment of feed intolerance in critically ill patients. | 2007 | 17828038 |
| widespread environmental contamination associated with patients with diarrhea and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus colonization of the gastrointestinal tract. | patients colonized with methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) may contaminate their immediate environment with this organism. however, the extent to which gastrointestinal colonization with mrsa affects environmental contamination is not known. we investigated the frequency of environmental contamination in the rooms of patients with diarrheal stools and heavy gastrointestinal colonization with mrsa. | 2007 | 17828690 |
| clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in heart transplant recipients: is hypogammaglobulinemia the answer? | information regarding clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) after solid-organ transplantation (sot) is scarce, particularly after heart transplantation (ht). although host immune response to c. difficile plays a substantial role in the outcome of this infection, the responsibility of hypogammaglobulinemia (hgg) as a predisposing condition for cdad has not been studied in sot. we analyzed the incidence, clinical presentation, outcome and risk factors, including hgg, of cdad after ht. | 2007 | 17845929 |
| intensive session: new approaches to medical issues in long-term care. | this article, based on a series of presentations at the american medical directors association, briefly highlights new advances in medical areas of interest to long-term care physicians. the areas discussed are heart failure, vitamin d, falls, new treatments for diabetes mellitus, blood pressure measurement, anemia, clinical nutrition, pressure ulcers, clostridium difficile, insomnia, and antipsychotic therapy. | 2007 | 17845944 |
| hse clears infection death managers. | 2007 | 17847612 | |
| prospective study of clostridium difficile infections in europe with phenotypic and genotypic characterisation of the isolates. | a 2-month prospective study of clostridium difficile infections was conducted in 38 hospitals from 14 different european countries in order to obtain an overview of the phenotypic and genotypic features of clinical isolates of c. difficile during 2005. of 411 isolates from diarrhoeagenic patients with suspected c. difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad), 354 were toxigenic, of which 86 (24.3%) were toxin-variant strains. major toxinotypes included toxinotypes 0 (n = 268), v (n = 28), viii (n = 22) ... | 2007 | 17850341 |
| cytomegalovirus and clostridium difficile ischemic colitis in a renal transplant recipient: a lethal complication of anti-rejection therapy? | intestinal ischemia is reported to be the most common gastrointestinal complication of renal transplantation and a potential cause of morbidity and mortality. the recent use of more potent immunosuppressive drug regimens has reduced the incidence of acute rejection, increasing the incidence of potentially fatal infectious complications, such as clinically important cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection. a 42-year-old kidney transplant recipient experienced on postoperative day 10 a dehiscence of the u ... | 2007 | 17851290 |
| clostridium difficile: dealing with a silent menace. | clostridium difficile infection is a growing problem and infection is not confined to acute hospitals. people with c. difficile may be cared for in community hospitals or at home. some people with c. difficile suffer recurrent bouts of infection, others are left with ongoing bowel problems as a result of the infection. prevention, wherever possible, through prudent antibiotic prescribing and scrupulous infection control procedures can reduce infection risks. prompt diagnosis and treatment can re ... | 2007 | 17851307 |
| early and late onset clostridium difficile-associated colitis following liver transplantation. | clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) remains a serious and common complication after liver transplantation (lt). four hundred and sixty-seven consecutive lts in 402 individuals were performed between 1998 and 2001 at our center. standard immunosuppression consisted of tacrolimus, mycophenolate, and steroids. cd toxins a and b were detected by using a rapid immunoassay or enzyme immunoassay. cdc was diagnosed in 32 patients (5-1999 days post-lt), with 93.8% (30/32) of patients developing cdc durin ... | 2007 | 17854444 |
| inflammation and apoptosis in clostridium difficile enteritis is mediated by pge2 up-regulation of fas ligand. | clostridium difficile toxin a causes acute inflammation and fluid secretion in experimental animals and patients with c difficile infection. we previously reported that toxin a increased cyclooxygenase-2/prostaglandin e(2) (pge(2)) expression and apoptosis in human colonocytes. here, we assessed the role of secreted pge(2) in inflammation and enterocyte apoptosis in toxin a enteritis. | 2007 | 17854595 |
| distribution of clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 027 in british hospitals. | 2007 | 17868609 | |
| first isolation and report of clusters of clostridium difficile pcr 027 cases in ireland. | 2007 | 17868610 | |
| asymptomatic carriers are a potential source for transmission of epidemic and nonepidemic clostridium difficile strains among long-term care facility residents. | asymptomatic fecal carriage of clostridium difficile is common in patients staying in health care facilities, but the importance of asymptomatic carriers with regard to disease transmission is unclear. | 2007 | 17879913 |
| asymptomatic clostridium difficile colonization: is this the tip of another iceberg? | 2007 | 17879914 | |
| diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea and odor. | 2007 | 17879938 | |
| a case of norovirus and clostridium difficile infection: casual or causal relationship? | 2007 | 17884245 | |
| reported clostridium difficile rates: accurate and targeting the problem? | 2007 | 17884249 | |
| what is the true burden of clostridium difficile disease? | 2007 | 17884251 | |
| clostridium difficile: emergence of hypervirulence and fluoroquinolone resistance. | clostridium difficile is a well-known cause of sporadic and healthcare-associated diarrhea. multihospital outbreaks due to a single strain and outbreaks associated with antibiotic selective pressure, especially clindamycin, have been well documented. severe cases and fatalities from c. difficile are uncommon. the recent global emergence of a hypervirulent strain containing binary toxin (toxinotype iii ribotype 027), with or without deletion in a regulatory gene (tcdc gene), together with high-le ... | 2007 | 17885732 |
| the potential impact of substitutive therapy with intravenous immunoglobulin on the outcome of heart transplant recipients with infections. | hypogammaglobulinemia has been proposed to be a risk factor for infection after heart transplantation (oht). infection is a leading cause of morbility and mortality among these patients. in a retrospective study we analyzed the impact of substitutive therapy with nonspecific intravenous immunoglobulin (ivig) on the outcomes of heart transplant patients with infections. we analyzed the outcome of 123 consecutive heart transplant recipients in our center from june 1996 to november 2005. their mean ... | 2007 | 17889198 |
| morphological and genetic diversity of temperate phages in clostridium difficile. | eight temperate phages were characterized after mitomycin c induction of six clostridium difficile isolates corresponding to six distinct pcr ribotypes. the hypervirulent c. difficile strain responsible for a multi-institutional outbreak (nap1/027 or qcd-32g58) was among these prophage-containing strains. observation of the crude lysates by transmission electron microscopy (tem) revealed the presence of three phages with isometric capsids and long contractile tails (myoviridae family), as well a ... | 2007 | 17890338 |
| fucidic acid use in metronidazole nonresponders with clostridium difficile infection. | 2007 | 17687186 | |
| cwp84, a surface-associated protein of clostridium difficile, is a cysteine protease with degrading activity on extracellular matrix proteins. | clostridium difficile pathogenicity is mediated mainly by its a and b toxins, but the colonization process is thought to be a necessary preliminary step in the course of infection. the aim of this study was to characterize the cwp84 protease of c. difficile, which is highly immunogenic in patients with c. difficile-associated disease and is potentially involved in the pathogenic process. cwp84 was purified as a recombinant his-tagged protein, and specific antibodies were generated in rabbits. tr ... | 2007 | 17693508 |
| binary toxin production in clostridium difficile is regulated by cdtr, a lyttr family response regulator. | clostridium difficile binary toxin (cdt) is an actin-specific adp-ribosyltransferase that is produced by various c. difficile isolates, including the "hypervirulent" nap1/027 epidemic strains. in contrast to the two major toxins from c. difficile, toxin a and toxin b, little is known about the role of cdt in virulence or how c. difficile regulates its production. in this study we have shown that in addition to the cdta and cdtb toxin structural genes, a functional cdt locus contains a third gene ... | 2007 | 17693517 |
| evidence for low risk of clostridium difficile infection associated with tigecycline. | broad-spectrum antibiotics are often associated with a relatively high risk of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). however, exceptions to this rule, e.g., piperacillin-tazobactam, show that marked inhibition of gut flora is not synonymous with cdi risk. tigecycline has marked broad-spectrum activity that includes gram-positive and gram-negative facultative and obligate anaerobes. antibiotic susceptibility, gut model and clinical trial data suggest that tigecycline is associated with a relativ ... | 2007 | 17697004 |
| c. difficile outbreaks in gatineau, sault ste. marie. | 2007 | 17698816 | |
| effect of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg in persistent diarrhea in indian children: a randomized controlled trial. | to evaluate the role of lactobacillus rhamnosus gg (lgg) as probiotic in persistent diarrhea (pd) in children of north bengal, india. | 2007 | 17700424 |
| prevalence of enterotoxin producing staphylococcus aureus in stools of patients with nosocomial diarrhea. | nosocomial diarrhea causes prolonged hospital stay leading to additional diagnostic and therapeutic procedures resulting in higher costs. a total of 20%-25% of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) cases are attributed to clostridium difficile. other microorganisms like clostridium perfringens and staphylococcus aureus are discussed to be associated with aad. | 2007 | 17721737 |
| repression of clostridium difficile toxin gene expression by cody. | cody, a global regulator of gene expression in low g + c gram-positive bacteria, was found to repress toxin gene expression in clostridium difficile. inactivation of the cody gene resulted in derepression of all five genes of the c. difficile pathogenicity locus during exponential growth and stationary phase. cody was found to bind with high affinity to a dna fragment containing the promoter region of the tcdr gene, which encodes a sigma factor that permits rna polymerase to recognize promoters ... | 2007 | 17725558 |
| opportunistic infections mimicking gastrointestinal vasculitis in systemic lupus erythematosus. | patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who are on chronic immunosuppressive therapy are at risk for developing infectious complications. we present 2 cases of immunosuppressed patients with systemic lupus erythematosus who presented with abdominal complaints without other systemic lupus symptoms. these patients were initially thought to have gastrointestinal vasculitis based on preliminary pathologic reports; however, further workup and careful review of the pathologic specimens confirmed an ... | 2007 | 17762457 |
| review article: yeast as probiotics -- saccharomyces boulardii. | probiotics are defined as live micro-organisms which confer a health benefit on the host. although most probiotics are bacteria, one strain of yeast, saccharomyces boulardii, has been found to be an effective probiotic in double-blind clinical studies. | 2007 | 17767461 |
| [probiotics as prophylactic agents against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients]. | antibiotic associated diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity in hospitalized elderly patients. probiotics may shorten the duration and reduce the recurrence incidence of this problem. the researchers assessed the protective effects of probiotics in hospitalized patients. | 2007 | 17803164 |
| yield of stool culture with isolate toxin testing versus a two-step algorithm including stool toxin testing for detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile. | we examined the incremental yield of stool culture (with toxin testing on isolates) versus our two-step algorithm for optimal detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile. per the two-step algorithm, stools were screened for c. difficile-associated glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) antigen and, if positive, tested for toxin by a direct (stool) cell culture cytotoxicity neutralization assay (ccna). in parallel, stools were cultured for c. difficile and tested for toxin by both indirect (isolate) ccna ... | 2007 | 17804652 |
| clostridium difficile infection in an urban medical center: five-year analysis of infection rates among adult admissions and association with the use of proton pump inhibitors. | c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) has become a major cause of morbidity in hospitalized patients. in this study of five-year (2001-2005, inclusive) trends of incidence of cdad among adults in an inner-city medical center, the overall annual incidence increased from 5.08 to 8.42 cases/10(3) admissions (p = 0.0005). age distribution remained fairly constant for 2001-2004 but decreased significantly in 2005 (p = 0.005); no significant change was observed for gender. during the five-year perio ... | 2007 | 17709687 |
| diagnosis and management of patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | this article outlines the diagnosis, treatment and nursing management of patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | 2007 | 17711247 |
| does emergency colectomy reduce mortality in patients with clostridium difficile-associated disease? | 2007 | 17712324 | |
| spread and epidemiology of clostridium difficile polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027/toxinotype iii in the netherlands. | after reports of emerging outbreaks in canada and the united states, clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) due to polymerase chain reaction ribotype 027 was detected in 2 medium-to-large hospitals in the netherlands in 2005. | 2007 | 17712752 |
| is it clostridium difficile infection or something else? a case-control study of 352 hospitalized patients with new-onset diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) is a leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea in the united states, and may be associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality. diarrhea is also very common among hospitalized patients and is often related to a variety of factors not related to c difficile infection. | 2007 | 17713303 |
| [severe diarrhea in antibiotic therapy. test for clostridium difficile!]. | 2007 | 18236978 | |
| infection of hamsters with historical and epidemic bi types of clostridium difficile. | north american and european hospitals have reported outbreaks of clostridium difficile-associated disease with unexpectedly high mortality caused by a newly recognized group of c. difficile strains, group bi. our objective was to compare, in hamsters, the virulence of a historical nonepidemic bi type, bi1, with that of 2 recent epidemic bi types, bi6 and bi17, and with that of 2 standard toxigenic strains, k14 and 630. | 2007 | 18190262 |
| clostridium difficile--associated disease in a setting of endemicity: identification of novel risk factors. | previous studies of risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) have been limited by small sample sizes and case-control study designs. many of these studies were performed during outbreaks of cdad. colonization pressure and use of fluoroquinolones, vancomycin, and gastric acid suppressors have not been fully evaluated as risk factors for cdad. the purpose of this study was to determine risk factors for endemic cdad, including cdad pressure, a modified version of colonizatio ... | 2007 | 18190314 |
| vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 18190329 | |
| vancomycin therapy for severe clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 18190330 | |
| clostridium difficile-associated disease treatment response depends on definition of cure. | 2007 | 18190331 | |
| difficulties with clostridium difficile. | 2007 | 18171113 | |
| the burden of clostridium difficile in surgical patients in the united states. | clostridium difficile colitis is the predominant hospital-acquired gastrointestinal infection in the united states and has emerged as an important nosocomial cause of morbidity and death. although several institutional studies have examined the effects of c. difficile on hospitalized patients, its nationwide impact on surgical patients has yet to be defined. | 2007 | 18171114 |
| infection likely cause of 90 deaths. | 2007 | 18161446 | |
| progress at outbreak trust but doctor hygiene rapped. | 2007 | 18161470 | |
| effect of product temperature during primary drying on the long-term stability of lyophilized proteins. | our objective was to investigate the effect of performing primary drying at product temperatures below and above tg' (glass transition temperature of the freeze-concentrated phase) on the long-term stability of lyophilized proteins. two protective media differing in the nature of the bulking agent used (amorphous or crystalline) were selected. several lyophilization cycles were performed by using various combinations of shelf temperature and chamber pressure to obtain different values of product ... | 2007 | 18161627 |
| clostridium difficile. | 2007 | 18087880 | |
| the addition of fiber and the use of continuous infusion decrease the incidence of diarrhea in elderly tube-fed patients in medical wards of a general regional hospital: a controlled clinical trial. | to determine if feeds high in fiber continuously administered might minimize diarrhea. | 2007 | 18090158 |
| efficacy of rifaximin and vancomycin combination therapy in a patient with refractory clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | 2007 | 18090164 | |
| pseudomembranous colitis in four patients with cystic fibrosis following lung transplantation. | pseudomembranous colitis is an uncommon complication in patients with cystic fibrosis, despite the use of multiple high-dose antibiotic regimens and the frequency of hospital admissions. four patients from a total of 137 patients with cystic fibrosis undergoing lung transplantation are described who developed fulminant pseudomembranous colitis. initial presentation was variable and the mortality rate was 50% despite urgent colectomy. in one case the presenting abdominal distension was thought to ... | 2007 | 16601087 |
| clostridium difficile colitis: reduced time to diagnosis in a community-based outpatient setting between 1997 and 2004. | objective: we studied antibiotic use prior to the onset of clostridium difficile colitis (cdc) and time interval between onset of gastrointestinal symptoms and diagnosis for two historical time periods with separate comparisons for inpatients and outpatients to determine whether time to diagnosis had decreased and whether previous metronidazole use is associated with cdc.method: we performed a retrospective chart review of adult patients (those 18 years or older) with positive findings on clostr ... | 2007 | 21412481 |
| infection control - delivering the message in the 21 century. | the experiences gleaned from new and suddenly emergent infectious diseases (e.g. sars, avian influenza or diarrhea caused by clostridium difficile) have highlighted how important it is, also for infection prophylaxis, to be able to find instruments for rapid and effective communication. since 1990 online (e) learning has been used to train nursing staff and offers the advantage of being able to study at an individual pace as well as cut down on the time and financial resources needed. it serves ... | 2007 | 20200683 |
| antibiotic prophylaxis during chemotherapy-induced neutropenia for patients with acute leukemia. | chemotherapy-induced neutropenia places patients with acute leukemia at high risk for bacterial infections. a number of studies performed over the past 20 years have investigated the utility of prophylactic antimicrobials, including trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and fluoroquinolones, to prevent infection in the setting of mucositis and neutropenia. many of these studies have found a benefit of prophylaxis in terms of the incidence of fever and bacterial infection. clinical guidelines do not reco ... | 2007 | 20425357 |
| clostridium difficile colitis. | clostridium difficile enterocolitis is endemic in most modern hospitals. the spectrum of clinical presentation varies from the asymptomatic carrier state to fulminant colitis with toxic megacolon and perforation. highly toxigenic and lethal strains of c. difficile have emerged worldwide. medical treatment consists of discontinuing the precipitating antibiotic, supportive measures and bowel rest, and antibiotic treatment with metronidazole or vancomycin. surgical treatment may be necessary in cas ... | 2007 | 20011356 |
| rifaximin: recent advances in gastroenterology and hepatology. | rifaximin was initially developed for the treatment of bacteria-related diarrhea, but appreciation of its potentially broader use has increased as understanding of the importance of enteric bacteria in many organic and functional gastrointestinal diseases has advanced. this article reviews data that have been presented at medical meetings or published in medical journals since the publication of a 2006 rifaximin review in this journal. the data presented expand previous research, suggesting that ... | 2007 | 23329908 |
| beating the bug. | nhs trusts across england are under orders from the chief nursing officer christine beasley to step up their efforts to control clostridium difficile infection rates. | 2007 | 27732112 |
| clostridium difficile infection control monitoring tightened. | infection control teams must now report cases of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea (cdad) in all patients aged two years and over. | 2007 | 27316610 |
| healthcare cost and utilization project (hcup) statistical briefs | this statistical brief presents data from the healthcare cost and utilization project (hcup) on the trend in cdad from 1993 to 2005 and provides details on cdad hospitalizations for 2005. a recent evaluation of surveillance for cdad in hospitals found high sensitivity (78%) and specificity (99.7%) when using international classification of diseases, 9th revision (icd-9) codes. although it is not possible to determine whether these infections originated in a healthcare setting or were community a ... | 2006 | 21735570 |
| current concept on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease-crosstalk between genetic and microbial factors: pathogenic bacteria and altered bacterial sensing or changes in mucosal integrity take "toll" ? | the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is only partially understood. various environmental and host (e.g. genetic-, epithelial-, immune and non-immune) factors are involved. it is a multifactorial polygenic disease with probable genetic heterogeneity. some genes are associated with ibd itself, while others increase the risk of ulcerative colitis (uc) or crohn's disease (cd) or are associated with disease location and/or behaviour. this review addresses recent advances in the geneti ... | 2006 | 16609988 |
| antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. | diarrhoea is a common complication of antimicrobial therapy. the term antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad) is often considered synonymous with clostridium difficile. in fact, aad can develop through a variety of mechanisms and manifest through a broad range of clinical signs and symptoms. for improved prevention and recognition of aad, it is important to understand the pathophysiology and risk factors for aad. although clostridium difficile continues to be the most common identifiable pathogen ... | 2006 | 16610966 |
| blood pressure cuffs: friend or foe? | a study to assess the level of bacterial contamination of blood pressure cuffs in use on hospital wards was performed. viable organisms were recovered from all the 24 cuffs sampled at a density of between 1000 and >25 000 colony-forming units/100 cm2. potential pathogens were isolated from 14 cuffs (58%). eleven cuffs grew a single pathogen and three cuffs grew a mixture, yielding a total of 18 isolates. meticillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus was isolated from eight (33%) cuffs, meticillin ... | 2006 | 16616799 |
| evaluation of five enzyme immunoassays compared with the cytotoxicity assay for diagnosis of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in dogs. | clostridium difficile-associated-diarrhea (cdad) is a nosocomial infection in dogs. diagnosis of this infection is dependent on clinical signs of disease supported by laboratory detection of c. difficile toxins a or b, or both, in fecal specimens via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). unfortunately, to the authors' knowledge, commercially available elisas have not been validated in dogs to date. we evaluated 5 elisas done on 143 canine fecal specimens (100 diarrheic and 43 nondiarrheic d ... | 2006 | 16617699 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile. | 2006 | 16618421 | |
| [clostridium difficile: a reemerging pathogen?]. | 2006 | 16619874 | |
| effect of novel a2a adenosine receptor agonist atl 313 on clostridium difficile toxin a-induced murine ileal enteritis. | clostridium difficile is a spore-forming, anaerobic, gram-positive bacillus that releases two main virulence factors: toxins a and b. toxin a plays an important pathogenic role in antibiotic-induced diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, a condition characterized by intense mucosal inflammation and secretion. agonist activity at a2a adenosine receptors attenuates inflammation and damage in many tissues. this study evaluated the effects of a new selective a2a adenosine receptor agonist (atl 313) ... | 2006 | 16622196 |
| carbohydrate recognition by clostridium difficile toxin a. | clostridium difficile tcda is a large toxin that binds carbohydrates on intestinal epithelial cells. a 2-a resolution cocrystal structure reveals two molecules of alpha-gal-(1,3)-beta-gal-(1,4)-beta-glcnaco(ch(2))(8)co(2)ch(3) binding in an extended conformation to tcda. residues forming key contacts with the trisaccharides are conserved in all seven putative binding sites in tcda, suggesting a mode of multivalent binding that may be exploited for the rational design of novel therapeutics. | 2006 | 16622409 |
| is fecal leukocyte test a good predictor of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea? | fecal leukocyte test (flt) is widely used to screen for invasive diarrheas including c. difficile associated diarrhea (cdad), which account for more than 25 % of all antibiotic associated diarrhea. | 2006 | 16623943 |
| acute diarrhea in the adult horse: case example and review. | 2006 | 16627106 | |
| colonic abnormalities on ct in adult hospitalized patients with clostridium difficile colitis: prevalence and significance of findings. | the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of an abnormal colon on ct in adult inpatients with clostridium difficile colitis, compare the clinical presentation of these patients, and determine whether ct findings predicted the need for surgical treatment. | 2006 | 16632736 |
| probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and clostridium difficile diarrhea. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea is a common clinical problem occurring in up to 25% of patients, with diarrhea owing to clostridium difficile accounting for up to a quarter of cases. the clinical and economic costs of antibiotic-associated diarrhea are significant and better treatments are needed. probiotics may offer potential effective therapy for antibiotic-associated diarrhea by restoring intestinal microbial balance. a number of different probiotics have been evaluated in the prevention and ... | 2006 | 16633131 |
| meta-analysis of probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic associated diarrhea and the treatment of clostridium difficile disease. | antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) is a common complication of most antibiotics and clostridium difficile disease (cdd), which also is incited by antibiotics, is a leading cause of nosocomial outbreaks of diarrhea and colitis. the use of probiotics for these two related diseases remains controversial. | 2006 | 16635227 |
| clostridium difficile: familiar pathogen, changing epidemiology: a virulent strain has been appearing more often, even in patients not taking antibiotics. | 2006 | 16639241 | |
| antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of clostridium difficile and its relation to pcr ribotypes in a swedish university hospital. | all 238 clostridium difficile isolates were susceptible to metronidazole and vancomycin, whereas 84% and 1% were resistant to clindamycin and fusidic acid. etest mics for metronidazole were lower than agar dilution mics (p < 0.01) but without difference in susceptible-intermediate-resistant categorization. no particular pcr ribotype was associated with clindamycin or fusidic acid resistance. | 2006 | 16641471 |
| clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens species detected in infant faecal microbiota using 16s rrna targeted probes. | clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile are pathogenic clostridia potentially associated with gastrointestinal infections and allergy in infants. to enable the molecular detection and quantification of these species in the infant gut, two 16s rrna oligonucleotide probes were developed: cdif198 for c. difficile and cperf191 for c. perfringens. we defined the probes in silico using the rdp sequence database. the probes were then validated using fish combined with flow cytometry and a col ... | 2006 | 16647148 |
| fluoroquinolones and anaerobes. | the usefulness of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections has been investigated since these agents started being used in clinical practice. newer compounds have increased in vitro activity against anaerobes, but clinically relevant susceptibility breakpoints for these bacteria have not been established. pharmacodynamic analyses and corroboration by new data from clinical trials have enhanced our knowledge concerning the use of fluoroquinolones to treat select ... | 2006 | 16652318 |
| lack of association between the increased incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease and the increasing use of alcohol-based hand rubs. | to determine whether there is an association between the increasing use of alcohol-based hand rubs (abhrs) and the increased incidence of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad). | 2006 | 16671029 |
| the comparative pathology of clostridium difficile-associated disease. | clostridium difficile is a confirmed pathogen in a wide variety of mammals, but the incidence of disease varies greatly in relation to host species, age, environmental density of spores, administration of antibiotics, and possibly, other factors. lesions vary as well, in severity and distribution within individuals, and in some instances, age groups, of a given species. the cecum and colon are principally affected in most species, but foals and rabbits develop severe jejunal lesions. explanation ... | 2006 | 16672570 |