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the role of lox-1 on innate immunity against aspergillus keratitis in mice.to explore the effects of lectin-like ox-ldl receptor (lox-1) on innate immunity against aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus ) in mice cornea.201627672585
agents that activate the high osmolarity glycerol pathway as a means to combat pathogenic molds.treatment of invasive fungal infections often fails due to the limited number of therapeutic options. in this study, we have analyzed the impact of agents activating the high osmolarity glycerol (hog) pathway on molds that cause infections in humans and livestock. we found that agents like fludioxonil and iprodione, have a clear anti-fungal activity against pathogenic aspergillus, lichtheimia, rhizopus and scedosporium species. only a. terreus turned out to be resistant to fludioxonil, even thou ...201627713026
genetic susceptibility to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in asthma: a genetic association study.in patients with asthma, the fungus aspergillus fumigatus can cause allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa). familial abpa is reported, and some genetic factors have been associated with the disease, however, these are small studies (n ≤ 38) and do not explain all cases of abpa.201627708669
epidemiological and genomic landscape of azole resistance mechanisms in aspergillus fungi.invasive aspergillosis is a life-threatening mycosis caused by the pathogenic fungus aspergillus. the predominant causal species is aspergillus fumigatus, and azole drugs are the treatment of choice. azole drugs approved for clinical use include itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and the recently added isavuconazole. however, epidemiological research has indicated that the prevalence of azole-resistant a. fumigatus isolates has increased significantly over the last decade. what is worse i ...201627708619
antifungal long-chain alkenyl sulphates isolated from culture broths of the fungus chaetopsina sp.during a high-throughput screening program focused on the discovery and characterization of new antifungal compounds, a total of 8320 extracts from fundacion medina's collection were screened against a panel of 6 fungal parasitic strains, namely candida glabrata, candida krusei, candida parapsilosis, candida tropicalis, candida albicans, and aspergillus fumigatus. a total of 127 extracts displayed antifungal properties and, after lc/ms dereplication, 10 were selected for further fractionation. b ...201627706529
aspergillus fumigatus in the cystic fibrosis lung: pros and cons of azole therapy.aspergillus fumigatus is the main fungus cultured in the airways of patients with cystic fibrosis (cf). allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis occurs in ~10% of cf patients and is clearly associated with airway damage and lung function decline. the effects of a. fumigatus colonization in the absence of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis are less well established. retrospective clinical studies found associations of a. fumigatus-positive cultures with computed tomography scan abnormalities, ...201627703383
experimental induction of mycotic plaques in the guttural pouches of horses.guttural pouch mycosis (gpm) is a rare but potentially life-threatening condition in horses. gpm is caused by a fungal invasion into the mucosal lining of the guttural pouches and, frequently, the associated neurovascular structures. although several species of fungi have been associated with this disease, aspergillus spp. appear to be the most common isolated from the guttural pouches. however, it remains unclear which are the predisposing factors leading to the development of the infection. th ...201627703018
prevention of polymicrobial biofilms composed of pseudomonas aeruginosa and pathogenic fungi by essential oils from selected citrus species.mixed microbial infections caused by pseudomonas aeruginosa and pathogenic fungi are commonly found in patients with chronic infections and constitute a significant health care burden. the aim of this study was to address the potential polymicrobial antibiofilm activity of pompia and grapefruit essential oils (eos). the mechanism of antimicrobial activity of eos was analysed. eos of pompia and grapefruit inhibited fungal growth with mic concentrations between 50 and 250 mg l(-1), whereas no effe ...201627702795
a new aspergillus fumigatus typing method based on hypervariable tandem repeats located within exons of surface protein coding genes (tresp).aspergillus fumigatus is a saprotrophic mold fungus ubiquitously found in the environment and is the most common species causing invasive aspergillosis in immunocompromised individuals. for a. fumigatus genotyping, the short tandem repeat method (straf) is widely accepted as the first choice. however, difficulties associated with pcr product size and required technology have encouraged the development of novel typing techniques. in this study, a new genotyping method based on hypervariable tande ...201627701437
coinfection by cetacean morbillivirus and aspergillus fumigatus in a juvenile bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus) in the gulf of mexico.a recently deceased juvenile male bottlenose dolphin (tursiops truncatus) was found floating in the gulf of mexico, off sand key in clearwater, florida. at autopsy, we identified pneumonia and a focus of malacia in the right cerebrum. cytologic evaluation of tissue imprints from the right cerebrum revealed fungal hyphae. fungal cultures of the lung and brain yielded aspergillus fumigatus, which was confirmed by amplification of a portion of the fungal nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed space ...201627698174
resistance in human pathogenic yeasts and filamentous fungi: prevalence, underlying molecular mechanisms and link to the use of antifungals in humans and the environment.antifungal drug resistance is a multifaceted clinical challenge, and when present, a primary cause of treatment failure in patients with severe fungal infections. changing epidemiology, increasing resistance rates and a narrow antifungal armamentarium may further underline the required attention on resistance particularly within the most prevalent invasive fungal infections caused by candida yeasts and aspergillus moulds. in denmark, the resistance epidemiology remains to be fully elucidated. th ...201627697142
regulation of secondary metabolism by the velvet complex is temperature-responsive in aspergillus.sensing and responding to environmental cues is critical to the lifestyle of filamentous fungi. how environmental variation influences fungi to produce a wide diversity of ecologically important secondary metabolites (sms) is not well understood. to address this question, we first examined changes in global gene expression of the opportunistic human pathogen, aspergillus fumigatus, after exposure to different temperature conditions. we found that 11 of the 37 sm gene clusters in a. fumigatus wer ...201627694115
lox-1 and tlr4 affect each other and regulate the generation of ros in a. fumigatus keratitis.to explore the relationship between lox-1 and tlr4 in aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus) keratitis. to determine lox-1 and tlr4 can affect each other and regulate inflammation through regulation of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ros) in a. fumigatus keratitis.201627694040
aspergillosis and stem cell transplantation: an overview of experimental pathogenesis studies.invasive aspergillosis is a life-threatening infection caused by the opportunistic filamentous fungus aspergillus fumigatus. patients undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplant (hsct) for the treatment of hematological malignancy are at particularly high risk of developing this fatal infection. the susceptibility of hsct patients to infection with a. fumigatus is a consequence of a complex interplay of both fungal and host factors. here we review our understanding of the host-pathogen intera ...201627687755
aspergillus fumigatus responds to natural killer (nk) cells with upregulation of stress related genes and inhibits the immunoregulatory function of nk cells.natural killer (nk) cells are active against aspergillus fumigatus, which in turn is able to impair the host defense. unfortunately, little is known on the mutual interaction of nk cells and a. fumigatus. we coincubated human nk cells with a. fumigatus hyphae and assessed the gene expression and protein concentration of selected molecules. we found that a. fumigatus up-regulates the gene expression of pro-inflammatory molecules in nk cells, but inhibited the release of these molecules resulting ...201627738337
short interspersed nuclear element (sine) sequences in the genome of the human pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus af293.novel families of short interspersed nuclear element (sine) sequences in the human pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus, clinical isolate af293, were identified and categorised into trna-related and 5s rrna-related sines. eight predicted trna-related sine families originating from different trnas, and nominated as afusine2 sequences, contained target site duplications of short direct repeat sequences (4-14 bp) flanking the elements, an extended trna-unrelated region and typical features of rn ...201627736869
hyperspectral imaging using intracellular spies: quantitative real-time measurement of intracellular parameters in vivo during interaction of the pathogenic fungus aspergillus fumigatus with human monocytes.hyperspectral imaging (hsi) is a technique based on the combination of classical spectroscopy and conventional digital image processing. it is also well suited for the biological assays and quantitative real-time analysis since it provides spectral and spatial data of samples. the method grants detailed information about a sample by recording the entire spectrum in each pixel of the whole image. we applied hsi to quantify the constituent ph variation in a single infected apoptotic monocyte as a ...201627727286
f901318 represents a novel class of antifungal drug that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.there is an important medical need for new antifungal agents with novel mechanisms of action to treat the increasing number of patients with life-threatening systemic fungal disease and to overcome the growing problem of resistance to current therapies. f901318, the leading representative of a novel class of drug, the orotomides, is an antifungal drug in clinical development that demonstrates excellent potency against a broad range of dimorphic and filamentous fungi. in vitro susceptibility test ...201627791100
efficacy of aqueous and methanolic extracts of rheum spiciformis against pathogenic bacterial and fungal strains.rheum spiciformis is a newly identified edible medicinal plant of genus rheum. the plant is used to treat various diseases on traditional levels in kashmir valley, india.201627790424
differential regulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells by candida species.myeloid-derived suppressor cells (mdscs) are innate immune cells characterized by their ability to suppress t-cell responses. recently, we demonstrated that the human-pathogenic fungi candida albicans and aspergillus fumigatus induced a distinct subset of neutrophilic mdscs. to dissect candida-mediated mdsc induction in more depth, we studied the relative efficacy of different pathogenic non-albicans candida species to induce and functionally modulate neutrophilic mdscs, including c. glabrata, c ...201627790210
in-host adaptation and acquired triazole resistance in aspergillus fumigatus: a dilemma for clinical management.aspergillus fumigatus causes a range of diseases in human beings, some of which are characterised by fungal persistence. a fumigatus can persist by adapting to the human lung environment through physiological and genomic changes. the physiological changes are based on the large biochemical versatility of the fungus, and the genomic changes are based on the capacity of the fungus to generate genetic diversity by spontaneous mutations or recombination and subsequent selection of the genotypes that ...201627638360
allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis: alla radiologist needs to know.allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa) is an immunological lung disorder occurring due to hypersensitivity to fungus aspergillus fumigatus. early diagnosis of abpa is desirable as the disease can cause irreversible damage and end stage lung disease. diagnosis of abpa is based upon a set of clinical, serological and radiological criteria. radiology plays an important role in the diagnosis of abpa. however a radiologist should also be familiar with various clinical and serological criteria ...201627585455
clinical presentation and determinants of mortality of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in kidney transplant recipients: a multinational cohort study.the prognostic factors and optimal therapy for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa) after kidney transplantation (kt) remain poorly studied. we included in this multinational retrospective study 112 recipients diagnosed with probable (75.0% of cases) or proven (25.0%) ipa between 2000 and 2013. the median interval from transplantation to diagnosis was 230 days. cough, fever, and expectoration were the most common symptoms at presentation. bilateral pulmonary involvement was observed in 63.6% o ...201627105907
bioaerosols in the barcelona subway system.subway systems worldwide transport more than 100 million people daily; therefore, air quality on station platforms and inside trains is an important urban air pollution issue. we examined the microbiological composition and abundance in space and time of bioaerosols collected in the barcelona subway system during a cold period. quantitative pcr was used to quantify total bacteria, aspergillus fumigatus, influenza a and b, and rhinoviruses. multitag 454 pyrosequencing of the 16s rrna gene was use ...201627687789
extrapulmonary aspergillus infection in patients with card9 deficiency.invasive pulmonary aspergillosis is a life-threatening mycosis that only affects patients with immunosuppression, chemotherapy-induced neutropenia, transplantation, or congenital immunodeficiency. we studied the clinical, genetic, histological, and immunological features of 2 unrelated patients without known immunodeficiency who developed extrapulmonary invasive aspergillosis at the ages of 8 and 18. one patient died at age 12 with progressive intra-abdominal aspergillosis. the other patient had ...201627777981
regulatory t cell specificity directs tolerance versus allergy against aeroantigens in humans.foxp3+ regulatory t cells (tregs) maintain tolerance against self-antigens and innocuous environmental antigens. however, it is still unknown whether treg-mediated tolerance is antigen specific and how treg specificity contributes to the selective loss of tolerance, as observed in human immunopathologies such as allergies. here, we used antigen-reactive t cell enrichment to identify antigen-specific human tregs. we demonstrate dominant treg-mediated tolerance against particulate aeroallergens, s ...201627773482
galactomannan enzyme immunoassay and quantitative real time pcr as tools to evaluate the exposure and response in a rat model of aspergillosis after posaconazole prophylaxis.a steroid-immunosuppressed rat model of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis was use to examine the usefulness of galactomannan enzyme immunoassay (gm) and quantitative real time pcr (rt-pcr) in evaluating the association between response and exposure after a high dose of prophylactic posaconazole.201626804792
mdn-0170, a new napyradiomycin from streptomyces sp. strain ca-271078.a new napyradiomycin, mdn-0170 (1), was isolated from the culture broth of the marine-derived actinomycete strain ca-271078, together with three known related compounds identified as 4-dehydro-4a-dechloronapyradiomycin a1 (2), napyradiomycin a1 (3) and 3-chloro-6,8-dihydroxy-8-α-lapachone (4). the structure of the new compound was determined using a combination of spectroscopic techniques, including 1d and 2d nmr and electrospray-time of flight mass spectrometry (esi-tof ms). the relative config ...201627763545
antifungal drugs: the current armamentarium and development of new agents.invasive fungal infections are becoming an increasingly important cause of human mortality and morbidity, particularly for immunocompromised populations. the fungal pathogens candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans, and aspergillus fumigatus collectively contribute to over 1 million human deaths annually. hence, the importance of safe and effective antifungal therapeutics for the practice of modern medicine has never been greater. given that fungi are eukaryotes like their human host, the numb ...201627763259
fungal sex: the ascomycota.this article provides an overview of sexual reproduction in the ascomycetes, a phylum of fungi that is named after the specialized sacs or "asci" that hold the sexual spores. they have therefore also been referred to as the sac fungi due to these characteristic structures that typically contain four to eight ascospores. ascomycetes are morphologically diverse and include single-celled yeasts, filamentous fungi, and more complex cup fungi. the sexual cycles of many species, including those of the ...201627763253
synergistic effect of anidulafungin combined with posaconazole in experimental aspergillosis.clinical and experimental data have shown discrepancies on the efficacy of combinations between triazoles and echinocandins. in this study, anidulafungin plus posaconazole have shown efficacy against a murine systemic infection by three strains of aspergillus fumigatus the combination increased mice survival and reduced burden in the kidneys over the corresponding monotherapies and voriconazole. clearance of kidneys was observed in 62% to 100% of animals (strain dependant). we observed good in v ...201627760829
analysis and description of the stages of aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation using scanning electron microscopy.biofilms are a highly structured consortia of microorganisms that adhere to a substrate and are encased within an extracellular matrix (ecm) that is produced by the organisms themselves. aspergillus fumigatus is a biotechnological fungus that has a medical and phytopathogenic significance, and its biofilm occurs in both natural and artificial environments; therefore, studies on the stages observed in biofilm formation are of great significance due to the limited knowledge that exists on this spe ...201627756222
1,25(oh)2d3 and vdr signaling pathways regulate the inhibition of dectin-1 caused by cyclosporine a in response to aspergillus fumigatus in human corneal epithelial cells.the objective of this study is to observe whether cyclosporine a (csa) inhibits the expression of dectin-1 in human corneal epithelial cells infected with aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus) and to investigate the molecular mechanisms of the inhibition.201627755569
ergothioneine biosynthesis and functionality in the opportunistic fungal pathogen, aspergillus fumigatus.ergothioneine (egt; 2-mercaptohistidine trimethylbetaine) is a trimethylated and sulphurised histidine derivative which exhibits antioxidant properties. here we report that deletion of aspergillus fumigatus egta (afua_2g15650), which encodes a trimodular enzyme, abrogated egt biosynthesis in this opportunistic pathogen. egt biosynthetic deficiency in a. fumigatus significantly reduced resistance to elevated h2o2 and menadione, respectively, impaired gliotoxin production and resulted in attenuate ...201627748436
airway epithelial kif3a regulates th2 responses to aeroallergens.kif3a, the gene encoding kinesin family member 3a, is a susceptibility gene locus associated with asthma; however, mechanisms by which kif3a might influence the pathogenesis of the disorder are unknown. in this study, we deleted the mouse kif3a gene in airway epithelial cells. both homozygous and heterozygous kif3a gene-deleted mice were highly susceptible to aeroallergens from aspergillus fumigatus and the house dust mite, resulting in an asthma-like pathology characterized by increased goblet ...201627794000
calcineurin orchestrates lateral transfer of aspergillus fumigatus during macrophage cell death.pulmonary aspergillosis is a lethal mold infection in the immunocompromised host. understanding initial control of infection and how this is altered in the immunocompromised host are key goals for comprehension of the pathogenesis of pulmonary aspergillosis.201627163634
ficolins promote fungal clearance in vivo and modulate the inflammatory cytokine response in host defense against aspergillus fumigatus.aspergillus fumigatus is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes severe invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. innate immunity plays a major role in protection against a. fumigatus. the ficolins are a family of soluble pattern recognition receptors that are capable of activating the lectin pathway of complement. previous in vitro studies reported that ficolins bind to a. fumigatus, but their part in host defense against fungal infections in vivo is unknown. in this study, we use ...201627467404
postoperative pleural effusions after orthotopic heart transplant: cause, clinical manifestations, and course.postoperative pleural effusions are common in patients who undergo cardiac surgery and orthotopic heart transplant. postoperative pleural effusions may also occur as postcardiac injury syndrome. most of these effusions are nonspecific and develop as a harmless complication of the surgical procedure itself and generally have a benign course. here, we investigated the cause and clinical and laboratory features of postoperative early and late pleural effusions in orthotopic heart transplant patient ...201627805531
the role of dectin-1/raf-1 signal cascade in innate immune of human corneal epithelial cells against aspergillus fumigatus infection.to investigate the expression of the v-raf-1 murine leukemia viral oncogene homolog 1 (raf-1) and its role in the innate immune response of human corneal epithelial cells (hcecs) infected by aspergillus fumigatus.201627803850
a class 1 histone deacetylase with potential as an antifungal target.histone deacetylases (hdacs) remove acetyl moieties from lysine residues at histone tails and nuclear regulatory proteins and thus significantly impact chromatin remodeling and transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes. in recent years, hdacs of filamentous fungi were found to be decisive regulators of genes involved in pathogenicity and the production of important fungal metabolites such as antibiotics and toxins. here we present proof that one of these enzymes, the class 1 type hdac rpda, is of ...201627803184
keratomycosis in a pet rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) treated with topical 1% terbinafine ointment.this report describes the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and medical management of a 2-year-old spayed female dwarf rabbit (oryctolagus cuniculus) suffering from an ulcerative keratitis and a stromal abscess with a rapid evolution. the diagnosis of fungal keratitis was based on fungal culture identifying the pathogen as aspergillus fumigatus. treatment by topical terbinafine was efficacious in resolving the keratomycosis within 8 weeks. to our knowledge, this is the first reported case of spo ...201626632085
posaconazole-loaded leukocytes as a novel treatment strategy targeting invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.impaired delivery of antifungals to hyphae within necrotic lesions is thought to contribute to therapeutic failure in invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa). we hypothesized that transfusion of leukocytes loaded ex vivo with the lipophilic antifungal posaconazole could improve delivery of antifungals to the sites of established infection and improve outcome in experimental ipa.201627799353
the use of pyranoside-into-furanoside rearrangement and controlled o(5) → o(6) benzoyl migration as the basis of a synthetic strategy to assemble (1→5)- and (1→6)-linked galactofuranosyl chains.a new pyranoside-into-furanoside (pif) rearrangement of selectively protected galactopyranosides, followed by controlled o(5) → o(6) benzoate migration, gives either 5-oh or 6-oh products. it has been applied for the synthesis of four oligosaccharides related to the galactomannan from aspergillus fumigatus. the assembly of target oligosaccharides containing both (1→5) and (1→6) linkages between galactofuranosyl residues was performed by applying terminal mannoside and digalactofuranoside blocks, ...201627759393
m-csf improves protection against bacterial and fungal infections after hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell transplantation.myeloablative treatment preceding hematopoietic stem cell (hsc) and progenitor cell (hs/pc) transplantation results in severe myeloid cytopenia and susceptibility to infections in the lag period before hematopoietic recovery. we have previously shown that macrophage colony-stimulating factor (csf-1; m-csf) directly instructed myeloid commitment in hscs. in this study, we tested whether this effect had therapeutic benefit in improving protection against pathogens after hs/pc transplantation. m-cs ...201627811055
transcriptional control of drug resistance, virulence and immune system evasion in pathogenic fungi: a cross-species comparison.transcription factors are key players in the control of the activation or repression of gene expression programs in response to environmental stimuli. the study of regulatory networks taking place in fungal pathogens is a promising research topic that can help in the fight against these pathogens by targeting specific fungal pathways as a whole, instead of targeting more specific effectors of virulence or drug resistance. this review is focused on the analysis of regulatory networks playing a ce ...201627812511
antifungal therapies for allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in people with cystic fibrosis.allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (abpa) is an allergic reaction to colonisation of the lungs with the fungus aspergillus fumigatus and affects around 10% of people with cystic fibrosis. abpa is associated with an accelerated decline in lung function. high doses of corticosteroids are the main treatment for abpa; although the long-term benefits are not clear, their many side effects are well-documented. a group of compounds, the azoles, have activity against aspergillus fumigatus and have ...201627820955
balancing iron and calcium: flavin carrier family proteins in aspergillus fumigatus virulence. 201627820672
role of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) in immune responses to fungal infections.recent years have seen the rise of invasive fungal infections, which are mostly due to the increase in patients. three major opportunistic fungal species in human are aspergillus fumigatus, candida albicans, and cryptococcus neoformans that pose the biggest concern for these immunocompromised patients' mortality. the growing occurrence of opportunistic fungal infections has sparked the interest to understand defense mechanisms against pathogenic fungi. toll-like receptors (tlrs), as a part of in ...201627851904
verification of ribosomal proteins of aspergillus fumigatus for use as biomarkers in maldi-tof ms identification.we have previously proposed a rapid identification method for bacterial strains based on the profiles of their ribosomal subunit proteins (rsps), observed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms). this method can perform phylogenetic characterization based on the mass of housekeeping rsp biomarkers, ideally calculated from amino acid sequence information registered in public protein databases. with the aim of extending its field of applica ...201627843740
application of a low molecular weight antifungal protein from penicillium chrysogenum (paf) to treat pulmonary aspergillosis in mice.paf, a small antifungal protein from penicillium chrysogenum, inhibits the growth of several pathogenic filamentous fungi, including members of the aspergillus genus. paf has been proven to have no toxic effects in vivo in mice by intranasal application. to test its efficacy against invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa), experiments were carried out in mice suffering from ipa. adult mice were immunosuppressed and then infected with aspergillus fumigatus. after stable infection, the animals were ...201627826143
impaired mucus clearance exacerbates allergen-induced type 2 airway inflammation in juvenile mice.type 2 airway inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of allergen-induced asthma, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. recently, we demonstrated that reduced mucociliary clearance, a characteristic feature of asthma, produces spontaneous type 2 airway inflammation in juvenile β-epithelial na(+) channel (scnn1b)-transgenic (tg) mice.201627865862
polymeric nanofiber/antifungal formulations using a novel co-extrusion approach.we report the successful implementation of a novel melt co-extrusion process to fabricate ca. 1 μm diameter fibers of poly(caprolactone) (pcl) containing the antifungal compound clotrimazole in concentrations between 4 and 8 wt%. the process involves co-extrusion of a clotrimazole-loaded pcl along with poly(ethylene oxide) (peo) as a co-feed, with subsequent removal of peo to isolate pcl-clotrimazole fibers. in vitro tests of the clotrimazole-containing fibers against the fungus aspergillus fumi ...201627858252
complementary roles of the classical and lectin complement pathways in the defense against aspergillus fumigatus.aspergillus fumigatus infections are associated with a high mortality rate for immunocompromised patients. the complement system is considered to be important in protection against this fungus, yet the course of activation is unclear. the aim of this study was to unravel the role of the classical, lectin, and alternative pathways under both immunocompetent and immunocompromised conditions to provide a relevant dual-perspective on the response against a. fumigatus. conidia (spores) from a clinica ...201627857715
characteristics of aspergillus fumigatus in association with stenotrophomonas maltophilia in an in vitro model of mixed biofilm.biofilms are communal structures of microorganisms that have long been associated with a variety of persistent infections poorly responding to conventional antibiotic or antifungal therapy. aspergillus fumigatus fungus and stenotrophomonas maltophilia bacteria are examples of the microorganisms that can coexist to form a biofilm especially in the respiratory tract of immunocompromised patients or cystic fibrosis patients. the aim of the present study was to develop and assess an in vitro model o ...201627870863
expression and characterization of a talaromyces marneffei active phospholipase b expressed in a pichia pastoris expression system.phospholipase b is a virulence factor for several clinically important pathogenic fungi, including candida albicans, cryptococcus neoformans and aspergillus fumigatus, but its role in the thermally dimorphic fungus talaromyces marneffei remains unclear. here, we provide the first report of the expression of a novel phospholipase gene, designated tmplb1, from t. marneffei in the eukaryotic expression system of pichia pastoris gs115. sensitive real-time quantitative reverse-transcription pcr (qrt- ...201627876784
in silico identification of potential peptides or allergen shot candidates against aspergillus fumigatus.aspergillus fumigatus is capable of causing invasive aspergillosis or acute bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, and the current situation is alarming. there are no vaccine or allergen shots available for aspergillus-induced allergies. thus, a novel approach in designing of an effective vaccine or allergen shot candidate against a. fumigatus is needed. using immunoinformatics approaches from the characterized a. fumigatus allergens, we have mapped epitopic regions to predict potential peptides that e ...201627872794
synthesis and antifungal screening of 2-{[1-(5-alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones.two novel thiosemicarbazones and eight novel 2-{[1-(5-alkyl/arylalkylpyrazin-2-yl)ethylidene]hydrazono}-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones were prepared and tested against a panel of eight fungal strains-candida albicans atcc 44859, candida tropicalis 156, candida krusei e 28, candida glabrata 20/i, trichosporon asahii 1188, aspergillus fumigatus 231, lichtheimia corymbifera 272, and trichophyton interdigitale 445. 1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones exhibited activity against all strains, the most potent derivative was ...201627886119
interactions between melanin enzymes and their atypical recruitment to the secretory pathway by palmitoylation.melanins are biopolymers that confer coloration and protection to the host organism against biotic or abiotic insults. the level of protection offered by melanin depends on its biosynthesis and its subcellular localization. previously, we discovered that aspergillus fumigatus compartmentalizes melanization in endosomes by recruiting all melanin enzymes to the secretory pathway. surprisingly, although two laccases involved in the late steps of melanization are conventional secretory proteins, the ...201627879337
[progress of research on azole resistance in aspergillus fumigatus].being an important clinical fungal pathogen, aspergillus (a.) fumigatus can cause fatal invasive fungal infections. azoles are the first line drugs in treating various aspergillus-caused diseases. worldwidely, reports related to azole resistance in a. fumigatus have been increasing which posing a threat on the effectiveness of clinically used azole and agricultural fungicides. currently, it has become an important public health issue. in this review, we summarize findings from literature regardi ...201627998422
noncanonical fungal autophagy inhibits inflammation in response to ifn-γ via dapk1.defects in a form of noncanonical autophagy, known as lc3-associated phagocytosis (lap), lead to increased inflammatory pathology during fungal infection. although lap contributes to fungal degradation, the molecular mechanisms underlying lap-mediated modulation of inflammation are unknown. we describe a mechanism by which inflammation is regulated during lap through the death-associated protein kinase 1 (dapk1). the atf6/c/ebp-β/dapk1 axis activated by ifn-γ not only mediates lap to aspergillus ...201627889463
role of ptx3 in corneal epithelial innate immunity against aspergillus fumigatus infection.pentraxin3 (ptx3), a member of long pentraxin family, plays a non-redundant role in human humoral innate immunity. however, whether ptx3 is expressed by corneal epithelial cells and its role during corneal fungi infection has not yet been investigated. to identify the presence of ptx3 in cornea, the possible mechanisms involved in its expression, and also the effects on corneal anti-fungi innate immune response, clinic human corneal tissues and cultured human corneal epithelial cells (hcecs) wer ...201627889356
dna barcoding coupled with high resolution melting analysis enables rapid and accurate distinction of aspergillus species.we describe a high-resolution melting (hrm) analysis method that is rapid, reproducible, and able to identify reference strains and further 40 clinical isolates of aspergillus fumigatus (14), a. lentulus (3), a. terreus (7), a. flavus (8), a. niger (2), a. welwitschiae (4), and a. tubingensis (2). asp1 and asp2 primer sets were designed to amplify partial sequences of the aspergillus bena (beta-tubulin) genes in a closed-, single-tube system. human placenta dna, further aspergillus (3), candida ...201627915305
characterization of xylanase and cellulase produced by a newly isolated aspergillus fumigatus n2 and its efficient saccharification of barley straw.aspergillus fumigatus n2 was isolated from decaying wood. this strain produces extracellular xylanases and cellulases. the highest xylanase (91.9 u/ml) and cmcase (5.61 u/ml) activity was produced when 1% barley straw was used as the carbon source. the optimum ph and temperature for xylanase activity were 6.0 and 65 °c, respectively. cmcase revealed maximum activity at ph 4.0 and in the range of 65 °c. the fpase was optimally active at ph 5.0 and 60 °c. the zymograms produced by the sds-page res ...201627914020
case series study of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa) is challenging. the objective of the study was to assess the value of microbiological tests to the diagnosis of ipa in the absence of non-specific radiological data. a retrospective study of 23 patients with suspicion of ipa and positivity of some microbiological diagnostic tests was performed. these tests included conventional microbiological culture, detection of aspergillus galactomannan (gm) antigen and in some patients (1 → 3)-β-d-glucan ( ...201627913978
structural and functional elucidation of yeast lanosterol 14α-demethylase in complex with agrochemical antifungals.azole antifungals, known as demethylase inhibitors (dmis), target sterol 14α-demethylase (cyp51) in the ergosterol biosynthetic pathway of fungal pathogens of both plants and humans. dmis remain the treatment of choice in crop protection against a wide range of fungal phytopathogens that have the potential to reduce crop yields and threaten food security. we used a yeast membrane protein expression system to overexpress recombinant hexahistidine-tagged s. cerevisiae lanosterol 14α-demethylase an ...201627907120
effects of retinoic acid receptor-γ on the aspergillus fumigatus induced innate immunity response in human corneal epithelial cells.to explore the effects of retinoic acid receptor-γ (rarγ) on innate immune responses against aspergillus fumigatus (a. fumigatus) in cultured human corneal epithelial cells (hcecs).201628003968
uptake and efflux kinetics, and intracellular activity of voriconazole against aspergillus fumigatus in human pulmonary epithelial cells: a new application for the prophylaxis and early treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis.invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (ipa), most caused by aspergillus fumigatus, is a serious life-threatening infection in immunocompromised patients. voriconazole is used to prevent and treat ipa. however, little is known about the pharmacological characteristics of voriconazole in pulmonary epithelial cells, which are the target site for the prophylaxis and early treatment of ipa. the aim of the study was to evaluate the kinetics and activity of voriconazole against a. fumigatus in a549 cells. h ...201628012206
sensitisation of an azole-resistant aspergillus fumigatus strain containing the cyp51a-related mutation by deleting the srba gene.azoles are widely used for controlling fungal growth in both agricultural and medical settings. the target protein of azoles is cyp51, a lanosterol 14-α-demethylase involved in the biosynthesis of ergosterol. recently, a novel azole resistance mechanism has arisen in pathogenic fungal species aspergillus fumigatus. resistant strains contain a 34-bp or 46-bp tandem repeat (tr) in the promoter of cyp51a, and have disseminated globally in a short period of time. in this study, we investigated wheth ...201627934927
fungal mobile mass on echocardiogram: native mitral valve aspergillus fumigatus endocarditis.the most common type of infective endocarditis is bacterial endocarditis. however, fungal infections have been seen more frequently, mostly in the immunocompromised population. we report a case of invasive aspergillus fumigatus native mitral valve endocarditis. the patient received appropriate empiric antifungal treatment with a combination of liposomal amphotericin b and flucytosine, associated with surgical debridement, valve replacement and chordae tendineae repair. despite receiving the stan ...201627932432
epidemio-clinico-microbiological study of mycotic keratitis in north-west region of rajasthan.mycotic keratitis, with its diverse clinical presentation and difficulties in treatment, makes it a challenging task for clinicians and an important object of study. the aim of present study was to determine the frequency of occurrence and epidemiological association with identification of fungal isolates from mycotic keratitis cases.201628035615
aspergillus fumigatus empyema. 201628024667
long term outcome of medical and surgical co-management of craniospinal aspergillosis in an immunocompromised patient.35 yr old steroid dependent lady with pulmonary tb underwent debridement of epidural abscess & posterior stabilization for paraparesis. with histopathology and cultures showing aspergillus fumigatus, voricanozole was started. by the fourth week, she developed persistent fever, and altered mental status. brain mri and csf study including multiplex pcr evaluation confirmed cerebral aspergillosis. voricanozole was changed to intravenous lipid complex amphotericin b to achieve sustained clinical and ...201628053849
harnessing bacterial signals for suppression of biofilm formation in the nosocomial fungal pathogen aspergillus fumigatus.faced with the continued emergence of antibiotic resistance to all known classes of antibiotics, a paradigm shift in approaches toward antifungal therapeutics is required. well characterized in a broad spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens, biofilms are a key factor in limiting the effectiveness of conventional antibiotics. therefore, therapeutics such as small molecules that prevent or disrupt biofilm formation would render pathogens susceptible to clearance by existing drugs. this is the ...201628066389
biomedical and catalytic applications of gold and silver-gold alloy nanoparticles biosynthesized using cell-free extract of bacillus safensis lau 13: antifungal, dye degradation, anti-coagulant and thrombolytic activities.this study investigated the green biosynthesis of gold (au) and silver-gold alloy (ag-au) nanoparticles using cell-free extract of bacillus safensis lau 13 strain (genbank accession no: kj461434). the biosynthesized aunps and ag-aunps were characterized using uv-vis spectroscopy, fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. evaluation of the antifungal activities, degradation of malachite green, anti-coagulation of blood and thrombolysis of human blood clot by t ...201628113560
secondary metabolite arsenal of an opportunistic pathogenic fungus.aspergillus fumigatus is a versatile fungus able to successfully exploit diverse environments from mammalian lungs to agricultural waste products. among its many fitness attributes are dozens of genetic loci containing biosynthetic gene clusters (bgcs) producing bioactive small molecules (often referred to as secondary metabolites or natural products) that provide growth advantages to the fungus dependent on environment. here we summarize the current knowledge of these bgcs-18 of which can be na ...201628080993
clinical implications of globally emerging azole resistance in aspergillus fumigatus.aspergillus fungi are the cause of an array of diseases affecting humans, animals and plants. the triazole antifungal agents itraconazole, voriconazole, isavuconazole and posaconazole are treatment options against diseases caused by aspergillus however, resistance to azoles has recently emerged as a new therapeutic challenge in six continents. although de novo azole resistance occurs occasionally in patients during azole therapy, the main burden is the aquisition of resistance through the enviro ...201628080986
aerobic microflora and endoparasites of freshly shot wild agouti (dasyprocta leporina) in trinidad, west indies.the agouti ( dasyprocta leporina ) is a new world wild rodent hunted for its meat in trinidad and other latin american countries. studies on agouti under captive conditions have yielded some data on health-related aspects, but relatively very little is known about their wild counterparts. the environment of the agouti can influence the microflora and parasites harbored by the animals, which may contain zoonotic pathogens. here, the microflora found on the nasal mucosa and sections of the intesti ...201628080916
release of type 2 cytokines by epithelial cells of nasal polyps.background. t2 inflammation of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (crswnp) may be influenced by epithelial cytokines release (tslp, il-25, and il-33). we investigated the release of tslp, il-25, and il-33 by epithelial crswnp cells compared to epithelial sinus mucosa cells of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (crssnp). methods. il-25, il-33, and tslp were measured by elisa in the supernatant of cell cultures derived by crswnp (9 patients, 6 atopic) and crssnp (7 pat ...201628127565
[accurate diagnosis of pseudomonas luteola in routine microbiology laboratory: on the occasion of two isolates].pseudomonas luteola which was previously known as chryseomonas luteola; is a gram-negative, non-fermentative, aerobic, motile, non-spore-forming bacillus. it is frequently found as a saprophyte in soil, water and other damp environments and is an opportunistic pathogen in patients with underlying medical disorders or with indwelling catheters. it has been reported as an uncommon cause of bacteremia, sepsis, septic arthritis, meningitis, endocarditis, and peritonitis. thus, early and accurate ide ...201628124968
[infections in cystic fibrosis: up-to-date].this review focused on the news in cf airways infection. international guidelines were provided for the care of non tuberculous mycobacteria, and recent studies stressed on the benefit effect of azithromycin or combined antibiotics. the identification of multiresistant environmental bacteria in airways made to account for little-known consequences. early diagnosis and eradication of pseudomonas aeruginosa and staphylococcus aureus methi-r were still a concern, and reports were proposed. however, ...201628231891
high cell density cultivation of six fungal strains efficient in azo dye bioremediation.this work aims at optimizing the high cell density fungal cultivation for producing large quantities of fungal biomass to be used in azo dye residues bioremediation. in our previous studies the efficacy of using certain fungal strains to decolorize a range of commercial textile dyes of different structures (azo, disazo) were investigated. several promising fungal strains belonging to aspergillus tubigenesis, aspergillus niger, aspergillus terreus, and aspergillus fumigates demonstrated high capa ...201628352548
aspergillus fumigatus native valve infective endocarditis in an otherwise healthy adult.fungal endocarditis is a rare cause of infective endocarditis, and aspergillus spp. account for up to 30 % of all cases. risk factors include intravenous drug use, immunosuppression, malignancy and the presence of prosthetic valves.201628348749
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of voriconazole against candida spp. and aspergillus spp. in children, adolescents and adults by monte carlo simulation.the objective of this study was to investigate the cumulative fraction of response of various voriconazole dosing regimens against six candida and six aspergillus spp. in immunocompromised children, immunocompromised adolescents, and adults. using pharmacokinetic parameters and pharmacodynamic data, 5000-subject monte carlo simulations (mcss) were conducted to evaluate the ability of simulated dosing strategies in terms of fauc/mic targets of voriconazole. according to the results of the mcss, c ...201627179818
in vitro interactions between target of rapamycin kinase inhibitor and antifungal agents against aspergillus species.in vitro interactions of ink128, a target of rapamycin (tor) kinase inhibitor, and antifungals, including itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, amphotericin b, and caspofungin, against aspergillus spp. were assessed with the broth microdilution checkerboard technique. our results suggested synergistic effects between ink128 and all azoles tested, against multiple aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus flavus isolates. however, no synergistic effects were observed when ink128 was combined with ...201626976874
paper wasp nest-mediated biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial, catalytic, anticoagulant, and thrombolytic applications.biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (agnps) using nest extract of paper wasp (polistes sp) was investigated in this work. the agnps were characterized by uv-vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ftir), and transmission electron microscopy (tem), and evaluated for antibacterial, antifungal, dye degradation, blood anticoagulation, and blood clot dissolution (thrombolytic) activities. the crystalline polydispersed agnps with size range of 12.5-95.55 nm absorbed maximally at 42 ...201628330212
the glycolytic enzyme enolase represents a plasminogen-binding protein on the surface of a wide variety of medically important fungal species.allergies are an increasing issue in human health and can, eventually, cause severe anaphylactic shock. aspergillus fumigatus and candida albicans are leading causes of life-threatening invasive fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, but can also cause severe allergic responses in otherwise healthy individuals. the glycolytic enzyme enolase is known as a major allergen despite its function in intracellular metabolism. therefore, its presentation on surfaces of different fungal species ...201626679571
activity of a long-acting echinocandin, cd101, determined using clsi and eucast reference methods, against candida and aspergillus spp., including echinocandin- and azole-resistant isolates.the objective of this study was to evaluate the in vitro activity of cd101, a novel echinocandin with a long serum elimination half-life, and comparator (anidulafungin and caspofungin) antifungal agents against a collection of candida and aspergillus spp. isolates.201627287236
clinical features and survival outcomes of invasive aspergillosis in pediatric patients at a medical school in thailand.invasive aspergillosis (ia) is a severe infection in immunocompromised patients. recently, serum galactomannan has been widely used for diagnosis and voriconazole as an antifungal agent. the objective of this study is to describe clinical features and survival outcomes of ia.201627249894
phytogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles, optimization and evaluation of in vitro antifungal activity against human and plant pathogens.an attempt was made to synthesis of biocompatible silver nanoparticles from ten different cassia spp. among them, cassia roxburghii aqueous leaf extract supported the synthesis of highly efficient and stable agnps. the synthesis of agnps was optimized at different physico-chemical condition and highly stable agnps were synthesized with 1.0ml of c. roxburghii leaf extract, ph 7.0, 1.0mm agno3 and at 37°c. the synthesized agnps were characterized by xps, dls and zeta potential. dls and zeta potent ...201627664723
aspergillus arthritis: analysis of clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of 31 reported cases.aspergillus arthritis is a debilitating form of invasive aspergillosis. little is known about its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, laboratory features, treatment, and prognosis. cases of aspergillus arthritis were reviewed in the english literature from 1967 through 2015 for variables of arthritis with aspergillus spp. recovered from joint and/or adjacent bone, underlying conditions, symptoms, signs, inflammatory biomarkers, diagnostic imaging, management, and outcome. among 31 evaluable c ...201627609563
discrimination of aspergillosis, mucormycosis, fusariosis, and scedosporiosis in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue specimens by use of multiple real-time quantitative pcr assays.in a retrospective multicenter study, 102 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissue specimens with histopathology results were tested. two 4- to 5-μm ffpe tissue sections from each specimen were digested with proteinase k, followed by automated nucleic acid extraction. multiple real-time quantitative pcr (qpcr) assays targeting the internal transcribed spacer 2 (its2) region of ribosomal dna, using fluorescently labeled primers, was performed to identify clinically important genera and spec ...201627605714
functional characterization of alpha-synuclein protein with antimicrobial activity.alpha-synuclein (α-syn), a small (14 kda) protein associated with parkinson's disease, is abundant in human neural tissues. α-syn plays an important role in maintaining a supply of synaptic vesicles in presynaptic terminals; however, the mechanism by which it performs this function are not well understood. in addition, there is a correlation between α-syn over-expression and upregulation of an innate immune response. given the growing body of literature surrounding antimicrobial peptides (amps) ...201627520375
identification by molecular methods and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry and antifungal susceptibility profiles of clinically significant rare aspergillus species in a referral chest hospital in delhi, india.aspergillus species cause a wide spectrum of clinical infections. although aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus flavus remain the most commonly isolated species in aspergillosis, in the last decade, rare and cryptic aspergillus species have emerged in diverse clinical settings. the present study analyzed the distribution and in vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles of rare aspergillus species in clinical samples from patients with suspected aspergillosis in 8 medical centers in india. furthe ...201627413188
negative regulation and developmental competence in aspergillus.asexual development (conidiation) in the filamentous fungus aspergillus nidulans is governed by orchestrated gene expression. the three key negative regulators of conidiation sfga, vosa, and nsdd act at different control point in the developmental genetic cascade. here, we have revealed that nsdd is a key repressor affecting the quantity of asexual spores in aspergillus. moreover, nullifying both nsdd and vosa results in abundant formation of the development specific structure conidiophores even ...201627364479
chemical profiling, antimicrobial and insecticidal evaluations of polygonum hydropiper l.the emergence of multidrug resistant (mdr) pathogens is of great concern to the global health community. our ability to effectively treat diseases is based on the discovery of potent drugs for the treatment of these challenging diseases. traditional medicines are one of the major sources for the discovery of safe, effective and economical drug candidates. in order to validate its antibacterial, antifungal and insecticidal potentials with respect to traditional uses, we have screened for the firs ...201627919287
causative agents of aspergillosis including cryptic aspergillus species and a. fumigatus.aspergillosis is an important deep mycosis. the causative agents are aspergillus fumigatus, aspergillus flavus, aspergillus niger, and aspergillus terreus, of which a. fumigatus is the most prevalent. cryptic aspergillus spp., which morphologically resemble representative species of each aspergillus section, also cause aspergillosis. most of the cryptic species reveal different susceptibility patterns and/or different secondary metabolite profiles, also called exometabolome in this manuscript, f ...201627904060
antibacterial and antifungal potentials of the solvents extracts from eryngium caeruleum, notholirion thomsonianum and allium consanguineum.herbal medicines have long been used for various ailments in various societies and natural bioactive compounds are gaining more and more importance due to various factors. in this context, three plant species i.e., eryngium caeruleum, notholirion thomsonianum and allium consanguineum have been aimed for the scientific verification of their purported traditional uses against various infectious diseases.201627881119
clinical manifestations and outcomes of pulmonary aspergillosis: experience from pakistan.pulmonary aspergillosis has variable course of illness, severity and outcomes depending on underlying conditions. there is limited data available on the clinical manifestations and outcome of pulmonary aspergillosis from pakistan.201628074136
invasive forms of candida and aspergillus in sputum samples of pulmonary tuberculosis patients attending the tuberculosis reference laboratory in ghaemshahr, northern iran: an analysis of samples collected during the past 10years.tuberculosis (tb) continues to be a major public health problem worldwide. this is especially true in northern iran, which has high tb prevalence. the chronic nature of this disease is further exacerbated if it is accompanied by fungal infection, which usually remains undiagnosed and thus untreated. thus, mycotic infections add fatal dimensions to pulmonary tb. our objective was to determine the prevalence of invasive forms of fungal elements in sputum samples collected from patients with pulmon ...201628043539
attraction, oviposition and larval survival of the fungus gnat, lycoriella ingenua, on fungal species isolated from adults, larvae, and mushroom compost.we previously showed that the females of the mushroom sciarid, lycoriella ingenua (dufour, 1839) (diptera: sciaridae), one of the most severe pests of the cultivated white button mushroom, agaricus bisporus (j.e. lange) emil j. imbach (agaricales: agaricaceae), are attracted to the mushroom compost that mushrooms are grown on and not to the mushrooms themselves. we also showed that females are attracted to the parasitic green mold, trichoderma aggressivum. in an attempt to identify what is in th ...201627936070
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