Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year(sorted descending) Filter | PMID Filter |
|---|
| comparative efficacy of seven hand sanitizers against murine norovirus, feline calicivirus, and gii.4 norovirus. | contaminated hands or inanimate surfaces can act as a source of infection during outbreaks of human norovirus infection. we evaluated the virucidal efficacy of seven hand sanitizers containing various active ingredients, such as ethanol, triclosan, and chlorhexidine, and compared their effectiveness against feline calicivirus (fcv), murine norovirus (mnv), and a gii.4 norovirus fecal extract. we also tested the efficacy of 50, 70, and 90% of ethanol and isopropanol. reduction of viral infectivit ... | 2010 | 21219741 |
| bug breakfast in the bulletin: gastroenteritis outbreaks in institutions. | 2010 | 21426853 | |
| inactivation of hepatitis a virus and norovirus surrogate in suspension and on food-contact surfaces using pulsed uv light (pulsed light inactivation of food-borne viruses). | this study was conducted to evaluate the inactivation of murine norovirus (mnv-1) and hepatitis a virus (hav) by pulsed ultraviolet (uv) light. mnv-1 was used as a model for human norovirus. viral suspensions of about 10(6) pfu/ml were exposed to pulses of uv light for different times and at different distances in a xenon steripulse device (model rs-3000c). inactivation studies were also carried out on 1-cm(2) stainless steel and polyvinyl chloride disks with 10(5) pfu/ml. inactivation of mnv-1 ... | 2010 | 21356466 |
| molecular characterization of viruses associated with gastrointestinal infection in hiv-positive patients. | diarrhea is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among hiv-infected patients worldwide. | 2010 | 21340293 |
| norovirus gastroenteritis accompanied by ischemic colitis: a case report. | a 57-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of frequent bloody diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal cramps. while the patient was diagnosed with norovirus gastroenteritis based on the presence by chance of positive norovirus antigen in the stool samples, endoscopic as well as pathological examinations demonstrated left-sided ischemic colitis. the patient soon recovered solely by supportive treatment. although it is believed that patients with viral gastroenteritis do not develop bloody ... | 2010 | 21361085 |
| noroviruses: a challenge for military forces. | for military forces, the control of infectious acute gastroenteritis constitutes an old, constant and unsolved concern. recent epidemiological studies suggest that the common bacterial causes are being overtaken by viruses. norviruses are the most alarming group and norovirus outbreaks in military forces are regularly reported. illness is generally mild and characterised by acute vomiting and diarrhoea, which lasts for a few days on average, but may be severe and potentially life-threatening in ... | 2010 | 21275360 |
| [viral gastroenteritis in domestic animals and zoonoses]. | etiologic investigations of infectious diarrhea were long limited to bacteria and protozoa. the advent of electron microscopy and molecular biology showed that diarrhea could also be caused by viruses, both in humans and in other animals. in 1969, electron microcopy was used to show, for the first time, the responsibility of a virus in a case of calf diarrhea. this "reo-like virus "was subsequently identified as a rotavirus, and was shown only four years later to be responsible for severe diarrh ... | 2010 | 22046708 |
| pathogenesis of noroviruses, emerging rna viruses. | human noroviruses in the family caliciviridae are a major cause of epidemic gastroenteritis. they are responsible for at least 95% of viral outbreaks and over 50% of all outbreaks worldwide. transmission of these highly infectious plus-stranded rna viruses occurs primarily through contaminated food or water, but also through person-to-person contact and exposure to fomites. norovirus infections are typically acute and self-limited. however, disease can be much more severe and prolonged in infant ... | 2010 | 21994656 |
| [gastroenteritis viruses in france and europe]. | rotaviruses and noroviruses are the main causes of acute gastroenteritis in young children and adults, respectively. prospective molecular surveillance of rotavirus genotypes in france and europe shows that circulating strains may vary with the season, locality or country. rotavirus ok? genotypes g1 and g9 are the most prevalent. most strains are associated with p[8], showing a certain genotypic stability of rotaviruses currently circulating in europe and suggesting that vaccination would be eff ... | 2010 | 22046707 |
| the effect of fecal turbidity on norovirus detection by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. | a 10-min fecal preparation results in greater specimen turbidity than a 45-min protocol, but reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) norovirus test sensitivity is essentially the same. feces processed so that particle size does not exceed approximately 560 nm do not display greater norovirus rt-pcr inhibitory effects than those that have undergone greater purification. | 2010 | 18945570 |
| a rapid procedure for detecting noroviruses from cheese and fresh lettuce. | noroviruses (novs) are recognized as the most common agents of outbreaks of food-borne viral gastroenteritis and the efficiency of different methods for detection of novs from food matrices have been tested in several laboratories worldwide. the aim of this study was to develop a rapid and sensitive method for recovery of novs by using a filtration concentration method followed by pcr amplification for detection of novs from cheese and fresh lettuce. experimentally, a fecal suspension containing ... | 2009 | 18951920 |
| sporadic norovirus infections among hospitalized and non-hospitalized 0-3-year-old infants. | little is known of the frequency of norovirus infections in sporadic gastroenteritis cases. in a 4-y study, we examined 1152 rota-, adeno- and astrovirus negative stool samples for human noroviruses; 187 (16.2%) proved to be positive. stool samples were from paediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis. all isolates were verified as sporadic cases: there was no accumulation. | 2009 | 18985543 |
| contemporary prevalence of infectious agents in laboratory mice and rats. | periodic health screening of rodents used in research is necessary due to the consequences of unwanted infections. one determinant of the risk of infection for any given agent is its prevalence; other factors being equal, a prevalent agent is more likely than a rare one to be introduced to a research facility and result in infection. as an indicator of contemporary prevalence in laboratory populations of rats and mice, the rate of positive results in the samples received at a major commercial ro ... | 2009 | 19015179 |
| structured surveillance of infectious intestinal disease in pre-school children in the community: 'the nappy study'. | the incidence and causes of infectious intestinal disease (iid) in children aged <5 years presenting to general practitioners (gps) were estimated. during a 12-month period, soiled nappies were collected from children presenting with symptoms suggestive of iid in a network of 65 gps located across england. molecular methods were used to detect a range of enteric pathogens including viruses, bacteria and parasites. genotyping was performed on rotavirus and norovirus isolates. a total of 583 nappi ... | 2009 | 19017426 |
| outbreak of norovirus infection among river rafters associated with packaged delicatessen meat, grand canyon, 2005. | norovirus is often transmitted by infected food handlers at the point of service, whereas reports of food contamination before wholesale distribution are rare. in september 2005, we investigated reports of gastroenteritis among rafters who went on unrelated trips on the colorado river. | 2009 | 19025489 |
| preventing norovirus transmission: how should we handle food handlers? | 2009 | 19025494 | |
| temperature inactivation of feline calicivirus vaccine strain fcv f-9 in comparison with human noroviruses using an rna exposure assay and reverse transcribed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction-a novel method for predicting virus infectivity. | a one-step reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) method in combination with rnase treatment and low copy number samples was developed in order to examine the effect of temperature on the ability of virus capsids to protect their rna content. the method was applied to a non-cultivable virus (gii.4 norovirus) and feline calicivirus vaccine strain f-9 (fcv) which is often used as a norovirus surrogate. results demonstrated that fcv rna is exposed maximally ... | 2009 | 19028524 |
| emerging gii.4 norovirus variants affect children with diarrhea in palermo, italy in 2006. | although the genetic/antigenic heterogeneity of human noroviruses (novs) is impressive, a few genogroup ii strains of genotype 4 (gii.4) are dominant worldwide. gii.4 novs evolve rapidly and in the last 15 years six epidemic variants have been identified. in 2005-2006, surveillance of sporadic viral gastroenteritis in children in palermo, italy, resulted in the detection of nov strains in 20.9% of the patients admitted to hospital. by restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and sequence ... | 2009 | 19031454 |
| early-life rotavirus and norovirus infections in relation to development of atopic manifestation in infants. | the increase in incidence of atopic diseases (ads) in the developed world over the past decades has been associated with reduced exposure of childhood infections. | 2009 | 19032360 |
| structural and functional changes of the duodenum in human norovirus infection. | norovirus infection is the most frequent cause of infectious diarrhoea in the western world. this study aimed to characterise functionally and histomorphologically the diseased duodenum in human biopsies. | 2009 | 19036950 |
| a rapid and efficient method for quantitation of genogroups i and ii norovirus from oysters and application in other complex environmental samples. | the human health risk associated with the consumption of molluscan shellfish grown in sewage-contaminated waters is well established. noroviruses are the principal agent of shellfish-related illness. this study describes the evaluation of two silica-based viral rna extraction protocols as well as two real time rt-pcr assays for norovirus detection in shellfish and plankton. using a gii rna transcript, the qiagen rneasy method was able to recover 80%, 1.85%, and 0.14% of the rna copies in seeded ... | 2009 | 19041894 |
| human noroviruses recognize sialyl lewis x neoglycoprotein. | the carbohydrate binding characteristics of a norovirus gii.3 (chron1) and a gii.4 (dijon) strain were investigated using virus-like particles (vlps) and saliva samples from 81 individuals genotyped for fut2 (secretor) and fut3 (lewis) and phenotyped for abo and lewis blood groups. the two vlps showed a typical secretor-gene-dependent binding and bound significantly stronger to saliva from a, b, and ab than from o individuals (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.001) but did not bind to any samples from secret ... | 2009 | 19054801 |
| evaluation of an adsorption-elution method for detection of astrovirus and norovirus in environmental waters. | human astroviruses (hastv) and noroviruses (nov) are shed frequently at high concentrations and persist for long periods in the environment, raising a significant health risk of water-related gastroenteritis. the aim of this study was to evaluate an adsorption-elution method with an ha (mixed cellulose esters) negatively charged membrane to determine the best recovery of hastv and nov from different environmental waters. as the presence of mgcl(2) affects viral adsorption onto the membrane, thre ... | 2009 | 19056426 |
| genetic analysis of norovirus in children affected with acute gastroenteritis in beijing, 2004-2007. | noroviruses (novs) are a major cause of acute gastroenteritis in children, but prevalence and circulation of novs in china have not been well characterized. | 2009 | 19062336 |
| chronic norovirus infection in renal transplant recipients. | norovirus infection is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis. in immunocompetent subjects, norovirus infection is a self-limiting disease of short duration. the present report provides first evidence that norovirus can cause chronic infection in renal transplant recipients. two patients showed persisting norovirus excretion for >7 months and 3 months, respectively. the first patient was asymptomatic after an acute episode of gastroenteritis and eliminated the virus spontaneously. the se ... | 2009 | 19073655 |
| development of a rapid high-throughput method for high-resolution melting analysis for routine detection and genotyping of noroviruses. | we developed a simple, rapid, high-throughput detection and genotyping method for noroviruses using real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) and high-resolution melting (hrm) analysis to create a difference plot. the capsid gene was amplified by real-time rt-pcr in the presence of resolight hrm dye, a saturating dna dye. following optimization of the hrm assay conditions, the major norovirus genotypes were selected. because we had only small quantities of the patient stool samples used in th ... | 2009 | 19073870 |
| detection and quantification of noroviruses in shellfish. | noroviruses (novs) are the most common viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in humans, and high concentrations of novs are discharged into the environment. as these viruses are very resistant to inactivation, the sanitary consequences are contamination of food, including molluscan shellfish. there are four major problems with nov detection in shellfish samples: low levels of virus contamination, the difficulty of efficient virus extraction, the presence of interfering substances that inhibit mo ... | 2009 | 19047383 |
| noroviruses: a comprehensive review. | 2009 | 19084472 | |
| epidemiology and genotype analysis of sapovirus associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in alberta, canada: 2004-2007. | this study describes the epidemiology and circulating strains of sapovirus associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks in alberta, canada, from 2004 to 2007. sapovirus was an important cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks, accounting for 43 (17.6%) of 244 outbreaks in which all samples tested were negative for norovirus. all 4 human sapovirus genotypes, gi, gii, giv, and gv, were found in samples during these outbreaks. the greatest amount of sapovirus-associated outbreak activity occurred in 2007, ... | 2009 | 19099483 |
| virus analysis using electromigration techniques. | we discuss the progress during the last 4 years in the analysis of viruses by electrophoresis in capillaries and microfluidic devices. the paper is the continuation of a review published in this journal in 2005 [kremser, l., blaas, d., kenndler, e., electrophoresis 2004, 25, 2282-2291]. eighteen papers on the topic have appeared since; the majority deals with zone electrophoresis and three reports are on ief. these methods have been applied to human rhinoviruses, poliovirus semliki forest virus, ... | 2009 | 19101933 |
| prevalence of norovirus and factors influencing virus concentrations during one year in a full-scale wastewater treatment plant. | norovirus (nov) is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and is often spread via wastewater contamination. little is known about how the wastewater treatment process affects norovirus, and which factors influence virus concentrations. to investigate this, we collected wastewater samples monthly during one year at eight different key sites at the municipal wastewater treatment plant in gothenburg, sweden. virus particles were concentrated using ultracentrifugation, viral rna was subsequently e ... | 2009 | 19108861 |
| molecular epidemiology of norovirus gastroenteritis investigated using samples collected from children in tunisia during a four-year period: detection of the norovirus variant ggii.4 hunter as early as january 2003. | human noroviruses (novs) cause epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis in children and adults. to study the prevalence and genetic diversity of nov in children in tunisia, a total of 788 fecal samples were collected during a 4-year period in the region of monastir, from children 12 years of age or younger, hospitalized or presenting in dispensaries with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis. nov was detected by reverse transcription-pcr and confirmed by sequence analysis. this is the first report ... | 2009 | 19109464 |
| enhanced hygiene measures and norovirus transmission during an outbreak. | control of norovirus outbreaks relies on enhanced hygiene measures, such as handwashing, surface cleaning, using disposable paper towels, and using separate toilets for sick and well persons. however, little is known about their effectiveness in limiting further spread of norovirus infections. we analyzed norovirus outbreaks in 7 camps at an international scouting jamboree in the netherlands during 2004. implementation of hygiene measures coincided with an 84.8% (95% predictive interval 81.2%-86 ... | 2009 | 19116045 |
| selection tool for foodborne norovirus outbreaks. | detection of pathogens in the food chain is limited mainly to bacteria, and the globalization of the food industry enables international viral foodborne outbreaks to occur. outbreaks from 2002 through 2006 recorded in a european norovirus surveillance database were investigated for virologic and epidemiologic indicators of food relatedness. the resulting validated multivariate logistic regression model comparing foodborne (n = 224) and person-to-person (n = 654) outbreaks was used to create a pr ... | 2009 | 19116046 |
| identification and characterization of a native epitope common to norovirus strains gii/4, gii/7 and gii/8. | norovirus is an important cause of acute non-bacterial gastroenteritis in humans. the norovirus genus is comprised of at least five genogroups based on sequence differences. the norovirus genogroup ii (gii/4) strain is recognized as the predominant genotype worldwide. we expressed a 60 kda full-length recombinant capsid protein of norovirus gii/4 in escherichia coli and generated three monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against it. western blotting indicated that all three mabs had reactivity against ... | 2009 | 19121346 |
| continuous presence of noroviruses and sapoviruses in raw sewage reflects infections among inhabitants of toyama, japan (2006 to 2008). | various genotypes of norovirus (nov) (genogroup i genotype 1 [gi.1], -2, -4, -5, -8, -11, -12, and -14; gii.3, -4, -6, -7, -10, -13, -14, and -15), and sapovirus (sav) (gi.1 and gi.2, gii.1, and giv.1) were detected from raw sewage from april 2006 to march 2008, while limited numbers of genotypes of nov (gi.8, gii.4, gii.6, and gii.13) and sav (gii.3 and giv.1) and of nov (gii.4, gii.7, and gii.13) were detected from clinical cases and healthy children, respectively. during the winter 2006 to 20 ... | 2009 | 19124591 |
| detection, genetic characterization, and quantification of norovirus rna from sera of children with gastroenteritis. | norovirus (nov) infection is thought to be confined to the intestines, whereas many reports suggest antigenemia and viremia occur during rotavirus gastroenteritis. | 2009 | 19131272 |
| viral etiology and incidence associated with acute gastroenteritis in a 5-year survey in gyeonggi province, south korea. | acute gastroenteritis caused by viruses is one of the leading causes of childhood morbidity. | 2009 | 19131274 |
| reported foodborne outbreaks due to noroviruses in belgium: the link between food and patient investigations in an international context. | the belgian data for foodborne norovirus (nov) outbreaks became available for the first time with the introduction of an extraction and detection protocol for nov in the national reference laboratory for foodborne outbreaks in september 2006. in 2007, 10 nov foodborne outbreaks were reported affecting 392 persons in belgium. nov became the most detected agent in foodborne outbreaks followed by salmonella (eight foodborne outbreaks). the major implicated foods were sandwiches (4/10), where food h ... | 2009 | 19134230 |
| immunochromatography test for rapid detection of norovirus in fecal specimens. | an immunochromatography (ic) assay for rapid detection of norovirus (nov) was evaluated with fecal samples collected from children who suffered from acute gastroenteritis during the winter season of 2007-2008 in japan. a total of 75 fecal specimens were tested for nov by the newly developed ic kit and by a gold standard rt-pcr method. the sensitivity, specificity, and agreement of this ic kit were 75.4%, 100%, and 80%, respectively. in addition, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the majority o ... | 2009 | 19138707 |
| the active form of the norovirus rna-dependent rna polymerase is a homodimer with cooperative activity. | norovirus (nv) is a leading cause of gastroenteritis worldwide and a major public health concern. so far, the replication strategy of nv remains poorly understood, mainly because of the lack of a cell system to cultivate the virus. in this study, the function and the structure of a key viral enzyme of replication, the rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp, ns7), was examined. the overall structure of the nv ns7 rdrp was determined by x-ray crystallography to a 2.3 a (0.23 nm) resolution (pdb id 2b4 ... | 2009 | 19141436 |
| quasispecies dynamics and molecular evolution of human norovirus capsid p region during chronic infection. | in this novel study, we have for the first time identified evolutionarily conserved capsid residues in an individual chronically infected with norovirus (ggii.3). from 2000 to 2003, a total of 147 p1-1 and p2 capsid sequences were sequenced and investigated for evolutionarily conserved and functionally important residues by the evolutionary trace (et) algorithm. the et algorithm revealed more absolutely conserved residues (acr) in the p1-1 domain (47/53, 88 %) as compared with the p2 domain (86/ ... | 2009 | 19141453 |
| norovirus in a dutch tertiary care hospital (2002-2007): frequent nosocomial transmission and dominance of giib strains in young children. | we report a retrospective analysis of norovirus (nov) infections occurring in patients of a tertiary care hospital during five winter seasons (2002/03 to 2006/07). data were compared with national surveillance data and with corresponding data for rotavirus. between july 2002 and june 2007, faecal specimens from 221 (9.0%) of 2458 hospital patients with diarrhoea tested positive for nov. the incidence in children varied from 2.52 per 1000 admissions in 2004/05 (when testing began to be performed ... | 2009 | 19147255 |
| food-related norovirus outbreak among people attending two barbeques: epidemiological, virological, and environmental investigation. | norovirus (nov) is commonly associated with gastrointestinal infection. it is normally transmitted person-to-person or from contaminated surfaces, although food-borne transmission is possible. | 2009 | 19147386 |
| etiology of acute gastroenteritis in three sentinel general practices, austria 2007. | we studied the etiology of acute gastroenteritis in a village with a total population of approximately 6,000. this is the first study in austria that has investigated a broad range of pathogens recovered from an unselected population of patients who had consulted general practitioners because of gastroenteritis. | 2009 | 19148576 |
| alphavirus-adjuvanted norovirus-like particle vaccines: heterologous, humoral, and mucosal immune responses protect against murine norovirus challenge. | the development of an effective norovirus vaccine likely requires the capacity to protect against infection with multiple norovirus strains. advanced recombinant genetic systems and the recent discovery of a mouse-tropic norovirus strain (mnv) provide robust model systems for vaccine efficacy studies. we coadministered multivalent norovirus-like particle (vlp) vaccines with alphavirus adjuvant particles to mice and evaluated homotypic and heterotypic humoral and protective immunity to human and ... | 2009 | 19176631 |
| variability analysis of pathogen and indicator loads from urban sewer systems along a river. | the pathogen loads within surface waters originating from urban wastewater sources needs to be assessed to support drinking water risk estimations and optimal selection of risk reduction measures. locally reported discharges from sewer systems (>100,000 persons connected) were used to simulate the potential microbial loads into the göta älv river, sweden. using monte carlo simulations, the median and 95% percentile (i.e. worst case) of total microbial load from wastewater treatment plants, sewer ... | 2009 | 19182329 |
| localization of norovirus and poliovirus in pacific oysters. | to examine the uptake and tissue distribution of norovirus (nov) and poliovirus (pv) experimentally bioaccumulated in feeding pacific oysters (crassostrea gigas). | 2009 | 19187161 |
| new insights into preschool wheeze. | 2009 | 19187329 | |
| optimisation of a single-primer sequence-independent amplification (sp-sia) assay: detection of previously undetectable norovirus strains associated with outbreaks of gastroenteritis. | the introduction of molecular diagnostic methods for investigation of gastroenteritis has significantly reduced the diagnostic gap. however, approximately 25% of cases of gastroenteritis remain undiagnosed even after screening for bacteria, parasites and viruses using the most sensitive pcr and rt-pcr methods available. in recent years, it has become apparent that viruses are responsible for the majority of outbreaks of gastroenteritis. in this study, a panel of samples from outbreaks of gastroe ... | 2009 | 19187790 |
| successful containment of a norovirus outreak in an acute adult psychiatric area. | we describe a norovirus outbreak in an acute adult psychiatric area in a tertiary care hospital. containment of the outbreak was challenging because of the patients' psychiatric conditions and the area's configuration. on the basis of this experience, recommendations were made to help prevent a similar scenario in the future. | 2009 | 19193019 |
| predominance and circulation of enteric viruses in the region of greater cairo, egypt. | the circulation of enteric viruses among the population of cairo, egypt, between march 2006 and february 2007 was studied. at least one virus was detected in 50% of fecal samples, 57.4% of which were positive for rotavirus, 26% for norovirus, 10.4% for adenovirus, and 1.7% for astrovirus. over 10% of infections were mixed infections. rotavirus typing showed that g1p[8] and g2p[4] were predominant but that the unusual g12p[4] and g12p[6] reassortants were also present. among the noroviruses, half ... | 2009 | 19193841 |
| outbreak of norovirus infection in a nursing home for the elderly in malta, november-december 2008. | in norovirus outbreak in a nursing home in malta in november and december 2008, 44 people were affected. 35 of 91 residents and nine of 44 employees were symptomatic. the overall attack rate among residents was 38.5% [corrected]. the outbreak lasted 17 days and the symptoms were mild. | 2009 | 19215711 |
| new electropositive filter for concentrating enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water. | the u.s. environmental protection agency's information collection rule requires the use of 1mds electropositive filters for concentrating enteric viruses from water, but unfortunately, these filters are not cost-effective for routine viral monitoring. in this study, an inexpensive electropositive cartridge filter, the nanoceram filter, was evaluated for its ability to concentrate enteroviruses and noroviruses from large volumes of water. seeded viruses were concentrated using the adsorption-elut ... | 2009 | 19218410 |
| an outbreak of norovirus infection in an italian residential-care facility for the elderly. | on december 2006, an outbreak of gastroenteritis occurred at a residential-care facility for the elderly in northern italy. thirty-five of 61 individuals interviewed (attack rate, 57.4%) fell ill. in 94.3% of cases, the onset of illness was within 48 h of a christmas party at the facility. norovirus (nov) was detected by rt-pcr in 24 of 31 individuals examined, including three asymptomatic food-handlers, in whom there was evidence of long-lasting excretion of viral particles. the identification ... | 2009 | 19220341 |
| presence and environmental circulation of enteric viruses in three different wastewater treatment plants. | the aim of the work was to evaluate the circulation of the viruses and to determine a correlation between faecal indicators and viruses. | 2009 | 19226391 |
| detection and characterization of hepatitis a virus and norovirus in estuarine water samples using ultrafiltration--rt-pcr integrated methods. | waterborne outbreaks of hepatitis a and norovirus disease have been reported and associated with contaminated water supply in various countries. however, in mexico, there are no studies that report hav and nv presence in water. this study reports the application of ultrafiltration and rt-nested pcr methods to concentrate and identify these viruses. | 2009 | 19226401 |
| [effect of continuous probiotic fermented milk intake containing lactobacillus casei strain shirota on fever in mass infectious gastroenteritis rest home outbreak]. | as part of medical risk management in a long-term stay facility for the elderly, we introduced probiotic fermented milk containing lactobacillus casei strain shirota (lcs-fermented milk) in an open case-control study of its effect of (1 bottle a day) on winter-time norovirus gastroenteritis. during the 1 month from december 1 to 31, 2006, norovirus gastroenteritis occurred in 21 (55%) of 38 cases in the nonmilk group, and in 27 (64%) of 39 cases in the milk group, showing no statistically signif ... | 2009 | 19227222 |
| epidemiological study of bovine norovirus infection by rt-pcr and a vlp-based antibody elisa. | noroviruses, belonging to the family caliciviridae, have been identified in human beings and in several animal species including cattle. the distribution of bovine norovirus infections was investigated by both rt-pcr to detect norovirus genomes and a virus-like particles-based elisa to detect genotype 2 bovine norovirus antibodies. during a 1-year systematic study, a virus prevalence of 7.5% (ci 95%: [3.7; 13.4%]) (10 out of 133 samples) was found in stool samples from diarrhoeic calves screened ... | 2009 | 19232845 |
| genetic susceptibility to symptomatic norovirus infection in nicaragua. | host genetic resistance to norovirus (nov) has been observed in challenge and outbreak studies in populations from europe, asia, and usa. in this study, we have investigated if histo-blood group antigens can predict susceptibility to diarrhea caused by nov in nicaragua, central america, and if this can be reflected in antibody-prevalence and titer to nov among individuals with different histo-blood group antigen phenotypes. investigation of 28 individuals infected with nov and 131 population con ... | 2009 | 19235844 |
| the carbohydrate moiety and high molecular weight carrier of histo-blood group antigens are both required for norovirus-receptor recognition. | histo-blood group antigens (hbgas) on human intestinal epithelium serve as receptors for noroviruses (nvs). these antigens also are expressed in milk and may act as decoy receptors to protect breast-fed infants and others against nv disease. in this study we demonstrated that human milk is highly variable in synthesis of hbgas, which differs from that of saliva; a large quantity of small, soluble hbgas are found in milk, but much less in saliva and are recognized by mabs, but not by nvs. there i ... | 2009 | 19238539 |
| norovirus infection as a cause of diarrhea-associated benign infantile seizures. | background: norovirus and rotavirus cause outbreaks of diarrheal disease worldwide. this prospective observational study was undertaken to investigate the clinical characteristics and complications, with a focus on convulsive disorders, of gastroenteritis caused by norovirus and rotavirus in hospitalized pediatric patients in northern taiwan. methods: children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in chang gung children's hospital from august 2004 through january 2007 were enrolled in the stud ... | 2009 | 19239351 |
| ganglioside-linked terminal sialic acid moieties on murine macrophages function as attachment receptors for murine noroviruses. | noroviruses are the major cause of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in humans. however, little is known regarding the norovirus life cycle, including cell binding and entry. in contrast to human noroviruses, the recently discovered murine norovirus 1 (mnv-1) readily infects murine macrophages and dendritic cells in culture. many viruses, including the related feline calicivirus, use terminal sialic acids (sa) as receptors for infection. therefore, we tested whether sa moieties play a role during mnv ... | 2009 | 19244326 |
| a nosocomial outbreak of norovirus infection masquerading as clostridium difficile infection. | noroviruses (novs) are increasingly being recognized as important enteric pathogens. at a university-based hospital, we investigated a nosocomial outbreak of nov infection that was originally attributed to clostridium difficile. we describe here the unique challenges of the identification of novs as the true etiologic pathogen in an outbreak occurring in a health care setting, where c. difficile infection is endemic, as well as the important lessons learned. | 2009 | 19245344 |
| molecular epidemiology of noroviruses detected in food handler-associated outbreaks of gastroenteritis in japan. | twelve outbreaks of food handler-associated gastroenteritis between november 2002 and march 2006 in japan were examined for norovirus (nov) using rt-pcr and sequence analysis. nov was detected in 77 of 81 customers and 45 of 104 food handlers. identical nov sequences were detected in patients and food handlers in each outbreak. | 2009 | 19258722 |
| gastrointestinal norovirus infection associated with exacerbation of inflammatory bowel disease. | in this study we aimed to determine, in pediatric patients, whether norovirus infection could be associated with exacerbations of inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and ascertain whether the clinical expression of norovirus gastroenteritis was similar in patients with ibd compared with non-ibd controls. | 2009 | 19274789 |
| foodborne outbreaks, austria 2007. | in 2007 austria reported a total of 438 foodborne outbreaks affecting 1715 people, including 286 hospitalized patients and one death. salmonella spp. and campylobacter spp. accounted for 95% of all reported outbreaks. forty-eight (11%) of the 438 austrian outbreaks were acquired abroad. of the 390 domestically acquired foodborne outbreaks, bacterial infection caused 376, viruses (norovirus and 1-time hepatitis a virus) caused 11, and intoxications (staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins, alkaloid to ... | 2009 | 19280130 |
| a non-foodborne norovirus outbreak among school children during a skiing holiday, austria, 2007. | norovirus is increasingly recognized as a leading cause of outbreaks of foodborne disease. we report on an outbreak in austria that reached a total of 176 cases, affecting pupils and teachers from four schools on a skiing holiday in a youth hostel in the province of salzburg in december 2007. a questionnaire was sent to the four schools in order to obtain data from persons attending the school trip on disease status, clinical onset, duration of illness and hospitalization. a cohort study was und ... | 2009 | 19280137 |
| an outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in an austrian hospital, winter 2006-2007. | norovirus is easily spread from person to person by the fecal-oral route and through aerosols or by vehicles such as contaminated food or water. the virus is able to survive in the environment for many days, which enables outbreaks to be prolonged. we describe a norovirus outbreak and its control measures in an austrian secondary-level hospital during december 2006 - february 2007. | 2009 | 19280140 |
| genetic diversity of porcine norovirus and sapovirus: canada, 2005-2007. | noroviruses and sapoviruses are members of the family caliciviridae and emerging enteric pathogens of humans and animals. since their discovery and characterization in swine, relatively few strains have been described in detail. in order to investigate their genetic diversity, a total of 266 fecal samples collected in the province of quebec, canada, between 2005 and 2007 were screened for the presence of caliciviruses by rt-pcr using broadly reactive primers. genetically heterogeneous caliciviru ... | 2009 | 19283338 |
| kinetics of transmission, infectivity, and genome stability of two novel mouse norovirus isolates in breeding mice. | murine noroviruses are a recently discovered group of viruses found within mouse research colonies in many animal facilities worldwide. in this study, we used 2 novel mouse norovirus (mnv) wildtype isolates to examine the kinetics of transmission and tissue distribution in breeding units of nod.cb17-prkdc(scid)/j and backcrossed nod.cb17-prkdc(scid)/j x nod/shiltj (n1) mice. viral shedding in feces and dissemination to tissues of infected offspring mice were monitored by rt-pcr over a 6-wk perio ... | 2009 | 19295052 |
| type i and type ii interferons inhibit the translation of murine norovirus proteins. | human noroviruses are responsible for more than 95% of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. both onset and resolution of disease symptoms are rapid, suggesting that components of the innate immune response are critical in norovirus control. while the study of the human noroviruses has been hampered by the lack of small animal and tissue culture systems, our recent discovery of a murine norovirus (mnv) and its in vitro propagation have allowed us to begin addressing norovirus replicat ... | 2009 | 19297466 |
| herd immunity to gii.4 noroviruses is supported by outbreak patient sera. | noroviruses (novs) of genogroup ii, cluster 4 (gii.4), are the most common cause of outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. during the past 13 years, gii.4 novs caused four seasons of widespread activity globally, each associated with the emergence of a new strain. in this report, we characterized the most recent epidemic strain, gii.4-2006 minerva, by comparing virus-like particle (vlp) antigenic relationships and histo-blood group antigen (hbga) binding profiles with strains isolated ear ... | 2009 | 19297483 |
| evaluation of murine norovirus as a surrogate for human norovirus and hepatitis a virus in heat inactivation studies. | to determine the suitability of murine norovirus (mnv) as a surrogate for human norovirus (hunov) in heat inactivation studies. | 2009 | 19298511 |
| assessment of the stability of human viruses and coliphage in groundwater by pcr and infectivity methods. | to investigate the potential health hazard from infectious viruses where coliphages, or viruses by polymerase chain reaction (pcr), have been detected in groundwater. two aspects were investigated: the relationship between infectivity and detection by pcr and the stability of coliphage compared to human viruses. | 2009 | 19298517 |
| interference between outbreaks of epidemic viruses: additional norwegian observations. | 2009 | 19308854 | |
| laboratory efforts to eliminate contamination problems in the real-time rt-pcr detection of noroviruses. | in the current study, laboratory efforts to prevent the presence of positive ntcs (no template controls) during the optimization of a quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase pcr assay for detection of noroviruses (novs) are described. two dna types (single-stranded (ss)dna fragments and plasmid dna) were used to generate a real-time pcr standard and a high frequency of positive ntcs was noticed in the case of ssdna fragments. to investigate our suspicion of well-to-well migration of dna dur ... | 2009 | 19318053 |
| incidence and risk factors for community-acquired acute gastroenteritis in north-west germany in 2004. | in developed countries, acute gastroenteritis (age) is a major source of morbidity. however, only a few studies have estimated its incidence and the associated medical burden. this population-based study determined the incidence of community-acquired age patients seeking medical care and the relative role of various pathogens. stool samples from patients with age presenting to a general practitioner (gp), pediatrician, or specialist in internal medicine for that reason were screened for various ... | 2009 | 19319582 |
| epidemiological, clinical, and molecular features of norovirus infections in western india. | the study was conducted to investigate the molecular epidemiology of noroviruses (novs) from western india. a total of 830 fecal specimens were collected during july 2005-june 2007 from children, < or =7 years of age suffering from acute gastroenteritis in pune, nagpur, and aurangabad cities. all the specimens were subjected to rt-pcr, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis for detection and characterization of genogroup i (gi) and gii novs. nov positivity varied between 6.3% and 12.6% in differen ... | 2009 | 19319938 |
| of gastro and the gold standard: evaluation and policy implications of norovirus test performance for outbreak detection. | the norovirus group (nvg) of caliciviruses are the etiological agents of most institutional outbreaks of gastroenteritis in north america and europe. identification of nvg is complicated by the non-culturable nature of this virus, and the absence of a diagnostic gold standard makes traditional evaluation of test characteristics problematic. | 2009 | 19323808 |
| analysis of foodborne disease outbreaks for improvement of food safety programs in seoul, republic of korea, from 2002 to 2006. | foodborne disease (fbd) is a common food safety problem in seoul, republic of korea. to identify target areas for improvement of the food safety programs, fbd outbreaks from 2002 to 2006 were analyzed with regard to facility, monthly occurrences, and causative agents. a total of 147 fbd outbreaks were reported, with an average of 29.4 fbd outbreaks per year and 49 cases per outbreak. restaurants and school lunches were two main facilities associated with 76.2% of the outbreaks. a majority of fbd ... | 2009 | 19326670 |
| conservation of carbohydrate binding interfaces: evidence of human hbga selection in norovirus evolution. | human noroviruses are the major viral pathogens of epidemic acute gastroenteritis. these genetically diverse viruses comprise two major genogroups (gi and gii) and approximately 30 genotypes. noroviruses recognize human histo-blood group antigens (hbgas) in a diverse, strain-specific manner. recently the crystal structures of the hbga-binding interfaces of the gi norwalk virus and the gii va387 have been determined, which allows us to examine the genetic and structural relationships of the hbga- ... | 2009 | 19337380 |
| high incidence of outbreaks of norovirus ggii.4 in hospitals and nursing homes in catalonia. | 2009 | 19345441 | |
| two nosocomial norovirus outbreaks in the neonatal intensive and intermediate care unit. | 2009 | 19350294 | |
| detection of human viruses in rivers of a densly-populated area in germany using a virus adsorption elution method optimized for pcr analyses. | transmission of viruses via surface water is a major public health concern. to determine the viral concentration in rivers of a densely-populated area in germany, the virus adsorption elution (viradel) method was optimized for downstream pcr applications. using a high-salt alkaline phosphate buffer for elution, the median recovery efficiency from spiked 1l water samples ranged from 21.3% to 100% for jc polyomavirus, human adenovirus type 5, echovirus 11, and norovirus genogroup i. analyses of 41 ... | 2009 | 19361832 |
| [astrovirus rna detection using real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction]. | the taqman-based real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay we developed is sensitive and detects seven (1-7) human astrovirus (hastv) serotypes. we chose conserved regions at the 5' end of the open reading frame2 (orf2) was chosen at the assay targets for designing new primers and the taqman mgb probe that detects all hastv serotypes. real-time rt-pcr reactivity was confirmed with hastv serotype 1 through 7 control plasmids and efficiency ranged from 3 ... | 2009 | 19364039 |
| an analysis of water quality in the colorado river, 2003-04; an investigation into recurring outbreaks of norovirus among rafters. | every year over 22 000 people raft the colorado river through the grand canyon in arizona. since 1994, over 400 rafters in 6 separate outbreaks have become ill with norovirus while rafting this stretch of the river. | 2009 | 19364162 |
| evaluation of new commercial immunochromatography kit for norovirus in feces. | 2009 | 19371304 | |
| detection of caliciviruses associated with acute infantile gastroenteritis in salvador, an urban center in northeast brazil. | acute gastroenteritis caused by viruses is one of the leading causes of infantile morbidity. the aim of the present study was to investigate the presence of human caliciviruses of the genera norovirus and sapovirus in children up to 3 years of age with acute gastroenteritis from low-income communities in the city of salvador, brazil. this study is an extension of previous work carried out to establish the profile of the most prevalent enteric pathogens present in these communities. in this repor ... | 2009 | 19377793 |
| norovirus infection as a cause of sporadic healthcare-associated diarrhoea. | 2009 | 19380178 | |
| a novel bocavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in australian children. | acute gastroenteritis (age) is a common illness affecting all age groups worldwide, causing an estimated three million deaths annually. viruses such as rotavirus, adenovirus, and caliciviruses are a major cause of age, but in many patients a causal agent cannot be found despite extensive diagnostic testing. proposing that novel viruses are the reason for this diagnostic gap, we used molecular screening to investigate a cluster of undiagnosed cases that were part of a larger case control study in ... | 2009 | 19381259 |
| surveillance of pathogens in outpatients with gastroenteritis and characterization of sapovirus strains between 2002 and 2007 in kumamoto prefecture, japan. | infectious acute gastroenteritis is an important public health problem worldwide. a total of 639 stool specimens were tested for the presence of diarrhea pathogens. the specimens were from outpatients with acute gastroenteritis who consulted the pediatric clinic in kumamoto prefecture, japan, from june 2002 to december 2007. of these, 421 (65.9%) were positive for diarrhea pathogens. among them were norovirus (nov) in 260 (61.8%), sapovirus (sav) in 81 (19.2%), rotavirus in 49 (11.6%), adenoviru ... | 2009 | 19382269 |
| a serological survey to evaluate contemporary prevalence of viral agents and mycoplasma pulmonis in laboratory mice and rats in western europe. | to evaluate current prevalence rates of 24 viruses and of the bacterium mycoplasma pulmonis, the authors retrospectively surveyed serological data obtained from laboratory mice and rats housed in more than 100 western european institutions. serum samples were submitted to the authors' institution for testing between january 2007 and june 2008. the prevalence of an infection was defined as the percentage of tested samples that yielded positive results for a specific agent. in mice, the most commo ... | 2009 | 19384313 |
| norovirus. | 2009 | 19385402 | |
| norwalk virus-like particles bind specifically to a, h and difucosylated lewis but not to b histo-blood group active glycosphingolipids. | noroviruses and norovirus virus-like particles (vlps) exhibit strain specific patterns in their binding to abh and lewis histo-blood group antigens. in this study we demonstrate for the first time specific binding of norwalk virus vlps to type 1 and type 2 chain glycosphingolipids (gsls) carrying abh and lewis antigens. n-succinimidyl-3-tributylstannyl benzoate (ate) was precursor labeled with (125)i and then conjugated to vlps. the (125)i-vlps were used in gsl thin-layer chromatogram binding as ... | 2009 | 19387828 |
| inactivation of enteric viruses in minimally processed berries and herbs. | several hepatitis a virus (hav) and human norovirus (hunov) outbreaks due to consumption of contaminated berries and vegetables have recently been reported. model experiments were performed to determine the effectiveness of freeze-drying, freeze-drying combined with heating, and steam blanching for inactivation of enteric viruses that might be present on the surface of berries and herbs. inactivation of hav and inactivation of feline calicivirus, a surrogate for hunov, were assessed by viral cul ... | 2009 | 19395576 |
| plant-based oral vaccines: results of human trials. | vaccines consisting of transgenic plant-derived antigens offer a new strategy for development of safe, inexpensive vaccines. the vaccine antigens can be eaten with the edible part of the plant or purified from plant material. in phase 1 clinical studies of prototype potato- and corn-based vaccines, these vaccines have been safe and immunogenic without the need for a buffer or vehicle other than the plant cell. transgenic plant technology is attractive for vaccine development because these vaccin ... | 2009 | 19401823 |
| use of templates to identify source of norovirus outbreak. | 2009 | 19402991 | |
| murine norovirus infection has no significant effect on adaptive immunity to vaccinia virus or influenza a virus. | murine norovirus (mnv) is endemic in many research mouse colonies. although mnv infections are typically asymptomatic in immunocompetent mice, the effects of mnv infection on subsequent experimental viral infections are poorly documented. here, we infected c57bl/6 mice with mnv and then with either vaccinia virus or influenza a virus. mnv infection had no effect on cd8(+) t-cell or antibody responses to secondary viruses or to secondary virus-induced morbidity or mortality. while our findings su ... | 2009 | 19403665 |
| primary high-dose murine norovirus 1 infection fails to protect from secondary challenge with homologous virus. | human noroviruses in the caliciviridae family are the major cause of nonbacterial epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide. primary human norovirus infection does not elicit lasting protective immunity, a fact that could greatly affect the efficacy of vaccination strategies. little is known regarding the pathogenesis of human noroviruses or the immune responses that control them because there has previously been no small-animal model or cell culture system of infection. using the only available small- ... | 2009 | 19403675 |