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tick parasites of rodents in romania: host preferences, community structure and geographical distribution.ticks are among the most important vectors of zoonotic diseases in temperate regions of europe, with widespread distribution and high densities, posing an important medical risk. most ticks feed on a variety of progressively larger hosts, with a large number of small mammal species typically harbouring primarily the immature stages. however, there are certain ixodidae that characteristically attack micromammals also during their adult stage. rodents are widespread hosts of ticks, important vecto ...201223171665
bioinformatics and expression analyses of the ixodes scapularis tick cystatin family.the cystatins are inhibitors of papain- and legumain-like cysteine proteinases, classified in merops subfamilies i25a-i25c. this study shows that 84 % (42/50) of tick cystatins are putatively extracellular in subfamily i25b and the rest are putatively intracellular in subfamily i25a. on the neighbor joining phylogeny guide tree, subfamily i25a members cluster together, while subfamily i25b cystatins segregate among prostriata or metastriata ticks. two ixodes scapularis cystatins, aay66864 and is ...201223053911
abiotic and biotic factors associated with tick population dynamics on a mammalian host: ixodes hexagonus infesting otters, lutra lutra.the eurasian otter, lutra lutra, hosts several parasites with zoonotic potential. as this semiaquatic mammal has large ranges across terrestrial, freshwater and marine habitats, it has the capacity for wide dispersion of pathogens. despite this, parasites of otters have received relatively little attention. here, we examine their ectoparasite load and assess whether this is influenced by abiotic or biotic variables. climatic phenomena such as the north atlantic oscillation (nao) affect weather c ...201223071736
survey of borreliae in ticks, canines, and white-tailed deer from arkansas, u.s.a.in the eastern and upper midwestern regions of north america, ixodes scapularis (l.) is the most abundant tick species encountered by humans and the primary vector of b. burgdorferi, whereas in the southeastern region amblyomma americanum (say) is the most abundant tick species encountered by humans but cannot transmit b. burgdorferi. surveys of borreliae in ticks have been conducted in the southeastern united states and often these surveys identify b. lonestari as the primary borrelia species, ...201222781030
why are there so few rickettsia conorii conorii-infected rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in the wild?rickettsia conorii conorii is the etiological agent of mediterranean spotted fever, which is transmitted by the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus. the relationship between the rickettsia and its tick vector are still poorly understood one century after the first description of this disease.201222724035
composition and seasonal variation of rhipicephalus turanicus and rhipicephalus sanguineus bacterial communities.a 16s rrna gene approach, including 454 pyrosequencing and quantitative pcr (qpcr), was used to describe the bacterial community in rhipicephalus turanicus and to evaluate the dynamics of key bacterial tenants of adult ticks during the active questing season. the bacterial community structure of rh. turanicus was characterized by high dominance of coxiella and rickettsia and extremely low taxonomic diversity. parallel diagnostic pcr further revealed a novel coxiella species which was present and ...201222467507
haemoparasites of free-roaming dogs associated with several remote aboriginal communities in australia.tick-borne haemoparasites babesia vogeli and anaplasma platys are common among the free-roaming canine populations associated with aboriginal communities in australia, whilst the prevalence of haemoplasmas, which are also suspected to be tick-borne, remained unexplored. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of haemoplasma infection in these populations, and to identify any correlation with other haemoparasites. blood was collected from 39 dogs associated with four aboriginal comm ...201222584120
prevalence of dirofilaria immitis, ehrlichia canis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma spp. and leishmania infantum in apparently healthy and cvbd-suspect dogs in portugal--a national serological study.canine vector-borne diseases (cvbds) are caused by a wide range of pathogens transmitted to dogs by arthropods including ticks and insects. many cvbd-agents are of zoonotic concern, with dogs potentially serving as reservoirs and sentinels for human infections. the present study aimed at assessing the seroprevalence of infection with or exposure to dirofilaria immitis, ehrlichia canis, borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato, anaplasma spp. and leishmania infantum in dogs in portugal.201222452990
first case of anaplasma platys infection in a dog from croatia.it is known that anaplasma (a.) platys, the causative agent of infectious canine cyclic thrombocytopenia, is endemic in countries of the mediterranean basin. however, few reports are available from the balkans. this case report describes a dog, which was imported from croatia to germany in may 2010. one month later the dog was presented to a local veterinarian in germany due to intermittent/recurrent diarrhoea. diagnostic tests were performed to identify infections caused by anaplasma spp., ehrl ...201222401583
serological investigation of vector-borne disease in dogs from rural areas of china.to evaluate the anaplasma phagocytophilum (a. phagocytophilum), ehrlichia canis (e. canis), dirofilaria immitis (d. immitis) (canine heartworm), borrelia burgdorferi (b. burgdorferi) infections in countryside dogs from yunnan, hainan and anhui provinces.201223569877
detection of wolbachia in the tick ixodes ricinus is due to the presence of the hymenoptera endoparasitoid ixodiphagus hookeri.the identification of micro-organisms carried by ticks is an important issue for human and animal health. in addition to their role as pathogen vectors, ticks are also the hosts for symbiotic bacteria whose impact on tick biology is poorly known. among these, the bacterium wolbachia pipientis has already been reported associated with ixodes ricinus and other tick species. however, the origins of wolbachia in ticks and their consequences on tick biology (known to be very diverse in invertebrates, ...201222292021
para-clinico-pathological observations of insidious incidence of canine hepatozoonosis from a mongrel dog: a case report.a rare case of canine hepatozoonosis in a mongrel dog with para-clinico-pathological observations has been reported. the study included detailed haemato-biochemical changes at two stages, i.e. before treatment and after treatment with adopted therapy. before therapy, blood picture revealed normocytic hypochromic anaemia and neutrophilic leucocytosis with variable counts of platelets. thirty-seven percent of neutrophils were found infected with gametocytes of hepatozoon canis. following treatment ...201223543040
ticks of poland. review of contemporary issues and latest research.the paper presents current knowledge of ticks occurring in poland, their medical importance, and a review of recent studies implemented in the polish research centres on ticks and their significance in the epidemiology of transmissible diseases. in the polish fauna there are 19 species of ticks (ixodida) recognized as existing permanently in our country: argas reflexus, argas polonicus, carios vespertilionis, ixodes trianguliceps, ixodes arboricola, ixodes crenulatus, ixodes hexagonus, ixodes li ...201223444797
ectoparasites of sheep in three agro-ecological zones in central oromia, ethiopia.a cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence and risk factors for ectoparasites infestation in sheep in three agro-ecological zones in central oromia, ethiopia, from october 2009 to april 2010. the study revealed that 637 (48.1%) of the 1325 sheep examined were infested with one or more ectoparasites. the ectoparasites identified were bovicola ovis (27.2%), melophagus ovinus (16.4%), ctenocephalides sp. (2.3%), linognathus africanus (1.2%), linognathus ovillus (0.3%), sarcop ...201223327319
a preliminary parasitological survey of hepatozoon spp. infection in dogs in mashhad, iran.we attempted to determine the prevalence of hepatozoon spp. infection in mashhad, northeast of iran, via blood smear parasitology.201223323098
confirmation of the efficacy of a novel fipronil spot-on for the treatment and control of fleas, ticks and chewing lice on dogs.a novel spot-on formulation containing fipronil (eliminall(®)/exproline vet™) spot-on solution for dogs, pfizer animal health, registered and manufactured by krka, d.d, novo mesto) was evaluated in three laboratory studies to confirm efficacy against fleas, ticks and chewing lice on dogs for at least one month. control of two laboratory strains of cat flea (ctenocephalides felis), two tick species (rhipicephalus sanguineus and dermacentor reticulatus) and the chewing louse (trichodectes canis) w ...201223290278
zoonotic pathogens associated with hyalomma aegyptium in endangered tortoises: evidence for host-switching behaviour in ticks?hyalomma aegyptium is a hard-tick with a typical three-host life cycle. the main hosts are palearctic tortoises of genus testudo. however, other hosts can be used by immature ticks for feeding in natural conditions. given this complex ecology and multiple host use, the circulation of pathogens by h. aegyptium between various hosts can be important from epidemiological point of view. the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of h. aegyptium as natural carrier of four important zoonotic patho ...201223273169
sizes and developmental viability of sequentially oviposited eggs of dog ticks: rhipicephalus sanguineus and haemaphysalis leachi leachi.sizes and developmental viability of sequentially oviposited eggs of up to 12th day oviposition by dog ticks rhipicephalus sanguineus and haemaphysalis leachi leachi were studied. the mean length and breadth of eggs oviposited on days 1 and 2 were greater (0.45 +/- 0.111 and 0.44 +/- 0.042) than those of subsequent ovipositions. the eclosion periods of eggs laid from 7th to 12th day of oviposition were progressively shorter (17, 16, 14 and 19, 17, 0 days) than those of eggs laid on days 1 and 2 ...201223678637
first survey of hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) on cattle, sheep and goats in boeen zahra and takistan counties, iran.to carry out the distribution survey of hard ticks of livestock in boeen zahra and takistan counties of qazvin province from april 2010 to september 2010.201223569956
feeding effects of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae), on protein consumption and blood loss of their hosts.host blood loss by rhipicephalus sanguineus feedings (weight/tick) ranged from 0.0179 to 0.2469 mg (0.21686 +/- 0.26785) and from 0.00103 to 0.00159 gm (0.001274 +/- 0.000204) respectively for each female and male if fed once. results obtained herein indicated that if each sheep and or goat in production in egypt is infested with only one pair of r. sanguines, the blood loss would reach 1084.3 kg and 867.4 kg, respectively for the population of sheep and goats. accordingly, there was a great los ...201223469645
evolution, expansion and expression of the kunitz/bpti gene family associated with long-term blood feeding in ixodes scapularis.abstract: background: recent studies of the tick saliva transcriptome have revealed the profound role of salivary proteins in blood feeding. kunitz/bpti proteins are abundant in the salivary glands of ticks and perform multiple functions in blood feeding, such as inhibiting blood coagulation, regulating host blood supply and disrupting host angiogenesis. however, kunitz/bpti proteins in soft and hard ticks have different functions and molecular mechanisms. how these differences emerged and whet ...201222244187
a novel tick antigen shows high vaccine efficacy against the dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus.ticks are acaridae ectoparasites that, while taking a blood meal, can transmit viruses, bacteria, protozoa and filarial nematodes, which cause a variety of human and animal illnesses. the use of chemical pesticides constitutes the primary measure for control of these ectoparasites. however, the intensive use of these chemicals has drawbacks such as the contamination of food, environmental pollution and development of resistance by ectoparasites. vaccination is considered a promising alternative ...201222245603
on a cercopithifilaria sp. transmitted by rhipicephalus sanguineus: a neglected, but widespread filarioid of dogs.abstract:201222212459
fatal rocky mountain spotted fever in the united states, 1999-2007.death from rocky mountain spotted fever (rmsf) is preventable with prompt, appropriate treatment. data from two independent sources were analyzed to estimate the burden of fatal rmsf and identify risk factors for fatal rmsf in the united states during 1999-2007. despite increased reporting of rmsf cases to the centers for disease control and prevention, no significant changes in the estimated number of annual fatal rmsf cases were found. american indians were at higher risk of fatal rmsf relativ ...201222492159
first molecular detection of theileria ovis in rhipicephalus sanguineus tick in iran.to determine tick infestation of domestic ruminants and their infection to ovine theileriosis in northern iran.201222182639
rickettsiae in arthropods collected from the north african hedgehog (atelerix algirus) and the desert hedgehog (paraechinus aethiopicus) in algeria.hedgehogs have become a popular pet despite their potential role in zoonotic disease transmission. we conducted an entomological study in a mountainous region of northeast algeria in which we collected 387 fleas (archeopsylla erinacei) and 342 ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus and haemaphysalis erinacei) from paraechinus aethiopicus and atelerix algirus hedgehogs. of the hedgehogs sampled, 77.7% and 91% were infested with fleas and ticks, respectively. significantly more ticks and fleas were colle ...201222222114
urban family cluster of spotted fever rickettsiosis linked to rhipicephalus sanguineus infected with rickettsia conorii subsp. caspia and rickettsia massiliae.here, we report an epidemiological and entomological investigation of a cluster of cases of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiosis occurring in southern france. a family of 3 (husband, wife, and their son) presented with symptoms compatible with sfg rickettsiosis. for 2 patients, serum samples presented increased levels of igm and igg for sfg rickettsia. the patients' home was investigated, and rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks were collected from the floor from behind the furniture. of 22 ticks c ...201223140893
some epidemiological features of the mediterranean spotted fever re-emerging in bulgaria.the mediterranean spotted fever (msf), caused by rickettsia conorii conorii strain malish, is transmitted by the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. in bulgaria, cases of msf occurred in two epidemic waves, the first in 1948-1970, (after there were no report of new cases more than for 20 years) and the second started in 1993 and is still going on. the aim of the study was to investigate the epidemiological characteristics of the re-emerging msf in plovdiv city and its suburbs, which is the ...201222908829
rickettsia parkeri: a rickettsial pathogen transmitted by ticks in endemic areas for spotted fever rickettsiosis in southern uruguay.at first rickettsia conorii was implicated as the causative agent of spotted fever in uruguay diagnosed by serological assays. later rickettsia parkeri was detected in human-biting amblyomma triste ticks using molecular tests. the natural vector of r. conorii, rhipicephalus sanguineus, has not been studied for the presence of rickettsial organisms in uruguay. to address this question, 180 r. sanguineus from dogs and 245 a. triste from vegetation (flagging) collected in three endemic localities w ...201222634883
spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks and fleas from the democratic republic of the congo.little is known about the prevalence of spotted fever group (sfg) rickettsiae in ticks and fleas in the democratic republic of the congo. in 2008, 12 amblyomma compressum ticks were collected from 3 pangolins (manis gigantea). two haemaphysalis punctaleachi ticks were collected from 2 african civets (civettictis civetta congica), and one was collected from an antelope (onotragus leche). a total of 111 rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, 23 ctenocephalides canis fleas, 39 c. felis fleas, and 5 tricho ...201223137572
resistant ticks inhibit metarhizium infection prior to haemocoel invasion by reducing fungal viability on the cuticle surface.we studied disease progression of, and host responses to, four species in the metarhizium anisopliae complex expressing green fluorescent protein (gfp). we compared development and determined their relative levels of virulence against two susceptible arthropods, the cattle tick rhipicephalus annulatus and the lepidopteran galleria mellonella, and two resistant ticks, hyalomma excavatum and rhipicephalus sanguineus. metarhizium brunneum ma7 caused the greatest mortality of r. annulatus, metarhizi ...201222507442
ehrlichia canis in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in the ivory coast.canine monocytic ehrlichiosis caused by ehrlichia canis is distributed globally, but its prevalence in africa is poorly known. in the study reported herein, 27% of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks collected from watchdogs in abidjan, ivory coast, were positive for e. canis using quantitative real-time pcr. a new molecular strategy is proposed that can be used not only for epidemiological study, but also for the diagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis. our findings show for the first time the pr ...201223141106
mitochondrial dna analysis of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (acari: ixodidae) in the southern cone of south america.a genetic analysis of partial sequences of the mitochondrial 16s and 12s rdna genes of rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato collected in the southern cone of south america was carried out. also, sequences of ticks belonging to this taxon from europe, africa and other south american localities were included. tcs networks constructed with 16s rdna sequences showed two clusters of haplotypes, namely, southern lineage (st) and northern lineage (nt). haplotypes representing the specimens coming from l ...201222818199
apparent tick paralysis by rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) in dogs.certain tick species including ixodes holocyclus can inoculate neurotoxins that induce a rapid, ascending flaccid paralysis in animals. rhipicephalus sanguineus, the most widespread tick of dogs, is recognized as a vector of several pathogens causing diseases in dogs and humans. a single report suggests its role as cause of paralysis in dogs. this study presents the clinical history of 14 young dogs heavily infested by r. sanguineus (intensity of infestation, 63-328) in an endemic area of southe ...201222546547
occurrence of pathogenic fungi to amblyomma cajennense in a rural area of central brazil and their activities against vectors of rocky mountain spotted fever.two isolates of beauveria bassiana and one of purpureocillium lilacinum (=paecilomyces lilacinus) were found infecting amblyomma cajennense engorged females collected on horses (0.15% infection rate from a total of 1982 specimens) and another two isolates of p. lilacinum and one metarhizium anisopliae detected in soils (2.1% from 144 samples) collected in typical pasture habitats of this tick in central brazil from october 2009 to march 2011. fungi were isolated from soils with rhipicephalus san ...201222459109
crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus-tick survey in endemic areas in bulgaria.the balkan peninsula and bulgaria in particular, is a well-known endemic region for crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever (cchf). this study describes the prevalence of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever virus (cchfv) among tick populations from areas, previously recognized with emerging cases of cchf disease in humans. these include regions from the southeastern (regions of kardzhali and haskovo) and central (region of stara zagora) parts of the country. for the period 2006-2010 a total of 911 adult tic ...201222337300
first molecular detection of ehrlichia canis and anaplasma platys in ticks from dogs in cebu, philippines.ehrlichia canis infection of dogs in the philippines has been detected by serological and peripheral blood smear examination methods, but not by molecular means. anaplasma platys infection in dogs has not yet been officially reported, although it is suspected to occur in the country. thus, sensitive and specific molecular techniques were used in this study to demonstrate the presence of both e. canis and a. platys in the philippines. a total of 164 rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks was collected fr ...201223168049
high prevalence of intestinal infections and ectoparasites in dogs, minas gerais state (southeast brazil).in the present study, 155 dogs euthanized by the zoonotic disease unit of uberlândia in minas gerais state (southeast brazil) were autopsied. ectoparasites were collected, and the intestinal content of dogs was systematically examined for the presence of helminthic parasites. in total, we isolated 5,155 metazoan parasites of eight species (three intestinal helminth species, five ectoparasite species). the cestode dipylidium caninum was present in 57 dogs (36.8 %), the nematodes ancylostoma canin ...201222825284
molecular identification of tick-borne pathogens in nigerian ticks.a molecular epidemiology investigation was undertaken in two nigerian states (plateau and nassarawa) to determine the prevalence of pathogens of veterinary and public health importance associated with ticks collected from cattle and dogs using pcr, cloning and sequencing or reverse line blot techniques. a total of 218 tick samples, amblyomma variegatum (n=153), rhipicephalus (boophilus) decoloratus (n=45), and rhipicephalus sanguineus (n=20) were sampled. pathogens identified in ticks included p ...201222326937
parasites of domestic and wild canids in the region of serra do cipó national park, brazil.over recent decades, diseases have been shown to be important causes of extinctions among wild species. greater emphasis has been given to diseases transmitted by domestic animals, which have been increasing in numbers in natural areas, along with human populations. this study had the aim of investigating the presence of intestinal helminths in wild canids (maned wolf, chrysocyon brachyurus, and crab-eating fox, cerdocyon thous) in the serra do cipó national park (43-44º w and 19-20º s) and endo ...201223070438
first evidence and molecular characterization of babesia vogeli in naturally infected dogs and rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in southern france.babesiosis is an emerging tick-borne disease of animals and humans caused by intraerythrocytic protozoa of the genera babesia and theileria. in france canine babesiosis has a high prevalence with babesia canis thought to be the main aetiological agent of the disease. babesia vogeli has already been reported to occur in europe and in other countries around the mediterranean sea. the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus, the main known vector of b. vogeli, occurs in southern france. however, only one cas ...201222342131
detection of leishmania infantum, babesia canis, and rickettsiae in ticks removed from dogs living in italy.the aims of this study were to determine natural infections by anaplasma phagocytophilum/anaplasma platys, bartonella henselae, ehrlichia canis, leishmania infantum, rickettsia spp., babesia spp., and hepatozoon spp. by molecular methods in ticks (n=91) removed from dogs with clinical signs and laboratory abnormalities compatible with tick-borne diseases (n=22) living in italy and to assess the distribution and species of ticks encountered. ticks from dogs living in southern italy were all ident ...201223182545
stray dogs of northern jordan as reservoirs of ticks and tick-borne hemopathogens.dogs are competent reservoir hosts of several hemopathogens including zoonotic agents and can serve as readily available source of nutrition for many blood-feeding arthropods. three hemopathogens had been detected for the first time in jordan. the pcr prevalence of anaplasma phagocytophilum, hepatozoon canis, and piroplasmid dna were 39.5%, 28.9%, and 7.9% (n=38) respectively. sequencing of amplicons of pcr with universal primers targeting the 18s rrna gene of piroplasmids shows the highest simi ...201222434363
efficacy of slow-release collar formulations of imidacloprid/flumethrin and deltamethrin and of spot-on formulations of fipronil/(s)-- methoprene, dinotefuran/pyriproxyfen/permethrin and (s) -methoprene/amitraz/fipronil against rhipicephalus sanguineus and ctenocephalides felis felis on dogs.two studies evaluating the efficacy of an imidacloprid/flumethrin collar (seresto®, bayer animal health, ivp), a deltamethrin collar (scalibor®, msd, cp1), a fipronil/(s)-methoprene spot-on (frontline combo®, merial, cp2), a dinotefuran/pyriproxyfen/permethrin spot-on (vectra 3d®, ceva, cp3) and an amitraz/fipronil/(s)-methoprene spot-on (certifect®, merial, cp4/cp5) against repeated infestations with rhipicephalus sanguineus and ctenocephalides felis felis on dogs were conducted over periods of ...201222520338
considerations for assessing maximum critical temperatures in small ectothermic animals: insights from leaf-cutting ants.the thermal limits of individual animals were originally proposed as a link between animal physiology and thermal ecology. although this link is valid in theory, the evaluation of physiological tolerances involves some problems that are the focus of this study. one rationale was that heating rates shall influence upper critical limits, so that ecological thermal limits need to consider experimental heating rates. in addition, if thermal limits are not surpassed in experiments, subsequent tests o ...201222384147
an occurrence of clinical eperythrozoonosis in a german shepherd dog and its therapeutic management.eperythrozoon spp.-a rickettsial (mycoplasma) pathogen of the mammalian erythrocytic cell membrane, has been recognised to cause non specific, sporadic, febrile and haemolytic clinical disease in a variety of livestock, especially food animals. however, clinical eperythrozoonosis in companion animals seems not documented so far. an adult male german shepherd dog, aged 10.5 years and weighing 45 kg with clinical history of persistent mild fever in morning hours, depression and anorexia for the pa ...201224082524
detection of leishmania infantum dna mainly in rhipicephalus sanguineus male ticks removed from dogs living in endemic areas of canine leishmaniosis.sand flies are the only biologically adapted vectors of leishmania parasites, however, a possible role in the transmission of leishmania has been proposed for other hematophagous ectoparasites such as ticks. in order to evaluate natural infection by leishmania infantum in rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, taking into account its close association with dogs, 128 adult r. sanguineus ticks removed from 41 dogs living in endemic areas of canine leishmaniosis were studied.201222613502
action of andiroba oil (carapa guianensis) on rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) semi-engorged females: morphophysiological evaluation of reproductive system.because of the increasing medical-veterinary importance of ticks, the development of alternative control methods, less aggressive to the host and the environment has become the target of several researches. in this sense, the present study analyzed the action of different concentrations (5, 10, and 20%) of andiroba seed oil (carapa guianensis) on the reproductive system of rhipicephalus sanguineus females, through histochemical techniques and the quantification of the reproductive efficiency ind ...201222972770
cytotoxic effects of andiroba oil (carapa guianensis) in reproductive system of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) semi-engorged females.the present study performed an analysis about the effects of andiroba seed oil (carapa guianensis) in the ovary of rhipicephalus sanguineus semi-engorged females; once, there are few studies about the action of natural products on the reproductive system, a vital organ for the biological success of this animal group. the results showed that andiroba oil is a potent natural agent which causes significant structural changes in the oocytes, such as the emergence of large vacuolated cytoplasmic regi ...201222797575
ectoparasite infestation patterns of domestic dogs in suburban and rural areas in borneo.domestic dogs, canis lupus, have been one of the longest companions of humans and have introduced their own menagerie of parasites and pathogens into this relationship. here, we investigate the parasitic load of 212 domestic dogs with fleas (siphonaptera) chewing lice (phthiraptera), and ticks (acarina) along a gradient from rural areas with near-natural forest cover to suburban areas in northern borneo (sabah, malaysia). we used a spatially-explicit hierarchical bayesian model that allowed us t ...201222526293
ectoparasites of livestock, dogs, and wild rodents in the chittagong hill tracts in southeastern bangladesh.a large variety of ectoparasites parasitizing on livestock, dogs, and rodents are documented throughout the world, of which several are proven vectors for major (including zoonotic) diseases affecting humans and/or livestock. however, there remains a significant lack of knowledge in regard to the ectoparasite fauna in remote regions of the developing world, such as southeastern bangladesh, and an urgent need to investigate this fauna to improve diagnostic options. in the course of the present st ...201222576854
[survey on ticks and detection of new bunyavirus in some vect in the endemic areas of fever, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia syndrome (ftls) in henan province].to investigate the distribution, species, seasonal fluctuation of ticks and detect new bunyavirus in some hematophagus in the endemic areas of fever thrombocytopenia and leukopenia syndrome (ftls) in henan province.201222943894
continuous in vitro cultivation of a recently identified babesia that infects small ruminants in china.babesia sp. xinjiang was isolated from a splenectomised sheep infested by rhipicephalus sanguineus and hylomma anatolicum anatolicum, collected from sheep and cattle in xinjiang province. it was considered to be a novel ovine babesia species on the basis of its morphology, pathogenicity, vector tick species and alignments of 18s ribosomal rna (18s rrna) and internal transcribed spacers (its) gene sequences. continuous in vitro cultures of the ovine parasite were established using infected sheep ...201222386948
epidemiology of brazilian spotted fever in the atlantic forest, state of são paulo, brazil.the tick-borne bacterium rickettsia rickettsii is the aetiological agent of brazilian spotted fever (bsf). the present study evaluated tick infestations on wild and domestic animals, and the rickettsial infection in these animals and their ticks in 7 forest areas adjacent to human communities in the são paulo metropolitan area (spma). the results were compared to ecological traits of each sampled area. two main tick species, amblyomma aureolatum and rhipicephalus sanguineus, were collected from ...201222716923
[detection of rickettsia in ectoparasites of wild and domestic mammals from the cerro chucanti private reserve and from neighboring towns, panamá, 2007-2010].ectoparasites are the main vectors of rickettsiosis. in panama, however, limited data are available concerning the arthropod species that serve as vectors or reservoirs.201223242292
ticks (ixodida) on humans from central panama, panama (2010-2011).from january 2010 to december 2011, a total of 138 cases of ticks feeding on humans were reported from 11 locations in central panama. five of these locations were situated in forest environments, three in rural landscapes and three in urban areas. the ticks were submitted to the gorgas memorial institute, where nine species were identified among 65 specimens: amblyomma cajennense s.l., a. dissimile, a. naponense, a. oblongoguttatum, a. ovale, a. sabanerae, a. tapirellum, haemaphysalis juxtakoch ...201222544074
action of permethrin on rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) semi-engorged females: morpho-physiological evaluation of salivary glands.currently the most effective method of tick control is the use of acaricides, among which stands out permethrin (active ingredient of acaricide advantage(®) max3, bayer), a neurotoxic pyrethroid. however, assessments of their effects on other tick systems such as glandular are still scarce. thus, this study provides information, through histochemical techniques, about the toxic effect of this pyrethroid on the morphophysiology of salivary glands of semi-engorged rhipicephalus sanguineus females ...201222749738
cutaneous distribution and localization of cercopithifilaria sp. microfilariae in dogs.the aim of this study was to investigate the anatomical distribution of microfilariae of a recently described cercopithifilaria sp. and the relationship with the preferred attachment sites of its vector, the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. skin samples from 20 dogs were collected from eight anatomical sites and soaked twice in saline solution at 37°c. all samples were also molecularly processed for the specific amplification of partial cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene. microfilariae were une ...201222698796
tick paralysis: first zoonosis record in egypt.tick paralysis caused by the secretion of toxin with saliva while taking a blood meal is an important veterinary disease, but is rare in humans. although it has certain geographical proclivities, it exists worldwide. tick paralysis was demonstrated for the first time in egypt among four children living in rural area at giza governorate. the clinical pictures were confused with rabies; myasthensia gravis; botulism; diphtheritic polyneuropathy encountered in rural areas. the recovery of tick infes ...201222662597
copulation is necessary for the completion of a gonotrophic cycle in the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae).ovarian development and egg maturation are essential stages in animal reproduction. for bisexual ixodid ticks, copulation is an important prerequisite for the completion of the gonotrophic cycle. in this study, we aimed to characterize the morpho-histological changes in the ovary and oocytes of the tick rhipicephalus sanguineus, together with the identification of feeding and reproductive parameters associated with mating. virgin and cross-mated females (with r. turanicus males) weighed 60% less ...201222626791
morphological characterization of the nymphs rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae). description of the testes, integument, malpighian tubules, and midgut on the detachment day.this study presents the morpho-histological and histochemical characterization of the testes, integument, malpighian tubules, and midgut of engorged rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs on the detachment day, showing the morphological and physiological characteristics to this phase in the life cycle of these individuals. the testis is constituted by germinative cells (only spermatogonia) with large, round-shaped and strongly stained nuclei which are organized into cysts by a thin layer of somatic cel ...201222615106
central nervous system of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (acari: ixodidae): an ultrastructural study.this study performed the ultrastructural description of the synganglion of rhipicephalus sanguineus males and females, aiming to contribute to the understanding of the cellular organization of this organ. the results show that the central nervous system of these individuals consists of a mass of fused nerves, named synganglion, from where nerves emerge towards several parts of the body. it is surrounded by the neural lamella, a uniform and acellular layer, constituted by repeated layers of homog ...201222610445
ecdysteroid levels changed by permethrin action in female rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) ticks.as recent studies have shown that ecdysteroids may play a major role in the regulation of vitellogenesis in ixodidae, the present study quantified, by means of a radioimmunoassay, the levels of ecdysteroids present in the hemolymph of semi-engorged females of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks obtained from control females (exposed to distilled water) and those exposed to increasing concentrations of permethrin. the levels of ecdysteroids decreased significantly as the concentration of permethrin in ...201222483974
potential of the insect growth regulator, fluazuron, in the control of rhipicephalus sanguineus nymphs (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae): determination of the ld95 and ld50.conventional pesticides have suffered two main drawbacks: (a) broad spectrum of action and (b) selection of target species resistant to the different active ingredients. thus compounds that are less harmful to the environment and to human health, more specific and that do not induce resistance need to be developed. one alternative are insect growth regulators, such as fluazuron. the present study examined the efficacy of fluazuron (active ingredient of the acaricide acatak®) and the sensitivity ...201222465612
parasitism by ixodiphagus wasps (hymenoptera: encyrtidae) in rhipicephalus sanguineus and amblyomma ticks (acari: ixodidae) in three regions of brazil.hymenopteran parasitoids have been shown to be of potential value in tick biocontrol. tick parasitoids has been reported only once in brazil, over 95 yr ago when ixodiphagus hookeri (howard) was reported parasitizing rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille) nymphs in rio de janeiro. herein, we report the occurrence of ixodiphagus spp. in ticks from three different regions of brazil. in the state of maranhão, in northeastern brazil, parasitoids were detected in r. sanguineus nymphs on three occasions ...201223356061
[investigation of the cases presenting to dokuz eylül university hospital with tick bites].determination of the properties of ticks, which are the vectors of many infectious diseases and the patients with tick bites are important for the prevention of these diseases. for tist reason, the purpose of this study is to determine the important properties of the cases presenting with tick bites to dokuz eylul university hospital and of the removed ticks from the cases.201222801910
crossbreeding between different geographical populations of the brown dog tick, rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae).brown dog ticks are distributed world-wide, and their systematics and phylogeny are the subject of an ongoing debate. the present study evaluates the reproductive compatibility between rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks from north america, israel, and africa. female ticks of the parent generation were mated with males from the same and alternate colonies. every pure and hybrid cohort was maintained separately into the f2 generation with f1 females being allowed to mate only with males from the same ...201222527838
brown dog tick (rhipicephalus sanguineus) infestation of the penis detected by dermoscopy. 201222416887
underwater survival of rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae).rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae) is a worldwide distributed tick, also due to its adaptability to different environmental conditions. in order to assess its ability to survive and to lay eggs after water immersion, 150 engorged females from southern italy were water immersed for 1-15 days whereas eggs were flooded for 1-5 days. all females survived water immersion for 48 h, some of them up to 72 h, but egg hatch rate was negatively correlated with female submersion period. all eggs flo ...201222415243
degenerative process and cell death in salivary glands of rhipicephalus sanguineus (latreille, 1806) (acari: ixodidae) semi-engorged female exposed to the acaricide permethrin.ticks are ectoparasites of great medical and veterinary importance around the world and synthetic chemicals such as permethrin have been used for their control. this study provides a cytochemistry analysis of both degenerative and cell death processes in salivary glands of the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus semi-engorged females exposed to 206, 1,031, and 2,062 ppm of permethrin. the results presented herein demonstrate that permethrin is a potent chemical acaricide that would act on th ...201222407742
synganglion histology in different stages of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks (acari: ixodidae).the present study performs a morpho-histological description of the central nervous system of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in order to analyze if there are differences in this tissue among larvae, nymphs, and adults. the results showed that the central nervous system in all the life stages of r. sanguineus consists of a mass of fused nerves named synganglion. externally, this organ does not present segmentation, consisting of a single structure located ventromedially in the third anterior of t ...201222218921
experimental evaluation of birds as disseminators of the cosmopolitan tick rhipicephalus sanguineus (acari: ixodidae).rhipicephalus sanguineus is believed to be the most widespread tick species of the world and its dissemination seems to rely on the diffusion of its main host, the dog. empirical observations indicate that several bird species in urban areas regularly steal dog food. such circumstances create a chance for r. sanguineus ticks to climb on birds and carry ticks to another site. in this work we evaluated experimentally the likelihood of birds (chicks) to either feed and/or carry r. sanguineus ticks ...201223078993
bartonella species in dogs and their ectoparasites from khon kaen province, thailand.in order to access the prevalence of bartonella species in dogs, whole blood and any associated ectoparasites were collected from 164 dogs with owners in 25 villages throughout khon kaen province. dna was extracted from dog blood, 92 ticks (rhipicephalus sanguineus) and 137 fleas (ctenocephalides spp) and screened by pcr using intergenic spacer region and citrate synthase gene primers. b. clarridgeiae dna was detected in blood of 3 dogs, 4 c. felis and 1 c. canis; b. rochalimae dna was found in ...201223431825
effect of calea serrata less. n-hexane extract on acetylcholinesterase of larvae ticks and brain wistar rats.acetylcholinesterase (ache), an enzyme that hydrolyses acetylcholine (ach) at cholinergic synapses, is a target for pesticides and its inhibition by organophosphates leads to paralysis and death of arthropods. it has been demonstrated that the n-hexane extract of calea serrata had acaricidal activity against larvae of rhipicephalus (boophilus) microplus and rhipicephalus sanguineus. the aim of the present study was to understand the mechanism of the acaricidal action of c. serrata n-hexane extra ...201222608349
[investigation of ticks parasitizing on bodies of dogs in shanghai].to investigate the ticks which parasitize on the bodies of dogs in shanghai.201223373258
morphological, biological and molecular characteristics of bisexual and parthenogenetic haemaphysalis longicornis.the reproductive mechanism of haemaphysalis longicornis is quite different from many other animal species. in this article, several characteristics of parthenogenetic and bisexual populations of h. longicornis were analyzed, including some important micro-structures, synchronized life cycle feature and sequences of mitochondrial 16s rrna gene. the results suggested even though many observations of the two populations were similar to each other, some important differences also existed. the genita ...201222560314
synopsis of the hard ticks (acari: ixodidae) of romania with update on host associations and geographical distribution.the current paper is a synoptic review of the distribution and host associations of the 25 species of hard tick fauna (family ixodidae) in romania. in addition to a full literature survey, original data is presented, based on eight years of occasional or targeted sample collection. the literature data on geographical distribution was transposed digitally to the decimal degree coordinate system. for each species, an updated distribution map is given together with all historical data and new host ...201222544174
[mediterranean spotted fever in paediatric and adult patients: two clinical aspects of the same disease].mediterranean spotted fever is an acute febrile disease caused by rickettsia conorii and transmitted to humans by the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. nearly 400 cases are reported every year in sicily, mainly from june to september. the aim of this study is to compare the clinical and laboratory features of two different groups of patients , one of adults and one of children. the analysis included all adult patients with msf diagnosed at the institute of infectious diseases, paolo giacc ...201122212164
molecular detection of bartonella species in ticks from peru.a total of 103 ticks, collected from canines, horses, donkeys, and snakes from peru, were screened for the presence of bartonella dna by polymerase chain reaction analysis. bartonella dna was detected in two ticks using bartonella 16s-23s intergenic spacer region primers and in an additional two ticks using bartonella nadh dehydrogenase gamma subunit gene (nuog) primers. bartonella rochalimae eremeeva et al., b. quintana schmincke, and b. elizabethae daly et al. dna was detected in a rhipicephal ...201122238888
short report: new spotted fever group rickettsia in a rhipicephalus turanicus tick removed from a child in eastern sicily, italy.a new genotype of spotted fever group rickettsia (sfgr) was identified in rhipicephalus turanicus from eastern sicily. on the basis of current molecular criteria, the genetic characteristics obtained from multiple locus sequence typing satisfy the requirements for candidatus status of this sfgr. further detection and identification of this sfgr during entomological and clinical surveys will be required to establish the prevalence of this rickettsia and its potential pathogenicity for humans.201121212209
experimental infection of rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks with the bacterium rickettsia rickettsii, using experimentally infected dogs.we evaluated if rickettsia rickettsii-experimentally infected dogs could serve as amplifier hosts for hipicephalus sanguineus ticks. in addition, we checked if rh. sanguineus ticks that acquired ri. rickettsii from dogs could transmit the bacterium to susceptible hosts (vector competence), and if these ticks could maintain the bacterium by transstadial and transovarial transmissions. uninfected larvae, nymphs, and adults of rh. sanguineus were allowed to feed upon three groups of dogs: groups 1 ...201120569011
emergence of rickettsia africae, oceania.we detected rickettsia africae, the agent of african tick-bite fever (atbf), by amplification of fragments of glta, ompa, and ompb genes from 3 specimens of amblyomma loculosum ticks collected from humans and birds in new caledonia. clinicians who treat persons in this region should be on alert for atbf.201121192865
Hard ticks (Ixodidae) in Romania: surveillance, host associations, and possible risks for tick-borne diseases.Ticks and tick-borne diseases represent a great concern worldwide. Despite this, in Romania the studies regarding this subject has just started, and the interest of medical personnel, researchers, and citizens is increasing. Because the geographical range of many tick-borne diseases started to extend as consequences of different biological and environmental factors, it is important to study the diversity of ticks species, especially correlated with host associations. A total number of 840 ticks ...201122033737
identification of rickettsia felis in fleas but not ticks on stray cats and dogs and the evidence of rickettsia rhipicephali only in adult stage of rhipicephalus sanguineus and rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides.rickettsia spp. are zoonotic pathogens and mainly transmitted by various arthropod vectors, such as fleas, ticks, and lice. previous epidemiological studies indicated that ectoparasites infested on dogs or cats may be infected by rickettsia spp., and transmit them to human beings accidentally. in this study, the prevalence of rickettsia infection was evaluated using fleas and ticks from stray dogs and cats in taiwan. a total of 158 pools made by 451 cat fleas (ctenocephalides felis) from 37 dogs ...201122000945
starvation and overwinter do not affect the reproductive fitness of rhipicephalus sanguineus.rhipicephalus sanguineus is the most widespread tick in the world, being able to survive under different climate conditions. in this study, the longevity of r. sanguineus was investigated under laboratory and natural climate conditions in southern italy. moreover, the reproductive fitness of females after overwintering was assessed. in the environment, unfed larvae, nymphs and adults were able to survive for up to 34, 40 and 385 days, respectively. however, the longevity of larvae (44 days), nym ...201122075042
evaluation of glycoproteins purified from adult and larval camel ticks (hyalomma dromedarii) as a candidate vaccine.in order to identify antigens that can help prevent camel tick infestations, three major glycoproteins (glps) about 97, 66 and 40 kda in size were purified from adult and larval egyptian ticks, hyalomma (h.) dromedarii, using a single-step purification method with con-a sepharose. the purified glps were evaluated as vaccines against camel tick infestation in rabbits. the rabbits received three intramuscular inoculations of glps (20 µg/animal) on days 0, 14, and 28. in the immunoblot analysis, se ...201121897098
Seroprevalence and risk factors to Ehrlichia spp. and Rickettsia spp. in dogs from the Pantanal Region of Mato Grosso State, Brazil.Sera of 320 dogs from urban and rural areas of a Pantanal region of Brazil were evaluated for rickettsial (Rickettsia rickettsii, R. parkeri, R. amblyommii, R. rhipicephali, R. felis, and R. bellii) and ehrlichial (Ehrlichia canis) infection by the immunofluorescence assay (IFA). Risk factors for ehrlichiosis or rickettsiosis were also evaluated. Positive reaction against Ehrlichia spp. was detected in 227 (70.9%) dogs, 119 (74.3%) from an urban area and 108 (67.5%) from rural areas (P>0.05). Fo ...201122108015
Inhibitory action of neem aqueous extract (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on the vitellogenesis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks.The present study revealed unheard of data about the action of aqueous extracts of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) on the vitellogenesis of Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks, proving that these extracts in 10 and 20% concentrations do not have the potential to kill the females; however, in lower concentrations (10%) provokes great morphological alterations in germinative cells such as the emergence of extended cytoplasmic vacuolization areas as well as the fragmentation of the germinal vesicle, ev ...201121936022
domestic dogs (canis familiaris) as reservoir hosts for rickettsia conorii.abstract rickettsia conorii is the causative agent of mediterranean spotted fever (msf) and israeli spotted fever (isf) transmitted by the brown dog tick rhipicephalus sanguineus. in areas where msf or isf are prevalent, dogs have high prevalence of r. conorii -neutralizing antibodies. however, the true role of dogs in the persistence of the r. conorii transmission cycle is unknown, and their reservoir competence for this pathogen has remained untested. we assessed the ability of dogs infected ...201121923270
First transcriptome of the testis-vas deferens-male accessory gland and proteome of the spermatophore from Dermacentor variabilis (Acari: Ixodidae).Ticks are important vectors of numerous human diseases and animal diseases. Feeding stimulates spermatogenesis, mating and insemination of male factors that trigger female reproduction. The physiology of male reproduction and its regulation of female development are essentially a black box. Several transcriptomes have catalogued expression of tick genes in the salivary glands, synganglion and midgut but no comprehensive investigation has addressed male reproduction and mating. Consequently, a ne ...201121949745
Infection prevalences of common tick-borne pathogens in adult lone star ticks (Amblyomma americanum) and American dog ticks (Dermacentor variabilis) in Kentucky.Rocky Mountain spotted fever, Lyme disease, and ehrlichiosis are tick-borne diseases that are reported annually in Kentucky. We conducted a survey to describe infection prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor variabilis ticks collected in Kentucky. During 2007-2008, we collected 287 ticks (179 D. variabilis and 108 A. americanum) from canine, feral hog, horse, raccoon, white-tailed deer, and human hosts in six counties in Kentucky. Ticks were screened for Ricke ...201121976578
bartonella and rickettsia in arthropods from the lao pdr and from borneo, malaysia.rickettsioses and bartonelloses are arthropod-borne diseases of mammals with widespread geographical distributions. yet their occurrence in specific regions, their association with different vectors and hosts and the infection rate of arthropod-vectors with these agents remain poorly studied in south-east asia. we conducted entomological field surveys in the lao pdr (laos) and borneo, malaysia by surveying fleas, ticks, and lice from domestic dogs and collected additional samples from domestic c ...201122153360
Mediterranean spotted fever and encephalitis: a case report and review of the literature.Mediterranean spotted fever (MSF) is a disease caused by Rickettsia conorii and transmitted by the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus. It is widely distributed through southern Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. It is an emerging or a reemerging disease in some regions. Countries of the Mediterranean basin, such as Portugal, have noticed an increased incidence of MSF over the past 10 years. It was believed that MSF was a benign disease associated with a mortality rate of 1-3% before the a ...201121879306
Ultrastructural changes in the ovary cells of engorged Rhipicephalus sanguineus female ticks treated with esters of ricinoleic acid from castor oil (Ricinus communis).Rhipicephalus sanguineus is a widely distributed tick species that has adapted to the urban environment, and the dog is its main host. This species is also known as a vector and reservoir of diseases caused by bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Currently, acaricides of synthetic chemical origin have been widely and indiscriminately used, leading to the development of resistance to these products by ticks and causing damage to the environment. Thus, these issues have made it necessary to seek other ...201122131265
The effects of flumethrin (Bayticol® pour-on) on European ticks exposed to treated hairs of cattle and sheep.Tick infestations in cattle and sheep pose serious health problems when agents of diseases are transmitted. In addition, blood feeding of ticks induces enormous economic losses due to reduced weight gain of infested animals. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of exposure to hairs clipped from cattle and sheep treated with flumethrin (Bayticol®) on European ticks. The dose used was 10 ml/100 kg body weight for both animal species. At intervals of 7 days (days 7, 14, 21, 28 ...201122205348
spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks collected from wild animals in israel.we report molecular evidence for the presence of spotted fever group rickettsiae (sfgr) in ticks collected from roe deer, addax, red foxes, and wild boars in israel. rickettsia aeschlimannii was detected in hyalomma marginatum and hyalomma detritum while rickettsia massiliae was present in rhipicephalus turanicus ticks. furthermore, a novel uncultured sfgr was detected in haemaphysalis adleri and haemaphysalis parva ticks from golden jackals. the pathogenicity of the novel sfgr for humans is unk ...201122049050
Molecular detection of rickettsial agents in ticks and fleas collected from a European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) in Marseilles, France.The European hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) is a synanthropic nocturnal insectivore commonly found in the countryside and in the parks and gardens. Because hedgehogs are already involved in the transmission of a number of zoonoses, including salmonellosis and ringworm, we decided to study their possible role in the epidemiology of the spotted fever group of Rickettsia. We collected ticks and fleas from a hedgehog that was captured in the city of Marseilles in France. Using a genus-specific quant ...201122169021
ticks collected from selected mammalian hosts surveyed in the republic of korea during 2008-2009.a tick survey was conducted to determine the relative abundance and distribution of ticks associated with selected mammals in the republic of korea (rok) during 2008-2009. a total of 918 ticks were collected from 76 mammals (6 families, 9 species) captured at 6 provinces and 3 metropolitan cities in rok. haemaphysalis longicornis (54.4%) was the most frequently collected tick, followed by haemaphysalis flava (28.5%), ixodes nipponensis (7.6%), ixodes pomerantzevi (4.8%), ixodes persulcatus (4.6% ...201122072840
An unusual case of fatal pulmonary hemorrhage in pregnancy.Rickettsial diseases are common in Srilanka. The spotted fever group of rickettsiae presents in many ways, including very severe disease causing significant morbidity and mortality. A regional variation of the Rickettsia conorii subspecies and differences in clinical presentations are reported. This case describes disseminated Rickettsia conorii infection in a pregnant woman presenting with endocarditis.201121886958
q fever: current state of knowledge and perspectives of research of a neglected zoonosis.q fever is an ubiquitous zoonosis caused by an resistant intracellular bacterium, coxiella burnetii. in certain areas, q fever can be a severe public health problem, and awareness of the disease must be promoted worldwide. nevertheless, knowledge of coxiella burnetii remains limited to this day. its resistant (intracellular and environmental) and infectious properties have been poorly investigated. further understanding of the interactions between the infected host and the bacteria is necessary. ...201122194752
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