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engagement of soluble resistance-related calcium binding protein (sorcin) with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 inhibits type i interferon response in cells.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an acute, highly contagious animal disease caused by fmd virus (fmdv). although fmdv-induced immunosuppression in host has been well established, the exact molecular mechanism for such induction is not very clear. we report here the identification of fmdv vp1 as an interferon-suppressor by interacting with soluble resistance-related calcium binding protein (sorcin). we found that vp1 suppressed tumor necrosis factor (tnf)-α or sendai virus (sev)-induced type i int ...201323764275
comparison of self-processing of foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus leader proteinase nsp1α.the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase (lb(pro)) cleaves itself off the nascent viral polyprotein. nmr studies on the monomeric variant lb(pro) l200f provide structural evidence for intramolecular self-processing. (15)n-hsqc measurements of lb(pro) l200f showed specifically shifted backbone signals in the active and substrate binding sites compared to the monomeric variant slb(pro), lacking six c-terminal residues. this indicates transient intramolecular interactions between the c-te ...201323756127
positively charged residues at the five-fold symmetry axis of cell culture-adapted foot-and-mouth disease virus permit novel receptor interactions.field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have a restricted cell tropism which is limited by the need for certain rgd-dependent integrin receptors. in contrast, cell culture-adapted viruses use heparan sulfate (hs) or other unidentified molecules as receptors to initiate infection. here, we report several novel findings resulting from cell culture adaptation of fmdv. in cell culture, a virus with the capsid of the a/turkey/2/2006 field isolate gained the ability to infect cho and hs- ...201323740982
assembly and characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid particles expressed within mammalian cells.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) structural protein precursor, p1-2a, is cleaved by the virus-encoded 3c protease (3c(pro)) into the capsid proteins vp0, vp1 and vp3 (and 2a). in some systems, it is difficult to produce large amounts of these processed capsid proteins since 3c(pro) can be toxic for cells. the expression level of 3c(pro) activity has now been reduced relative to the p1-2a, and the effect on the yield of processed capsid proteins and their assembly into empty capsid particl ...201323740480
montanide isa™ 201 adjuvanted fmd vaccine induces improved immune responses and protection in cattle.despite significant advancements in modern vaccinology, inactivated whole virus vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) remain the mainstay for prophylactic and emergency uses. many efforts are currently devoted to improve the immune responses and protective efficacy of these vaccines. adjuvants, which are often used to potentiate immune responses, provide an excellent mean to improve the efficacy of fmd vaccines. this study aimed to evaluate three oil adjuvants namely: montanide isa-201, isa- ...201323735678
co-inoculation of baculovirus and fmdv vaccine in mice, elicits very early protection against foot and mouth disease virus without interfering with long lasting immunity.baculoviruses (bvs) potentiate the immune response against soluble antigens. we investigated whether bv could be used as immunoactivator in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines using the balb/c mouse model. mice were vaccinated with a single dose of inactivated fmdv (ifmdv), ifmdv+bv, bv, or culture medium. humoral and cellular immune responses were higher in animals immunized with ifmdv+bv than in mice vaccinated with ifmdv alone. animals receiving ifmdv+bv had significantly lower viremia at 2 ...201323588086
development and evaluation of multiplex rt-lamp assays for rapid and sensitive detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.this paper describes the evaluation of four novel real-time multiplex reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (rt-lamp) assays for rapid and sensitive diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). in order to overcome the genetic diversity of fmd viruses (fmdv), these multiplex rt-lamp assay pairs were established by combining four newly designed primer sets with two primer sets that had been previously published. using a real-time turbidimeter to detect amplification products ...201323583488
repeated exposure to 5d9, an inhibitor of 3d polymerase, effectively limits the replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in host cells.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of livestock caused by a highly variable rna virus (fmdv) that has seven serotypes and more than sixty subtypes. both prophylactic and post-infection means of controlling the disease outbreak, including universally applicable vaccines and emergency response measures such as therapeutic treatments, are on high demand. in this study, we analyzed the long-term exposure outcome to a previously identified inhibitor of 3d polymerase (fmdv 3dp ...201323578728
regulation of porcine plasmacytoid dendritic cells by cytokines.plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdc) are the most potent producers of type-i interferon (ifn) and represent the main interferon (ifn)-α source in response to many viruses. considering the important roles played by type i ifn's, not only as antiviral effectors but also as potent alarming cytokine of the immune system, we investigated how such responses are regulated by various cytokines. to this end, we stimulated enriched pdc in the presence or absence of particular cytokines with a strong activat ...201323577175
vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) impairs baculovirus surface display.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes important economical losses in livestock farming. in order to develop a novel subunit vaccine against fmdv, we constructed recombinant baculoviruses that display the protein vp1 of fmdv on their surface, with either polar (fused to gp64) or nonpolar (fused to anchor membrane from vsv-g protein) distribution. insect cells infected with the different recombinant baculoviruses expressed vp1 fusion protein to high levels. however, the recombinant vp1 pr ...201323566950
an infectious recombinant foot-and-mouth disease virus expressing a fluorescent marker protein.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most extensively studied animal pathogens because it remains a major threat to livestock economies worldwide. however, the dynamics of fmdv infection are still poorly understood. the application of reverse genetics provides the opportunity to generate molecular tools to further dissect the fmdv life cycle. here, we have used reverse genetics to determine the capsid packaging limitations for a selected insertion site in the fmdv genome. we show th ...201323559477
association of bola drb3 alleles with variability in immune response among the crossbred cattle vaccinated for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd).polymorphism of bovine leukocyte antigen (bola) drb3 gene is being intensively investigated for potential association with economically important diseases of cattle. accordingly, we investigated the association of drb3 exon 2 polymorphism as evidenced by the variation in the binding pockets with variability in immune response to inactivated trivalent (o, a and asia1) foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccine in a closed population of crossbred cattle. antibody titer of ≥ 1.8 was set as the cut ...201323541924
expanding the spectral palette of fluorescent proteins for the green microalga chlamydomonas reinhardtii.fluorescent proteins (fps) have become essential tools for a growing number of fields in biology. however, such tools have not been widely adopted for use in microalgal research. the aim of this study was to express and compare six fps (blue mtagbfp, cyan mcerulean, green crgfp, yellow venus, orange tdtomato and red mcherry) in the popular model microalga chlamydomonas reinhardtii. to circumvent the transgene silencing that often occurs in c. reinhardtii, the fps were expressed from the nuclear ...201323521393
a continuous bovine kidney cell line constitutively expressing bovine αvβ6 integrin has increased susceptibility to foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a worldwide problem limiting the trade of animals and their products from affected countries. the rapid isolation, serotyping, and vaccine matching of fmd virus from disease outbreaks is critical for enabling the implementation of effective vaccination programs and to stop the spread of infection during outbreaks. some primary cells have been shown to be highly susceptible to most strains of fmd virus (fmdv) but are difficult and expensive to prepare and maintain. ...201323515553
influence of the leader protein coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus on virus replication.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) leader (l) protein is produced in two forms, lab and lb, differing only at their amino-termini, due to the use of separate initiation codons, usually 84 nt apart. it has been shown previously, and confirmed here, that precise deletion of the lab coding sequence is lethal for the virus, whereas loss of the lb coding sequence results in a virus that is viable in bhk cells. in addition, it is now shown that deletion of the 'spacer' region between these two in ...201323515027
evolutionary conserved motifs constrain the rna structure organization of picornavirus ires.picornavirus rnas initiate translation using a 5' end-independent mechanism based on internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements. despite performing similar functions, ires elements present in genetically distant rnas differ in primary sequence, rna secondary structure and trans-acting factors requirement. the lack of conserved features amongst iress represents obstacles for the understanding of the internal initiation process. rna structure is tightly linked to picornavirus ires activity, cons ...201323507141
the effects of the synonymous codon usage and trna abundance on protein folding of the 3c protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus.the 3c protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has a conserved amino acid sequence and is responsible for most cleavage in the viral polyprotein. the effects of the synonymous codon usage of fmdv 3c gene and trna abundance of the hosts on shaping different folding units (α-helix, β-strand and the coil) in the 3c protease were analyzed based on the structural information of the fmdv 3c protease from protein data bank (pdb: 2bhg) and 210 genes of 3c for all serotypes of fmdv. the strong co ...201323499709
foot-and-mouth disease virus carrier status in bos grunniens yaks.the carrier status of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is complicated, and the role of carrier animals in virus transmission is controversial. to investigate the carrier status of fmdv in animals that live in high altitude, bos grunniens yaks were infected experimentally with fmdv o/akesu/58.201323497369
bovine fetal epithelium cells expressing shrna targeting viral vp1 gene resisted against foot-and-mouth disease virus.rnai could protect experimental animals from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), but pivotal issue is delivery of rnai. in this study, shrna recombinant lentiviral plasmid rnai-lt6 targeting vp1 of fmdv, which strongly suppressed the transient expression of a flag-tagged vp1 protein in 293t cells and significantly inhibited viral replication in bhk-21 cells, was screened and transfected into bovine fetal fibroblast cells. with subsequent somatic cell cloning, three 4-month-old transgenic fetuse ...201323481248
[evaluation of synthetic peptide vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease type a].we developed a synthetic vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease type a.201324028062
targeted delivery of vp1 antigen of foot-and-mouth disease virus to m cells enhances the antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune response.application of vaccine materials through oral mucosal route confers great economical advantage in animal farming industry due to much less vaccination cost compared with that of injection-based vaccination. in particular, oral administration of recombinant protein antigen against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an ideal strategy because it is safe from fmdv transmission during vaccine production and can induce antigen-specific immune response in mucosal compartments, where fmdv infection ...201324009543
multiple introductions of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease viruses into east asia in 2010-2011.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a highly contagious and genetically variable virus. sporadic introductions of this virus into fmd-free countries may cause outbreaks with devastating consequences. in 2010 and 2011, incursions of the fmdv o/sea/mya-98 strain, normally restricted to countries in mainland southeast asia, caused extensive outbreaks across east asia. in this study, 12 full genome fmdv sequences for representative samples collected from the people's republic of china (pr china) ...201324007643
foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease induces fragmentation of the golgi compartment and blocks intra-golgi transport.picornavirus infection can cause golgi fragmentation and impose a block in the secretory pathway which reduces expression of major histocompatibility antigens at the plasma membrane and slows secretion of proinflammatory cytokines. in this study, we show that golgi fragmentation and a block in secretion are induced by expression of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 3c(pro) and that this requires the protease activity of 3c(pro). 3c(pro) caused fragmentation of early, medial, and late golgi com ...201323986596
antigenic heterogeneity of capsid protein vp1 in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia 1.foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), with its seven serotypes, is a highly contagious virus infecting mainly cloven-hoofed animals. the serotype asia1 occurs mainly in asian regions. an in-silico approach was taken to reveal the antigenic heterogeneities within the capsid protein vp1 of asia1. a total of 47 vp1 sequences of asia1 isolates from different countries of south asian regions were selected, retrieved from database, and were aligned. the structure of vp1 protein was modeled using a homo ...201323983476
transient gene expression in serum-free suspension-growing mammalian cells for the production of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsids.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. it produces severe economic losses in the livestock industry. currently available vaccines are based on inactivated fmd virus (fmdv). the use of empty capsids as a subunit vaccine has been reported to be a promising candidate because it avoids the use of virus in the vaccine production and conserves the conformational epitopes of the virus. in this report, we explored transient gene expression (tge) in serum-fr ...201323977353
novel immunogenic baculovirus expressed virus-like particles of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus protect guinea pigs against challenge.vaccination is a well accepted strategy for control of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in endemic countries. currently, chemically inactivated virus antigens are used for preparation of fmd vaccine. to develop a non-infectious and safe recombinant vaccine, we expressed structural polypeptide of fmdv (o/ind/r2/75) using baculovirus expression system. we show that inclusion of mutated viral 3c protease in frame with the polypeptide (p1-2a), enhanced the yield of structural proteins. the structural pr ...201323969204
optimisation of the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a co-expression system for biomedical applications.many biomedical applications require the expression or production of therapeutic hetero-multimeric proteins/protein complexes: in most cases only accomplished by co-ordinated co-expression within the same cell. foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a (f2a) and '2a-like' sequences are now widely used for this purpose. since 2a mediates a co-translational 'cleavage' at its own c-terminus, sequences encoding multiple proteins (linked via 2as) can be concatenated into a single orf: a single transgene. it ha ...201323968294
processing of the vp1/2a junction is not necessary for production of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsids and infectious viruses: characterization of "self-tagged" particles.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein precursor, p1-2a, is cleaved by 3c(pro) to generate vp0, vp3, vp1, and the peptide 2a. the capsid proteins self-assemble into empty capsid particles or viruses which do not contain 2a. in a cell culture-adapted strain of fmdv (o1 manisa [lindholm]), three different amino acid substitutions (e83k, s134c, and k210e) were identified within the vp1 region of the p1-2a precursor compared to the field strain (wild type [wt]). expression of the o1 ...201323966400
a role for endoplasmic reticulum exit sites in foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.picornaviruses replicate their genomes in association with cellular membranes. while enteroviruses are believed to utilize membranes of the early secretory pathway, the origin of the membranes used by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) for replication are unknown. secretory-vesicle traffic through the early secretory pathway is mediated by the sequential acquisition of two distinct membrane coat complexes, copii and copi, and requires the coordinated actions of sar1, arf1 and rab proteins. sar1 ...201323963534
development of a luminex assay for the detection of swine antibodies to non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and mouth disease (fmd), swine vesicular disease (svd), and vesicular stomatitis (vs) are highly contagious vesicular diseases of swine but are not easy to differentiate clinically. for the purpose of instant detecting of fmd and differentiating it from the other vesicular diseases, a luminex assay was developed. sera from 64 infected, 307 vaccinated, and 280 naïve pigs were tested by the luminex assay. diagnostic sensitivity of the assay was 100%. diagnostic specificity of the assay was 98 ...201323962586
two new flavonol glycosides and biological activities of diplotaxis harra (forssk.) boiss.two new flavonol glycosides, isorhamnetin 3-o-β-glucopyranoside-4'-o-β-xylopyranoside (1) and kaempferol 3-o-β-glucopyranoside -4'-o-β-xylopyranoside (2), were isolated from the defatted aqueous methanol extract of the whole plant diplotaxis harra along with 12 known flavonols (3-14). they were characterised by chemical and spectral methods. the 70% aqueous methanol, chloroform and defatted aqueous methanol plant extracts exhibited significant antioxidant effects (nitroblue tetrazolium reduction ...201323962320
co-administration of flagellin augments immune responses to inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) antigen.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most contagious animal virus known that affects livestock health and production. this study aimed to investigate the effect of flagellin, a toll-like receptor 5 agonist, on the immune responses to inactivated fmdv antigen in guinea pig model. our results showed that the co-administration of flagellin with fmdv antigen through intradermal route induces earlier and higher anti-fmdv neutralizing antibody responses as compared to fmdv antigen alone. ...201323941960
cell mediated innate responses of cattle and swine are diverse during foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection: a unique landscape of innate immunity.pathogens in general and pathogenic viruses in particular have evolved a myriad of mechanisms to escape the immune response of mammalian species. viruses that cause acute disease tend to bear characteristics that make them very contagious, as survival does not derive from chronicity of infection, but spread of disease throughout the herd. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is one of the most contagious viruses known. upon infection of susceptible species, cloven-hoofed animals, the virus prolif ...201323727070
mechanisms of foot-and-mouth disease virus tropism inferred from differential tissue gene expression.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) targets specific tissues for primary infection, secondary high-titer replication (e.g. foot and mouth where it causes typical vesicular lesions) and long-term persistence at some primary replication sites. although integrin αvβ6 receptor has been identified as primary fmdv receptors in animals, their tissue distribution alone fails to explain these highly selective tropism-driven events. thus, other molecular mechanisms must play roles in determining this tiss ...201323724025
recombinant adenovirus expression of fmdv p1-2a and 3c protein and its immune response in mice.the purpose of this research was to develop a new type of recombinant adenovirus vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus and confirm whether both 2a and 3c proteases can fully process fmdv p1 polyprotein into vp1 protein. we constructed and characterized recombinant adenoviruses, designated as rad-p1, rad-p1-2a, rad-l-p1, rad-l-2a, and rad-3c. the construct was further confirmed by the enzyme digestion, polymerase chain reaction (pcr) testing, sequencing, and transfection. the infecti ...201323722010
immunity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype asia 1 by sublingual vaccination.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals, with severe agricultural and economic losses. here we present study using a sublingual (sl) route with the killed serotype asia 1 fmdv vaccine. guinea pigs were vaccinated using a commercially available vaccine formulation at the manufacturer's recommended full, 1/4, and 1/16 antigen doses. animals were challenged with homologous fmdv asia1 strain at various times following vaccination. all control guinea pigs ...201323717497
analysis of sat type foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid proteins and the identification of putative amino acid residues affecting virus stability.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiates infection by adhering to integrin receptors on target cells, followed by cell entry and disassembly of the virion through acidification within endosomes. mild heating of the virions also leads to irreversible dissociation into pentamers, a characteristic linked to reduced vaccine efficacy. in this study, the structural stability of intra- and inter-serotype chimeric sat2 and sat3 virus particles to various conditions including low ph, mild temperatur ...201323717387
the effects of the codon usage and translation speed on protein folding of 3d(pol) of foot-and-mouth disease virus. 201323715863
rogue taxa phenomenon: a biological companion to simulation analysis.to provide a baseline biological comparison to simulation study predictions about the frequency of rogue taxa effects, we evaluated the frequency of a rogue taxa effect using viral data sets which differed in diversity. using a quartet-tree framework, we measured the frequency of a rogue taxa effect in three data sets of increasing genetic variability (within viral serotype, between viral serotype, and between viral family) to test whether the rogue taxa was correlated with the mean sequence div ...201323707704
diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) exists as multiple serotypes and strains that infect a range of cloven-hoofed animals with variable severity. clinical diagnosis reinforced by diagnostic tests support timely intervention, whilst virus characterisation helps trace routes of spread and select appropriate vaccine strains. to speed up and simplify diagnosis, penside tests have recently been developed. serology is used to identify undisclosed infection and substantiate freedom from infection and s ...201323689889
evaluation of the immune response elicited by vaccination with viral vectors encoding fmdv capsid proteins and boosted with inactivated virus.the aim of the present study was to assess the effect of introducing a priming step with replication-defective viral vectors encoding the capsid proteins of fmdv, followed by a boost with killed virus vaccines, using a suitable balb/c mice model. additionally, the immune response to other combined vector immunization regimens was studied. for this purpose, we analyzed different prime-boost immunizations with recombinant adenovirus (ad), herpesvirus amplicons (hs) and/or killed virus (kv) vaccine ...201323683999
evaluation and use of in-silico structure-based epitope prediction with foot-and-mouth disease virus.understanding virus antigenicity is of fundamental importance for the development of better, more cross-reactive vaccines. however, as far as we are aware, no systematic work has yet been conducted using the 3d structure of a virus to identify novel epitopes. therefore we have extended several existing structural prediction algorithms to build a method for identifying epitopes on the appropriate outer surface of intact virus capsids (which are structurally different from globular proteins in bot ...201323667434
emergence of a novel lineage genetically divergent from the predominant ind2001 lineage of serotype o foot-and-mouth disease virus in india.in india, emergence of ind2001 lineage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o was recorded in the year 2001. after causing sporadic incidences, the ind2001 lineage that re-surged in 2008 out-competed panasia from the field during 2009 and continued its dominance during 2010 and 2011 as well. the lineage has diversified in due course of time, leading to two sub-lineages (ind2001a and ind2001b). the sub-lineage ind2001a include isolates collected during 2001-2002 and sub-lineage ind2001 ...201323643555
comparison of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification for orf virus with quantitative real-time pcr.orf virus (orfv) causes orf (also known as contagious ecthyma or contagious papular dermatitis), a severe infectious skin disease in goats, sheep and other ruminants. therefore, a rapid, highly specific and accurate method for the diagnosis of orfv infections is essential to ensure that the appropriate treatments are administered and to reduce economic losses.201323634981
control of foot-and-mouth disease during 2010-2011 epidemic, south korea.an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease caused by serotype o virus occurred in cattle and pigs in south korea during november 2010-april 2011. the highest rates of case and virus detection were observed 44 days after the first case was detected. detection rates declined rapidly after culling and completion of a national vaccination program.201323632094
comparative analysis of cloned cdnas encoding chinese yellow cattle and gansu black swine integrin receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus.to analyze foot-and-mouth disease virus tropism and host range with respect to the integrin receptor, we cloned cdnas encoding the integrin αν, β1, β3, β6 and β8 subunits from chinese yellow cattle and gansu black swine and carried out comparative analysis of their molecular characteristics. the lengths of the mature proteins and the functional domains of the four integrin β subunits were the same between bovine and swine; however, the number of putative n-linked glycosylation sites and cysteine ...201323620003
nucleotide mismatches of foot-and-mouth disease virus during replication.as there is a lack of error correction mechanisms during rna replication, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has a very high mismatch rate, which leads to a high mutation rate, in the range of 10(-3) to 10(-5) per nucleotide site per genome replication. we examined the nucleotide mismatch of fmdv during replication, based on the whole genomes of the 7 serotypes retrieved from ncbi. with the mega bio-software, spss, and microsoft excel, we studied the nucleotide differences compared to the seque ...201323613248
development of a quick and simple detection methodology for foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes o, a and asia 1 using a generic rapidassay device.outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) have resulted in tremendous economic losses. thus, the development of a rapid and easily performed test for fmd detection is important for controlling a fmd outbreak and containing its spread. the purpose of this project is to develop a lateral flow immunochromatographic (lfi) strip test for rapid detection of fmd virus serotypes o, a and asia 1.201323607273
induction of partial protection against foot and mouth disease virus in guinea pigs by neutralization with the integrin β6-1 subunit.the mechanism by which the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiates infection of cells is thought to involve the attachment of the viral capsid to host integrins on the surface of target cells. however, the role of integrins in fmdv infection still needs to be fully understood, although it has been demonstrated that integrin αvβ6 interferes with fmdv in vitro and results in neutralization of its infectivity. in the present study, we describe the cloning and sequencing of suckling mouse inte ...201323604096
enhancement of the immune responses to foot-and-mouth disease vaccination in mice by oral administration of a novel polysaccharide from the roots of radix cyathulae officinalis kuan (rc).foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a kind of the important animal infectious disease caused by the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). thus, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of the polysaccharide from the radix cyathulae officinalis kuan (rcps) for its adjuvant potential on the fmdv-specific cellular and humoral immune responses in mice. in this study, our findings shows that oral administration of rcps significantly enhanced the phagocytic capacity of peritoneal macrophage, sple ...201323603047
recombinant protein rvp1 upregulates becn1-independent autophagy, mapk1/3 phosphorylation and mmp9 activity via wipi1/wipi2 to promote macrophage migration.the monocyte/macrophage is critical for regulating immune and antitumor responses. recombinant capsid protein vp1 (rvp1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus induces apoptosis and inhibits migration/metastasis of cancer cells. here, we explored the effects of rvp1 on macrophages. our results showed that rvp1 increased lc3-related autophagosome formation via wipi1 and wipi2 in a becn1-independent manner. rvp1 treatment increased macrophage migration that was attenuated by knockdown of atg5, atg7, wipi ...201323051912
characterization of the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype sat2 in egypt.an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in egypt affected approximately 40,000 cattle and water buffaloes and killed more than 4,600 animals during february-march 2012. to investigate the etiology of the 2012 outbreak, specimens were collected from six governorates and analyzed using universal primers to amplify the 5' untranslated region (utr) by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. only fmdv-sat2 was detected, with an overall detection rate of 80.3 %. complete vp1- and leader-p ...201323132412
foot-and-mouth disease virus strains and examination of exposure factors associated with seropositivity of cattle herds in nigeria during 2007-2009.new outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred in cattle herds in nigeria during 2007-2009. the objectives of the study reported here were: (i) to identify current fmd virus strains circulating in cattle herds and (ii) to identify exposure factors associated with a seropositive diagnosis of fmd in cattle herds. this study provides evidence that fmd virus serotypes o, a and sat-2 were co-circulating in cattle herds in nigeria during 2007-2009. cattle herds in a neighborhood affected with ...201323127691
genetic and antigenic characterization of indian foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o isolates collected during the period 2001 to 2012.the phylogenetic analysis of vp1 sequences of the 39 type o foot and mouth virus (fmdv) isolates collected from different regions of india during the year of 2001-12 revealed that all isolates belonged to the middle east - south asia (me-sa) topotype. based on the amount of divergence among the isolates, the viruses were further classified into three distinct lineages namely ind 2001, panasia and panasia-2 as well as a minor, unnamed group. ind 2001 lineage viruses accounted for most of the curr ...201323123825
first confirmation of foot and mouth disease virus serotype sat-1 in cattle and small ruminants in ethiopia in 2007/08.the study was conducted in three regional states of ethiopia: amhara, oromia, and the southern nations nationalities and people regional state from august 2007 to april 2008 with the objective of identifying the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotypes circulating in the region. two serotypes were recorded from epithelial tissue and oesophageal-pharyngeal (op) fluid that were taken from outbreaks in study regions of ethiopia. serotype o fmdv was identified in girar jarso, yabello, and ankes ...201323250672
development of a liquid-phase blocking elisa based on foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsid antigen for seromonitoring vaccinated animals.in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) control programme, liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) is widely used to assay vaccine-induced seroconversion. currently, the assay utilizes inactivated fmd virus antigen for the detection of antibodies in serum samples. to develop a non-infectious substitute for the antigen in lpbe, we expressed the structural polypeptide of fmdv (serotype a) using a baculovirus expression system, and show that inclusion of viral 3c with reduced protease activity resulted in a hig ...201323242775
molecular dissection of a viral quasispecies under mutagenic treatment: positive correlation between fitness loss and mutational load.low fidelity replication and the absence of error-repair activities in rna viruses result in complex and adaptable ensembles of related genomes in the viral population, termed quasispecies, with important implications for natural infections. theoretical predictions suggested that elevated replication error rates in rna viruses might be near to a maximum compatible with viral viability. this fact encouraged the use of mutagenic nucleosides as a new antiviral strategy to induce viral extinction th ...201323239576
foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) with a stable flag epitope in the vp1 g-h loop as a new tool for studying fmdv pathogenesis.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 g-h loop contains the major antigenic site. by replacing the sequence upstream of the rgd motif with a flag epitope, a marker virus for pathogenesis studies was generated. in cell culture, the recombinant virus containing flag (a24-flag) exhibited similar plaque phenotypes and growth kinetics to parental virus. a24-flag was distinguished, neutralized, and immunoprecipitated by flag anti-sera. a24-flag infected cattle exhibited fmd and an antibody response ...201323228860
the analysis of codon bias of foot-and-mouth disease virus and the adaptation of this virus to the hosts.the synonymous codon usage patterns of open reading frame (orf) in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the similarity degree of the synonymous codon usage between this virus and the hosts and the genetic diversities of fmdv orfs and the viral functional genes in viral orf have been investigated by some simply statistical analyses. as for the synonymous codon usage of fmdv, some over-represented and under-represented codons have a similar usage in all seven serotypes. 33 out of 59 synonymous cod ...201323220329
poly(i:c) combined with multi-epitope protein vaccine completely protects against virulent foot-and-mouth disease virus challenge in pigs.we designed a series of epitope proteins containing the g-h loops of three topotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o and promiscuous artificial th sites and selected one epitope protein (designated as b4) with optimal immunogenicity and cross-reactivity. three out of five pigs immunized intramuscularly with this b4 were protected against virulent fmdv challenge after a single inoculation, while all pigs co-immunized with b4 and polyinosinic-cytidylic acid [poly(i:c)] conferred ...201323219974
an efficient colorimetric assay for rna synthesis by viral rna-dependent rna polymerases, using thermostable pyrophosphatase.rna-dependent rna polymerase (rdrp) is essential for the replication of rna genome-containing positive-strand rna viruses. we developed a simple colorimetric assay to quantify the rna synthesis activity of rdrp by measuring the pyrophosphates released during nascent rna synthesis. rna polymerase reaction was quenched by heating at 70 °c for 5 min, during which thermostable inorganic pyrophosphatase converted the accumulated pyrophosphates into inorganic phosphates. subsequently, the amount of in ...201323219564
time-dependent biodistribution and transgene expression of a recombinant human adenovirus serotype 5-luciferase vector as a surrogate for rad5-fmdv vaccines in cattle.replication-defective recombinant adenovirus 5 (rad5) vectors carrying foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) transgenes elicit a robust immune response to fmdv challenge in cattle; however mechanistic functions of vaccine function are incompletely understood. recent efforts addressing critical interactions of rad5 vectors with components of the bovine immune system have elucidated important aspects of induction of protective immunity against fmdv. in the current study, a rad5-luciferase (rad5-luc) ...201323219159
mapping of antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1 and relationships with sites described in other serotypes.knowledge of the antigenic structure of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has relevance in the development of diagnostic assays, in the evaluation of the antigenic variability and in the selection of appropriate vaccine strains. antigenic sites have been investigated only in fmdvs of serotypes o, a and c, while it would be valuable to extend studies also to other serotypes. this paper reports the identification of antigenic sites involved in virus neutralization in the fmdv serotype asia 1 by ...201323197575
characterization of a type o foot-and-mouth disease virus re-emerging in the year 2011 in free areas of the southern cone of south america and cross-protection studies with the vaccine strain in use in the region.molecular, antigenic and vaccine matching studies, including protective response in vivo, were conducted with a foot-and-mouth disease type o virus isolated during the outbreak in september 2011 in san pedro, paraguay, country internationally recognized as free with vaccination in 1997. the phylogenetic tree derived from complete vp(1) sequences as well as monoclonal antibody profiling indicated that this isolate was related to viruses responsible for previous emergencies in free areas of the so ...201323182909
efficient production of foot-and-mouth disease virus empty capsids in insect cells following down regulation of 3c protease activity.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a significant economically and distributed globally pathogen of artiodactyla. current vaccines are chemically inactivated whole virus particles that require large-scale virus growth in strict bio-containment with the associated risks of accidental release or incomplete inactivation. non-infectious empty capsids are structural mimics of authentic particles with no associated risk and constitute an alternate vaccine candidate. capsids self-assemble from the p ...201323174161
quantitative proteomics by amino acid labeling in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-infected cells.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an important disease agent that can be difficult to effectively eradicate from herds. because it is an obligate intracellular parasite, the virus has multiple effects on the host cell during infection. here, a high-throughput quantitative proteomic approach was used to develop an unbiased holistic overview of the protein changes in ibrs-2 cells infected with fmdv. stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (silac) combined with lc-ms/ms was pe ...201323170859
influence of conjugation chemistry and b epitope orientation on the immune response of branched peptide antigens.multimeric presentation, a well-proven way of enhancing peptide immunogenicity, has found substantial application in synthetic vaccine design. we have reported that a combination of four copies of a b-cell epitope with one of a t-cell epitope in a single branched construct results in a peptide vaccine conferring total protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine, a natural host (cubillos et al. (2008) j. virol. 82, 7223-7230). more recently, a downsized version of this prototype with ...201323458489
evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus intra-sample sequence diversity during serial transmission in bovine hosts.rna virus populations within samples are highly heterogeneous, containing a large number of minority sequence variants which can potentially be transmitted to other susceptible hosts. consequently, consensus genome sequences provide an incomplete picture of the within- and between-host viral evolutionary dynamics during transmission. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an rna virus that can spread from primary sites of replication, via the systemic circulation, to found distinct sites of loca ...201323452550
biological activity of ovine il-23 expressed using a foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a self-cleaving peptide.hetero-dimeric cytokines often require equi-molar expression of both subunits to achieve biological activity. previously, we expressed ovine il-12 p40 and p35 linked using a self-cleaving 2a peptide from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). we now generated a new improved vector for the expression of hetero-dimeric cytokines and demonstrate the more general applicability of this strategy by cloning and expressing ovine il-23 using the 2a peptide to link il-12/il-23 p40 and p19. the resulting pro ...201323419450
growth kinetics and immune response of chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype 'o' produced through replication competent mini genome of serotype asia 1, 63/72, in bhk cell lines.regular vaccinations with potent vaccine, in endemic countries and vaccination to live in non-endemic countries are the methods available to control foot-and-mouth disease. selection of candidate vaccine strain is not only cumbersome but the candidate should grow well for high potency vaccine preparation. alternative strategy is to generate an infectious cdna of a cell culture-adapted virus and use the replicon for development of tailor-made vaccines. we produced a chimeric 'o' virus in the back ...201323384973
observing micro-evolutionary processes of viral populations at multiple scales.advances in sequencing technology coupled with new integrative approaches to data analysis provide a potentially transformative opportunity to use pathogen genome data to advance our understanding of transmission. however, to maximize the insights such genetic data can provide, we need to understand more about how the microevolution of pathogens is observed at different scales of biological organization. here, we examine the evolutionary processes in foot-and-mouth disease virus observed at diff ...201323382425
development of a universal rt-pcr for amplifying and sequencing the leader and capsid-coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly infectious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals with debilitating and devastating consequences for livestock industries throughout the world. key antigenic determinants of the causative agent, fmd virus (fmdv), reside within the surface-exposed proteins of the viral capsid. therefore, characterization of the sequence that encodes the capsid (p1) is important for tracking the emergence or spread of fmd and for selection and development of new vaccines. r ...201323380590
low levels of foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease expression are required to achieve optimal capsid protein expression and processing in mammalian cells.the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid protein precursor (p1-2a) is processed by the virus-encoded 3c protease (3c(pro)) to produce vp0, vp3, vp1 and 2a. within the virus-encoded polyprotein, the p1-2a and 3c(pro) can be expected to be produced at equivalent concentrations. however, using transient-expression assays, within mammalian cells, it is possible to modify the relative amounts of the substrate and protease. it has now been shown that optimal production of the processed capsid pr ...201323364188
comparative evaluation of three commercial elisa kits for detection of antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus.in this study, we validated three commercial elisa (nsp-elisa) kits that detect antibodies to a nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in terms of their specificities and sensitivities. although the specificities of the nsp-elisa kits were as high as that of liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) in non-infected, non-vaccinated animals, the sensitivities of the nsp-elisa kits were significantly lower than those of the present lpbe and did not agree with the findings of a previo ...201323328606
development of an inactivated 3c(pro)-3abc (mu3abc) elisa to differentiate cattle infected with foot and mouth disease virus from vaccinated cattle.foot and mouth disease, a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, is still endemic in asia, africa, and a few countries in south america. subclinical and persistent infections usually occur in vaccinated cattle exposed to fmdv. successful control and eradication measures need a diagnostic assay that can distinguish between immune responses to infection and vaccination. the non-structural 3abc elisa is the most reliable differential diagnostic assay. however, expression of the native ...201323305815
neuroattenuation of vesicular stomatitis virus through picornaviral internal ribosome entry sites.vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) is potent and a highly promising agent for the treatment of cancer. however, translation of vsv oncolytic virotherapy into the clinic is being hindered by its inherent neurotoxicity. it has been demonstrated that selected picornaviral internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements possess restricted activity in neuronal tissues. we therefore sought to determine whether the picornavirus ires could be engineered into vsv to attenuate its neuropathogenicity. we have u ...201323283963
examination of soluble integrin resistant mutants of foot-and-mouth disease virus.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) initiates infection via recognition of one of at least four cell-surface integrin molecules αvβ1, αvβ3, αvβ6, or αvβ8 by a highly conserved arg-gly-asp (rgd) amino acid sequence motif located in the g-h loop of vp1. within the animal host, the αvβ6 interaction is believed to be the most relevant. sub-neutralizing levels of soluble secreted αvβ6 (ssαvβ6) was used as a selective pressure during passages in vitro to explore the plasticity of that interaction.201323282061
early adaptive immune responses in the respiratory tract of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected cattle.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease which affects both domestic and wild biungulate species. this acute disease, caused by the fmd virus (fmdv), usually includes an active replication phase in the respiratory tract for up to 72 h postinfection, followed by hematogenous dissemination and vesicular lesions at oral and foot epithelia. the role of the early local adaptive immunity of the host in the outcome of the infection is not well understood. here we report the kin ...201323255811
reconstructing the origin and transmission dynamics of the 1967-68 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the united kingdom.a large epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred in the united kingdom (uk) over a seven month period in northwest england from late 1967 to the summer of 1968. this was preceded by a number of smaller fmd outbreaks in the country, two in 1967, in hampshire and warwickshire and one in northumberland during 1966. the causative agent of all four events was identified as fmd virus (fmdv) serotype o and the source of the large epidemic was attributed to infected bone marrow in lamb products ...201324035793
development of a peptide based latex agglutination assay for serotype identification of foot and mouth disease virus.out of 200 serum samples collected from cattle (142) and buffaloes (58) of various ages and sexand subjected to latex agglutination test (lat) using serotype specific peptides (o, a, asia 1) and also with peptide for non-structural protein 2b (nsp-2b), 114 (70%) samples were positive against fmdv type 'o', 102 (51%) against serotype 'a' and 104 (52%) against serotype 'asia 1'. with nsp-2b peptide a total of 71 (35.5%) samples were positive. the results suggest that lat could be used for the diag ...201323923605
accumulation of nucleotide substitutions occurring during experimental transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus.analysis of full-genome sequences was previously used to trace the origin and transmission pathways of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) outbreaks in the uk in 2001 and 2007. interpretation of these data was sometimes at variance with conventional epidemiological tracing, and was also used to predict the presence of undisclosed infected premises that were later discovered during serological surveillance. here we report the genome changes associated with sequential passage of a highly bhk-21-ce ...201323034594
cd4+ t-cell responses to foot-and-mouth disease virus in vaccinated cattle.we have performed a series of studies to investigate the role of cd4(+) t-cells in the immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) post-vaccination. virus neutralizing antibody titres (vnt) in cattle vaccinated with killed fmd commercial vaccine were significantly reduced and class switching delayed as a consequence of rigorous in vivo cd4(+) t-cell depletion. further studies were performed to examine whether the magnitude of t-cell proliferative responses correlated with the antibody ...201323034593
the comparative utility of oral swabs and probang samples for detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection in cattle and pigs.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna was measured using quantitative reverse transcription-pcr (qrt-pcr) assays in oral swab and probang samples collected from cattle and pigs during experimental infections with serotype o fmdv. during acute infection, fmdv rna was measurable in oral swabs as well as in probang samples from both species. fmdv rna could be detected in oral swabs and probang samples from a time point corresponding to the onset of viremia in directly inoculated animals, whereas ...201323022683
global transcriptional analysis of model of persistent fmdv infection reveals critical role of host cells in persistence.with the aid of ammonium chloride, we established a model for persistent foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection of bhk-21 cells (huang et al., 2011). distinctive to a previously established model, the persistently infected cell line acquired new features including more rounded morphology, resistance to wild type fmdv infection, consistent replication efficiency in late passages, etc. to elucidate the mechanism of establishment of persistence, we performed systematically microarray analysi ...201323022682
development and evaluation of a real-time reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for rapid serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus.a one-step, real-time reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay (rt-lamp) for rapid detection and serotyping of indian foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is described. the rt-lamp assay was found to be 10(3)-10(5) fold more sensitive in comparison with rt-pcr, with a detection limit ranging from 10(-3) to 10(-5) tcid(50) of virus samples of all three serotypes. the rt-lamp assay and qrt-pcr could detect 100 percent of clinical samples of three serotypes, whereas the rt- ...201322960423
effectiveness of vaccines and vaccination programs for the control of foot-and-mouth disease in uganda, 2001-2010.foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals. in uganda, fmd outbreaks are mainly controlled by ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements. vaccination stimulates immunity and prevents animals from developing clinical signs which include lameness, inappetence, and decreased production. ring vaccination and restriction of animal movements have, however, not successfully controlled fmd in uganda and outbreaks reoccur annually. the objective of this ...201322956440
foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o phylodynamics: genetic variability associated with epidemiological factors in pakistan.one of the most challenging aspects of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) control is the high genetic variability of the fmd virus (fmdv). in endemic settings such as the indian subcontinent, this variability has resulted in the emergence of pandemic strains that have spread widely and caused devastating outbreaks in disease-free areas. in countries trying to control and eradicate fmd using vaccination strategies, the constantly evolving and wide diversity of field fmdv strains is an obstacle for iden ...201322846206
phylogeography of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype o in ecuador.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of the most important disease of domestic cattle, foot-and-mouth disease. in ecuador, fmdv is maintained at an endemic state, with sporadic outbreaks. to unravel the tempo and mode of fmdv spread within the country we conducted a bayesian phylogeographic analysis using a continuous time markov chain (ctmc) to model the diffusion of fmdv between ecuadorian provinces. we implement this framework through markov chain monte carlo available i ...201322985683
identification of peptides from foot-and-mouth disease virus structural proteins bound by class i swine leukocyte antigen (sla) alleles, sla-1*0401 and sla-2*0401.characterization of the peptide-binding specificity of swine leukocyte antigen (sla) class i and ii molecules is critical to the understanding of adaptive immune responses of swine toward infectious pathogens. here, we describe the complete binding motif of the sla-2*0401 molecule based on a positional scanning combinatorial peptide library approach. by combining this binding motif with data achieved by applying the netmhcpan peptide prediction algorithm to both sla-1*0401 and sla-2*0401, we ide ...201322984928
adenovirus-vectored type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsid proteins as a vehicle to display a conserved, neutralising epitope of type o fmdv.the objective of this study was to explore the immunogenicity of an adenovirus construction expressing a type o foot and mouth disease virus neutralising epitope (8e8) in the context of heterologous capsid proteins. adenoviruses expressing four chimeric type asia1 fmdv capsid proteins were constructed by inserting the type o fmdv 8e8 epitope into the g-h loop from the type asia1 vp1 at amino acid residues 139/140, 150/151, 134/140 or at both 139/140 and 150/151. these recombinant proteins were r ...201322981982
the effect of uniform capture molecule orientation on biosensor sensitivity: dependence on analyte properties.uniform orientation of capture molecules on biosensors has been reported to increase sensitivity. here it is investigated which analyte properties contribute to sensitivity by orientation. orientation of capture molecules on biosensors was investigated using variable domains of llama heavy-chain antibodies (vhhs) as capture molecule, and a surface plasmon resonance (spr) chip as biosensor. two vhhs were tested in this study: one recognizing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and another recogni ...201322878083
investigation of foot and mouth disease hotspots in northern lao pdr.foot and mouth disease (fmd) is an endemic transboundary disease in the mekong region, and fmd records of reports to animal health authorities in lao pdr between 2009 and 2011 were reviewed. fmd outbreaks occurred in 2 of 3 years in eight districts in three of the eight northern lao pdr provinces, locations suggested as fmd 'hotspots'. the relatively higher risk of recurrence of fmd in these districts was likely due to the presence of a dense large ruminant population, extensive animal trading i ...201322690839
diagnosis and control measures of the 2010 outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease a type in the republic of korea.in january 2010, foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred for the first time in 8 years in korea. the outbreaks were because of a serotype, different from the o type, which had occurred previously in 2000 and 2002. the fmd outbreaks were identified in seven farms, consisting of six cattle farms where viruses were detected and one deer farm where only fmdv antibody was detected. the seven farms were within 9.3 km of each other. all susceptible animals within 10 km radius of the outbreak farms were p ...201322630568
engineering foot-and-mouth disease viruses with improved growth properties for vaccine development.no licensed vaccine is currently available against serotype a foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in china, despite the isolation of a/wh/cha/09 in 2009, partly because this strain does not replicate well in baby hamster kidney (bhk) cells.201323372840
virus-like particles produced in plants as potential vaccines.virus-like particles (vlps) have been produced as candidate vaccines in plants virtually since the introduction of biofarming. even today, vlps remain the best candidates for safe, immunogenic, efficacious and inexpensive vaccines. well-characterized human animal viruses such as hbv, hcv, hiv and hpv, rotaviruses, norovirus, foot and mouth disease viruses and even influenza virus proteins have all been successfully investigated for vlp formation. proteins have been produced in transgenic plants ...201323414411
antigen targeting to apc: from mice to veterinary species.antigen delivery to receptors expressed on antigen presenting cells (apc) has shown to improve immunogenicity of vaccines in mice. an enhancement of cytotoxic t lymphocyte (ctl), helper t cell or humoral responses was obtained depending on the type of apc and the surface molecule targeted. although this strategy is being also evaluated in livestock animals with promising results, some discrepancies have been found between species and pathogens. the genetic diversity of livestock animals, the dif ...201323648645
immunogenicity of two fmdv nonameric peptides encapsulated in liposomes in mice and the protective efficacy in guinea pigs.it has been predicted that nonameric peptides i (vp1(26-34), rrqhtdvsf), ii (vp1(157-165), rtlptsfny) and iii (vp1(45-53), keqvnvldl) from the vp1 capsid protein of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are t cell epitopes. to investigate whether these peptides have immunological activity, balb/c mice were immunized with peptide i, ii or iii conjugated with immunostimulating complexes (iscoms). a cytotoxic t lymphocyte assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxic activity induced by peptides along ...201323874709
venezuelan equine encephalitis replicon particles can induce rapid protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus.we have previously shown that delivery of the porcine type i interferon gene (poifn-α/β) with a replication-defective human adenovirus vector (adenovirus 5 [ad5]) can sterilely protect swine challenged with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 1 day later. however, the need of relatively high doses of ad5 limits the applicability of such a control strategy in the livestock industry. venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (vee) empty replicon particles (vrps) can induce rapid protection of mice agai ...201323468490
foot-and-mouth disease virus modulates cellular vimentin for virus survival.foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), the causative agent of foot-and-mouth disease, is an aphthovirus within the picornaviridae family. during infection with fmdv, several host cell membrane rearrangements occur to form sites of viral replication. fmdv protein 2c is part of the replication complex and thought to have multiple roles during virus replication. to better understand the role of 2c in the process of virus replication, we have been using a yeast two-hybrid approach to identify host pro ...201323576498
characterization of a chimeric foot-and-mouth disease virus bearing a bovine rhinitis b virus leader proteinase.bovine rhinitis b virus (brbv) shares many motifs and sequence similarities with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). this study examined if the brbv leader proteinase (l(pro) ) could functionally replace that of fmdv. a mutant a24lbrv3dyr fmdv engineered with the brbv l(pro) and an antigenic marker in the 3d polymerase exhibited growth properties and eif4g cleavage similar to parental a24wt virus. the a24lbrv3dyr type i interferon activity in infected bovine cells resembled that of a24ll virus ...201324210112
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