Publications

characterization of rnabp, an rna binding protein that associates with rnase l.	the 2',5'-oligoadenylate (2-5a)/rnase l pathway is one of several enzymatic pathways induced by interferons (ifn). rnase l is a latent endoribonuclease that is activated on its binding by 2-5a and inhibited by the ribonuclease l inhibitor (rli). we have shown previously by coimmunoprecipitation that rnase l may be associated with a 90-kda rna binding protein (rnabp), identified with a monoclonal antibody (mab) raised against an rnase l complex purified under native conditions on 2-5a-sepharose. ...	2000	10926206
picornavirus ireses and the poly(a) tail jointly promote cap-independent translation in a mammalian cell-free system.	in eukaryotic cells, efficient translation of most cellular mrnas requires the synergistic interplay between the m7gpppn cap structure and the poly(a) tail during initiation. we have developed and characterized a cell-free system from human hela cells that recapitulates this important feature, displaying more than one order of magnitude of translational synergism between the cap structure and the poly(a) tail. the stimulation of cap-dependent translation by the poly(a) tail is length-dependent, ...	2000	11142378
activation of translation in pituitary gonadotrope cells by gonadotropin-releasing hormone.	the neuropeptide gnrh is a central regulator of mammalian reproductive function produced by a dispersed population of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons. the principal action of gnrh is to regulate release of the gonadotropins, lh and fsh, by the gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary. using a cultured cell model of mouse pituitary gonadotrope cells, alphat3-1 cells, we present evidence that gnrh stimulation of alphat3-1 cells results in an increase in cap-dependent mrna translation. gnrh ...	2000	11075814
effect of interleukin-18 on viral myocarditis: enhancement of interferon- gamma and natural killer cell activity.	encephalomyocarditis virus causes viral myocarditis with myocyte necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in mice. because previous studies have shown that some cytokines prevent the sequelae of myocarditis, we assessed the effect of a newly identified cytokine, interleukin-18 (il-18), in preventing the sequelae of myocarditis. murine il-18 (10 microg/day/mouse) was given peritoneally for 10 days in c3h mice infected with emc virus. mice were divided into group il-18 (infected-treated), salin ...	2000	11112992
suppression of interferon-induced antiviral activity in cells expressing hepatitis c virus proteins.	to elucidate the mechanism of the persistent nature of hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection, we examined whether the expression of hcv proteins affect the antiviral activity of interferon (ifn). antiviral activity of ifn in hepg2 cells expressing all hcv (type 1b) proteins was much lower than vector control (vc) hepg2 cells when encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) was used as a challenge virus. lesser sensitivity to ifn was also observed in cells expressing ns3, ns4, and ns5 and in cells expressing o ...	2000	11152578
spectrum of virus inhibition by consensus interferon ym643.	the spectrum of viruses inhibited by a genetically engineered consensus interferon (ifn) ym643 (interferon alfacon-1) was evaluated using a cytopathic effect inhibition assay or plaque inhibition assay for five dna viruses and 12 rna viruses. this activity was compared to that of natural ifn-alpha derived from namalwa lymphoblastoid cell line [ifn-alpha (namalwa)]. the viruses inhibited by both ifns were herpesvirus types 1 and 2, human cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, vesicular stomatit ...	2000	11142632
functional characterization of the emcv ires in plants.	the translation of eukaryotic messenger rna is typically dependent upon the presence of an m7gpppn cap structure at the 5' end of the transcript. however, several animal viruses, including the picorna viruses, have been shown to exhibit cap-independent translation through the presence of an internal ribosome entry site or ires. this ires-mediated cap-independent internal translation initiation has been exploited to generate bicistronic transcripts that function in animal cells. recently ires ele ...	2000	11123797
evidence for mimicry by viral antigens in animal models of autoimmune disease including myocarditis.	molecular mimicry of viral antigens with self determinants has been proposed as one of the pathogenic mechanisms in autoimmune disease. evidence of viral mimicry in animal models of autoimmunity is accumulating. murine adenovirus, semliki forest virus, lactate dehydrogenase-elevating virus, herpes simplex virus type-1, hepatitis b virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, coxsackievirus and cytomegalovirus have been found to mimic physiologically important host ...	2000	11130455
adenoviral gene transfer of a u-pa receptor-binding plasmin inhibitor and green fluorescent protein: inhibition of migration and visualization of expression.	smooth muscle cell migration plays a role in the development of intimal hyperplasia. given the established role of the plasminogen activation system in cell migration, an approach to therapy is to overexpress an inhibitor of plasmin. therefore, an adenoviral vector was constructed encoding the hybrid protein atf.bpti, which contains the active domain of bovine pancreas trypsin inhibitor (bpti), fused to atf, the amino terminal fragment or receptor-binding domain of u-pa. adenoviral vectors expre ...	2000	11019972
development of a rubella virus vaccine expression vector: use of a picornavirus internal ribosome entry site increases stability of expression.	rubella virus (rub) is a small plus-strand rna virus classified in the rubivirus genus of the family togaviridae. live, attenuated rub vaccines have been successfully used in vaccination programs for over 25 years, making rub an attractive vaccine vector. in this study, such a vector was constructed using a recently developed rub infectious cdna clone (robo). using a standard strategy employed to produce expression and vaccine vectors with other togaviruses, the subgenomic promoter was duplicate ...	2000	11044128
new ultradeformable drug carriers for potential transdermal application of interleukin-2 and interferon-alpha: theoretic and practical aspects.	transfersomes (tfs) are highly deformable hydrophilic lipid vesicles that are able to penetrate the skin barrier spontaneously because of their characteristics. transfersomes are able to transport noninvasively low- and high-molecular-weight molecules into the body. we describe the formulation and several biologic characteristics of interleukin-2 (il-2)- and interferon-alpha (ifnalpha )-containing tfs. tfs contain natural phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholate. recombinant human il-2 and human h ...	2000	11071458
analysis of the c-myc ires; a potential role for cell-type specific trans-acting factors and the nuclear compartment.	the 5' utr of c -myc mrna contains an internal ribo-some entry segment (ires) and consequently, c -myc mrnas can be translated by the alternative mechanism of internal ribosome entry. however, there is also some evidence suggesting that c -myc mrna translation can occur via the conventional cap-dependent scanning mechanism. using both bicistronic and monocistronic mrnas containing the c- myc 5' utr, we demonstrate that both mechanisms can contribute to c- myc protein synthesis. a wide range of c ...	2000	10637319
polypyrimidine tract-binding protein inhibits translation of bip mrna.	translation initiation of human bip mrna is directed by an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) located in the 5' non-translated region. no trans-acting factor possibly involved in this process has as of yet been identified. for the encephalomyocarditis virus and other picornaviruses, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb) has been found to enhance the translation through ires elements, probably by interaction with the ires structure. here, we report that ptb specifically binds to the centra ...	2000	11080450
immunoglobulin treatment ameliorates murine myocarditis associated with reduction of neurohumoral activity and improvement of extracellular matrix change.	we examined effects of immunoglobulin on murine myocarditis induced by encephalomyocarditis virus, not pathogenic to humans, and analyzed the plasma cytokine and catecholamine levels and the changes of the extracellular matrix with or without the treatment.	2000	11092674
ires-dependent second gene expression is significantly lower than cap-dependent first gene expression in a bicistronic vector.	the internal ribosome entry site (ires) has been widely used to coexpress heterologous gene products by a message from a single promoter. however, little is known about the efficiency of ires-dependent second gene expression in comparison with that of first gene expression. this study was undertaken to characterize the relative expression of ires-dependent second gene in a bicistronic vector, which was derived from the 5' untranslated regions of the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv). ires-depend ...	2000	10933956
the efficiency of different iress (internal ribosomes entry site) in monocistronic mrnas.	the ires from poliovirus and from encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) added between the cap and the aug initiator codon were strong inhibitors of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene expression in three different cell types. the poliovirus ires also inhibited bgh (bovine growth hormone) cdna expression in the hc11 mammary cell line when added between the rabbit whey acidic gene promoter and the cdna whereas the htlv-1 ires showed a stimulatory effect in the same situation. rna stem loops were ad ...	2000	10939522
induction of the human protein p56 by interferon, double-stranded rna, or virus infection.	p56 is the most abundant protein induced by interferon (ifn) treatment of human cells. to facilitate studies on its induction pattern and cellular functions, we expressed recombinant p56 as a hexahistidine-tagged protein in escherichia coli and purified it to apparent homogeneity using affinity chromatography. a polyclonal antibody raised against this recombinant protein was used to show that p56 is primarily a cytoplasmic protein. cellular expression of p56 by transfection did not inhibit the r ...	2000	10662616
comparison of bicistronic retroviral vectors containing internal ribosome entry sites (ires) using expression of human interleukin-12 (il-12) as a readout.	many gene therapy applications require the co-ordinated delivery of more than one reading frame. we wished to systematically compare ires in the context of a retroviral vector to determine which was the most effective for protein production and viral titre. to do this we monitored expression of il-12, as co-ordinated expression of both p35 and p40 subunits is required for production of the active heterodimer.	2000	10953915
long-term transgene expression in mice infected with a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant severely impaired for immediate-early gene expression.	the role of viral immediate-early (ie) gene expression in herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) latency was investigated. the hsv-1 multiple mutant in1312, defective for the expression of the virion transactivator vp16 and the ie proteins icp0 and icp4, was used as the parent for these studies. the coding sequences of the escherichia coli lacz gene, preceded by the encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site, were inserted into the region of in1312 that encodes the latency-associated t ...	2000	10623758
prevention of encephalomyocarditis virus-induced diabetes by live recombinant mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin in susceptible mice.	the d variant of encephalomyocarditis (emc-d) virus causes diabetes in susceptible mice by direct cytolysis of pancreatic beta-cells. cdna covering the major outer capsid protein (vp1) of the emc-d virus was cloned into mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guerin (bcg). none of the sjl/j mice immunized with live recombinant bcg-vp1 (rbcg-vp1) became diabetic when challenged with the highly diabetogenic emc-d virus, but the control mice inoculated with normal bcg developed diabetes during the sa ...	2000	10969829
tricistronic and tetracistronic retroviral vectors for gene transfer.	we have combined the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) 2a sequence and the internal ribosome entry sites (ireses) from encephalomyocarditis virus (ecmv) and avian reticuloendotheliosis virus type a (rev-a) to construct tricistronic and tetracistronic vectors. all the polycistronic constructs show high titers and expression of the genes inserted. clones have been obtained in which cells simultaneously express the three or four genes carried by the polycistronic vectors.	2000	10986564
reduction of cardiac endothelin-1 by angiotensin ii type 1 receptor antagonist in viral myocarditis of mice.	renin angiotensin system contributes to activation of circulating endothelin in congestive heart failure. to investigate the effects of angiotensin ii receptor antagonist and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (acei) on the levels of endothelin-1 (et-1), we administered orally angiotensin ii type 1 receptor (at1) antagonist, l-158,809 (ata) (6, 1.2 and 0.12 mg/kg/day), enalapril (1 mg/kg/day) and captopril (7.5 mg/kg/day) for 14 days to mice with viral myocarditis, beginning 7 days after e ...	2000	10993124
the murine double-stranded rna-dependent protein kinase pkr is required for resistance to vesicular stomatitis virus.	interferon (ifn)-induced antiviral responses are mediated through a variety of proteins, including the double-stranded rna-dependent protein kinase pkr. here we show that fibroblasts derived from pkr(-/-) mice are more permissive for vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) infection than are wild-type fibroblasts and demonstrate a deficiency in alpha/beta-ifn-mediated protection. we further show that mice lacking pkr are extremely susceptible to intranasal vsv infection, succumbing within days after in ...	2000	11000229
high-level synthesis of human prolactin in chinese-hamster ovary cells.	two eukaryotic human prolactin (hprl) expression vectors, based on a selectable dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) marker, were used to transfect dhfr(-) chinese- hamster ovary (cho) cells. one vector, p658-hprl, contains the hepatitis-b virus-x cdna coding for a viral transactivator and sequences mediating dhfr mrna degradation. the other, peddc-hprl, carries the encephalomyocarditis virus leader sequence coupled to hprl cdna to provide high-level protein expression, possibly via a mechanism of int ...	2000	11001873
cell growth regulatory and antiviral effects of the p69 isozyme of 2-5 (a) synthetase.	among the many interferon-induced proteins that carry out multiple cellular functions of interferons is the family of enzymes called 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetases. we examined the anticellular and antiviral activities of a specific member of that family, the p69 isozyme. p69 was expressed in human cells by transfection and shown to be localized primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum. for further studies, permanent cell lines expressing different levels of p69 or an enzymatically inactive muta ...	2000	10639318
highly cited article published in the veterinary quarterly in 1991.	in early 1991, the dutch pig industry was struck by the so-called mystery swine disease. large-scale laboratory investigations were undertaken to search for the aetiological agent. we focused on isolating viruses and mycoplasmas, and we tested paired sera of affected sows for antibodies against ten known pig viruses. the mycoplasmas m. hysonoviae, m. hyopneumoniae, and acheloplasma laidlawii, and the viruses encephalomyocarditis virus and porcine enterovirus types 2 and 7 were isolated from indi ...	2000	10952439
inherent instability of poliovirus genomes containing two internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements supports a role for the ires in encapsidation.	previous studies have described poliovirus genomes in which the internal ribosome entry (ires) for encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) is positioned between the p1 and p2-p3 open reading frames of the poliovirus genome. although these dicistronic poliovirus genomes were replication competent, most exhibited evidence of genetic instability, and the emcv ires was deleted upon serial passage. one possible reason for instability of the genome is that the dicistronic genome was at least 108% larger tha ...	2000	10954532
effect of deficiency of the double-stranded rna-dependent protein kinase, pkr, on antiviral resistance in the presence or absence of ribonuclease l: hsv-1 replication is particularly sensitive to deficiency of the major ifn-mediated enzymes.	control of viral replication by interferon (ifn) is thought to be principally mediated by the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (oas)/rnase l, double-stranded dependent protein kinase (pkr), and myxovirus resistance protein (mx) pathways. in this study, we monitored the constitutive and ifn-induced antiviral activity in mouse embryo fibroblasts lines derived from mice with targeted disruption of either pkr or pkr/rnase l genes. at high multiplicity of infection (moi = 10), the absence of pkr had n ...	2000	10926208
activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-jun nh(2)-terminal kinase by double-stranded rna and encephalomyocarditis virus: involvement of rnase l, protein kinase r, and alternative pathways.	double-stranded rna (dsrna) accumulates in virus-infected mammalian cells and signals the activation of host defense pathways of the interferon system. we describe here a novel form of dsrna-triggered signaling that leads to the stimulation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 mapk) and the c-jun nh(2)-terminal kinase (jnk) and of their respective activators mkk3/6 and sek1/mkk4. the dsrna-dependent signaling to p38 mapk was largely intact in cells lacking both rnase l and the dsrna- ...	2000	10611240
substitutions in the aspartate transcarbamoylase domain of hamster cad disrupt oligomeric structure.	aspartate transcarbamoylase (atcase; ec 2.1.3.2) is one of three enzymatic domains of cad, a protein whose native structure is usually a hexamer of identical subunits. alanine substitutions for the atcase residues asp-90 and arg-269 were generated in a bicistronic vector that encodes a 6-histidine-tagged hamster cad. stably transfected mammalian cells expressing high levels of cad were easily isolated and cad purification was simplified over previous procedures. the substitutions reduce the atca ...	2000	10618377
a 9-nt segment of a cellular mrna can function as an internal ribosome entry site (ires) and when present in linked multiple copies greatly enhances ires activity.	this study addresses the properties of a newly identified internal ribosome entry site (ires) contained within the mrna of the homeodomain protein gtx. sequential deletions of the 5' untranslated region (utr) from either end did not define distinct ires boundaries; when five nonoverlapping utr fragments were tested, four had ires activity. these observations are consistent with other cellular ires analyses suggesting that some cellular ireses are composed of segments (ires modules) that independ ...	2000	10677496
a simple purification and fluorescent assay method of the poliovirus 3c protease searching for specific inhibitors.	picornaviruses such as poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and encephalomyocarditis virus produce their proteins by translating their genomic rna, injected within the host cell, into a precursor polyprotein, which is then subjected to precise processing. the polyprotein is cleaved into mature proteins predominantly by the viral 3c protease. a simple purification and assay method for poliovirus 3c protease for use for screening for inhibitors of the 3c protease is described. a poliovirus cd ...	2000	10680961
mengovirus and encephalomyocarditis virus poly(c) tract lengths can affect virus growth in murine cell culture.	many virulent aphthoviruses and cardioviruses have long homopolymeric poly(c) tracts in the 5' untranslated regions of their rna genomes. a panel of genetically engineered mengo-type cardioviruses has been described which contain a variety of different poly(c) tract lengths. studies of these viruses have shown the poly(c) tract to be dispensable for growth in hela cells, although the relative murine virulence of the viruses correlates directly and positively with tract length. compared with wild ...	2000	10708422
broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the imp dehydrogenase inhibitor vx-497: a comparison with ribavirin and demonstration of antiviral additivity with alpha interferon.	the enzyme imp dehydrogenase (impdh) catalyzes an essential step in the de novo biosynthesis of guanine nucleotides, namely, the conversion of imp to xmp. the major event occurring in cells exposed to competitive impdh inhibitors such as ribavirin or uncompetitive inhibitors such as mycophenolic acid (mpa) is a depletion of the intracellular gtp and dgtp pools. ribavirin is approved as an inhaled antiviral agent for treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection and orally, in combinat ...	2000	10722482
expression of cytokines in bacterial and viral infections and their biochemical aspects.	cytokines are very important in the host defense system, and play a critical role in protection against bacterial and viral infections. cytokines are also involved in the pathogenesis and development of symptoms in infections. in this article, helicobacter pylori (h. pylori) infection as bacterial infection, and influenza virus infection, encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection, and herpes simplex virus (hsv) infection as viral infection are mentioned. in h. pylori infection, various chemoki ...	2000	10739941
the tyrosine kinase p56lck is essential in coxsackievirus b3-mediated heart disease.	infections are thought to be important in the pathogenesis of many heart diseases. coxsackievirus b3 (cvb3) has been linked to chronic dilated cardiomyopathy, a common cause of progressive heart disease, heart failure and sudden death. we show here that the sarcoma (src) family kinase lck (p56lck) is required for efficient cvb3 replication in t-cell lines and for viral replication and persistence in vivo. whereas infection of wild-type mice with human pathogenic cvb3 caused acute and very severe ...	2000	10742150
pasteurized, monoclonal antibody factor viii concentrate: establishing a new standard for purity and viral safety of plasma-derived concentrates.	a factor viii concentrate (monoclate-p) manufactured using a combination of pasteurization and immunoaffinity chromatography has been chosen to compare and contrast manufacturing aspects of plasma-derived factor viii concentrates. pasteurization is a virucidal method with a long safety record in clinical practice, while immuno-affinity chromatography selectively isolates and purifies the procoagulant protein of factor viii, and partitions potential viral contaminants and nonessential proteins to ...	2000	10759015
chloroquine enhances viral replication and murine disease.		2000	10761717
characterization and transduction of a retroviral vector encoding human interleukin-4 and herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase for glioma tumor vaccine therapy.	vaccination with cytokine-transduced tumor cells represents a potentially important approach to the treatment of central nervous system tumors. we have recently demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of tumor cell vaccines expressing the murine interleukin 4 (il-4) and the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase in a rat brain tumor model in which nonirradiated vaccine cells can be eliminated by the subsequent administration of ganciclovir. in this report, we demonstrate the construction and charac ...	2000	10766355
expression from the herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated promoter in the murine central nervous system.	herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) establishes latency in neurones of both the central (cns) and peripheral nervous system and can be used to drive long-term expression of the lacz reporter gene by insertion of an encephalomyocarditis virus ires-linked gene 1.5 kb downstream of the latency-associated transcript (lat) start site. however, the kinetics of lat promoter (lap) activity, and its ability to function in all neuronal types within the cns has not been studied in detail. in order to addre ...	2000	10675402
immunohistochemical detection of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) antigen in the heart of experimentally infected piglets.	seven 40-day-old piglets were inoculated with encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) strain 424/90, isolated from an outbreak of the myocardial form of the disease in greece. two non-infected animals were used as controls. of the seven inoculated piglets, five died suddenly on day 1.5, 2 (two piglets), 2.5 or 4 post-inoculation (p.i. ). the remaining two and the control piglets were killed on day 8 p. i. emcv antigen was detected immunohistochemically in endothelial cells of capillaries from 1.5 to 2 ...	2000	10805976
serosurvey for selected infectious disease agents in free-ranging black and white rhinoceros in africa.	two hundred and eighty one serum samples collected from free-ranging black (diceros bicornis) and white (ceratotherium simum) rhinoceros, in the republic of south africa (rsa), namibia, and kenya from 1987-97, were examined for antibody to 16 different infectious agents. positive antibody titers were detected against akabane (59.8%), bluetongue (55%), african horse sickness (27.9%), epizootic haemorrhagic disease of deer (19.4%), parainfluenza type 3 (25.3%), bovine herpes virus 1 (3.1%), equine ...	2000	10813614
expression of hepatitis c virus proteins interferes with the antiviral action of interferon independently of pkr-mediated control of protein synthesis.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) of genotype 1 is the most resistant to interferon (ifn) therapy. here, we have analyzed the response to ifn of the human cell line uhcv-11 engineered to inducibly express the entire hcv genotype 1a polyprotein. ifn-treated, induced uhcv cells were found to better support the growth of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) than ifn-treated, uninduced cells. this showed that expression of the hcv proteins allowed the development of a partial resistance to the antiviral action o ...	2000	10823866
oral administration of branched chain amino acids improves virus-induced glucose intolerance in mice.	we investigated the therapeutic effect of branched chain amino acids (bcaa) on mice with glucose intolerance induced by encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv). male dba/2 mice were divided into three groups: treated with bcaa, (such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine), untreated, and control. bcaa-treated and -untreated groups were inoculated intraperitoneally with the ndk25 variant of emcv at 200 plaque-forming units per mouse. the bcaa-treated group was administered orally 0.9 g/kg/day of each bcaa ...	2000	10862831
construction of a recombinant adeno-associated virus (raav) vector expressing murine interleukin-12 (il-12).	il-12 is a heterodimeric cytokine that is known to induce tumor regression and long-term antitumor immunity. recombinant adeno-associated virus (raav) vectors are advantageous for gene therapy in that they lack pathogenicity in humans, infect dividing as well as nondividing cells, and show a broad range of infectivity. we constructed an raav vector expressing interleukin-12 (il-12) for cancer immunotherapy studies in a mouse model by inserting murine il-12 (mil-12) p35 and p40 cdnas into the pla ...	2000	10770641
expression and biological activity of two recombinant polypeptides related to subunit 1 of the interferon-alpha receptor.	abnormal production of interferon alpha (ifn-alpha) has been found in certain autoimmune diseases and can be also observed after prolonged therapy with ifn-alpha. ifn-alpha can contribute to the pathogenesis of allograft rejection in bone marrow transplants. therefore, the development of ifn-alpha inhibitors as a soluble receptor protein may be valuable for the therapeutic control of these diseases. we have expressed two polypeptides encoding amino acids 93-260 (p1) and 261-410 (p2) of the extra ...	2000	10881052
evaluation and validation of virus removal by ultrafiltration during the production of diaspirin crosslinked haemoglobin (dclhb).	virus retention during ultrafiltration through a/g technology filter cartridges was investigated to characterize the removal process and validate the degree of virus titre reduction during the filtration of red blood cell haemolysates performed as part of the production of diaspirin crosslinked haemoglobin (dclhb). when viruses were suspended in phosphate buffered saline solution, retention was greater with larger sized viruses and smaller filter pore size. virus titre was maintained at starting ...	2000	10885615
fibroblast growth factor 2 internal ribosome entry site (ires) activity ex vivo and in transgenic mice reveals a stringent tissue-specific regulation.	fibroblast growth factor 2 (fgf-2) is a powerful mitogen involved in proliferation, differentiation, and survival of various cells including neurons. fgf-2 expression is translationally regulated; in particular, the fgf-2 mrna contains an internal ribosome entry site (ires) allowing cap-independent translation. here, we have analyzed fgf-2 ires tissue specificity ex vivo and in vivo by using a dual luciferase bicistronic vector. this ires was active in most transiently transfected human and nonh ...	2000	10893274
physical association of eukaryotic initiation factor 4g (eif4g) with eif4a strongly enhances binding of eif4g to the internal ribosomal entry site of encephalomyocarditis virus and is required for internal initiation of translation.	mammalian eukaryotic initiation factor 4gi (eif4gi) may be divided into three similarly sized regions. the central region (amino acids [aa] 613 to 1090) binds eif3, eif4a, and the encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) internal ribosomal entry site (ires) and mediates initiation on this rna. we identified the regions of eif4gi that are responsible for its specific interaction with the ires and that are required to mediate 48s complex formation on the ires in vitro. mutational analysis demarcated the ...	2000	10913184
the rna encompassing the internal ribosome entry site in the poliovirus 5' nontranslated region enhances the encapsidation of genomic rna.	poliovirus replicons were constructed which contain the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) substituted for the poliovirus ires. to monitor gene expression and encapsidation, the gene encoding firefly luciferase was substituted for the p1 gene. replicons can be encapsidated following serial passage in the presence of a recombinant vaccinia virus, vv-p1, which expresses the poliovirus p1 protein following infection. encapsidation of the wild-type replicon (pv- ...	2000	10915610
cap-poly(a) synergy in mammalian cell-free extracts. investigation of the requirements for poly(a)-mediated stimulation of translation initiation.	the 5' cap and 3' poly(a) tail of eukaryotic mrnas cooperate to stimulate synergistically translation initiation in vivo, a phenomenon observed to date in vitro only in translation systems containing endogenous competitor mrnas. here we describe nuclease-treated rabbit reticulocyte lysates and hela cell cytoplasmic extracts that reproduce cap-poly(a) synergy in the absence of such competitor rnas. extracts were rendered poly(a)-dependent by ultracentrifugation to partially deplete them of riboso ...	2000	10922367
high doses of digitalis increase the myocardial production of proinflammatory cytokines and worsen myocardial injury in viral myocarditis: a possible mechanism of digitalis toxicity.	results of recent studies suggest that proinflammatory cytokines cause myocardial contractile dysfunction, and that the drugs used to treat heart failure modulate the production of cytokines. this study was designed to examine the effects of digoxin in a murine model of heart failure induced by viral myocarditis. four-week-old inbred dba/2 mice were inoculated intraperitoneally with encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv). digoxin was given orally in doses of 0.1, 1 or 10 mg/kg daily from the day of v ...	1999	10614837
a comparative study of the pathogenic properties and transmissibility of a greek and a belgian encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) for piglets.	thirteen susceptible piglets, aged 40 days, were divided into two groups and were experimentally infected either with a greek (myocardial) or a belgian (reproductive) encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) strain (total dose 5 x 10(6) tcid50, intramuscularly and intranasally). six piglets were placed in the same rooms, 24 h later, as contact controls. the following criteria were studied: ante mortem: clinical signs, serum cardiac isoenzyme activities (ck-mb and ld-1), viraemia, nasal and faecal virus ...	1999	10596802
dicistronic gene expression in developing zebrafish.	internal ribosome entry sites (iress) allow ribosomal access to messenger rna without a requirement for cap recognition and subsequent scanning to an initiator aug. hence, iress have been adapted into dicistronic vectors for the expression of more than one gene from a single mrna. dicistronic vectors have been used for many applications in mammalian tissue culture and transgenesis. however, whether the iress from mammalian viruses function without temporal or spatial restrictions in nonmammalian ...	1999	10612680
identification and characterization of a protein destruction signal in the encephalomyocarditis virus 3c protease.	the amino acid sequence llvrgrtlvv, which is probably located in a strand-turn-strand structure, has been identified as a protein destruction signal in the rapidly degraded encephalomyocarditis virus 3c protease. mutations within this sequence reduced the susceptibility of the 3c protease toward ubiquitination and degradation in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. this signal is transferable, since poliovirus 3c protease, which is a poor ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic system substrate, was found to be u ...	1999	10092679
targeted overexpression of elafin protects mice against cardiac dysfunction and mortality following viral myocarditis.	serine elastases degrade elastin, stimulate vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, and are associated with myocardial damage. to evaluate the impact of elastase inhibition on cardiovascular development and disease, transgenic mice were created in which the mouse preproendothelin-1 promoter was used to target elafin overexpression to the cardiovascular system. to distinguish the transgene from endogenous elafin, constructs were made incorporating a flag sequence; the cooh-termin ...	1999	10207173
efficient bicistronic expression of cre in mammalian cells.	cre recombinase-mediated dna recombination is proving to be a powerful technique for the generation of mosaic mutant mice. to develop this technology further, we have altered the cre gene to enhance its expression in mammalian cells and have tested its efficiency of expression in a bicistronic message. using a transient transfection assay, we found that the extension of a eukaryotic translation initiation consensus sequence, the insertion of two n-terminal amino acids, and the mutation of a cryp ...	1999	10198442
increased severity of viral myocarditis in mice lacking lymphocyte maturation.	the role of lymphocytes in the pathogenesis of viral myocarditis is controversial. to better understand how lymphocyte maturation controls a virus-induced myocarditic process, a murine model of viral myocarditis was utilized. encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) was inoculated intraperitoneally into three kinds of mice; virus-susceptible c57bl/6, virus-resistant 129/sv and recombination activity gene (rag)-2 knockout 129/sv mice. the rag2 participate in the maturity of t and b lymphocytes. survival ...	1999	10077396
transient gene expression in mammalian and mosquito cells using a recombinant semliki forest virus expressing t7 rna polymerase.	in this report, we describe a novel recombinant semliki forest virus (sfv) expressing t7 rna polymerase (t7-rp), which was shown to drive transient expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat) gene in mammalian and mosquito cells after transfection of plasmids carrying the reporter gene under the control of the t7 promoter. to our knowledge, this is the first description of a t7-rp-based expression in mosquito cells. expression of the cat gene was significantly enhanced in mammalian ...	1999	10645625
the expression of both domains of the 69/71 kda 2',5' oligoadenylate synthetase generates a catalytically active enzyme and mediates an anti-viral response.	the 2',5' oligoadenylate synthetase (oas) represents a family of interferon-induced proteins which, when activated by double-stranded (ds) rna, polymerizes atp into 2',5'-linked oligomers with the general formula pppa(2'p5'a)n, where n >/= 1. the 69-kda form of human oas has two isoforms (p69 and p71) that are identical for their first 683 amino acids and consist of two homologous and adjacent domains, each homologous to the small 40-kda oas. here, we demonstrate that mrna species specific for t ...	1999	10231377
expression of heterologous genes from an ires translational cassette in replication competent murine leukemia virus vectors.	we describe replication competent retroviruses capable of expressing heterologous genes during multiple rounds of infection. an internal ribosome entry site (ires) from encephalomyocarditis virus was inserted in the u3 region of akv- and sl3-3-murine leukemia viruses (mlv) to direct translation of neo or the enhanced green fluorescence protein gene (egfp). akv-mlv's with ires-neo and ires-egfp cassettes replicated with titers of about 10(6) infectious units/ml while sl3-3-mlv with ires-neo gave ...	1999	10548723
interaction of hepatitis c virus core protein with viral sense rna and suppression of its translation.	to clarify the binding properties of hepatitis c virus (hcv) core protein and its viral rna for the encapsidation, morphogenesis, and replication of hcv, the specific interaction of hcv core protein with its genomic rna synthesized in vitro was examined in an in vivo system. the positive-sense rna from the 5' end to nucleotide (nt) 2327, which covers the 5' untranslated region (5'utr) and a part of the coding region of hcv structural proteins, interacted with hcv core protein, while no interacti ...	1999	10559281
baculovirus stimulates antiviral effects in mammalian cells.	herein, we report that autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus, a member of the baculoviridae family, is capable of stimulating antiviral activity in mammalian cells. baculoviruses are not pathogenic to mammalian cells. nevertheless, live baculovirus is shown here to induce interferons (ifn) from murine and human cell lines and induces in vivo protection of mice from encephalomyocarditis virus infection. monoclonal antibodies specific for the baculovirus envelope gp67 neutralize baculovirus- ...	1999	10559307
la protein is required for efficient translation driven by encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosomal entry site.	translation of internal ribosomal entry site (ires)-dependent mrnas is mediated by rna-binding proteins as well as canonical translation factors. in order to elucidate the roles of rna-binding proteins in ires-dependent translation, the role of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb) and la protein in encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) ires-dependent translation was investigated. ptb was required for efficient emcv ires-driven translation but, intriguingly, an excess of ptb suppressed it. such ...	1999	10567647
defective induction of the transcription factor interferon-stimulated gene factor-3 and interferon alpha insensitivity in human trophoblast cells.	during pregnancy, trophoblast cells of the placenta contact maternal immune cells and yet are protected from attack. one mechanism that may account for this is that trophoblasts show altered expression of major histocompatibility complex (mhc) antigens. the gene for human leukocyte antigen g (hla-g), a nonclassical gene, is expressed at high levels in trophoblast. unlike other mhc class i genes, the hla-g gene lacks an interferon (ifn) response element. moreover, we demonstrate here that ifn, wh ...	1999	9915996
use of an internal ribosome entry site for bicistronic expression of cre recombinase or rtta transactivator.	conditional gene targeting depends on tissue and time specificity of recombination events. endogenous promoters are often used to drive various transgenic constructs. to avoid the problems associated with reconstituting a specific expression pattern in transgenic animals by this method, we tested the internal ribosome entry site of the encephalomyocarditis virus, to enable linkage of the cre recombinase or rtta trans-activator to 3' untranslated ends of endogenous genes. here we report that thes ...	1999	10037820
heat stress aggravates viral myocarditis in mice.	while a beneficial effect of hyperthermia on viral infection has been hypothesized, there are no data on viral myocarditis in vivo. to investigate whether hyperthermia might attenuate the course or severity of viral myocarditis, we studied the pathological changes in a murine model of viral myocarditis. c3h mice were inoculated i.p. with the encephalomyocarditis virus (500 pfu). they were anesthetized and heated to a body temperature of 42.5+/-0.2 degrees c for 30 min. the latter was performed 4 ...	1999	10069487
differential utilization of poly(rc) binding protein 2 in translation directed by picornavirus ires elements.	the translation of picornavirus genomic rnas occurs by a cap-independent mechanism that requires the formation of specific ribonucleoprotein complexes involving host cell factors and highly structured regions of picornavirus 5' noncoding regions known as internal ribosome entry sites (ires). although a number of cellular proteins have been shown to be involved in picornavirus rna translation, the precise role of these factors in picornavirus internal ribosome entry is not understood. in this rep ...	1999	10606268
pimobendan inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines and gene expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in a murine model of viral myocarditis.	this study was designed to examine the effects of pimobendan in a murine model of viral myocarditis in relation to proinflammatory cytokine production and nitric oxide (no) synthesis by inducible no synthase (inos) in the heart.	1999	10193745
a mechanism for selective induction of 2'-5' oligoadenylate synthetase, anti-viral state, but not mhc class i genes by interferon-beta in neurons.	interferon-inducible expression of major histocompatibility class i genes has previously been found to be quantitatively and functionally deficient in neurons compared to other somatic cells or other neural cell types including astrocytes. this deficiency is a key component of neuronal immunoprivilege during viral infections of the cns. to the contrary, in the present study, induction of functional antiviral state by ifn-beta in neurons compared to astrocytes was found to be highly efficient wit ...	1999	10321980
pires-cd4t, a dicistronic expression vector for macs- or facs-based selection of transfected cells.	to facilitate the selection of cell lines expressing transfected genes of interest, a plasmid vector has been constructed that directs the co-expression of heterologous cdnas and a 3'-positioned cassette encoding a truncated cd4 marker. an encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosomal entry site (ires) mediates translational initiation from this 3' cassette, and a cytomegalovirus promoter drives dicistronic transcript expression. to test the utility of this vector, a luciferase reporter gene was ...	1999	10343906
interferon action in triply deficient mice reveals the existence of alternative antiviral pathways.	antiviral proteins encoded by the interferon (ifn)-stimulated genes provide a front-line defense against viral infections. in particular, pkr, rnase l, and mx are considered to be the principal proteins through which ifns mount an antiviral state. to determine whether alternative antiviral pathways exist, rnase l-/- mice and pkr-/- mice were crossed onto an mx1(-/-) background to generate a strain of triply deficient (td) mice. after infections with encephalomyocarditis virus, the td mice died 3 ...	1999	10366581
the properties of chimeric picornavirus ireses show that discrimination between internal translation initiation sites is influenced by the identity of the ires and not just the context of the aug codon.	the internal ribosome entry segment (ires) of picornaviruses consists of approximately 450 nt of 5'-untranslated region, terminating at the 3' end with an approximately 25 nt element consisting of an absolutely conserved uuuc motif followed by a more variable pyrimidine-rich tract and g-poor spacer, and finally an aug triplet, which is considered to be the actual ribosome entry site. events following entry at this site differ among picornaviruses: in encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) virtually a ...	1999	10376876
epidemiologic, pathogenic and molecular analysis of recent encephalomyocarditis outbreaks in belgium.	in 1991 emcv was isolated for the first time in belgium from the offspring of a sow with reproductive failure. from august 1995 until december 1996, emcv was diagnosed in 154 belgian pig holdings in association with myocardial failure and sudden death in fatteners and suckling piglets or with reproductive failure in sows. to clarify some epidemiological aspects 3 emcv isolates characteristic for the different clinical pictures and outbreaks were studied. field observations and animal experiments ...	1999	10379232
failure to detect antiviral activity in serum and plasma of healthy individuals displaying high activity in elisa for ifn-alpha and ifn-beta.	the presence of constitutively produced interferon (ifn)-alpha in the blood of healthy individuals has been the subject of contradictory discussions for years. immunologic as well as biologic test procedures have demonstrated striking differences regarding serum ifn-alpha under physiologic conditions. we investigated the presence of immunoreactive ifn-alpha in serum samples of 923 healthy blood donors by means of a widely used commercially available elisa. of these, 254 (27.5%) exhibited detecta ...	1999	10386858
the ns5a protein of hepatitis c virus partially inhibits the antiviral activity of interferon.	the non-structural protein 5a (ns5a) of some hepatitis c virus (hcv) isolates has been implicated in the inhibition of the antiviral activity of interferon (ifn). in the present study, the possible inhibitory effects of ns5a from two isolates of hcv subtype 1b, hcv-1bjk and m094ajk, and their chimeric form on the antiviral activity of ifn were examined. hcv-1bjk and m094ajk are categorized as ifn resistant and ifn sensitive, respectively, based on the sequences of the ifn-sensitivity determining ...	1999	10211956
affinity purification of recombinant interferon-alpha on a mimetic ligand adsorbent.	a method for improved refolding and purification of recombinant human interferon-alpha (rh-ifn-alpha) from inclusion bodies is described. the optimal conditions of refolding were obtained by the addition of 0.5 m l-arginine to the refolding buffer. the rh-ifn-alpha was purified to near homogeneity utilizing a single-step chromatography on a mimetic dye-ligand matrix. improved refolding, coupled to a single-column affinity purification strategy, resulted in a 10-fold increase in the yield of rh-i ...	1999	10049681
murine viruses in an island population of introduced house mice and endemic short-tailed mice in western australia.	house mice (mus domesticus) were recently introduced to thevenard island, off the northwest coast of western australia. this island is also habitat for an endangered native rodent, the short-tailed mouse (leggadina lakedownensis). concerns have been raised that house mice may pose a threat to l. lakedownensis both through competition and as a source of infection. to assess the threat to l. lakedownensis posed by viral pathogens from m. domesticus, a serological survey was conducted from 1994 to ...	1999	10231757
genetically engineered mengo virus vaccination of multiple captive wildlife species.	encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv), has caused the deaths of many species of animals in zoological parks and research institutions. the audubon park zoo, (new orleans, louisiana, usa) attempted vaccination of several species with a killed emcv vaccine with mixed results. this paper reports an attempt at vaccination against emcv using a genetically engineered, live attenuated mengo virus (vmc0) at the audubon park zoo and miami metro zoo, (miami, florida, usa) from december 1996 to june 1997. seve ...	1999	10231768
phylogenetic analysis of european encephalomyocarditis viruses: comparison of two genomic regions.	the phylogenetic relationships of encephalomyocarditis (emc) viruses isolated from pigs and rodents in europe were determined by comparison of nucleotide sequences from two different regions of the virus genome, the vp3/vp1 gene junction (part of the capsid-coding region) and part of the 3d polymerase-coding region. thirty-five european emc viruses could be divided into two genetic groups, one which contained viruses from greece isolated between 1986 and 1997 and from belgium in 1991 and the oth ...	1999	10416373
construction and characterization of a recombinant adenoviral vector expressing human interleukin-12.	interleukin-12 (il-12) is a 70-kda heterodimeric cytokine composed of a 35-kda subunit (p35) and a 40-kda subunit (p40). we have demonstrated previously that intratumoral delivery of a recombinant adenoviral vector expressing the mouse il-12 gene significantly prolongs the survival time of mice with metastatic colon carcinoma in the liver. we now report the molecular cloning of cdna for both subunits of human il-12 (hil-12) in a recombinant adenoviral vector in which the p40 and p35 subunits are ...	1999	10419056
bicistronic retroviral vectors for combining myeloprotection with cell-surface marking.	we have developed a retroviral vector coexpressing the multidrug-resistance 1 (mdr1) cdna for inducing cancer drug resistance and the truncated version of the low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (deltalngfr) for cell-surface marking of transduced cells. the vector is based on the fmev backbone which mediates high levels of gene expression in hematopoietic cells. to achieve optimal expression levels of both cdnas, untranslated regions from mdr1 and deltalngfr were removed and three differen ...	1999	10455430
acceleration of viral replication and up-regulation of cytokine levels by antimalarials: implications in malaria-endemic areas.	antimalarial drugs are widely used in malaria endemic areas, both for chemoprophylaxis and also empirically to treat patients presenting with fever. previously, we have reported that chloroquine enhances the severity of semliki forest virus (sfv) and encephalomyocarditis virus infection. the studies presented herein show that a broad spectrum of antimalarial drugs augmented the replication of sfv in mice, concomitant with greater tissue damage and up-regulation of mrna levels of various inflamma ...	1999	10463664
mucosal cytokine therapy: marked antiviral and antitumor activity.	mucosal administration of the th1 stimulatory cytokines interleukin-2 (il-2), il-12, il-15, il-18, or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (gm-csf) induced antiviral activity in mice challenged systemically with a lethal dose of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) similar to that observed following parenteral administration. in contrast, mucosal administration of the th2 stimulatory cytokines il-4, il-5, il-10, or il-13 did not affect significantly the survival of emcv-infected animals ...	1999	10476938
treatment of experimental viral myocarditis with interleukin-10.	the t helper cell type 2-associated cytokine interleukin (il)-10 has a variety of immunomodulatory properties. however, the effects of the cytokine on viral myocarditis remain unclear.	1999	10477536
virus reduction in the preparation of intravenous immune globulin: in vitro experiments.	while immune globulins for intravenous administration (igiv) have an excellent record with respect to virus safety, concern regarding these preparations has been raised by reports of transmission of hepatitis c virus (hcv) to patients treated with igiv and the presence of genetic material for hcv in igiv preparations.	1999	10204586
[para-aminobenzoic acid--an interferon inducer].	para-aminobenzoic acid (paba) was shown to be an early type interferon inductor. paba (10 micrograms/ml) induced interferon production in vitro in the cells of human peripheral blood and in vivo in albino mice (10 mg/kg). the results of the study suggested that paba was able to induce production of interferon-alpha/beta in various immunocyte populations. by its interferonogenic activity paba was comparable with the known interferon inductors. one of the mechanisms of the previously described in ...	1999	10483491
the interferon-inducible 204 gene, a member of the ifi 200 family, is not involved in the antiviral state induction by ifn-alpha, but is required by the mouse cytomegalovirus for its replication.	to examine whether ifi 200 genes are involved in antiviral state induction by ifns we expressed mutant forms capable of inactivating the endogenous p204 and analyzed replication of both rna and dna viruses following ifn-alpha treatment. inactivation of p204 does not impair replication of vesicular stomatitis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus, ectromelia virus, and herpes simplex virus 1 and does not alter an ifn-alpha induced antiviral state. by contrast, in cells lacking functional p204, mouse ...	1999	10489335
the structures of picornaviral proteinases.	picornaviruses are a family of positive-strand rna viruses the members of which include poliovirus, hepatitis a virus, rhinovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus and encephalomyocarditis virus. the genetic information contained in the single-stranded, positive sense rna genome is expressed as a single protein of around 2000 amino acids. this primary product of protein synthesis, designated the polyprotein, is subsequently cleaved into the mature viral proteins by proteinases present within it. the ...	1999	10507325
picornavirus internal ribosome entry site elements target rna cleavage events induced by the herpes simplex virus virion host shutoff protein.	the herpes simplex virus (hsv) virion host shutoff (vhs) protein (ul41 gene product) is a component of the hsv virion tegument that triggers shutoff of host protein synthesis and accelerated mrna degradation during the early stages of hsv infection. vhs displays weak amino acid sequence similarity to the fen-1 family of nucleases and suffices to induce accelerated rna turnover through endoribonucleolytic cleavage events when it is expressed as the only hsv protein in a rabbit reticulocyte in vit ...	1999	10516030
inhibitory role of the host apoptogenic gene pkr in the establishment of persistent infection by encephalomyocarditis virus in u937 cells.	persistent infections by viruses such as hiv-1 and hepatitis b virus can pose long-term health hazards. because establishment of persistent infections involves close interactions and adjustments in both host and virus, it would be informative to establish a paradigm with which a normally cytolytic viral infection can be easily converted to persistent infection, so that the different stages in developing persistent infection can be examined. such a model system is described in this paper. highly ...	1999	10518541
hepatitis c virus ns5a protein inhibits interferon antiviral activity, but the effects do not correlate with clinical response.	patients with chronic hepatitis c virus infection are commonly treated with interferon alfa (ifn-alpha), but the long-term response rate is poor. a region of ns5a of hepatitis c virus genotype 1 (the isdr) has been associated with treatment outcome in some patients. ns5a binds to and inhibits pkr in vitro and inhibits ifn-alpha in human cells. we examined the effects of the ns5a protein from patients who did or did not respond to ifn-alpha to determine whether ns5a from ifn-alpha nonresponders i ...	1999	10535883
apoptosis in congestive heart failure induced by viral myocarditis in mice.	it has recently been speculated that progressive deterioration of left ventricular function in chronic heart failure is due to the ongoing loss of viable cardiac myocytes. however, as there is little direct evidence of significant apoptosis contributing to the pathogenesis in cardiac myocytes in vivo, the significance of apoptosis in heart failure remains to be clarified. we investigated the role of apoptosis in heart failure induced by encephalomyocarditis virus myocarditis. dba/2 mice were ino ...	1999	10543311
dimerization of the interferon type i receptor ifnar2-2 is sufficient for induction of interferon effector genes but not for full antiviral activity.	we constructed chimeric receptors wherein the extracellular domain of the erythropoietin receptor (epor) was fused to the transmembrane and intracellular domains of the interferon (ifn) type i receptor subunits, ifnar1 or ifnar2-2. transfection into 2ftgh and tyk2-deficient 11,1 cells showed that epor/ifnar2-2 alone was able to transduce a signal upon stimulation with erythropoietin (epo), as judged by induction of the interferon type i-inducible 6-16 promoter. in contrast, protection against in ...	1999	10574956
the optimal use of ires (internal ribosome entry site) in expression vectors.	in higher eucaryotes, natural bicistronic mrna have been rarely found so far. the second cistron of constructed bicistronic mrnas is generally considered as not translated unless special sequences named internal ribosome entry site (ires) are added between the two cistrons. these sequences are believed to recruit ribosomes independently of a cap structure. in the present report, a new ires found in the htlv-1 genome is described. a systematic study revealed that this ires, but also the polioviru ...	1999	10596757
persistence of encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) infection in piglets.	six piglets that had survived experimental infection with encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) were treated with dexamethasone for a period of 5 days. the virus had not been detected in excretions of putative carriers for a period of 13-20 days before the treatment. all piglets showed a rise in cardiac isoenzyme (ck-mb) activity, from the first day of treatment, suggesting myocardial damage. antibody titres against emcv remained stable or slightly decreased during treatment. emcv was isolated from ...	1999	10596801
specific interaction of a 25-kilodalton cellular protein, a 40s ribosomal subunit protein, with the internal ribosome entry site of hepatitis c virus genome.	translation initiation of hepatitis c virus (hcv) rna is controlled by an internal ribosome entry site (ires) contained in 5' noncoding region (ncr) and in several nucleotides of the coding region. the ability of a 25-kilodalton cellular protein (p25) to bind the hcv 5' ncr is correlated with the efficiency of translation initiation of hcv rna, indicating that this protein plays a critical role in hcv translation (s. fukushi, c. kurihara, n. ishiyama, f. b. hoshino, a. oya, and k. katayama, j vi ...	1999	10541019
contribution of endothelin-1 to myocardial injury in a murine model of myocarditis: acute effects of bosentan, an endothelin receptor antagonist.	endothelin (et) is one of the most important contributing factors in the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. however, little is known about its role in myocarditis.	1999	10534471
the use of bi-cistronic transfer vectors for the baculovirus expression system.	in this communication, we describe the construction of bi-cistronic transfer vectors for the baculovirus expression system (bves), which are advantageous over the existing vectors. the new vectors provide a simple way to isolate recombinant viruses. more specifically, the gene of interest and the reporter gene luciferase (luc), constitute the first and second cistrons, respectively, of the same transcript. therefore, the luc activity measured during infection of such a bi-cistronic virus, permit ...	1999	10510857
double-stranded rna-activated protein kinase mediates virus-induced apoptosis: a new role for an old actor.		1999	10518510